centre for external degrees and professional learning

Centre for External Degrees and Professional Learning

Social Institutions

Dr. S.M. Ayoob

Published by

Centre for External Degrees and

Professional Learning

South Eastern University of Sri Lanka


r%f epWtdq;fs;

nghJ fiykhzp gl;lj;jpw;FupaJ

Mz;L - 02> gUtk; - II

ghlE}y;

fyhepjp v];. vk;. ma;A+g;

ntspaPL:

ntspthupg; gl;lg;gbg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; njhopy;rhu; fw;iffSf;fhd epiyak;

,yq;if njd;fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> xYtpy;.


SOM 22013: Social Institution

South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, University Park,

Oluvil, Sri Lanka

First Published 2020

ISBN: 978 - 955 - 627 - 239 - 0

@2020 South Eastern University of Sri Lanka

All rights reserved. No part of this Course book may be

reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or

transmitted in any form or by means, electronic,

mechanical. Photocopying, recording or otherwise, without

prior writing permission from the Author or the Publisher


Dr.SM.Ayoob 1

ed;wpAiu

mwpTk; njhopy;El;gKk; xU r%fj;jpd; kpf Kf;fpakhd ,U MAjq;fs;. MAjq;fs; ehfuPfj;jpd; tpUj;jpiiar; Rl;bf; fhl;Lk; milahsq;fs;. ,e;j MAjq;fs; jPl;lg;gLk; NghJ r%fKk; tsu;r;rpailfpd;wJ.

njd;fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk; mwpit tpUj;jp nra;tjpy; Kk;Kukhf njhopw;gl;L tUfpd;wJ vd;gjpy; ,U fUj;Jf;F ,lkpy;iy. ,jNdhbide;jjhf njd;fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; ntspthupg; gl;lg;gbg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; njhopy;rhu; fw;iffSf;fhd epiyak;; mz;ikf;fhykhf fhj;jpukhd gzpfis Kd;ndLj;J tUfpd;wJ. mjpnyhd;Wjhd; ,e;jg; ghlE}y; (Text book) ntspaPLkhFk;.

„r%f epWtdq;fs;‟ vDk; ,g;ghlE}y; r%ftpaiy xU ghlkhf fw;Fk; khztu;fSf;F ngupJk; ifnfhLf;Fk; vd;gjpy; re;Njfkpy;iy.

,e;E}iy vOJtjw;F MNuhf;fpaj;ij je;j ,iwtDf;F Kjypy; ed;wpiaj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;Nwd;. NkYk; jl;lr;R nra;J nfhLj;j N[. vg; e]Puh> v];. epyf;\dh> vd;. Yk;dh MfpNahUf;Fk; vdJ FLk;gj;jpdUf;Fk; ez;gu;fSf;Fk; ed;wpiaj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.

jpwe;jpUf;Fk; mwptpd; thapYf;Fs; nry;tjw;fhd xU Clfkhf „r%f epWtdq;fs;‟ vDk; E}y; njhopw;gLk; vd cWjpahf ek;Gfpd;Nwd;. ,j;jifanjhU re;ju;g;gj;ij Vw;gLj;jpj; je;j ntspthupg; gl;lg;gbg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; njhopy;rhu; fw;iffSf;fhd epiyaj;jpw;Fk; (CEDPL) ed;wpiaAk; tho;j;Jf;fisAk; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.

tPupaKs;s Gj;jp[Ptj;Jt guk;giuia vjpu;ghu;j;jtdhf.

fyhepjp v];.vk;. ma;A+g; jiytu;> r%ftpay; Jiw r%ftpay; rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; ,yq;if njd;fpof;F gy;fiyf;fofk;.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 2

ghltpjhd mwpKfk;

ghlj;jiyg;G : r%f epWtdq;fs;

ghlf; FwpaPL : SOM 22013

tUlk; : 02

ngWkhdg; Gs;sp : 03

kzpj;jpahyq;fs; : 45

mwpKfk;

,g;ghltpjhdk; r%f epWtdq;fs; gw;wp mwpKfk; nra;fpd;wJ.

r%fj;jpd; rPuhd njhopw;ghl;bw;F r%f epWtdq;fs;

,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. r%f epWtdq;fs; %yk; kdpjd; jdJ

midj;J NjitfisAk; epiwT nra;fpd;whd;. r%fj;jpYs;s

jdpad;fspd; elj;ijfis tbtikg;gjpy; r%f

epWtdq;fspd; gq;F fhj;jpukhdjhFk;. r%f

epWtdq;fisAk; r%f epWtdq;fspd; tiffisAk;

mtw;wpd; njhopw;ghLfisAk; ,e;E}y; Ma;T nra;J

tpsf;fpd;wJ.

Fwpf;Nfhs; (Aim)

,g;ghltpjhdk; r%f epWtdq;fs;> mtw;wpd; gz;Gfs;>

tifg;ghLfs;> njhopw;ghLfs; Nghd;wit njhlu;ghf

tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tij Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhz;lJ.

fw;wy; ngWNgW (Learning Outcome)

,f;fw;if Kbtpy; khztu;fs; r%f epWtdq;fs; njhlu;ghd

mwpKfk;> gz;Gfs;> tifg;ghLfs; kw;Wk; njhopw;ghLfs;

Nghd;wtw;iw njspthfg; Gupe;J nfhs;thu;fs;.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 3

fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiw (Teaching & Learning

Methode)

,g;ghltpjhdk; fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfshf

gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; ifahSfpd;wJ.

f.f.K. 01 : tpupTiufs; (Lectures)

f.f.K. 02 : rpWFOf; fye;Jiuahly; (Small Group

Discussion)

f.f.K. 03 : rku;g;gpj;jy; (Presentation)

kjpg;gPl;L Kiw (Method of Evolution)

khztu;fs; gUt ,Wjp vOj;Jg; guPl;ir (Semester - End

Written Exam) %ykhfTk; njhlu;r;rpahd fzpg;gPLfs;

(Continues Assessment) %ykhfTk; kjpg;gPLfs;

nra;ag;gLthu;fs;.

gUt - ,Wjpg; guPl;ir - 70 Gs;spfs;

njhlu; fzpg;gPLfs; - 30 Gs;spfs;

nkhj;jk; - 100 Gs;spfs;

njhlu; fzpg;gPl;L Kiw (Method of Assessment)

gpd;tUk; mbg;gilapy; njhlu; fzpg;gPLfs; mike;jpUf;Fk;.

f.K. 01 : tFg;giw fUj;juq;Fg; guPl;ir / gapw;rp (Seminar

Test / Tutorial)

f.K. 02 : xg;gil (Assignment)


Dr.SM.Ayoob 4

cs;slf;fk;

mj;jpahak; tplak; gf;fk;

mj;jpahak; 01 r%f epWtdq;fs; 05 - 17

mj;jpahak; 02 jpUkzk; 18 - 36

mj;jpahak; 03 FLk;gk; 37 - 63

mj;jpahak; 04 rkak; 64 - 87

mj;jpahak; 05 fy;tp 88 - 104

mj;jpahak; 06 r%f xOq;fikg;Gfs; 105 - 117

mj;jpahak; 07 gzpf;FO Ml;rp 118 - 126

mj;jpahak; 08 murhq;fk; 127 - 132

mj;jpahak; 09 cwT Kiw 133 - 138

mj;jpahak; 10 nghUshjhuk; 139 - 143

mj;jpahak; 11 ntF[d Clfq;fs; 144 - 150

crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; 151 - 153


Dr.SM.Ayoob 5

mj;jpahak; 01

r%f epWtdq;fs;

nghUslf;fk;

1.1 mwpKfk; 6 - 8

1.2 r%f epWtdq;fspd; gz;Gfs; 8 - 9

1.3 r%f epWtdq;fspd; tiffs; 10 - 14

1.4 r%f epWtdq;fspd; njhopw;ghLfs; 14 - 15

mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;

kdpj r%fj;jpd; vz;zpylq;fhj Njitfs; r%f

epWtdq;fs; %yNk epiwT nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.

jdpkdpju;fspd; nray;fis r%f epWtdq;fs; ,yFgLj;jp

tpLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; NeuKk; rf;jpAk; kPjg;gLtNjhL NtW

nray;fspy; mtw;iw gpuNahfpf;fTk; Kbfpd;wd. r%f

epWtdq;fis r%ftpayhsu;fs; gy;NtW mbg;gilfspy;

gpupj;J tpsf;fk; jUfpd;whu;fs;. mtw;Ws; Kjd;epiy kw;Wk;

,uz;lhk;epiy r%f epWtdq;fs; Fwpj;j gpupg;Gk; tpsf;fKk;

Kf;fpakhdit. r%fj;jpd; eyDf;fhf gy;NtWgl;l

njhopw;ghLfis r%f epWtdq;fs; Mw;Wfpd;wd.

mj;jpahaj;jpd; Nehf;fk;

r%f epWtdq;fs; mtw;wpd; gz;Gfs;> tifg;ghLfs;>

njhopw;ghLfs; Nghd;wit njhlu;ghd xU mfyg; ghu;itia

toq;FtNj ,t;mj;jpahaj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 6

fw;wy; ngWNgWfs;

,t;mj;jpahaj;ijf; fw;Fk; khztd; r%f epWtdq;fs;

njhlu;ghd vz;zf;fU tpsf;fq;fis ngWtNjhL mtw;wpd;

gz;Gfs;> tiffs;> njhopw;ghLfs; njhlu;ghd gue;j

tpsf;fq;fisAk; mwpe;J nfhs;thd;.

1.1 mwpKfk;

epWtdk; xt;nthd;Wk; ntt;NtW tpOkpaq;fs; (Values)

FwpaPLfs; (Symbols)> kdg;ghd;ikfs; (Attitudes)

Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,it rq;fq;fspypUe;J

(Associations) mikg;gpYk; ,ay;gpYk; NtWgLfpd;wd.

epWtdq;fs; gw;wpa mwpT r%fj;ijg; Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd

mbg;gilahd %yq;fspy; xd;whFk;. epWtdq;fs; gw;wpa

tpQ;QhdNk r%ftpay; vd vkpy; Ju;i`k; $WtJ ,jd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vLj;Jiuf;fg; NghdJkhdJ.

r%ff; fl;likg;G (Social structure)> nghwpKiw (Mechanism)

Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; r%f epWtdq;fs; gpuNahfpf;fpd;wd.

,tw;iwf; nfhz;L khDl r%fj;jpd; Njitfs;

epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf NtWgl;l nray;fis

r%f epWtdq;fs; xOq;FgLj;jp> epu;tfpf;fpd;wd vd gu;d];

(H.E.Barnes) $Wfpd;whu;. xd;W my;yJ xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l

njhopw;ghLfis Mw;Wtjw;fhf xd;Wld; xd;W gpd;dg;gl;l

tof;fhWfs;> kuGfs;> rl;lq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; njhFjpNa

epWtdq;fshFk; vd fpq;];yp Nltp]; (Kingsly Davish)

Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.

xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l mbg;gilj; Njitfis

eptu;j;jp nra;tjw;fhf me;j];Jfs; (Status)> tfpghfq;fs;

(Roles)> tpOkpaq;fs; (Values) kw;Wk; epakq;fs; (Norms)


Dr.SM.Ayoob 7

Nghd;wtw;wpd; mikg;G (System) r%f epWtdk; vDk;

ngauhy; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. FLk;gk; vd;gJ r%f

epWtdkhFk;. ,e;epWtdj;jpy; jha;> je;ij> kfd;> kfs;

Nghd;w ghj;jpuq;fs; xUtuJ me;j];jhFk;. jhAk; je;ijAk;

Ntiy nra;tJ> gUt tajpdu; gu];gu cjtp nra;tJ>

Foe;ijfs; tpisahLtJ Nghd;wit tfpgq;FfshFk;.

vy;NyhUk; xUtUf;fhfTk;> xUtu; vy;NyhUf;fhfTk;

njhopw;gLtJ (All for one, and one for all) tpOkpakhFk;.

Njitapd; NghJ cjTtJ epakkhFk;.

me;j];J (Statuses) je;ij> jha;> kfd;> kfs;

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; tfpghfk;

(Role of expectation)

fztZk; kidtpAk;

ghypay; tplaq;fspy;

ek;gpf;ifNahL ele;J

nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;

tpOkpak; (Value) vy;NyhUk; xUtUf;F xUtu;

vd;w mbg;gilapy;

njhopw;gLjy;

epakk; (Norms)

ngw;Nwhu; gps;isfSld;

rkj;Jtkhf ele;J

nfhs;fpwhu;fs;. gps;isfs;

ngw;Nwhiu kupahijAld;

Nehf;Ffpd;whu;fs;

mbg;gilahd r%f tpOkpaq;fis ghJfhf;Fk; Nehf;fpy;

xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l> rpf;fyhd> xUq;fpize;j r%f newpfspd;

njhFjpfNs r%f epWtdq;fshFk;.

r%f rf;jpia ghtpg;gjw;Fk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fkhd fUtpahf

epWtdj;ij ny];bu; vg; thu;l; (Lester F Ward) vd;gtu;

fUJfpd;whu;.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 8

r%f cWg;gpdu;fspd; Njit fhuzkhfNt r%f

epWtdq;fspd; Njhw;wKk;> mjd; ePl;rpAk; mikfpd;wd vd;gJ

r%ftpayhsu;fspd; fUj;J. kdpjdpd; Kf;fpakhd

tpUg;Gfis> eyd;fis Kd;dpWj;jp mtw;iw

epiwNtw;Wtjw;Nf r%f epWtdq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngWfpd;wd

vd;gJ rk;du; kw;Wk; nfy;yupd; (Sumner and Keller)

fUj;jhFk;.

r%f fpuhf;fp (Social demand) my;yJ r%f Njit (Social

necessity) fhuzkhfNt epWtdq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngWfpd;wd

vd;gJ thu;L (Ward) vd;gtupd; fUj;jhFk;.

1.2 r%f epWtdq;fspd; gz;Gfs;

r%f epWtdq;fs; njhlu;ghf uhX (2007) gpd;tUk; gz;Gfis

milahsk; fhz;fpd;whu;.

kf;fspd; $l;L elj;ijNa r%f epWtdq;fspd; njhlu;r;rpahd

,Ug;gpw;F fhuzkhf miktjdhy; epWtdq;fs; ,ay;gpNyNa

r%fj;jd;ik tha;e;jitahf (Social in nature)

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

cyfk; KOtJk; gue;J (Universality) fhzg;gLtNjhL r%f

tpUj;jpapd; rfy fhyfl;lq;fspYk; kw;Wk; vy;yh

r%fq;fspYk; epWtdq;fs; ,Ue;J te;Js;sd. goq;Fb

r%fj;jpy; $l FLk;gk;> rkak; kw;Wk; murpay; epWtdq;fs;

,Ue;jikf;fhd rhd;Wfs;;; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

r%f epWtdq;fs; Vw;fg;gl;l epakq;fisf; (Standardized

norms) nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. xU fhupak; vt;thW nra;ag;gl

Ntz;Lnkd mit tpgupf;fpd;wd. gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;ba

rl;lq;fisAk; gupe;JiufisAk; tpsf;Ffpd;wd. jpUkzk;


Dr.SM.Ayoob 9

vDk; epWtdk; fztd;-kidtp ,UtupilNaAs;s cwT

Fwpj;J ftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ.

r%f epWtdq;fs; Njitfis epiwT nra;Ak; rhjdq;fshf

njhopw;gLfpd;wd (Means of satisfying needs). ,tw;wpNdhLjhd;

jdpkdpjdJk; r%fj;jpdJk; Njitfs; G+u;j;jp

nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.

r%f epWtdq;fs; kdpj elj;ijfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;

nghwpKiwfisf; (Controlling mechanism) nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.

mit r%fj;ij rpijtpypUe;J ghJfhf;fpd;wd.

r%f epWtdq;fspy; khw;wq;fs; ,lk; ngw;whYk; mit

xg;gPl;lstpy; epue;jukhdit (Relatively permanent). kw;Wk;

r%f epWtdq;fs; fl;Gydhfhjit (Abstract). jpUkzk;

vDk; epWtdj;ij E}jdrhiyapYk;> rl;lk; vd;Dk;

epWtdj;ij gupNrhjidf; FohapYk; itf;f KbahJ.

vOjg;gl;l tbtpYk;> tha;topahfTk; (Oral and written

traditions) r%f epWtdq;fspd; ghuk;gupaq;fs;

flj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,d;iwa etPd Afj;;jpy; rl;lk;> rl;lahg;G>

murhq;f fl;lisfs; kw;Wk; rka E}y;fs; vOjp itf;fg;gl;l

Mtzq;fshf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy; ghuk;gupa

r%fq;fspy; ,it tha;topahfNt flj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

epWtdq;fs; mjw;nfd;W cUthf;fg;gl;l FwpaPLfis

(Synthesizing symbols) nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. muR vDk; epWtdk;

NjrpafPjk;> nfhb Nghd;w FwpaPLfisf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.

mNjNghy; rka epWtdq;fs; rpYit> gpiw> jpup#yk; Nghd;w

FwpaPLfisAk;;> jpUkzk; vDk; epWtdk; Nkhjpuk;> jhyp

Nghd;w FwpaPLfisAk; nfhz;bUfpd;wd.

r%f epWtdq;fs; gu];guk; xd;Wld; xd;W

njhlu;Gilaitahf (Interrelated) fhzg;gLfpd;wd. xU


Dr.SM.Ayoob 10

epWtdj;ij KOikahfg; Gupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lkhapd;

mjDld; njhlu;Gila Vida epWtdq;fs; Fwpj;j njspT

mtrpakhFk;.

1.3 r%f epWtdq;fspd; tiffs;

nghJthf epWtdq;fs;> Kjd;ik epWtdk; (Primary

institution)> ,uz;lhk;epiy epWtdk; (Secondary institution)

vd ,U tiffshfg; gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

mbg;gil epWtdq;fshd rkak;> FLk;gk;> jpUkzk; kw;Wk;

rpytif murpay; Kiwik Nghd;wit Kjd;epiy

epWtdq;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,j;jifa epWtdq;fs;

G+u;tPf Fbfspy; $l fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

r%fk; tsu;e;J rfy tplaq;fspYk; gy;tifj; jd;ikia

mile;j NghJ kf;fspd; Njitfis epiwT nra;a

,uz;lhk; epiy epWtdq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd. fy;tp> rl;lk;>

murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; Nghd;wit ,uz;lhk;epiy

epWtdq;fSf;F cjhuzq;fshFk;.

rk;du; (Sumner) vd;gtu; epWtdq;fis ,aw;ifahf mike;j

epWtdq;fs; (Crescive) kw;Wk; jpl;lkplg;gl;L cUthf;fg;gl;l

epWtdq;fs; (Enacted) vd ,U tifahfg; gpupf;fpd;whu;. ve;j

epWtdq;fs; ,ay;ghf jpl;lkplg;glhky;> czu;Tf;F njupahj

tz;zk; cUthdNjh mit Kjyhk; tifapYk;> vit

jpl;lkplg;gl;L> ,yf;F itf;fg;gl;L> gpuf;iQ G+u;tkhf

cUthf;fg;gl;ldNth mit ,uz;lhk; tifapYk;

mlq;Ffpd;wd vd rk;du; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. Kjd;epiy>

,uz;lhk;epiy epWtdq;fis xj;jjhfNt rk;dupd; gpupg;Gk;

mike;Js;sJ (ma;a+g; 2013).

NtW rpyu; jpUkzk;> FLk;gk;> cwT Kiw> rkak; Nghd;w

epWtdq;fis ghuk;gupa (Traditional) r%f epWtdq;fshfTk;>


Dr.SM.Ayoob 11

fy;tp> tpisahl;L> Clfk;> muR> rl;lk; Nghd;wtw;iw etPd

(Modern) r%f epWtdq;fshfTk; gpupf;fpd;wdu;.

NtW rpyu; FLk;gk;> jpUkzk;> cwT Kiw Nghd;wtw;iw

Kiurhuh (Informal) epWtdkhfTk; rl;lk;> fy;tp> rkak;

Nghd;wtw;iw Kiwrhu; (Formal) epWtdkhfTk;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;.

FLk;gk;> murhq;fk;> nghUshjhuk;> fy;tp> rkak; Mfpa

Ie;JNk Kjd;ik r%f epWtdq;fshf (Primary social

institution) nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j Kjd;ikahd Ie;J

r%f epWtdq;fspypUe;J ,uz;lhk;epiy r%f epWtdq;fs;

fpisf;fpd;wd.

FLk;gk; vDk; Kjd;ik r%f epWtdj;jpd; ,uz;lhk;epiy

r%f epWtdq;fs;:

FLk;gk:;

xUjhu kzk;

gyjhukzk;

jpUkzk ;

tpthfuj;J


Dr.SM.Ayoob 12

nghUshjhuk; vDk; Kjd;ik r%f epWtdj;jpd;

,uz;lhk;epiy r%f epWtdq;fs;:

rkak; vDk; Kjd;ik r%f epWtdj;jpd; ,uz;lhk;epiy

r%f epWtdq;fs;;:

nghUshjhuk:;

fld;;

tq;fp;

nrhj;J

tu;j;jfk;


Dr.SM.Ayoob 13

murpay; vDk; Kjd;ik r%f epWtdj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; epiy

r%f epWtdq;fs;:

fy;tp vDk; Kjd;ik r%f epWtdj;jpd; ,uz;lhk;epiy

r%f epWtdq;fs;:

rkak;:

Fyf;Fwpak;;;

jLf;fg;gl;lit

Nfhapy ; k#jp;

Njthyak;

murpay;;

fl;rpKiw

[dehafk; tpUg;Gf;FO


Dr.SM.Ayoob 14

r%f epWtdq;fs; xd;Wld; xd;W gpd;dpg;gpize;jit. mjpf

rl;lq;fshYk;> tYthYk; (Power) murhq;fk; vDk; epWtdk;

jdJ Mjpf;fj;ij Vida epWtdq;fs; kPJ nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.

jpUkzk;> tpthfuj;J> thupRupik Nghd;w epWtdq;fspy;

jiyapl;L FLk;gj;jpy; jdJ Mjpf;fj;ijr; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ

murhq;fk;. mNjNghy; Vida r%f epWtdq;fs; kPJk;

jdJ mjpfhuj;jpd; %yk; murhq;fk; jiyapLfpd;wJ.

rk;dUk;> nfy;yUk; xd;gJ Kf;fpa gpupTfshf r%f

epWtdq;fis tifg;gLj;Jfpd;whu;fs;.

1. nghUshjhuk;>

ifj;njhopy;

2. jpUkzk;>

FLk;gk;

3. murpay;

4. rkak; 5. xOf;fk; 6. fy;tp>

tpQ;Qhdk;

7. njhlu;ghly; 8. mofpay;>

czu;r;rp

ntspg;ghL

9. Rfhjhuk;>

nghOJNghf;

F

1.4 r%f epWtdq;fspd; njhopw;ghLfs;

fy;tp:

gy;fiyf;fofk;

ghlrhiy fy;Y}up


Dr.SM.Ayoob 15

r%f epWtdq;fs; khdpl r%fj;jpd; NtWgl;l Njitfis

epiwT nra;tNjhL epiwT nra;Ak; topfisAk;

rhjdq;fisAk; fhl;Lfpd;wd. FLk;gk; vDk; epWtdj;ij

cjhuzkhf vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; mJ mjd;

cWg;gpdu;fSf;F nghUshjhu kw;Wk; kNdhuPjpahd Mjuit

toq;FtNjhL fy;tpiaAk;> milahsj;ijAk; (Identity)

toq;FfpwJ. r%f cWg;gpdu;fis r%fkag;gLj;jp>

Kjpatu;fs; kw;Wk; Nehahspfs; Nghd;Nwhiu

cghijfspypUe;J fhf;fpd;wJ. ghypay; elj;ijia (Sexual

behavior) xOq;FgLj;JtNjhL> ,dg;ngUf;fk;> gps;is

tsu;g;G Nghd;wtw;wpy; <LgLfpd;wJ. ,Nj Nghd;W Vida

r%f epWtdq;fSk; r%fj;jpd; Njitfis epiwT

nra;fpd;wd (ma;a+g;> 2013).

r%f epWtdq;fs; kdpj elj;ijfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

r%f epWtdq;fs; xw;WikiaAk; xUikg;ghl;ilAk;

r%fj;jpy; Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. Gjpjhf r%fj;jpy; ,ize;J

nfhs;NthUf;F gz;ghL njhlu;ghf fw;Wf;nfhLf;fpd;wJ.

nghUl;fisAk; NritfisAk; cw;gj;jp nra;tNjhL

gupkhw;wKk; nra;fpd;wJ. r%fj;jpd; xOq;ifAk; (Order),

ghJfhg;igAk; (Security) epiyehl;Lfpd;wJ.

r%fkakhf;fy; Kftuhf njhopw;gl;L cWg;gpdu;fis

r%fj;jpd; gz;ghLfisAk;> tpOkpaq;fisAk; Vw;fr;

nra;fpd;wJ.

nghJthf vy;yh r%f epWtdq;fSk; ,U tifahd

njhopw;ghLfisf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. ,yf;Ffis miljYk;

mf xw;Wikiag; ghJfhj;jYNk mitahFk;. murhq;fk;

vDk; epWtdj;ij vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhy; Fbkf;fisg;

ghJfhg;gJk; vy;iyfisf; fhg;gJk; mjd; flikahFk;.

mNj Nghd;W cs;s+u;g; Gul;rpiaj; jLg;gJk;>


Dr.SM.Ayoob 16

ntspg;gilnaLg;igf; fl;Lg;gLj;JtJk; mjd; gzpahFk;

(ma;a+g; 2013).

RUf;fk;

mbg;gilahd r%f tpOkpaq;fis ghJfhf;Fk;

Nehf;fpy; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l> rpf;fyhd> xUq;fpize;j

r%f newpfspd; njhFjpfNs r%f epWtdq;fshFk;.

r%f epWtdq;fs; gu];guk; xd;Wld; xd;W

njhlu;Gilaitahf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. xU epWtdj;ij

KOikahfg; Gupe;Jnfhs;s mjDld; njhlu;Gila

Vida epWtdq;fisAk; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;.

nghJthf epWtdq;fs;> Kjd;ik epWtdk; (Primary

institution)> ,uz;lhk;epiy epWtdk; (Secondary

institution) vd ,U tiffshfg; gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

r%f epWtdq;fs; khdpl r%fj;jpd; NtWgl;l

Njitfis epiwT nra;tNjhL epiwT nra;Ak;

topfisAk;> cghaq;fisAk; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;

1. r%f epWtdq;fs; vd;gjhy; ePu; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ

ahJ?

2. r%f epWtdq;fspd; tiffis cjhuzq;fSld;

tpsf;Ff.

3. r%f epWtdq;fspd; gz;GfisAk; kw;Wk;

njhopw;ghLfisAk; tpupthf Muha;f.

jpwTr; nrhw;fs;


Dr.SM.Ayoob 17

r%f epWtdq;fs;> Kjd;ik epWtdk;> ,uz;lhk;epiy

epWtdk;> r%f fl;likg;G

crhj;Jiz E}y;fs;

1. ma;A+g;> v];.vk;. (2013). r%ftpay; mbg;gil

vz;zf;fUf;fs;. xYtpy;: r%f tpQ;Qhdq;fs;

Jiw> ,yq;if njd;fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.

2. gf;jtj;ryghujp. (1999). gz;ghl;L khdpltpay;.

nrd;id: kzpthrfk; gjpg;gfk;.

3. Giddens Anthony. (2005). Sociology. Cambridge: Polity

Press.

4. Haralambos, M., & Heald R.M. (2004). Sociology: Themes and perspectives. London: Harper Collins Publishers Limited.

5. Landis Paul, H. (1990). Sociology: An introduction.

Massachusetts: Ginn and Company a Xerox Education

Company.

6. Rao Shankar. (2002). Sociology: Primary principles. New

Delhi: S. Chand and Company Ltd.

7. Sharma, Y.K. (2007). Indian society: Issues and problems.

Agra: Lakshmi: Narain Agarwal Publication.

8. Sullivan, T.J. (2016). Introduction to social problems. New

York: Pearson.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 18

mj;jpahak; 02

jpUkzk;

nghUslf;fk;

2.1 mwpKfk; 19 - 20

2.2 jpUkzj;jpd; gz;Gfs; 21 - 22

2.3 jpUkzj;jpd; njhopw;ghLfs; 22 - 23

2.4 jpUkzj;jpd; tiffs; 23 - 32

2.5 tpthfuj;J 32 - 34

mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;

kdpju;fspd; gy;NtWgl;l NjitfSs; kpf

Kf;fpakhdnjhd;whf ghypay; tpUg;G fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

kdpj r%fj;jpd; njhlu; ,Ug;gpidj; jPu;khdpf;Fk;

,j;NjitahdJ r%fj;jpdhYk; rl;lj;jpdhYk; Vw;fg;gl;ljhf

khWk; Gs;spjhd;; jpUkzkhFk;. MZk; ngz;Zk; ,ize;J

gps;isfisg; ngWtjw;Fk; mtu;fisg; guhkupg;gjw;Fkhd

mq;fPfhuk; jpUkzk; %yk; fpilf;fpd;wJ. FLk;gk; vDk;

epWtdj;jpd; mbg;gilahd myfhfTk; jpUkzNk

njhopw;gLfpd;wJ. gy;NtW tifahd jpUkz tbtq;fis

r%fq;fs; nfhz;bUg;gjid r%ftpayhsu;fSk;

khdpltpayhsu;fSk; milahsk; fz;bUf;fpd;whu;fs;.


jpUkzk; njhlu;ghd vz;zf;fU tpsf;fk;> mjd; gy;NtWgl;l

tiffs;> jpUkzj;jpd; r%f njhopw;ghLfs; kw;Wk;


Dr.SM.Ayoob 19

tpthfuj;J njhlu;ghd KOikahd tpsf;fq;fis

khztu;fSf;F toq;Ftij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L

,t;tj;jpahak; tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

fw;wy; ngWNgWfs;

,q;F khztu;fs; jpUkzk; njhlu;ghd

tiutpyf;fzq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJld;> jpUkzj;jpd;

gz;Gfs;> kw;Wk; tiffs; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fq;fisAk;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;thu;fs;. jpUkzj;jpd; njhopw;ghLfs;> kw;Wk;

tpthfuj;J njhlu;ghd mwptpidAk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;thu;fs;

2.1 mwpKfk;

jpUkzk; cyfshtpa r%f epWtdq;fspy; xd;whFk;.

kdpjdpd; ghypay; czu;it xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;Fk;

fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F khdpl r%fk; fz;L gpbj;j mw;Gjf; fUtp

jpUkzkhFk;. FLk;gk; vd;Dk; r%f epWtdj;NjhL njhlu;G

nfhz;Ls;sJ. jpUkzkhdJ FLk;gj;ij cUthf;Ftjw;fhd

r%fj;jhy; Vw;fg;gl;l rpwe;j Kiw vd;W fpypd; kw;Wk;

fpypd; MfpNahupd; fUj;Jf;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd (uhX> 2007).

kdpjdpd; capupay; Njitfspy; xd;whd ghypay; Mir rl;l

uPjpahfTk;> r%fj;jhy; Vw;fg;gl;l tbtpYk; jpUkzj;jpd;

%yNk epiwT nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. NtW NtW ghy;fis

(Sexes) xd;WgLj;jp fztd;-kidtp vd;;Dk; mw;Gjkhd Xu;

cwit Vw;gLj;JtJ jpUkzk; vd;Dk; epWtdk; kl;Lk;jhd;.

rl;luPjpahd ghypay; cwit itj;Jf; nfhs;sTk; mjd;

%yk; Foe;ijfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sTk; cs;s xNu xU

Vw;ghLk; jpUkzk; kl;Lk;jhd;.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 20

jpUkzj;ij NtWgl;l mwpQu;fs; NtWgl;l tifapy;

tiuaiw nra;fpd;whu;fs;.

xU FLk;gj;ij cUthf;Ftjw;F xU MZf;Fk;

ngz;Zf;FkpilNa cUthf;fg;gLk; cly; uPjpahd> rl;l

uPjpahd> xOf;f uPjpahd xd;wpizNt jpUkzkhFk; vd;gJ

gpupl;lhdpa fiyf;foQ;rpaj;jpd; tiuaiwahFk;.

,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;aTk;> Foe;ijia tsu;f;fTk;

cUthf;fg;gl;l xg;ge;jNk jpUkzkhFk; vd;fpd;whu;

kypNdht];f;fp vd;Dk; khdpltpayhsu;.

jpUkzk; vd;gJ xU epiyahd cwthFk;. mjpy; MZk;

ngz;Zk; Foe;ijfisg; ngWtjw;fhf r%f uPjpahf

mDkjpf;fg;gLfpd;whu;fs; vdf; $Wfpd;whu; `up vk;

N`hd;rd;.

Nyhtp (Robert H. Lowie) apd; $w;Wg;gb mDkjpf;fg;gl;l

,izfSf;fpilapyhd xg;gPl;lstpy; epue;jukhd gpizg;Ng

jpUkzkhFk;.

,uz;L my;yJ ,uz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;l egu;fs; FLk;gj;ij

cUthf;Fk; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l r%fg; ghq;Nf (Social pattern)

jpUkzkhFk; vd N`u;ld; kw;Wk; `d;l; (Horton and Hunt)

Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.

NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;l jpUkzk; njhlu;ghd

tiutpyf;fzq;fs; jpUkzk; vd;gJ capupay;> cstpay;

gz;ghL> r%ftpay; Nghd;wtw;NwhL njhlu;ghd xU

tptfhuk; vd;gijj; njupag;gLj;Jfpd;wd.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 21

2.2 jpUkzj;jpd; gz;Gfs;

uhX (2007) jpUkzj;jpd; gz;Gfs; njhlu;ghf gpd;tUkhW

tpsf;Ffpd;whu;.

01. mfpyk; jOtpa jd;ik (Universality)

cyfk; KOtJk; fhzg;gLk; xU epWtdkhf jpUkzk;

milahsg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. fw;wtu;fs;> ghkuu;fs; vy;Nyhu;

kj;jpapYk; jpUkzk; nra;Ak; Kiw fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. rpy

r%fq;fs; jpUkzj;ij r%f tpjpahfTk; Jwtwj;ij

(Celibacy) r%fj;jhy; Vw;fg;glhj xd;whfTk; nfhs;fpd;wJ.

[g;ghdpy; JwtwkhdJ ntspg;gilahfNt

fz;bf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. nfhupahtpy; jpUkzk; Kbf;fhjtu;fs;

miu kdpju;fshf fzpf;fg;gLfpd;whu;fs;. ,];yhkpa r%fKk;

Jwtwj;ij Vw;gjpy;iy. tho;ehs; KOtJk; jpUkzk;

Kbf;fhky; fhyj;ijf; fopj;jtu; ngupa ghtk; xd;iw

nra;jtuhf fzpf;fg;gLfpd;whu; vd rPd ehl;L jj;Jt Qhdp

fd;G+rpah]; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.

02. MZf;Fk; ngz;Df;Fkpilapyhd cwT

fztd; kidtpapilNa xU epue;jukhd cwT jpUkzk;

%yk; epiyepWj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; %yk; r%f> cstpay;>

capupay;> rka Nehf;fq;fs; milag;ngWfpd;wd.

03. ePbj;j gpizg;G (Enduring bond)

jpUkzk; ePbj;j gpizg;ig fztd;-kidtp ,UtupilNa

Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wJ. ghypay; Njit Kbe;j gpd;Dk; ,e;j cwT

ePbf;fpd;wJ. tpgr;rhuk; Nghd;w FWf;F topapy; cUthFk;

cwT jpUkzk; Nghy; ePbg;gjpy;iy.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 22

04. r%f xg;Gjy;

jpUkzk; r%f xg;Gjiy Ntz;b epw;fpd;wJ. r%f xg;Gjy;

,y;yhj jpUkzk; r%fj;jhy; Vw;fg;gLtjpy;iy.

05. FLk;gj;jpd; mbg;gil

jpUkzk; FLk;gj;ij cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. fztd;-kidtp

cwT Vw;glTk; ,dg;ngUf;fk;> Foe;ij tsu;g;G nrt;tNd

eilngwTk; jpUkzk; mtrpakhfpd;wJ.

06. gu];gu flg;ghL (Mutul obligations)

fztd;-kidtp ,UtupilNa gu];gu Gupe;Jzu;T kw;Wk;

flg;ghL Nghd;wtw;iw jpUkzk; Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

08. rka rlq;Fld; njhlu;GilaJ

jpUkzkhdJ ngupastpy; rka rlq;FfSld; njhlu;GilaJ.

xt;nthU rkaKk; xU jpUkzk; vt;thW nra;ag;gl

Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhd njspthd tiuaiwfis

tFj;Js;sJ.

09. ghypay; ce;jy;fis xOq;FgLj;jy;

gz;ghl;lhy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tpjpfSf;F mikthf ghypay;

Mirfs; jpUkzk; %yk; eptu;j;jpahf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

10. FwpaPLfs;

jpUkzkhdJ FwpaPLfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Nkhjpuk;> jhyp>

kUjhzp> nre;J}uk;> tpNrl Mil Nghd;wit jpUkzj;jpy;

fhzg;gLk; mu;j;jk; epiwe;j FwpaPLfshFk;.

2.3 jpUkzj;jpd; njhopw;ghLfs;


Dr.SM.Ayoob 23

01. ghypay; Mirfis G+u;j;jp nra;jy; jpUkzj;jpd; gpujhd

Nehf;fq;fSs; xd;whFk;. jpUkzj;jpw;F ntspNa jPu;f;fg;gLk;

ghypay; Njitfs; r%fj;jhy; Vw;fg;gLtjpy;iy.

02. jpUkzk; FLk;gj;ijAk; r%fj;ijAk; cUthf;Ftjw;fhd

mbg;gilfis ,Lfpd;wJ. Foe;ijfisg; ngWtjw;Fk;

mtu;fis Kiwg;gb tsu;g;gjw;Fkhd mq;fPfhuk; jpUkzk;

topNajhd; fpilf;fpd;wJ.

03. jpUkzj;jpd; %yk; ,ize;j MZk; ngz;Zk; xUtupy;

xUtu; mikjp fhz;fpd;whu;fs;. xUtuJ Jd;gj;ij mLj;jtu;

Jilf;fpd;whu;;. md;Gk; mutizg;Gk; gu];guk; ,q;Nf

gupkhwg;gLfpd;wJ.

04. jpUkzj;jpd; %yk; xU MZk; ngz;Zk; kl;Lk;

xd;wpiztjpy;iy. khwhf mtu;fisr;rhu;e;j FLk;gq;fSk;

xz;wpize;J r%f xw;Wikia cUthf;Ffpd;whu;fs;. rpy

ez;gu;fs; jkJ cwit NkYk; epiyepWj;j jkJ

gps;isfspilNa jpUkzk; nra;J itf;fpd;whu;fs;.

05. jpUkzkhdJ Fw;wr; nray;fis fl;Lg;gLj;jp

MNuhf;fpakhd r%fk; Njhd;w toptFf;fpd;wJ. jpUkzj;jpd;

%yk; fpilf;fg; ngWk; ghypay; ,d;gk; tpgr;rhuk;> ghypay;

td;kk;> rpWtu; ghypay; J];gpuNahfk; Nghd;w Fw;wr;

nray;fspd; tPjj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

06. jpUkzkhdJ jdpikia tpul;b tho;tpy; gpbg;igAk;

mu;j;jj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

07. jpUkzkhdJ FOf;fSf;fpilNaahd r%f njhiyit

(Social distance) fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

2.4 jpUkzj;jpd; tiffs;


Dr.SM.Ayoob 24

jpUkz KiwahdJ r%fj;jpw;F r%fk;> gz;ghl;Lf;Fg;

gz;ghL NtWgLfpd;wJ. jpUkzkhdJ rkar; rlq;fhf rpy

r%fq;fspy; nfhs;sg;gLk; mNjNtis NtW rpy rkaq;fspy;

r%f xg;ge;jkhf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

m. xUJizkzk; (Monogamy)

xU Mz; xU ngz;iz jpUkzk; Kbj;jy; xUJiz

kzkhFk;. goq;fhy kdpjd; Kjy;; jw;fhy ehfupfkile;j

kdpjd; tiu ,j;jpUkz Kiw gutyhf fhzg;gLtij

Ma;thsu;fs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;whu;fs;. khdpl r%fk; vt;tsT

goikahdNjh xUJizkz KiwAk; mt;tsT

gioikahdJ vd;fpd;whu; nt];lu; khu;f; (Wester Marck).

Guhjd fpNuf;f jj;Jttpayhsuhd mup];Nuhl;by; ,j;jpUkz

Kiwia kl;LNk mq;fPfupf;fpd;whu;. kpfTk; rpwe;j jpUkz

Kiwahf xUJizkz Kiwiaf; fUJfpd;whu;fs;

,e;Jf;fs;.

xU JizkzKiwapd; rpwg;Gf;fs;

01. cyfk; KOtJk; rhj;jpakhd jpUkz Kiwahf

vy;NyhuhYk; fUjg;gLk; kzKiw ,JthFk;.

02. nghUshjhu uPjpahfTk; nghUj;jkhdJ. rhjhuz

nghUshjhu epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; kdpjDf;F gyjhukzk;

%yk; gy kidtpau;fis gupghypg;gJ rpukkhdnjhU

tplakhFk;.

03. fztd; kidtpapilNa gu];gu Gupe;Jzu;Tk;

me;epNahd;dpaKk; fhzg;gLk;.

04. epiyahd FLk;gk; Njhd;wTk; ghypay; Njit jilapd;wp

eptu;j;jpf;fg;glTk; top nra;fpd;wJ.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 25

05. fl;rpjkhd r%fkakhf;fYf;F cjTfpd;wJ. fztDk;

kidtpAk; gpizg;ghd cwitAk; GupjiyAk;

nfhz;bUg;gjdhy; Foe;ijia rupahd Kiwapy; top elj;j

Kbfpd;wJ.

06. gykidtp jpUkz Kiwapy; KJikailAk;

kidtpf;Fg; gjpyhf ,sikahd kidtp

nfhz;Ltug;gLtjw;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fs; cs;sd. ,q;F

me;epiy tUtjpy;iy.

xUjhukzk; ,U tifahfg; gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

01. njhlu; xUJizkzk; (Serial monogamy)

xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyg;gFjpapy; xNunahU tho;f;ifj;

JizNahL ,Uf;Fk;Kiw ,JthFk;. vdpDk; tpthfuj;J

kw;Wk; ,wg;G Nghd;wit ,lk;ngwpd; kWkzk; nra;J

nfhs;tjw;fhd re;ju;g;gk; ,q;F fhzg;gLk;.

02. njhlu; my;yhj xUJiz kzk; (Non serial monogamy)

,q;F tpthfuj;J kw;Wk; ,wg;G Nghd;wit ,lk;ngwpd;

kWkzk; nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fs; jk;gjpapdUf;F

toq;fg;gLtjpy;iy.

M. gyJizkzk; (Polygamy)

gyJizkzj;jpy; ,izfspd; gd;ikj;Jtk; fhzg;gLk;. xU

Mz; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l ngz;fis my;yJ xU ngz; xd;W

Nkw;gl;l Mz;fis xNu Neuj;jpy; jpUkzk; Kbf;Fk; Kiw

,q;F fhzg;gLk;. gyJizkzk; %d;W tiffspy;

,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.

1. gykidtp Kiw (Polygyny)

2. gyfztd; Kiw (Polyandry)


Dr.SM.Ayoob 26

3. FO kzk; (Group marriage)

gykidtp Kiw (Polygyny)

xU kdpjd; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l ngz;fis xNu Neuj;jpy;

jpUkzk; Kbg;gJ ,t;tifAs; mlq;Fk;. gz;ila

ehfuPfq;fspy; ,k;Kiw tof;fpy; fhzg;gl;lJ. Guhjd

vgpNuau;fs;> m]pupad;fs;> ggpNyhdpau;fs;> ,e;jpau;fs;

Nghd;wtu;fspilNa ,k;Kiw eilKiwapy; fhzg;gl;lJ.

v];fpNkh goq;Fbfs;> fhf ,e;jpau;fs; (Crow Indians),

Mgpupf;f ePf;Nuhf;fs; Nghd;wtu;fspilNa ,d;W ,k;Kiw

eilKiwapy; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. K];ypk; r%fj;jpYk; xU Mz;

ehd;F kidtp tiu nry;tjw;fhd mDkjp toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

(uhX> 2007).

gykidtp Kiwapd; tiffs;

gykidtp Kiw ,Utiffshf gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

1. gy;#yf kidtp Kiw (Sorroral polygyny)

2. gy;#yfkw;w kidtp Kiw (Non- sorroral polygyny)

gy;#yf kidtp Kiw (Sorroral polygyny)

xU Mz; jdJ kidtpapd; rNfhjupfis xNu Neuj;jpNyh

my;yJ kuzj;jpd; gpd;Ngh jpUkzk; Kbf;Fk; epiy

,JthFk;.

gy;#yfkw;w kidtp Kiw (Non- sorroral polygyny)

xU Mz; jdJ kidtpapd; rNfhjupfs; my;yhj ngz;fis

jpUkzk; nra;Ak; Kiw ,JthFk;.

gykidtp (Polygyny) jpUkz Kiwf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

r%ftpayhsu;fSk; khdpltpayhsu;fSk; gykidtp jpUkz

Kiwapd; Njhw;wj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fis fz;Lgpbj;Js;sdu;.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 27

mguptpjkhd ngz;fs; njhifAk; Fiwe;j Mz;fspd;

vz;zpf;ifAk; gy ngz;fis xU Mz; jpUkzk;

Kbg;gjw;fhd fhuzq;fshf mikfpd;wd. rkntsp

,e;jpau;fSk;> v];fpNkhf;fSk; Mz; ngz;

rkkpd;ikapd; fhuzkhf gykidtp Kiwapid

nfhz;bUg;gjhf Ma;Tfs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd (uhX>

2007).

nghUshjhu ed;ikfSk; gykidtp jpUkz

Kiwapid J}z;Lfpd;wd. rpy Mgpupf;fg; goq;Fbfs;

nghUshjhu eyd;fSf;fhf ,k;Kiwia

nfhz;Ls;sdu;. ,j;jifa goq;Fbapy; ngz;zhdts;

FLk;gj;jpd; nghUshjhu eyd;fSf;fhf

ghLgLfpd;whs;. ,jd; fhuzkhf Kjy; kidtpNa

,d;Dk; gy ngz;fis jpUkzk; Kbf;Fk;gb

fztiz epu;g;ge;jpg;gtshf fhzg;gLfpd;whs;. ,jd;

%yk; jdJ Rik FiwAk; vd Kjy; kidtp

ek;Gfpwhs;.

rpy goq;Fbfspy; xU MZila me;j];J mtd;

nfhz;bUf;Fk; kidtpapd; vz;zpf;ifia itj;J

fzpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd kidtpfs;

mjpf me;j];jpid nfhz;LtUk; %yq;fshf

mr;r%fj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

Kjy; kidtpf;F Foe;ijg;NgW ,d;ikAk; gykidtp

jpUkz Kiw Njhd;Wtjw;F VJthd fhuzpahf

mike;Js;sJ. Foe;ijg;Ngww;w kidtp ,uz;lhk;

jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;Sk;gb fztid

J}z;Lfpd;whs;.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 28

Mz;fspd; msT kPwpa ghypay; MirAk; ,k;kz

Kiwapid J}z;Lfpd;wJ. ,k;kz Kiw %yk;

mgupkpjkhd ghypay; Mirfisj; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;s

MZf;F tha;g;G Vw;gLfpd;wJ.

rpy goq;Fbfspy; Mz; mjpf ngz;fis jpUkzk;

Kbg;gjw;fhd fhuzk; ngz;fs; Ntfkhf gytPdg;gl;L

tajile;J tpLfpd;wdu; vDk; ek;gpf;ifapd;

tpisthFk;.

mjpf Foe;ijfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w

tpUg;gKk; ,k;kz Kiwapid J}z;Lfpd;wJ.

,j;jifa fhuzj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Fdp

(Guni) kw;Wk; `p`p (Hihi) goq;Fbfs; gy

kidtpfis jpUkzk; nra;fpd;wdu;.

Mz; jd;Dila Mz; jd;ikia giwrhw;Wtjw;Fk;

mjpf ngz;fis kzk; Kbg;gjhf rpy Ma;Tfs;

Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.

gyfztd; Kiw (Polyandry)

xU ngz; gy Mz;fis jpUkzk; Kbg;gJ gyfztd;

Kiw vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. gykidtp jpUkz

KiwAld; xg;gpLk; NghJ gyfztd; Kiw r%fj;jpy;

Fiwthf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. jpgj;jpau;fs;> Nrhkh goq;Fbfs;>

Mgpupf;f g`hkhf;fs; Nghd;NwhuplKk; ,e;jpahtpd; jpNahd;>

Njhlu;> Nfhlh Nghd;w goq;FbfsplKk;> Nfuhshtpy;

ehau;fsplKk; ,j;jpUkz Kiw fhzg;gLfpd;wJ (uhX> 2007).

gyfztd; Kiwapd; tiffs;


Dr.SM.Ayoob 29

,k;KiwahdJ ,U tifahd gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

1. cld;gpwe;j gyfztd; Kiw (Fraternal polyandry)

2. cld;gpwth gyfztd; Kiw (Non-Fraternal polyandry)

cld;gpwe;j gyfztd; Kiw (Fraternal polyandry)

cld; gpwe;j rNfhjuu;fs; xU ngz;iz jpUkzk; nra;J

mtNshL gLf;ifia gfpu;e;J nfhs;Sk; Kiw ,JthFk;.

ePyfpup kiyj;njhlupy; thOk; Njhlu;fsplk; ,k;Kiw

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

cld;gpwth gyfztd; Kiw (Non-fraternal polyandry)

cld;gpwthj rNfhjuu;fis xU ngz; jpUkzk; nra;Ak;

Kiw ,JthFk;. ,q;F kidtp xt;nthU fztDf;Fk;

Neuj;ij gpupj;Jf;nfhLf;Fk; tof;fk; fhzg;gLk;.

Fwpg;gpl;lnjhU fztNdhL FLk;gk; elj;Jk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy;

Vida fztd;khu;fs; nghWikNahL fhj;jpUg;ghu;fs;.

gyfztd; Kiw fhzg;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fis

nghJikg;gLj;j KbahJ. gpupj;jhdpau;fspd; MSiff;F Kd;

Njhlu;fsplk; fhzg;gl;l ngz; rpRf;nfhiy (Female

infanticide) mr;r%fj;jpy; mghupjkhd Mz;fspd;

vz;zpf;ifia mjpfupj;J ngz; jl;Lg;ghl;il

Vw;gLj;jpajdhy; gy fztd; Kiw mr;r%fj;jpy; epytf;

fhuzkhfpaJ. mNjNghy; Mz;fspd; tWik epiy kw;Wk;

kyl;Lj; jd;ik Nghd;witAk; ,j;jpUkz Kiwf;fhd

fhuzq;fshf mikfpd;wd. Vio ,isQd; kzkfSf;F

nfhLf;f Ntz;ba kzf; nfhilia (Bride price)

nfhLg;gjw;F Kbahky; Nghfpd;w NghJk; jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy;

xU kidtpia epu;tfpf;f Kbahj NghJk; VidNahuplk;

Nru;e;J xU ngz;iz kze;J nfhs;fpd;whd;.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 30

nrhj;Jf;fs; gpupf;fg;glhky; mg;gbNa ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;

vDk; kNdhepiyAk; gyfztd;kz Kiwia

J}z;Lfpd;wJ.

FOkzk; (Group marriage)

gy Mz;fs; gy ngz;fis kzg;gJ FOkzkhFk;. vdpDk;

,k;kz Kiw mupjhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;F fztd;

nghJf; fztdhfTk; kidtp nghJ kidtpahfTk;

nfhs;sg;gLk; epiy fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. gpwf;Fk; gps;isfs;

vy;NyhUf;Fk; nghJtpNyNa itf;fg;gLfpd;whu;fs;.

FOtpYs;s xt;nthU ngz;Zk; jhahf gps;isapdhy;

miof;fg;gLk; epiy ,q;F fhzg;gLk;. mT];Nuypah>

,e;jpah> jpngj; Nghd;w gFjpfspy; thOk; goq;Fbfsplk;

,j;jpUkz Kiw fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. FOkz eilKiw

mopTWk; jWthapy; (Verge of extinction) ,Ug;gjhf gy

Ma;Tfs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd (uhX> 2007).

,. mfkzKk; Gwkzk; (Endogamy and Exogamy)

,iziaj; Nju;T nra;tjd; mbg;gilapy; my;yJ

,iziaj; Nju;T nra;Ak; tpjpfspd; mbg;gilapy;

jpUkzkhdJ ,U tifahf gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

01. mfkzk; (Endogamy or endogamous marriage)

02. Gwkzk; (Exogamy or exogamous marriage)

mfkzk;

xUtd; my;yJ xUj;jp jhd; rhu;e;Js;s FOf;fSf;Fs;Ns

(mjhtJ cwTf;FO> Cu; my;yJ rhjp) jpUkzk; nra;J

nfhs;tJ mfkzk; vdg;gLfpd;wJ (tho;tpay; fsQ;rpak;).

tho;f;ifj; Jizia nrhe;jf; FOtpDs; NjLk;Kiw

,JthFk;. tho;f;ifj; Jizia rhjp> tu;f;fk;> goq;Fb>

,dk;> fpuhkk;> rkaf;FO vd vf;FOtpYk; Njlyhk;. jkJ


Dr.SM.Ayoob 31

FOTf;F ntspNa jpUkzk; Kbg;gij mfkzk; jLf;fpd;wJ.

mfkzkhdJ gy tifapy; ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ.

m. rhjp mfkzk; (Case endogamy)

,q;F jpUkzk; xUtupd; nrhe;j rhjpf;Fs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ.

gpuhkzu;fs; jkJ gpuhkz rhjpf;Fs; jpUkzk; Kbg;gJ

,jw;F cjhuzkhFk;.

M. Jiz rhjp mfkzk; (Sub- caste endogamy)

r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rhjpfs; NkYk; gy Jiz rhjpfshf

gpupf;fg;gLfpd;whu;fs;. rhjpiag; NghyNt Jiz rhjpAk; xU

mfkz myfhFk;. ,q;F Jiz rhjpf;Fs;NsNa jpUkzk;

Kbf;f Ntz;Lk;. rpthyp gpuhkzu;fs; (Shilvalli Brahmin )

rpthyp gpuhkz Jiz rhjpf;Fs;NsNa jpUkzk; Kbf;f

Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; kuG fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

,. tu;zh mfkzk; (Varna endogamy)

ghuk;gupa ,e;J r%jhaj;jpy; gpuhkzu;> \j;jpupau;> it\pau;;>

#j;jpuu; Nghd;w ehd;F tu;zq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. xUtu;

Jiziaj; Nju;e;njLf;Fk; NghJ mtupd;

tu;zj;Jf;Fs;spUe;J Jiziaj; Nju;T nra;tjid ,J

Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

<. goq;Fb mfkzk; (Tribal endogamy)

xUtu; jdJ goq;FbfspypUe;J Jiziaj; Nju;T

nra;tjid ,J Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

Gwkzk;

xUtu; jdJ nrhe;j FOtpw;F Gwk;ghf ntspNaNgha;

Jiziaj; Nju;T nra;tjid ,j;jpUkz Kiw

Fwpf;fpd;wJ. nrhe;jf; FOtpDs; jpUkzk; Kbg;gij


Dr.SM.Ayoob 32

,k;Kiw jil nra;fpd;wJ. Gwkzk; gy tifapy; ,lk;

ngWfpd;wJ.

m. Fy Gwkzk; (Gotra exogamy)

xU Fwpg;gpl;l Nfhj;jpuj;jpDs; my;yJ Fyj;jpDs;

cs;stu;fs; ,uj;j cwitf; nfhz;ltu;fshff;

fhzg;gLthu;fs;. vdNt Fy Gwkzj;jpd;gb xUtu; jdJ

nrhe;j Nfhj;jpuj;jpw;F ntspNa jpUkzk; Kbf;f Ntz;Lk;.

M. gputuh Gwkzk; (Pravara exogamy)

gputuh vd;why; cld; gpwg;Gf;fs; vd;gJ nghUshFk;. xUtu;

jdJ cld;gpwg;gpw;F mg;ghy;nrd;W jpUkzk; Kbf;f

Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,j;jpUkz Kiw $Wfpd;wJ.

,. fpuhk Gwkzk; (Village exogamy)

,k;Kiwapd;gb xUtu; jdJ nrhe;j fpuhk vy;iyf;Fs;

jpUkzk; Kbg;gJ jil nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;jpahtpYs;s

ehfhNuh> Kz;lh Nghd;w goq;Fbfs; jq;fsJ fpuhkj;Jf;F

ntspNajhd; jpUkz cwit itj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;

gof;fKilatdhf fhzg;gLfpd;whu;fs;.

<. gpz;lh Gwkzk; (Pinda exogamy)

gpz;lh vd;gJ guk;giuiaf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. je;ij jug;gpypUe;J

Ie;J jiyKiwfisAk; jha; jug;gpypUe;J %d;W my;yJ

VO jiyKiwapdiuAk; Nru;e;jtu;fs; gpz;lhf;fshf

nfhs;sg;gLfpd;whu;fs;. xNu guk;giuapy; cs;stu;fs;

mtu;fSf;Fs;Ns jpUkz cwT itj;Jf; nfhs;s KbahJ

vd;gJ gpz;lh GwkzkhFk;.

r%fj;jpy; mfkzKk; GwkzKk; xNu Neuj;jpy; Nru;e;J epfo

tha;g;Gz;L. ,e;jpar; rhjp mikg;G Kiwapy; xUtd; jdJ

rhjpf;Fs;NsNa jpUkzk; Kbf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ fl;lhak;.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 33

vdpDk; jdJ Fyj;jpw;F ntspNajhd; jpUkzk; nra;J

nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w flg;ghL epyTfpd;wJ.

2.5 tpthfuj;J

tpthfuj;J (Divorce)> iftpLjy;; (Desertion)> gpupe;Jtho;jy;

(Separation) Nghd;w nrhw;fspy; tpj;jpahrq;fs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. xU jpUkz ge;jj;ij rl;luPjpahf Kwpj;Jf;

nfhs;Sk; nraw;ghlhdJ tpthfuj;J vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

tpthfuj;jpid ngWfpd;w Mz;> ngz; ,UghyhUk;; jpUkz

tho;Tf;F Ke;jpa epiyia kPz;Lk; milfpd;wdu;;. ,tu;fs;

kWgbAk; NtW jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhd jFjpia

ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdu;.

Ntz;Lnkd;Nw ,y;yw tho;itf; iftpLk; nraw;ghl;bid

iftpLjy; vDk; gjk; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. jkJ FLk;g

tho;tpypUe;J fztNdh my;yJ kidtpNah nghWg;gw;W

tpyfpf; nfhs;tjid ,J Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

gpupe;Jtho;jyhdJ tpthfuj;jpid Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk;

Kiwrhuh Muk;gg;gbahff; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

tpthfuj;jpidg; ngwhky; jkJ jpUkz ge;jj;jpypUe;J tpyfp>

jdpj;J tho;fpd;w Kiw ,JthFk;. ,q;F fztDk;

kidtpAk; gpupe;J tho;fpd;whu;fNs jtpu jpUkzk;

njhlu;e;jpUf;Fk;. Mdhy; jpUkz cwT Kwpe;J fhzg;gLk;.

tpthfuj;Jf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

fUf;FLk;gj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; mOj;jk; (Stress on the

nuclear family)

ngz;fspd; tfpghfq;fspy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs;

(Changing role of women)


Dr.SM.Ayoob 34

ghypay; Rje;jpuk; (Sexual permissiveness)

ngz;fspd; fy;tp kw;Wk; nghUshjhu Rje;jpuk;

(Education and economic independence of women)

ghypay; rPupd;ik (Sexual maladjustment)

Foe;ijj; jpUkzk; (Child marriage)

ngz; kw;Wk; Mz; ,UtupdJk;; tpUg;gj;jpw;F khwhf

elj;jg;gl;l jpUkzq;fs;

fztd; kidtpf;fpilNa fhzg;gLk;

nghUj;jg;ghbd;ik

Mz;> ngz; ,U ghyhuplKk; fhzg;gLk; kyl;Lj;

jd;ik

jpUkzj;jpw;F Kd; kiwj;J itj;Jg; gpd;du; njupa

te;j cly; FiwghLfs;

vy;iyaw;w rPjdk;

JNuhfk; ,ioj;jy; (Infidelity)

Nghijg; nghUs; ghtid

MSikf; NfhshWfs;

njhlu;ghly; tul;rp

md;G Fiwjy;

cly; kw;Wk; cs J\;gpuNahfk;

FLk;g flg;ghLfis epiwNtw;whik

Ntiyapd;ik

jpUkz tho;T kfpo;r;rpapd;ik

gzuPjpahd neUf;fbfs;

Kjpu;r;rpapd;ik (Immature)

mjpfsthd tpthjk;

kpf ,satiu kzj;jy;

epiwNtw;w Kbahj vjpu;ghu;g;G


Dr.SM.Ayoob 35

jpUkzj;jpw;F jahuhfhj epiy

ek;gpf;if Fiwjy;;

mbf;fb Vw;gLk; rz;il

RUf;fk;

kdpjdpd; capupay; Njitfspy; xd;whd ghypay;

Mir rl;l uPjpahfTk;> r%fj;jhy; Vw;fg;gl;l tbtpYk;

jpUkzj;jpd; %yNk epiwT nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;

%yk; r%f> cstpay;> capupay;> rka Nehf;fq;fs;

milag; ngWfpd;wd.

jpUkz KiwahdJ r%fj;jpw;F r%fk;> gz;ghl;Lf;F

gz;ghL NtWgLfpd;wJ. jpUkzkhdJ rkar; rlq;fhf

rpy r%fq;fspy; nfhs;sg;gLk; mNj Ntis NtW rpy

r%fq;fspy;; r%f xg;ge;jkhf nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

xU jpUkz ge;jj;ij rl;luPjpahf Kwpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;

nraw;ghlhdJ tpthfuj;J vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;

1. jpUkzk; vd;why; vd;dntd;gij RUf;fkhfTk; mjd;

gz;Gfis tpupthfTk; Muha;f.

2. jpUkzj;jpd; gpujhd tiffis tpsf;Ff.

3. “rl;luPjpahf mZFk; nghOJ tpthfuj;jhdJ

,yFthdnjhU Kbthfj; Njhd;wpdhYk; eilKiw

tho;tpy; mjd; jhf;fq;fs; msg;ngupait”

,f;$w;wpid tpsf;Ff.

jpwTr; nrhw;fs;


Dr.SM.Ayoob 36

jpUkzk;> xUjhu kzk;> gyjhu kzk;> tpthfuj;J

crhj;Jiz E}y;fs;






3. gf;jtj;ryghujp. (2005). khdpltpay; Nfhl;ghLfs;.

GJit: ty;ypdk;.

4. kd;#u;> vk;. V. vk;. (2012). jpUkzk;. ,yq;if: thkp

,yq;if.


Press.

6. Haralambos, M., & Heald, R.M. (2004). Sociology: Themes

and perspectives. London: Harper Collins Publishers Limited.



Company.


Delhi: S. Chand and Commpany Ltd.

9. Sharma, Y.K. (2007). Indian society: Issues and problems.

Agra: Lakshmi: Narain Agarwal Publication.

10. Sullivan, T.J. (2016). Introduction to social problems. New

York: Pearson.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 37

mj;jpahak; 03

FLk;gk;

nghUslf;fk;

3.1 mwpKfk; 38 - 39

3.2 FLk;gj;jpd; nghJg; gz;Gfs; 39 - 40

3.3 FLk;gj;jpd; jdpj;Jtkhd ,yl;rzq;fs; 40 - 42

3.4 FLk;gj;jpd; tiffs; 43 - 52

3.5 FLk;gj;jpd; njhopw;ghLfs; 52 - 58

3.6 FLk;gk; njhlu;ghd r%ftpay; fz;Nzhl;lk; 59 - 60

mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;

FLk;gk; vDk; r%f epWtdk; vy;yhf; fhyfl;lq;fspYk;

VNjh xU tbtpy; ,Ue;J te;jpUg;gjid

khdpltpayhsu;fSk; r%ftpayhsu;fSk;

Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;whu;fs;. kdpj tho;tpd; ,ay;G FLk;g tho;tpd;

Njitia mtrpag;gLfpd;wJ. FLk;gkhdJ gy;NtW rpwg;Gg;

gz;Gfisf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ.

gy;NtW tiff; FLk;gq;fs; r%fg;gug;gpy; fhzg;gl;l NghJk;

jdpf;FLk;gk; kw;Wk; $l;Lf;FLk;gk; vDk; ,U gpupT kpfTk;

gpugy;akhdit. FLk;gkhdJ gy;NtW gzpfis

Mw;Wfpd;wd.



Dr.SM.Ayoob 38

,t;tj;jpahaj;jpd; gpujhd Nehf;fk; FLk;gk; njhlu;ghd

Nfhl;ghl;L kw;Wk; eilKiw tpsf;fq;fis khztu;fSf;F

toq;FtjhFk;.

fw;wy; ngWNgWfs;

,t;tj;jpahaj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; FLk;gk;> mjd;

tiffs; Fwpj;j tpsf;fq;fisg; ngw;wpUg;gJld; FLk;gj;jpd;

gy;NtW gzpfs; njhlu;ghd eilKiw tpsf;fq;fisAk;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;thu;fs;.

3.1 mwpKfk;

fhj;jpukhd kw;Wk; Kf;fpakhd r%f epWtdq;fspy; xd;whf

FLk;gk; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. cyfpy; ngUk;ghyhd kf;fs;

FLk;gk; vd;Dk; epWtdj;jpd; topNajhd; gpwe;J tsu;e;J

,we;J Nghfpd;whu;fs;. jdpegu;fis r%fkakhf;Ftjpy; $l

FLk;gj;jpd; gq;fspg;G msg;ngupaJ. kdpjd; gpwe;jJKjy;

FLk;gj;NjhL czu;T uPjpahd gpizg;ig tsu;j;Jf;

nfhs;fpd;whd;. FLk;gNk r%f fl;likg;gpd; mbehjkhfTk;

njhopw;gLfpd;wJ. xU gue;j ghu;itapy; Nehf;fpd;

ngw;NwhiuAk; gps;isfisAk; nfhz;l FONt FLk;gkhFk;.

,tw;NwhL cwtpdu;fs;> rhu;e;jtu;fs; Nghd;NwhiuAk;

FLk;gk; cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ. FLk;gNk mbg;gilahd

Kjd;epiyf; FO vd;gJ nkf; kw;Wk; aq; Nghd;Nwhupd;

fUj;jhFk;.

ghypay; cwthy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l FONt FLk;gkhFk;

vd;gJ nkfpy;tu; kw;Wk; Ng[pd; (Maclver and Page)

fUj;jhFk;. jpUkzk;> ,uj;jcwT> jj;njLj;jy; Nghd;w

gpizg;Gf;fshy; ,izf;fg;gl;l egu;fspd; FONt

FLk;gkhFk; vd;gJ Gu;f]; kw;Wk; Nyhf;fpd; (Burgess and

Locke) fUj;jhFk;. ,q;F fztd;-kidtp> jha;-je;ij>


Dr.SM.Ayoob 39

rNfhjud;-rNfhjup Nghd;w ghj;jpuq;fs; %yk; xUtu;

kw;wtNuhL njhlu;G nfhs;fpwhu;;.

FLk;gk; vd;gJ fztd;> kidtp> gps;isfs; MfpNahiu

cs;slf;fpa capupay; r%f myfhFk; vd;gJ vypal; kw;Wk;

nkupy; Nghd;Nwhupd; fUj;jhFk;. xU Foe;ijAldhd xU

ngz;izAk;> mtu;fisg; guhkupf;Fk; xU MizAk;

Nru;j;J xU FLk;gk; vd tpgupf;fyhk; vd;gJ igrd;];

(Biesanz) ,d; fUj;jhFk;.

vdNt FLk;gkhdJ ngw;NwhiuAk; gps;isfisAk;

jd;Ds;Ns nfhz;Ls;sJ. neUq;fpa njhlu;gpid ,tu;fs;

cUthf;fpf; nfhs;fpwhu;fs.; vy;yhf; fhyg;gFjpapYk; cyfpd;

vy;yh r%fq;fspYk; fhzg;gLk; mfpye;jOtpa xU

epWtdNk FLk;gkhFk;.

3.2 FLk;gj;jpd; nghJg; gz;Gfs; (General

characteristics of family)

uhX (2007) FLk;gk; nfhz;bUf;Fk; gz;Gfis gpd;tUkhW

milahsg;gLj;Jfpd;whu;.

01. ,dg;ngUf;f cwT (Mating relationship)

xu; MZk; ngz;Zk; jk;kpilNa ,dg;ngUf;f cwit

Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; trjp FLk;gj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;. jpUkzk;

vDk; epWtdNk vjpu;ghypdj;jtu;fspd; ghypay; elj;ijfis

xOq;FgLj;Jfpd;wJ. jpUkzj;jpd; xU tbtk;jhd;

FLk;gkhFk;.

02. Jizia njupT nra;jy; (Selection of mates)


Dr.SM.Ayoob 40

tho;f;ifj; Jizj; Nju;thdJ FLk;g mq;fj;jtu;fshNyh

my;yJ ngupNahu;fshNyh my;yJ RatpUg;gpNyh

Nkw;nfhs;g;gLk; Kiw FLk;gj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;.

03. ngaupLk; Kiw (A System of momenclature)

ngUk;ghyhd FLk;gq;fSf;F jdpj;Jtkhd ngau;fs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mNjNghy; jkJ guk;giuia (Descent)

fzf;fpLk; nghwpKiwiaAk; FLk;gq;fs; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.

FLk;gq;fspy; guk;giuahdJ je;ij topapNyh (Patrilineal

descent) my;yJ jha; topapNyh (Matrilineal descent) my;yJ

,uz;Lk; Nru;e;j ,ul;il topapNyh (Bilateral descent)

flj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

04. nghJ thOkplk; (A common habitation)

xU FLk;gj;jpw;F thOtjw;fhd ,lnkhd;W

Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. rluPjpahd ,lnkhd;W ,y;yhky; nghWg;G

kpf;f Foe;ij tsu;g;G gzpia nrt;tdNt nra;a KbahJ.

05. nghUshjhu xJf;fPL (An Economic provision)

FLk;g mq;fj;jtu;fspd; gy;NtWgl;l nghUshjhu

Njitfis FLk;gNk epiwNtw;wpf; nfhLf;fpd;wJ.

FLk;gj;jpd; jiytu; gpujhdkhf Vida mq;fj;jtu;fspd;

Njitia epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf nghUsPl;lypy; <LgLfpd;whu;.

tsu;e;J Mshd gpwF gps;isfs; Fwpg;ghf Mz; gps;isfs;

FLk;gj;jpd; tpUj;jpf;fhf ghLgLfpd;whu;fs;. jkJ

rNfhjupfspd; ,y;yw tho;itj; njhlq;fp itg;gjw;fhf

njhiyJ}u ehLfSf;Fr; nrd;W> Jauq;fis rfpj;Jf;

nfhz;L ciof;Fk; gy rNfhjuu;fis FLk;gk;

nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 41

3.3 FLk;gj;jpd; jdpj;Jtkhd ,yl;rzq;fs;

(Distinctive features of the family)

01. cyfshtpaJ (Universality)

cyfshtpa epWtdq;fspy; xd;whf FLk;gk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. rpwpa r%fq;fspy; $l FLk;g

mikg;gpidf; fhzyhk;. midj;J r%fq;fspYk; kdpj

tsu;r;rpapd; midj;J fhyfl;lq;fspYk; FLk;gk;

fhzg;gl;ljhf kfpy;tu; (Maclver) $Wfpd;whu;. 250

FLk;gq;fis Ma;T nra;J tpl;L FLk;gk; mfpye;jOtpaJ

vd;fpd;whu; ku;nlhf; (Murdock)

02. czu;r;rp mbg;gil (Emotional basis)

FLk;gkhdJ ntWk; rl;luPjpahd cwTfshy; kl;Lky;yhJ

nfhj;Jf; nfhj;jhd gy;NtW tif czu;r;rpfshy;

gpd;dg;gl;ljhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. FLk;gj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;

,dg;ngUf;fk;> Foe;ij tsu;g;G> jhad;G> je;ij kPjhd

kupahij Nghd;wit Kw;W KOjhf czu;r;rpfspd; $l;L

nkhj;jkhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fztd;-kidtpapilNaahd

kw;Wk; ngw;Nwhu;-gps;isfSf;fpilNaahd gu];gu md;G

FLk;gj;ij mu;g;gzq;fs;> jpahfq;fs; epiwe;j epWtdkhf

khw;Wfpd;wJ.

03. tiuaWf;fg;gl;l gUkd; (Limited size)

FLk;gkhdJ Kjd;ik r%ff; FOthf fhzg;gLtjhy;

mjd; gUkd; tiuaiwf;Fl;gl;ljhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

FLk;gk; rpwpa mstpy; fhzg;gLtjdhNyNa mjd;

mq;fj;jtu;fspilNa Neubahd cwT> neUf;fk; Nghd;wit

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. FLk;gj;jpd; ePbj;j njhlu;jd;ikf;F mjd;

rpwpa myNf gpujhd fhuzkhf jpfo;fpd;wJ.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 42

04. r%ff; fl;likg;gpd; fU (Nuclear position in the social

structure)

Vida vy;yh r%f xOq;fikg;gpdJk; ikaf; fUthf

FLk;gNk njhopw;gLfpd;wJ. FLk;g myfpd; %yNk Vida

vy;yh r%ff; fl;likg;Gf;fSk; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

05. Kjy; Mjpf;fk;

xU Foe;ijia re;jpf;Fk; kw;Wk; gapw;rp ngWk; Muk;g #oy;

FLk;gkhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mq;fj;jtu;fspd;

MSikiar; nrg;gk; nra;J tbtikg;gjpy; FLk;gj;jpw;F

ghupa gq;fpUf;fpwJ. FLk;gkhdJ gz;ghl;il> XOf;fj;ij>

kuGfis fw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk; ];jhdkhfTk; njhopw;gLfpd;wJ.

06. cWg;gpdu;fspd; nghWg;G (Responsibility of members)

FLk;g mq;fj;jtu;fs; midtUk; FLk;gj;Jf;fhf nra;a

Ntz;ba nghWg;Gf;fSk; flg;ghLfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

FLk;g mq;fj;jtu;fs; Vida cWg;gpdu;fNshL ,ize;J

mu;g;gzq;fNshL nra;Ak; gzpfspy;jhd;; FLk;gj;jpd; rPuhd

Xl;lk; jq;fpapUf;fpd;wJ. ehl;Lf;fhf ciog;gJ> NghuhLtJ>

kuzpg;gJ Nghd;wtw;iw Fog;g fhyj;jpy;jhd; xU kdpjd;

nra;fpd;whd;. Mdhy; jdJ MAs; KOtJk; FLk;gj;jpw;fhf

ciof;fpd;whd; vd nkfpy;tu; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.

07. r%f xOq;F Kiw (Social regulation)

FLk;gkhdJ r%f tpyf;Ffs; (Social taboo) kw;Wk; rl;l

uPjpahd xOq;Ffs; Nghd;wtw;why; fhf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

tpthfuj;J> iftpLjy; (Desertion) gpupe;J tho;jy; (Seperation)

Nghd;w cilTfspypUe;J FLk;gj;ij fhg;gjw;fhd

Vw;ghLfis xt;nthU r%fKk; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.

08 jw;fhypfj; jd;ikAk; epue;juj; jd;ikAk;


Dr.SM.Ayoob 43

FLk;gkhdJ xNu Neuj;jpy; epue;ju kw;Wk; jw;fhypf

epWtdkhf nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. jpUkzkhd N[hbfs; xU

,lj;jpy; FbakUk; NghJ epue;jukhd epWtdkhf FLk;gk;

njhopw;gl Muk;gpf;fpd;wJ. egu;fspd; msT> epiy> me;j];J

Nghd;wtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L FLk;gj;jpd; fl;likg;G

fhyj;jpw;F fhyk; khw;wkiltjhy; FLk;gk; jw;fhypf

epWtdkhfTk; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

3.4 FLk;gj;jpd; tiffs;

FLk;gk; cyfk; KOtJk; fhzg;gLk; xU epWtdkhff;

fhzg;gl;lhYk; mjd; fl;likg;G> kw;Wk; tbtq;fs;>

r%fj;jpw;F r%fk; NtWgl;L fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

r%ftpayhsu;fSk; khdpltpayhsu;fSk; r%fq;fspd;

kj;jpapy; fhzg;gLk; FLk;gq;fspd; tiffs; gw;wp

Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.

xOq;fikg;G> msT> fl;likg;G (Oranization, size, structure)

mbg;gilapy; FLk;gk;

xOq;fikg;G> msT> fl;likg;G (Oranization, size, structure)

mbg;gilapy; FLk;gkhdJ gpujhdkhf ,U tifahfg;

gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

01. fUf;FLk;gk; my;yJ jdpf;FLk;gk; (Nuclear or single unit

family)

fztd;-kidtp kw;Wk; mtu;fsJ jpUkzkhfhj gps;isfs;

MfpNahiuf; nfhz;l xU myNf fUf;FLk;gkhFk;. etPd

rpf;fy; kpFe;j ifj;njhopy; r%fj;jpd; Mjpf;fk; kpf;f FLk;g

tbtk; ,JthFk;. ngw;NwhUf;Fk; gps;isfSf;Fkpilapyhd

Njhoikapd; mbg;gilapy; mike;j FLk;gKk; ,JthFk;.

fUf;FLk;gj;jpd; msT rpwpajhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 44

fUf;FLk;gk; jpUkz gpizg;ig mbg;gilahf

nfhz;liktjdhy; gps;isfs; kPjhd ftdKk; ftdpg;Gk;

mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;.

fUf;FLk;gk; RahjPdkhdJ kw;Wk; nghUshjhu uPjpahf

jd;dpiwT nfhz;lJ. $l;Lf;FLk;g cwtpdu;fis tpl

jdpf;FLk;gj;jpy; thOk; cWg;gpdu;fs; mjpf Rje;jpuj;ij

mDgtpg;gjhf Ma;thsu;fs; Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpd;whu;fs;.

02. $l;Lf; FLk;gk; my;yJ tpupthf;fg;gl;l FLk;gk; my;yJ

gpupglhj FLk;gk; (Joint family or extended family or undivided

family)

,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l fUf;FLk;gq;fis

cs;slf;fpa ngw;Nwhu;-gps;isfs; cwTfspd; ePl;rpia

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l FLk;gq;fis Fwpf;fNt $l;Lf;

FLk;gk; vDk; nrhy;yhly; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

jpUkzkhd taJ te;j gps;isfs; jkJ ngw;NwhUld;

,iztjd; %yk; $l;Lf; FLk;gk; cUthFtjhf Nku;ld;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. ,q;F ,U fUf;FLk;gq;fs; ,iztjd;

%yk; $l;Lf; FLk;gk; cUthfpd;wJ.

xU $l;Lf; FLk;gj;jpy; xU kdpjd; mtdJ kidtp

mtdJ jpUkzkhd kfd;fspd; FLk;gq;fs; jpUkzkhfhj

kfd;fs;> kfs;fs;> Nguf;Foe;ijfs;> kw;Wk; jha; top je;ij

top Nguf;Foe;ijfs; tho;fpd;whu;fs;. ghl;Nkhup (Battomore)

,d; fUj;Jg;gb Mrpahtpy; gy;NtW tifahd $l;Lf;

FLk;gq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

$l;Lf; FLk;gj;jpy; fztd;-kidtp mtu;fsJ gps;isfs;>

gps;isfspd; gps;isfs; vd %d;W guk;giufs; xd;Wgl;Lf;

fhzg;gLtjw;fhf r%ftpayhsu;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;fs;.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 45

FLk;gj;jpd; ikakhf miktJ Mzh> ngz;zh vd;gijg;

nghWj;J $l;Lf; FLk;gk; ,uz;lhf tFf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

m. Mz;fis ikag;gLj;jpa $l;Lf;FLk;gk;. (Patriarchal joint

family)

M. ngz;fis ikag;gLj;jpa $l;Lf; FLk;gk; (Matriarchal

joint family)

Kjy; tiff; FLk;gj;jpy; je;ijAk; ,uz;lhtJ tifapy;

jhAk; ika mr;rhf nfhs;sg;gLfpd;whu;fs;.

mjpfhuj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l FLk;gq;fs;

mjpfhuj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L FLk;gq;fs; ,U

tifahf gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

01. Mzhjpf;f FLk;gk; (Patriachal family)

02. ngz;zhjpf;f FLk;gk;; (Metriarchal family)

Mzhjpf;f FLk;gk; (Patriachal family)

,f;FLk;gk; je;ij ikaf; FLk;gk; my;yJ je;ij Mjpf;f

FLk;gk; (Father-centred or father-dominated family) vd

miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;F je;ij my;yJ tajhdtu;

FLk;gj;jpd; jiytdhfTk; FLk;g nrhj;Jf;fSf;fhd

cupikahsuhfTk; kw;Wk; epu;thfpahfTk;

nfhs;sg;gLfpd;whu;. FLk;g tptfhuq;fspy; ,Wjp

KbntLf;Fk; mjpfhuk; ,tuplNk xg;gilf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

FLk;g mq;fj;jtu;fs; kPJ ,tUf;F gykhd

mjpfhukpUf;Fk;. rka rk;ke;jkhd kw;Wk; rlq;Ffs;

njhlu;ghd KbTfs; ,tuJ topfhl;lypd; fPo;jhd;

vLf;fg;gLk;. jdJ kidtp kw;Wk; gps;isfs; kPJ


Dr.SM.Ayoob 46

vy;iyapy;yh mjpfhuk; FLk;gj; jiytuhy;

gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;lij tuyhWfspy; fhzf; $bajhf cs;sJ.

Mzhjpf;f FLk;gj;jpd; gz;Gfs;

m. Mzhjpf;f FLk;gj;jpy; guk;giuahdJ Mz;topahff;

flj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;F je;ijapd; nrhj;Jf;fis Mz;

thupRfNs ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;whu;fs;. rpy nghOJfspy; %j;j

gps;is mjpf eyd;fis mDgtpg;gjw;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fs;

toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.

M. trpg;gplj;ij ghu;f;Fk; nghOJ jpUkzk; Kbj;jgpd;Dk;

Mz; gps;isfs; njhlu;e;Jk; je;ijapd; tPl;by; tho;tjw;fhd

cupik toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. kidtpfNs Gjpjhf te;J

,f;FLk;gj;Jld; Nru;e;J nfhs;fpd;whu;fs;.

,. FLk;gj;jpd; mjpfhuk; je;ij my;yJ taJ Kjpu;e;jtu;

ifapy; fhzg;gLk;. Vida cWg;gpdu;fs; ,tUf;F

fl;Lg;gl;ltu;fshf fhzg;gLthu;fs;. ,tu;fs; vLf;Fk;

vk;KbitAk; Vida cWg;gpdu;fs; Nfs;tpf;Fl;gLj;jNth

my;yJ tpku;rpf;fNth KbahJ. Mzhjpf;f FLk;gj; jiytd;

jdJ Mz;gps;isfisAk; kidtpiaAk; tpw;gid

nra;tjw;Fk; mtu;fis nfhy;Ytjw;Fk; mjpfhuk;

ngw;wtdhf gz;ila fhyj;jpy; fhzg;gl;lhd; (uhX> 2007).

,d;iwa etPd ifj;njhopy; r%fj;jpy; G+uz Mzhjpf;f

r%fj;ij fhzKbahJs;sJ. gz;ilf;fhy vgpNuau;fs;

(Hebrews) Nuhku;fs;> fpNuf;fu;fs;> ,e;jpa Mupau;fs;

Nghd;wtu;fsplk; ,f;FLk;g Kiw fhzg;gl;ljhf

Ma;thsu;fs; Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpwhu;fs;.

ngz;zhjpf;f FLk;gk;; ( Metriarchal family)


Dr.SM.Ayoob 47

mjpfhukhdJ ngz;fsplk; my;yJ jhaplk; Ftpf;fg;gl;Lf;

fhzg;gLkhapd; mJ ngz;zhjpf;f FLk;gkhFk;. ,f;FLk;gk;

jha;ikaf; FLk;gk;> my;yJ jha;Mjpf;f FLk;gk; (Mother-

centred family or mother-dominated family) vdTk;

miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mjpfhuj;ij ngz;fs; my;yJ jha;

gpuNahfpf;Fk; mikg;G FLk;gj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;. Nkhu;fd;

kw;Wk; ilyu; Nghd;Nwhu; ngz;zhjpf;f FLk;gNk kdpj

r%jhaj;jpd; Muk;gj;jpy; fhzg;gl;ljhf Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;fs;.

v];fpNkhf;fs;> kyha;jPT thrpfs;> Xlhkh ,e;jpau;fs;>

Nfushtpy; cs;s kyghu; ehau;fs;> mrhk; kw;Wk; Nkfhyah

kf;fs;> nuhg;rpahd jPT thrpfs;> mnkupf;f ,uhf;Nfhap];>

,e;jpahtpd; fhrp goq;Fbfs; Nghd;Nwhuplk; ,d;Dk;

ngz;zhjpf;f FLk;g mikg;G Kiw fhzg;gLtjhf

Ma;Tfs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.

ngz;zhjpf;f FLk;gj;jpd; gz;Gfs;

m. ,q;;F jha; topNa guk;giu flj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. jhapd;

nrhj;Jf;fis ngz; gps;isfNs gpJuh[;[pjkhf ngw;Wf;

nfhs;fpd;whu;fs;. jhapd; me;j];;J epiyf;Nfw;g gps;isfspd;

me;j];J epiyAk; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

M. jpUkzj;jpd; gpd; kidtpahdts; mtsJ jhapd;

tPl;bNyjhd; ,Ug;gplj;ij mikj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; tof;fk;

,f;FLk;g mikg;gpy; fhzg;gLk;. fztd; jdJ rNfhjupapd;

tPl;by; ,Ue;J nfhz;L jdJ kidtpapd; tPl;Lf;F mbf;fb

nrd;W tUthu;. ,tu; kpfTk; rYif ngw;w tUifahsuhf

(Privilleges visitor) nfhs;sg;gLfpd;whu;. vdpDk; ,UtUf;F

,uz;lhtJ me;j];Nj FLk;gj;jpy; nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

fztd;-kidtp ,ilNaahd ghypay; cwT rw;W

jsu;thff; fhzg;gLk;. jpUkzj;jpw;F Gwk;ghd ghypay;

cwTfisAk; fztd;-kidtp ,UtUk; itj;Jf; nfhs;s


Dr.SM.Ayoob 48

KbAk; vDk; epiyg;ghL ,q;F fhzg;gLtjhf

$wg;gLfpd;wJ.

,. Nfhl;ghl;bd; gb ngz;zhjpf;f FLk;gj;jpd; tYg;gpuNahfk;

(Excercise of power) jhaplNk fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;. jhNa

FLk;gj;jpd; jiytpahfTk; ,Wjp KbntLf;Fk; eguhfTk;

fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;. vdpDk; eilKiwapy; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ

jhapd; cwtpdu;fs; Fwpg;ghf jhapd; rNfhjuu;fs;; mjpfhuk;

nrYj;jfpd;wtu;fshfTk;; nrhj;Jf;fis ftdpg;gtu;fshfTk;

fhzg;gLtij mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

<. kidtp> mtsJ jha;> ghl;b> mtsJ gps;isfs;>

rNfhjuu;fs;> Nghd;Nwhiu cs;slf;fpajhf ngz;zhjpf;f

FLk;g fl;likg;G fhzg;gLk;.

trpg;gplj;ij (Residence) mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l FLk;gk;

trpg;gplj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L FLk;gkhdJ

gpd;tUkhW gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

01. fztd; tPl;by; kidtp ,Uf;Fk; FLk;gk; (Patrilocal

family)

,f;FLk;gj;jpy; kidtp jdJ fztdpd; tPl;by; trpg;gjw;fhf

nry;Yk; tof;fk; fhzg;gLk;.

02. kidtp tPl;by; fztd; ,Uf;Fk; FLk;gk; (Matrilocal

family)

jpUkzj;jpd; gpd; fztDk; kidtpAk; kidtpapd;

FLk;gj;jhUld; thOk; Kiw ,JthFk;. ,q;F fztDf;F

,uz;lhe;ju ,lNk nfhLf;fg;gLtjhf xU fUj;Jz;L.

03. RahjPdkhd FLk;gk; (Neolocal family)


Dr.SM.Ayoob 49

jpUkzkhd gpwF fztDk; kidtpAk; kzkfdpd;

FLk;gj;jpdUlNdh my;yJ kzkfspd; FLk;gj;jhUlNdh

Nruhky; RahjPdkhd tPnlhd;wpy; trpf;Fk; FLk;gk; ,JthFk;.

04. fztdpd; jha; khkd; tPl;by; ,Uf;Fk; FLk;gk;

(Avunculocal family)

jpUkzkhd N[hbfs; fztdpd; jha; khkd; tPl;Lf;Fr;

nrd;W Kjy; Foe;ij fpilf;Fk; tiu mq;F tho;e;J tpl;L

gpd;du; mtd; jdJ kidtp kf;fSld; Kd;du; tho;e;j

,lj;jpw;F jpUk;gp te;J epue;ju trpg;gplnkhd;iw mikj;Jf;

nfhs;Sk; Kiw ,JthFk;. Me;jpuhtpYs;s

nrQ;Rthf;fspilNa ,f;FLk;g Kiw fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

05. fztd; tPl;bYk; kidtpapd; tPl;bYk; thOk; FLk;gk;

(Family of changing residence)

jpUkzkhd jk;gjpapdu; fztdJ tPl;bYk; kidtpapdJ

tPl;bYk; khwp khwp thOk; Kiw ,JthFk;.

guk;giuia (Descent or ancestry) mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l

FLk;gk;

guk;giuia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L FLk;gkhdJ

gpd;tUkhW gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

01. je;ijtop FLk;g Kiw (Patrilineal family)

,q;F guk;giuapdu; je;ij topapy; fz;lwpag;gl;L

flj;jg;gLfpd;whu;fs;. ,q;F gpJuh[;[pjkhf tUk; nrhj;Jf;fs;

Mz;topapy;jhd; gfpug;gLfpd;wd. ,d;iwa etPd r%fj;jpy;

,f;FLk;g Kiwjhd; gutyhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

02. jha;topf; FLk;g Kiw (Matrilineal family)

jha; topapy; guk;giuapdu; flj;jg;gl;L nrhj;Jf;fs; ngz;fs;

topapy; gupkhwg;gLk; FLk;g Kiw ,JthFk;. Ntjhf;fs;>


Dr.SM.Ayoob 50

mnkupf;f ,e;jpau;fs;> kyghu; kw;Wk; fhrp goq;Fbfs;

,f;FLk;g Kiiwiaf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;fs;.

03. ,U jug;Gf; FLk;gk; (Bilateral family)

jha; kw;Wk; je;ij Mfpa ,U topapYk; guk;giu kw;Wk;

%jhijapdu; flj;jg;gLk; NghJ mJ ,U jug;G FLk;gk;

vdg;gLfpd;wJ.

04. Mk;gpypdy; FLk;gk; (Ambilineal family)

xU jiy Kiwapy; (Generation) je;ij topapYk; mLj;j

jiyKiwapy; jhapd; topapYk; guk;giuapdu; flj;jg;gLk;

FLk;g Kiw ,JthFk;.

jpUkzj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; FLk;gk;

FLk;gkhdJ jpUkzj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; gpd;tUkhW

gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

01. xUjhuf; FLk;gk; (Monogamous family)

xU fztidAk; xU kidtpiaAk; cs;slf;fpa FLk;gk;

,JthFk;. ,t;tiff; FLk;gj;jpy; xU MZf;F xU

kidtpNah xU ngz;Zf;F xU fztNdh Fwpg;gpl;l

fhyj;jpy; ,Ug;ghu;fs;. ,q;F fztDk; kidtpAk; ,ize;J

xw;iwf; FLk;gj;ij cUthf;fpd;whu;fs;. ,f;FLk;g Kiwia

gutyhf fhzyhk;.

02. gyjhu FLk;gk; (Polygamous family)

xU Mz; gy ngz;fis jpUkzk; Kbg;gjd; %yk; my;yJ

xU ngz; gy Mz;fis jpUkzk; Kbg;gjd; %yk;

,t;tiff; FLk;gk; cUthfpd;wJ.

gyjhuf; FLk;gk; NkYk; ,U tifahff; gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 51

m. gykidtpf; FLk;gk; (Polygynous family)

,t;tiff; FLk;gj;jpy; xU kdpjd; xNu Neuj;jpy; xd;Wf;F

Nkw;gl;l kidtpfisf; nfhz;bUg;ghu;. mtu;fNshL

tho;f;if elj;jp gps;isfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.

v];fpNkhf;fs;> Mgpupf;f ePf;fpNuhf;fs;> rpy K];yPk;fs;>

,e;jpahtpYs;s rpy goq;Fbfs; Nghd;Nwhu; ,e;eil

Kiwiaf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdu;.

M. gyfztu; FLk;gk; (Polyandrous family)

,f;FLk;gj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; kidtpahdts; xNu Neuj;jpy;

xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l fztd;fisf; nfhz;bUg;gNjhL

mtu;fNshL tho;f;if elj;jp Foe;ijfisAk; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;ths;. rpy mT];Nuypau;fs;> jpgj;jpau;fs;> rpy

v];fpNkhf;fs;> ,e;jpahtpy; ePyfpup kiyapy; thOk; Njhlu;fs;

,k;Kiwiaf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;whu;fs;.

cl;FO> ntspf; FO mbg;gilapy; FLk;gk;

cl;FO> ntspf; FO mbg;gilapy; FLk;gk; NkYk; ,U

tifapy; gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

01. mfkzf; FLk;gk; (Endogamous family)

xU FOtpw;Fs; xUtiu jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;tJ

mfkzj; jpUkzkhFk;. ,f;FLk;g Kiw rhjp kw;Wk;

goq;Fb Nghd;w xNu FOitr; Nru;e;jtu;fs; jpUkzk;

nra;Ak; NghJ Njhw;wk; ngWfpd;wJ. ,e;jpah Nghd;w

rhjpg;ghFghL mjpfk; epiwe;j r%fj;jpy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l

rhjpiar;Nru;e;j xUtu; jkJ nrhe;j rhjpf;Fs; jpUkzk;

nra;a Ntz;Lk; vDk; flg;ghL fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. xU egu;

jdJ nrhe;j rhjpf;Fs; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;Sk; nghOJ

mq;F mfkz FLk;gk; Njhw;wk; ngWfpd;wJ.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 52

02;. Gwkzf; FLk;gk; (Exogamous family)

jdJ FOtpw;F ntspNa cs;s xUtUld; jpUkz cwit

Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; Kiw ,JthFk;. ,e;jpahtpy; xU ,e;J

jdJ Nfhj;jpuj;jpw;F ntspNajhd; jpUkz cwit itj;Jf;

nfhs;s KbAk;. xUtu; jdJ Nfhj;jpuj;jpw;F ntspNa

jpUkz cwit mikj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; NghJ cUthFk;

FLk;gk; Gwkz cwTila FLk;gkhFk;.

cwtpd; jd;ikia (Nature of relation) mbg;gilhff; nfhz;l

FLk;gk;

cwtpd; jd;ikia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L FLk;gk; ,U

tifahf gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

01. ,uj;jcwTf; FLk;gk; (Consanguine family)

ngw;Nwhu;-gps;is vDk; ,uj;j cwtpd; mbg;gilapy;

,f;FLk;gk; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wFJ.

02. jpUkz cwTf; FLk;gk; (Conjugal family)

taJ te;jtu;fs; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; ghypay;

cwtpdbg;gilapy; (Sex relationship) mike;j FLk;gk;

,JthFk;.

3.5 FLk;gj;jpd; njhopw;ghLfs;

FLk;gk; xU r%f epWtdk; vd;w tifapy;

jdpkdpjDf;fhfTk; r%fj;jpw;fhfTk; gy;NtW


Dr.SM.Ayoob 53

njhopw;ghLfis Mw;Wfpd;wJ. FLk;gj;jpd; njhopw;ghLfs;

njhlu;ghf gy;NtW r%ftpayhsu;fs; jkJ vOj;Jf;fspy;

Fwpj;J itj;jpUf;fpd;whu;fs;.

fpq;];yp Nltpl;]; FLk;gj;jpd; njhopw;ghLfis ehd;F

tifahf gpupf;fpd;whu;.

1. ,dg;ngUf;fk; (Re-production)

2. guhkupj;jy; (Maintenance)

3. Ntiytha;g;G (Placement)

4. r%fkakhf;fy; (Socialization)

FLk;g mq;fj;jtu;fis tsu;j;J mtu;fis gpd;tUk;

gFjpfspy; tpUj;jpaila itg;gNj FLk;gj;jpd; nghJthd

njhopw;ghlhFk;.

xf;Ngu;d; kw;Wk; epk;nfhg; FLk;gj;jpd; njhopw;ghLfis MW

tifg;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.

ngsjPf tpUj;jp (Physical)

czu;T tpUj;jp

(Emotional)

r%f tpUj;jp (Social)

mwpT tpUj;jp

(Intellectual)

xOf;f tpUj;jp (Moral)

tpUj;jpaila Ntz;ba gFjpfs;

(Development

areas)


Dr.SM.Ayoob 54

1. ghrj;NjhL njhlu;ghd njhopw;ghLfs;; (Affectional

function)

2. nghUshjhu njhopw;ghLfs;

3. nghOJNghf;F njhopw;ghLfs;

4. ghJfhg;Gld; njhlu;ghd njhopw;ghLfs;

5. rkak;rhu; njhopw;ghLfs;

6. fy;tprhu; njhopw;ghLfs;

f;Nuht;]; vDk; mwpQu; FLk;gj;jpd; njhopw;ghLfis

gpd;tUkhU gpupj;Jf; fhl;Lfpwhu;.

1. ,isQu;fis ghJfhj;jYk; guhkupj;jYk;

2. ghypay; Cf;fj;ij xoq;FgLj;jYk; Kiwahf

fl;Lg;gLj;jYk;

3. r%f ghuk;gupaq;fis ghJfhj;jYk; gupkhWjYk;

4. kpf neUq;fpatu;fSf;F re;ju;gq;fis Vw;gLj;jpf;

nfhLj;jy;

wPl; vDk; r%ftpayhsu; FLk;gj;jpd; njhopw;ghLfs; gw;wp

ehd;F tiffspy; gpu];jhgpf;fpwhu;.

1. kugpdq;fspd; (Race) ePbj;jpUg;Gf;F cjTjy;

2. r%fkakhf;fy;

3. ghypay; Njitia jPu;j;J itj;jy; kw;Wk;

xOq;FgLj;jy;

4. nghUshjhu njhopw;ghL

Yd;Ngu;f; cila fUj;Jg;gb FLk;gj;jpd; njhopw;ghLfs;

gpd;tUkhW milahsg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

1. ghypay; elj;ijfis xOq;FgLj;jy;

2. Foe;ijfis guhkupj;jYk; gapw;Wtpj;jYk;

3. njhopw;gpupg;ig Vw;gLj;jYk; $l;Lwit Vw;gLj;jYk;

4. Kjd;epiyf; FOtpy; jpUg;jpia Vw;gLj;jy;


Dr.SM.Ayoob 55

FLk;gj;jpd; njhopw;ghLfis tifg;gLj;jpa

r%ftpayhsu;fSs; nkfpy;tupd; gpupg;G ftdj;ij

ngWfpd;wJ. FLk;gj;jpd; njhopw;ghLfis mtu; mj;jpatrpa

njhopw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; mj;jpatrpakw;w njhopw;ghLfs; vd

,U tifahf gpupj;Jf;fhl;Lfpwhu;.

mj;jpatrpa njhopw;ghLfs;

gpd;tUk; mj;jpatrpa njhopw;ghLfs; FLk;gj;jpd;

njhlu;r;rpahd ,Ug;gpw;F gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wd.

01. ghypay; Njitfis eptu;j;jp nra;jy;

FLk;gk; epiwNtw;w Ntz;ba Kf;fpakhd njhopw;ghLfSs;

,JTk; xd;whFk;. ghypay; cs;Szu;T ,aw;ifahdJk;

clNyhL xl;ba xU ce;jYkhFk;. ,j;Njitia

epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;tjw;F xU MZk; ngz;Zk; xd;wpize;J

fztd;> kidtpahf tho Ntz;ba Njitia Ntz;b

epw;fpd;wJ. FLk;gk; vDk; epWtdk; mjw;fhd re;ju;gj;ij

Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;fpd;wJ. FLk;gj;jpw;F ntspNa jPu;f;fg;gLk;

ghypay; Mirfis r%fk; Vw;gjpy;iy.

02. ,dg;ngUf;fk;

kdpjejp tw;whJ njhlu;e;Jk; ngUf;nfLj;J XLtjw;F

Foe;ijfs; vDk; jz;zPu;j; Jspfs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd.

khdpl r%fj;jpd; mq;fj;jtu;fis cUthf;Ftjw;F

,dg;ngUf;fk; ,d;wpaikahjJ. ,dg;ngUf;fk; r%fj;jhy;

Vw;fg;gl;l tbtpy; mikag; ngWtjw;F FLk;gNk fl;rpjkhf

iff;nfhLf;fpd;wJ. FLk;gj;jpw;F ntspNa cUthFk;

Foe;ijfis r%fk; Vw;gjpy;iy vd;gNjhL r%fj;jpd;

mtyl;rzkhfTk; ghu;f;fpd;wJ.

03. Foe;ij tsu;g;G


Dr.SM.Ayoob 56

xU Foe;ij FLk;gj;jpd; %yNk mjw;Fj; Njitahd

midj;ijAk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wJ. Vida tpyq;Ffisg;

Nghy; gpwe;jTld; Foe;ijfs; vOe;J elg;gjpy;iy.

gpwe;jTld; gytPdkhd epiyapNyNa Foe;ij

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Foe;ijf;Fj; Njitahd midj;J

gf;fgyq;fisAk; trjpfisAk; FLk;gNk nra;J

nfhLf;fpd;wJ.

04. ,Ug;gpl trjpfis toq;Fjy;

tPL vd;gJ kdpj tho;NthL ,uz;lwf;fye;j xd;W.

tPl;bw;fhd NjitAk; MirAk; vy;yh kdpju;fSf;Fk;

,Uf;fpd;wJ. re;Njhrkhf tho epidf;Fk; kdpju;fSf;F tPL

xU fUtpahFk;. ehs; KOJk; cioj;Jf; fisj;j kdpjd;

tPL jpUk;gp jdJ Foe;ijfSld; nfhQ;rpf; Fyhtp ghrj;ij

gupkhwpf; nfhs;fpwhd;. vt;tsT fspahl;lq;fisAk;>

nghOJNghf;F trjpfisAk; N`hl;ly;fSk; fpsg;GfSk;

toq;fpdhYk; tPL ,d;Dk; jdJ Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij

,of;ftpy;iy. tPl;by; fpilf;Fk; mikjpAk;> MWjYk;

Ntnwq;Fk; fpilg;gjpy;iy. FLk;gNk tPl;bw;fhd

toptiffis nra;J nfhLf;fpd;wJ.

05. gz;ghl;il gupkhWjYk; r%fkakhjiy

Nkw;nfhs;SjYk;

FLk;gkhdJ gz;ghl;il gupkhWk; fUtpahfTk;

r%fkakhjiy fl;rpjkhf Nkw;nfhs;Sk; KftuhfTk;

njhopw;gLfpd;wJ.

FLk;gkhdJ capupay; njhlu;r;rpf;F kl;Lkd;wp r%fj;jpd;

gz;ghl;Lj; njhlu;r;rpf;Fk; gq;fspg;G nra;fpd;wJ. FLk;gkhdJ

mjd; mq;fj;jtu;fSf;F kuGfs;> tpOkpaq;fs;>

newpKiwfs;> tpjpfs;> tof;fhWfs;> tof;fq;fs;> gof;fq;fs;>

kughz;ikfs; Fwpj;J fw;Wf; nfhLf;fpd;wJ. NkYk;

r%fkakhf;fiy Kjypy; njhlq;fp itg;gJk; FLk;gkhfNt


Dr.SM.Ayoob 57

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Foe;ijapDila MSikia FLk;gkhdJ

nrg;gk; nra;fpd;wJ. gz;ghl;bd; ,yf;if FLk;gk; fw;Wf;

nfhLf;fpd;wJ.

06. ghr uPjpahd njhopw;ghLfs;

kdpjd; ngsjPf uPjpahd Njitfis kl;Lkd;wp csuPjpahd

Njitfisf; nfhz;ltdhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;whd;.

FLk;gkhdJ csj; Njitahd ghrj;ij mjd;

cWg;gpdu;fs; kPJ nghopfpd;wJ. xU kdpjd; Kjy; md;ig

jdJ ngw;Nwhu;fsplk; ,Ue;Jk; FLk;gj;jplk; ,Ue;JNk

ngWfpd;whd;. md;G fhl;lg;glhj kdpjd; re;Njhrj;ij

mupjhfNt ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhd; vd;gJ Ma;thsu;fspd;

fUj;jhFk;.

mj;jpatrpakw;w njhopw;ghLfs;

FLk;gkhdJ mj;jpatrpakhd njhopw;ghLfSf;F mg;ghy;

mj;jpatrpakw;w my;yJ ,uz;lhk; epiyj;njhopw;ghLfisAk;

Mw;Wfpd;wJ.

01. nghUshjhu njhopw;ghLfs;

FLk;gkhdJ mjd; cWg;gpdu;fspd; nghUshjhu Njitfis

epiwT nra;fpd;wJ. Muk;g fhyq;fspy; FLk;gkhdJ xU

nghUshjhu myfhf ,Ue;J nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;jJ.

je;ijNahL kidtp kf;fSk; nghUshjhu uPjpahf ciog;gJ

tptrha r%fj;jpd; gz;ghf fhzg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; RaNjit

G+u;j;jpf; FLk;gq;fshf Muk;gfhy FLk;gq;fs; fhzg;gl;ld.

Mz;fSf;Fk; ngz;fSf;Fkhd Ntiyia tiuaiw

nra;Ak; KiwAk; njhopw;gpupg;Gk; fhzg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; ,d;W


Dr.SM.Ayoob 58

me;epiy khwptpl;lJ. FLk;g mq;fj;jtu;fs; tPl;by; Ntiy

nra;tijtpl tPl;bw;F ntspNa mjpfk; Ntiy nra;fpd;wdu;.

etPd FLk;gj;jpd; nghUshjhu gq;fspg;G khw;wkile;Jtpl;lJ.

cw;gj;jpf; FLk;gq;fs; Efu;Tf; FLk;gq;fshf ,d;W khwp

tpl;ld. mq;fj;jtu;fspd; gy;NtWgl;l nghUshjhu

Njitfis FLk;gNk epiwT nra;fpd;wJ.

02. nrhj;Jg; gupkhw;wk;

FLk;gkhdJ nrhj;Jf;fis itj;jpUg;gjw;Fk;>

gupkhWtjw;Fkhd xU Clfkhf njhopw;gLfpd;wJ. epyk;>

nghUl;fs;> gzk; Nghd;wit FLk;gk; vDk; epWtdk;

topNajhd; mjd; mq;fj;jtu;fSf;F gupkhwg;gLfpd;wJ.

03. fy;tp uPjpahd njhopw;ghLfs;

xU Foe;ijapd; Kiwrhu; fw;wYf;F FLk;gNk Kjy;

gq;fspg;G nra;fpd;wJ. ,tw;NwhL r%f tho;tpy;

gq;nfLg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd mwptpidAk; FLk;gk; nrhy;ypf;

nfhLf;fpd;wJ. FLk;gk; Foe;ijapd; Kjy; ghlrhiyahFk;.

ngw;Nwhupd; topfhl;lypd; fPNojhd; vOj;Jf;fis Foe;ij

Kjypy; fw;fj; njhlq;Ffpd;wJ. ,jidNa k]pd; (Mazzin)

Foe;ijapd; Kjy; ghlk; jhapd; Kj;jj;jpw;Fk; je;ijapd;

ftdpg;Gf;Fk; ,ilNa njhlq;Ffpd;wJ vd;fpd;whu;.

Foe;ijahdJ nkhop> elj;ij> gof;ftof;fq;fs;

Nghd;wtw;iw ngw;Nwhu;fsplk; ,Ue;Jjhd; fw;Wf;

nfhs;fpd;wJ. mNjNghy; md;G> $l;LwT> fPo;gbjy;>

mu;g;gzk;> xOf;fk; Nghd;wtw;wpd; ngWkjpia FLk;gj;jpy;

,Ue;Nj Foe;ij Kjypy; fw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wJ.

04. rka upjpahd njhopw;ghLfs;

Foe;ijapd; rka uPjpahd gapw;rpf;F FLk;gNk cWJiz

nra;fpd;wJ. ngw;Nwhu;fsplkpUe;J Foe;ij rkak;rhu;


Dr.SM.Ayoob 59

flikfis vg;gbr; nra;tJ vd;gij fw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wJ.

FLk;gj;jpy; tpijf;fg;gLk; rkak;rhu; xOf;fq;fs; gpw;fhyj;jpy;

xUtupd; elj;ijapy; gpujpgypf;fpd;wd.

05. nghOJNghf;Fj; njhopw;ghLfs;

FLk;g mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fj; Njitahd nghOJ Nghf;Ffis

FLk;gk; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;fpd;wJ. Foe;ijfisAk;

kidtpiaAk; mioj;Jf; nfhz;L ntspaplq;fspw;Fr; nrd;W

re;Njhrkhf nghOJfisf; fopf;Fk; vj;jidNah je;ijfs;

,Uf;fpd;whu;fs;. tPl;bw;Fs; Klq;fpf;fplf;Fk; ngz;fSf;F

nghOij fopg;gjw;fhd trjpfis FLk;gq;fs; nra;J

nfhLf;fpd;wd. rpy FLk;gq;fs; jk; mq;fj;jtu;fspilNa

tpisahl;ilAk; xOq;F nra;fpd;wd. FLk;g mq;fj;jtu;fis

Fryk; tprhupf;fr; nry;tJk; nghOJNghf;fpy; mlq;fpd;wJ.

3.6 FLk;gk; njhlu;ghd r%ftpay; fz;Nzhl;lk;

m. njhopw;ghl;Lf; fz;Nzhl;lk;

r%fj;ij NgZtjw;Fk; khdpl r%fj;jpd; ,Ug;gpw;Fk;

Njitahd gy njhopw;ghLfis Mw;Wtjdhy; FLk;gj;jpd;

gy tbtq;fs; G+kpapy; njhlu;e;Jk; epiyngw;wpUf;fpd;wd vd

njhopw;ghl;Lthjpfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;. FLk;gq;fs; MW

njhopw;ghLfis r%fj;jpy; Mw;Wtjhf njhopw;ghl;Lthjpfs;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;.

1- ,dg;ngUf;fj;ijAk; ghypay; elj;ijiaAk;

xOq;FgLj;jy; (Regulation of sexual behavior and

reproduction)

2- r%fkakhf;FtJk; fw;Wf;nfhLj;jYk; (Socialization and

education)

3- nfsutj;ij toq;Fjy;

4- nghUshjhu nraw;ghLfs; (Economic activity)


Dr.SM.Ayoob 60

5- ghJfhg;G (Protection)

6- ghrk; kw;Wk; Njhoik (Affection and companionship)

M. Kuz;ghl;Lf; fz;Nzhl;lk;

FLk;gkhdJ Mzhjpf;fj;ijAk; rkj;Jtkpd;ikiaAk;

r%fj;jpy; njhlu;e;Jk; NgZtjw;fhd Clfkhf

njhopw;gLtjhf Kuz;ghl;Lthjpfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;.

ngUk;ghyhd FLk;gq;fspy; mjpfhuKk; tYTk; Mz;fSf;Nf

toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. Mz;-ngz; ghj;jpuq;fis tbtikf;Fk;

kw;Wk; njhlu;e;Jk; mg;ghj;jpuq;fis NgZk; myfhf FLk;gk;

njhopw;gLfpd;wJ. xU njhopw;rhiyapy; njhopyhspfs;

Nghyj;jhd; Kjyhspj;Jt nghUshjhuj;jpy; FLk;gq;fs; vd

Kuz;ghl;Lthjpfs; $Wfpd;whu;fs;. njhopw;rhiyapy;

njhopyhspfs; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jg;gLtJ khjpup FLk;gj;jpy;

ngz;fs; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jg;gLfpd;whu;fs;. ,dg;ngUf;fk;>

FLk;gj;ij guhkupj;jy; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfSf;F Cjpakpd;wp

Ruz;lg;gLfpd;whu;fs;. FLk;gkhdJ Ruz;ly;> mlf;FKiw>

Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jy; Nghd;w rpe;jidfSld; njhlu;ghdJ vd

Kuz;ghl;Lthjpfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;.

,. ngz;zpaf; fz;Nzhl;lk;

khf;]pag; ghu;itia xj;jNj ngz;zpag; ghu;itAkhFk;.

ngz;fs; Fwpj;j xU Gul;rpfu ghu;itia ngz;zpa

Nfhl;ghLfs; Kd;itf;fpd;wd. ngz;fs; tho;tpy; FLk;gq;fs;

Vw;gLj;Jk; vjpu;kiw tpisTfs; Fwpj;Nj ngz;zpathjpfs;

mjpf mf;fiw nfhs;fpd;wdu;. rKjhaj;jpy; ngz;fs;

Ruz;lg;gLtjw;F FLk;gq;fs; cWJiz nra;fpd;wd.

ngz;fs; kPJ Mz;fspd; Mjpf;fj;ij epahag;ggLj;Jtjd;

%yk; ,jidr; nra;fpd;wd. FLk;gtho;tpy; ngz;fistpl

Mz;fNs mjpfk; ed;ikailfpd;whu;fs; vd

ngz;zpathjpfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;fs;. fUf;FLk;gj;jpy;


Dr.SM.Ayoob 61

fhzg;gLk; ghy;epiyg; ghj;jpuq;fis tpku;rpg;gjpNyNa

ngz;zpathjpfs; mjpf mf;fiw nfhs;fpd;whu;fs;;. ghuk;gupa

fUf;FLk;gq;fs; ngz;fis xLf;Fk; ,U Kf;fpa

nray;fisr; nra;tjhf ngz;zpathjpfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;fs;.

m. FLk;gj;Jf;Fs; mbgzpe;j tfpghfq;fis

Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F rpWkpfis jahu;gLj;jy; mjhtJ

r%fkakhf;Fjy;. mNjNeuk; rpWtu;fis jhk; cau;e;jtu;fs;

(Superior) vDk; vz;zk; tsu;tjw;fhd cghaq;fisr;

nra;jy;.

M. ,y;yj;jurp vDk; tfpghfj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd

kNdhepiyia r%fkakhf;fy; %yk; Vw;gLj;jy;.

RUf;fk;

vy;yhf; fhyg;gFjpapYk; cyfpd; vy;yh r%fq;fspYk;

fhzg;gl;l mfpye;jOtpa xU epWtdNk FLk;gkhFk;.

FLk;gk; jdpj;Jtkhd gy gz;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

cyfk; KOtJk; fhzg;gLk; xU epWtdkhff;

fhzg;gl;lhYk; mjd; fl;likg;G> kw;Wk; tbtq;fs;>

r%fj;jpw;F r%fk; NtWgl;L fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

FLk;gkhdJ mj;jpatrpa kw;Wk; mj;jptrpakw;w

njhopw;ghLfis Mw;Wfpd;wJ.

r%fj;ij NgZtjw;Fk; khdpl r%fj;jpd; ,Ug;gpw;Fk;

Njitahd gy njhopw;ghLfis Mw;Wtjdhy;

FLk;gj;jpd; gy tbtq;fs; G+kpapy; njhlu;e;Jk;

epiyngw;wpUf;fpd;wd vd njhopw;ghl;Lthjpfs;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;.

FLk;gkhdJ Mzhjpf;fj;ijAk; rkj;Jtkpd;ikiaAk;

r%fj;jpy; njhlu;e;Jk; NgZtjw;fhd Clfkhf

njhopw;gLtjhf Kuz;ghl;Lthjpfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 62

ngz;fs; tho;tpy; FLk;gq;fs; Vw;gLj;Jk; vjpu;kiw

tpisTfs; Fwpj;Nj ngz;zpathjpfs; mjpf mf;fiw

nfhs;fpd;wdu;.

gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;

1. FLk;gk; vDk; r%f epWtdj;ij RUf;fkhf

tpsf;FtNjhL mjd; gz;GfisAk; tpupthf Muha;f.

2. FLk;gj;jpd; tiffis vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSld;

njspTgLj;Jf.

3. etPd r%fj;jpy; FLk;gj;jpd; njhopw;ghLfis tpku;rd

uPjpahf Muha;f.

4. xU Foe;ijapd; r%fkakhf;fr; nraw;ghl;by; FLk;gk;

vDk; epWtdj;jpd; gq;fspg;gpid tpsf;fpf; fhl;Lf

jpwTr; nrhw;fs;

FLk;gk;> jdpf;FLk;gk;> $l;Lf; FLk;gk;> mfkzk;>

mfkzf;FLk;gk;> Gwkzf;FLk;gk;.

crhj;Jiz E}y;fs;



Jiw> ,yq;if njd;fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;




GJit: ty;ypdk;.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 63

4. gukrptd;> njh. (2017). gz;ghl;L mirTfs;.

ehfu;Nfhtpy;: fhyr;RtL gjpg;gfk;.

5. kd;#u;> vk;. V. vk;. (2013). FLk;gk; vd;w epWtdKk;

ngz;tfpf;Fk; ghj;jpuKk;. fyhntt: jhUy; `pf;kh

gjpg;gfk;.

6. wT+g; n]a;d;;. (2011). FLk;g tho;tpd; cstpay;.

jp`hupa: mgptpUj;jp fw;iffs; ikak;.


Press.





Company.


Delhi: S. Chand and Commpany Ltd.

11. Sullivan, T.J. (2016). Introduction to Social Problems. New

York: Pearson.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 64

mj;jpahak; 04

rkak;

nghUslf;fk;

4.1 mwpKfk; 65 - 66

4.2 rkaj;jpd; Njhw;wk; gw;wpa Nfhl;ghLfs; 66 - 70

4.3 rkaj;jpd; mbg;gil cs;slf;fq;fs; 70 - 71

4.4 rkaj;jpd; fl;likg;G rhu; Njhw;wk; 72 - 77

4.5 rkak; Fwpj;J rpy r%ftpayhsu;fs;

fUj;Jfs; 77 - 81

4.6 rkaj;jpd; njhopw;ghLfs; 81 - 85

mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;

r%f epWtdq;fSs; rkak; nja;tPf rf;;jpfSld;

njhlu;GgLtjhy; rw;W tpj;jpahrkhdjhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

rkak; vg;gb vq;Nf Njhd;wpaJ vd;gjid tpsf;Fk; khWgl;l

thjg;gpujptjhq;fs; Ma;Tg;Gyj;jpy; epyTfpd;wd. vdpDk;

r%fj;jpy; rkak; vDk; epWtdj;jpd; Mjpf;fk; kpfg;

gutyhdJ. Vida r%f epWtdq;fisg; NghyNt rkaKk;

Njhw;wk;> tsu;r;rp> kPs;vOr;rp Nghd;w fhyfl;lq;fisf;

nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ.


xU r%f epWtdk; vd;w tifapy; rkak; njhlu;ghd

gy;NtWgl;l tiutpyf;fzq;fs;> Nfhl;ghLfs;>

njhopw;ghLfs; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; rkaj;jpd; mz;ikf;fhyg;

Nghf;Ffs; Fwpj;Jk; tpsf;;FtJ ,t;tj;jpahaj;jpd; gpujhd

Nehf;fkhFk;.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 65

fw;wy; ngWNgWfs;

,t;tj;jpahaj;jpidf; fw;w gpd;du; khztu;fs; rkaj;jpd;

njhopw;ghLfisAk; rkaj;jpd; Njhw;wk; Fwpj;j

Nfhl;ghl;LfisAk; Gupe;J nfhs;thu;fs;.

4.1 mwpKfk;

kdpjd; xU r%f tpyq;fhf kl;Lky;yhky; Md;kPf

capupahfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;whd;. tuyhW njhlq;fpaJ Kjy;

,d;W tiu kdpjdpd; mf;fiwahd tptfhuq;fspy; xd;whf

rkaKk; ,Ue;J te;Js;sJ. kdpjd; capupay;> nghUspay;>

r%ftpay; Njit nfhz;ltd; kl;Lky;yhky; Md;kPfj;

Njit nfhz;ltdhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;whd;. ngsjPf

Njitfs; epiwtile;j gpd;Gk; mtDf;Fs; rkaj; jhfk;

ngUf;nfLj;Jf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,jidNa iggps;

“kdpjd; ghNzhL kl;Lk; tho;tjpy;iy” vdf; $Wfpd;wJ.

mjhtJ clypay; NjitfSf;F mg;ghy; rka> Md;kPfj;

NjitAk; kdpjDf;F cz;L vd;gJ ,jd; nghUshFk;.

,];yhkpa rkaKk;> “xt;nthU kdpjDk; gpwf;Fk; NghNj

rka czu;T nfhz;ltdhfNt gpwf;fpd;whd;” vdf;

$Wfpd;wJ.

ngUk;ghyhd kdpju;fs; jq;fsJ fl;Lg;ghl;bw;F mg;ghw;gl;l

rf;jpfs; ,Ug;gjhf ek;Gfpd;whu;fs;. ,e;j rf;jpfs; ,aw;iff;F

mg;ghw;gl;l> kdpj fl;Lg;ghl;bw;F mg;ghw;gl;l rf;jpfs; vd

nrhy;yg;gLfpd;Wd. nja;tPf rf;jpfsplk; itf;fpd;w

ek;gpf;ifAk;> me;j ek;gpf;ifNahL ,ize;j czu;TfSk;

me;j ek;gpf;if ntspg;gLfpd;w eltbf;iffSk; mike;j xU

njhFjp rkak; vdg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J ek;gpf;if> czu;Tfs;>

eltbf;iffs; Mfpa %d;W mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 66

nja;tPf rf;jpfSld; ,iztNj Kf;fpak; vdf;fUjp

vspikahd topghLfSld; NghJkhf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; NghJ

mJ vspikahd rkak; vdTk;> tpupthd rlq;F Kiwfspd;

%yNk nja;tPf rf;jpfis mila KbAk; vdf; fUjp

nray;gLk; NghJ mJ rpf;fyhd rkak; vdTk;

miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ (tho;tpaw; fsQ;rpak; njhFjp-08> 1991).

tiutpyf;fzk;

,aw;ifapd; Nghf;ifAk; kdpj tho;itAk; topelj;Jk;

kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; kdpjid tpl Mw;wYila rf;jpia

ek;GtJ rkakhFk; vd N[k;]; /g;Nuru; (James Frazer)

$Wfpd;whu;.

vl;Ntl; rkPu; vd;w mnkupf;f khdpltpayhsu; ehshe;j

tho;tpd; Fog;gq;fSf;Fs; mikjpf;fhd ghijiaf;

fz;Lgpbg;gjw;fhd kdpjdpd; ,iltplh Kaw;rpjhd; rkaj;jpd;

rhuk; vdf; $Wfpd;wdu;.

rkak; vd;Dk; nrhy;yhly; ntWkNd kdpjDf;Fk;

kdpjDf;Fkpilapyhd cwitf; Fwpf;fhJ. khwhf

kdpjDf;Fk; cau; rf;jpfSf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;ig

tpsf;Ffpd;wJ vd kfpy;tu; kw;Wk; Ng[; (Macver and Page)

tiuaWf;fpwhu;fs;;.

kdpjDf;F mg;ghw;gl;l rf;jpfis (Super human powers)

Nehf;fpa kdg;ghd;ik vd rkak; gw;wpf; $Wfpd;whu; xf;Ngu;d;

(Ogburn).

4.2 rkaj;jpd; Njhw;wk; gw;wpa Nfhl;ghLfs;

r%ftpayhsu;fs; kw;Wk; khdpltpayhsu;fs; kw;Wk; r%f

tpQ;Qhdpfs; rkaj;jpd; Njhw;wj;ij tpsf;Ftjw;F gy;NtW


Dr.SM.Ayoob 67

Kaw;rpfis vLj;jpUf;fpd;whu;fs; ,tu;fsJ ,k;Kaw;rpfs;

rkak; njhlu;ghd gy;NtW Nfhl;ghLfs; vof;fhuzkhfp

tpl;ld.

01. Mtp topghL (Animism)

MtpAyff; Nfhl;ghl;bd; Njhw;Wduhf ilyu; (E.P. Tylor)

nfhs;sg;gLfpd;whu;. Nru; N[hd; Yg;gf; kw;Wk; N`u;gl;

];ngd;ru; (Sir John Lubbock and Herbert Spencer) mLj;jLj;j

fl;lj;Jf;F ,f;Nfhl;ghl;il topelj;jpatu;fshff;

nfhs;sg;gLfpd;whu;fs;. MtptopghL vd;gJ ,we;jtu;fspd;

Mtp kPjhd ek;gpf;ifia (A blief in the spirit of the dead)

Fwpf;fpd;wJ. gz;;ila kf;fSf;F fdTfs;> epoy;fs;>

kUl;rpfs; (Hallucination) J}f;fk;> kuzk; Nghd;wit Fwpj;j

tpsf;fq;fs; Njitg;gl;ld. mNjNghy; ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs;>

Neha; Nghd;w ,aw;ifapd; rPw;wq;fs; Vd; Vw;gLfpd;wd

vd;Dk; Nfs;tpAk; mtu;fSf;F vOe;jd. ,j;jifa

epfo;Tf;fhd tpsf;fq;fs; mtu;fSf;F Njitg;gl;l NghJ

,it xt;nthd;iwAk; MtpfNs ,af;Ffpd;wd vDk;

Kbtpw;F gz;ila kf;fs; te;jhu;fs; vd;gJ ilyupd;

tpsf;fq;fshFk;.

MtpAyff; Nfhl;ghl;bd; ikaf; fUj;ij ilyu; tpsf;Fk;

NghJ rkak; Mtpfshy; Vw;gl;l ek;gpf;ifapypUe;J

Njhd;wpaJ (Religion is the belief in spiritual beings) vdf;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu; (gf;jtf;ryghujp> 2005). njhd;ik kf;fs;

mtu;fisr; Rw;wpYk; fz;Zf;F Gydhfhj vz;zw;w Mtpfs;

mtu;fspd; nray;fisr; nraw;gLj;Jfpd;wd vd ek;gpdu; vd

ila;yu; mtuJ E}ypy; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.

N`u;gl; ];ngd;ru; ilyupd; fUj;ij Kw;whf Vw;ftpy;iy.

rkakhdJ Nga; kPjhd gaj;jpd; (Ghost-fear) tpisthf

Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ vdf; $Wfpd;whu;.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 68

,d;Ws;s ngUk; rkaq;fs; midj;Jk; MtpAyf ek;gpf;if

vDk; epiyiaf; fle;Nj te;Js;sd vd;Wk; vq;nfq;F capu;>

Mtp> Nga;> gprhR> flTs; Kjypatw;wpd; ek;gpf;ifAs;sNjh

mq;nfy;yhk; Fiwe;j mstpNyDk; MtpAyf ek;gpf;if

,Uf;Fk; vd ilyu; $Wfpd;whu;.

02. NghypAU topghL (Fetishism)

Nghypg; nghUs; topghL xNu Neuj;jpy; rkakhfTk; kw;Wk;

ke;jpukhfTk; (Magic) nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. rkaj;jpd; kpfj;

njhd;ikahd tbtk; ,JthFk;. ed;ik kw;Wk; jPikf;F

,aw;iff;F mg;ghw;gl;l my;yJ kha rf;jpfNs fhuzk; vd

,f;Nfhl;ghL $Wfpd;wJ (uhX> 2007).

Nghypg; nghUs; topghl;by; topghl;Lf;Fupa nghUl;fs;

capUs;sitahfNth> capuw;witahfNth> nraw;ifahfNth

cs;sd.

kz;ilNahLfs;> vYk;Gfs;> nrJf;fg;gl;l rpw;gq;fs;>

tprpj;jpukhd fw;fs;> kug; nghUl;fs;> ifahy; tiuag;gl;l

rpj;jpuq;fs;> gwitapdq;fspd; ,wFfs; Nghd;wit topghl;Lg;

nghUl;fshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,ay; gpwe;j ,aw;ifapd;

Mw;wy;fs; (Supernature powers) rpy nghUl;fspy;

ciwe;Js;sd vd vz;zp mtw;iw kf;fs; topgLk; KiwNa

,JthFk;. ,g; nghUl;fs; ke;jpu Mw;wy;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd

vd;Wk;> kdpj Mw;wYf;F mg;ghw;gl;l nray;fisr;

nra;aty;yd vd;Wk; ew;gyq;fis (Good luck)

Vw;gLj;jty;yd vd;Wk; kf;fs; ek;Gfpd;wdu; (gf;jtj;ryghujp>

2005).

03. Fyf;Fwpak; (Totamism)


Dr.SM.Ayoob 69

Fyf;Fwpaf; Nfhl;ghL Nghypg; nghUs; topghl;bd; ePl;rpahff;

nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. ,f;Nfhl;ghl;il vkpy; Ju;i`k;

Kd;itj;Js;shu;. ,d;Ws;s rka ek;gpf;iffs; midj;Jk;

Fyf;Fwpak; (Totem) vDk; ek;gpf;ifapypUe;J tsu;r;rp

ngw;witahFk; vd mtu; $Wfpd;whu;.

rpy r%fj;jpdu; jk;Fyj;jtu;fs; rpy nghUl;fspypUe;J

Njhd;wpatu;fs; vd;Wk; mjNdhL NtW gy Kiwfspy;

njhlu;Gw;wtu;fs; vd;Wk; ek;Gtjdhy; mg;nghUis mtu;fs;

jk;Fyj;jpd; Fwpahf (Totem) nfhz;Ls;sdu;. tpyq;Ffs;>

jhtuq;fs;> ,aw;ifg; nghUl;fs; Nghd;wit Kjd;ikahd

Fyf;Fwpfshf ,Ue;J te;Js;sd. ,f;Fyf;Fwpaj;Jf;F

Kiwahd topghLfis ,tu;fs; nra;thu;fs;. ,tw;wpypUe;J

rkak; Njhw;wk; ngw;wjhf vkpy; Ju;i`k; $Wfpd;whu;

(gf;jtj;ryghujp> 2005).

04. Kd;Ndhu; topghL (Ancestor worship)

,we;Njhupd;; Mw;wy; tho;Nthupd; eydpy; ngUk; gq;F

tfpf;fpd;wJ vDk; fUj;jhf;fj;jhy; Vw;gl;lNj ,f;

Nfhl;ghlhFk;. ,we;Njhupd; tpUg;gq;fisAk; mtUf;F

gpbj;jkhdtw;iwAk; epiwNtw;wp topgLtjd; %yk; jPa

Mw;wypypUe;J Kd;Ndhu;fs; jg;gitg;ghu;fs; vd

Kd;Ndhu;fs; topghL nra;Nthh; vz;Zfpd;wdu;. ,e;Jf;fs;

,we;j %jhijaUf;F Mz;L NjhWk; njt\k; (jpjp)

nfhLg;gjid ,jw;F cjhuzkhf $wyhk; (gf;jtj;ryghujp>

2005).

05. mr;rf; Nfhl;ghL (The fear theory)

cstpay; Njhw;wg;ghlhd gaNk rkaj;jpd; Njhw;wj;jpw;F

fhuznkd ,f;Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;. gz;ila

Nuhkd; jj;Jttpayhsu;fSk; ftpQu;fSk; flTs; kPjhd

ek;gpf;if kUl;rp kw;Wk; gaj;jpd; tpisthFk; vdf;


Dr.SM.Ayoob 70

$Wfpd;wdu;. 18k; E}w;whzby; tho;e;j gpupj;jhdpa

jj;Jttpayhsu; Nltpl; `pa+k; (Devid Hume) mr;r czu;Nt

,aw;ifr; rf;jpfs; kPjhd ek;gpf;iffSf;F ,l;Lr; nrd;wJ

vdf; $Wfpd;whu;. N[u;kd; ehl;L mwpQu; kf;]; Ky;yu;

(Max Muller) mrhjhuz kw;Wk; jpfpY}l;Lk; ,aw;if

epfo;Tfs; Vw;gLj;Jk; gaNk rkaj;jpd; mbg;gil vdf;

$Wfpd;whu;. gaq;fukhd kw;Wk; ku;kkhd rf;jpfs; Fwpj;j

gpukpg;Gk; mr;rKk; (Awe and fear) rkaj;jpd; Njhw;wj;jpw;F

fhuzk; vdg; Nguhrpupau; fpl;bq;f]; (Prof Giddings)

Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.

06. njhopw;ghl;Lf; Nfhl;ghL (The Function theory)

tpQ;Qhdj; jd;ikaw;w r%f epfo;Tfs; nfhz;bUf;Fk;

ek;gpf;ifiaAk; eilKiwiaAk; Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;F

tpQ;Qhdk;rhu; Kaw;rpfis etPd r%ftpayhsu;fs;

Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdu;. rkakhdJ cyfk; KOf;f gue;J

fhzg;gLtjw;fhd mbg;gilf; fhuzk; r%f Kiwikia

(Social system) Ngzpg; ghJfhg;gjpy; mjd;; fhj;jpukhd

gq;fspg;ghFk; vd;gNj. tpy;ypak; nwhNgu;rd;> ];kpj;> vkpy;

Ju;i`k;> nul;fpypg; Gwtd;> kypNdht];f;fp> nkf;]; ntgu;>

jy;nfhl;ghu;rd; Nghd;w rpe;jidahsu;fs; ,f;Nfhl;ghl;il

tpUj;jpahf;fpatu;fshff; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;whu;fs;.

4.3 rkaj;jpd; mbg;gil cs;slf;fq;fs;

01. ngsjPf mjPj rf;jpfs; kPjhd ek;gpf;if

rkak; vd;gJ ek;gpf;iffspd; njhFjpahFk;. rka

ek;gpf;iffs; vd;gJ ,ay;fle;j rf;jpfs; kPjhd

ek;gpf;ifahFk;. ,r;rf;jpfis ek;gp tzf;f topghLfis

kdpju;fs; mr;rf;jpfSf;Fr; nra;fpd;wdu;. ,j;jifatu;fs;

gynja;t tzf;ftopghL cilatu;fshf


Dr.SM.Ayoob 71

fzpf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. rpyu; xU rf;jpia my;yJ Mw;wy; kpF

xU flTis ek;Gfpd;wdu;. mr;rf;jp cUtkw;wJ vdTk;

ek;Gfpd;wdu;. ,tu;fs; Xupiwf; nfhs;if nfhz;ltu;fs;

vdg;gLfpd;wdu;.

02. tzf;ftopghLfs;

kdpjd; ,aw;iff;F mg;ghw;gl;l rf;jpfSf;F <LnfhLj;J

tho;fpd;whd;. jdJ mbikj;Jtj;ij mr;rf;jpfspd; Kd;dhy;

ntspg;glj;Jfpd;whd;. ,jw;fhf njhOiffs;> Jjpg;ghly;fs;>

Neu;r;ir nra;jy; Nghd;w eltbf;iffisnay;yhk;

Nkw;nfhs;fpd;whd;. tzf;ftopghLfNs rkaj;jpd; Mjhu

RUjpahFk;. ,j;jifa rf;jpfis cjhrPdk; nra;tJ gy;NtW

mdu;j;jq;fSf;F fhuzkhfptpLk; vd kdpjd; ek;Gfpd;whd;.

03. Gdpjk; Gdpjkw;wit gw;wpa rpe;jid

rkaj;jpNy rpy fhupaq;fs; rupahditahfTk; kw;Wk;

GdpjkhditahfTk; fUjg;gl;L mtw;wpd;ghy; kf;fs;

J}z;lg;gLfpd;wdu;. mNjNghy; rpy fhupaq;fs; ghtkhf

fUjg;gl;L kw;Wk; njhlf;fhf nfhs;sg;gl;L mjpypUe;J

jtpu;e;J nfhs;Sk;gb Ntz;lg;gLfpd;whu;fs;. jtpu;e;J

nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba nray;fisr; nra;tJ flTSf;F

vjpuhd nrayhf nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. Gdpjk;> Gdpjkw;wit

(Sacret and profane) njhlu;ghd rpe;jid vy;yh rkaq;fspYk;

fhzg;gLtjhf vkpy; Ju;i`k; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. rkaq;fs;

Rtu;f;fj;ijAk;> eufj;ijAk; ghtGz;zpaq;fis

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl jPu;khdpf;fpd;wd.

04. Kf;jp epiyia miltjw;fhd topKiwfs;

vy;yh rkaq;fSk; Kf;jpia miltjw;fhd

topKiwfisAk;> tpsf;fq;fisAk; toq;fpapUf;fpd;wd.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 72

Kf;jp miltNj vy;yh gf;ju;fspd; ,Wjp ,yf;FkhFk;.

ngsj;j rkak; ,jid epu;thzepiy vd miof;fpd;wJ.

mjhtJ flTSld; ,uz;lwf; fye;JtpLjy; vd;gJ ,jd;

nghUshFk;. ,e;J rkak; ,jid Kf;jp my;yJ Nkhf;rh

(mjhtJ gpwg;G ,wg;G vDk; jiofspy; ,Ue;J

tpLjiyahjy;) vd miof;fpd;wJ. Rtu;f;fj;ij miljy;

,Wjp epiyahf ,];yhj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

4.4 rkaj;jpd; fl;likg;G rhu; Njhw;wk; (Stuctural

aspects of religion)

xU rf;jp tha;e;j r%f epWtdk; vDk; tifapy; rkaj;jpw;F

,U gf;fq;fs; (Aspects) cs;sd. fl;likg;Gg; gf;fk; kw;Wk;

njhopw;ghl;Lg; gf;fk; (Stuctural and functional aspects)

vd;gitNa mitahFk;. rkaj;jpd; fl;likg;ghdJ

gpd;tUkhW tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

01. ,iwapaYk; ek;gpf;ifAk; (Theology and creeds)

flTSlDk; gpugQ;rj;JlDk; kdpjDf;Fs;s cwit

ntspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Ltjw;F rkaj; jiytu;fs; nfhLf;Fk;

Kiwahd tpsf;fq;fNs ,iwapayhFk;. ngUk;ghYk; vy;yh

rkaq;fSk; fUj;Jf;fs;> ek;gpf;iffs;> nfhs;iffs;>

rpj;jhe;jq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,itNa

,iwapay; kw;Wk; ek;gpf;if tbtpy; Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

,iwapay; vd;Dk; nrhy; ,iwtd; njhlu;ghd xU Njly;

vd mu;j;jg;gbDk; mijtplTk; gue;j nghUspy;

tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. rka ek;gpf;if> rka xOf;fk;>

Md;kPfk;rhu; Ma;Tfs; Nghd;w nghUspYk; ,iwapay;

Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 73

02. rlq;Ffs; (Rituals)

Gdpjk; gw;wpa FwpaPl;Lr; nray;fNs rlq;FfshFk;. xt;nthU

rkaKk; nja;tPf rf;jpAld; njhlu;G nfhs;tjw;fhd

jdpj;Jtkhd rlq;Ffs; kw;Wk; rk;gpujhaq;fisf;

nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. gagf;jp> gpukpg;G> fPo;g;gbT kw;Wk;

kupahij Nghd;wtw;iw rlq;Ffs; flTSf;F

ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. mu;g;gzq;fs;> Gdpj ,ir> ehlfq;fs;>

eldq;fs;> Jjpg;ghly;fs;> njhOiffs;> Nehd;G> Ntjj;ij

XJjy;> ngUehl;fs; Nghd;wit rlq;FfSf;F

cjhuzq;fshFk;. rlq;Ffs; vy;yh rkaq;fspYk;

gy;NtWgl;l tbtq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rpy rka

nraw;ghLfspy; rlq;Ffs; ,yFthditAk; rpy rkaq;fspy;

rlq;Ffs; rpf;fy; jd;ik nfhz;litahfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd

(uhX> 2003).

03. FwpaPl;bay; (Symbolism)

gy tifg;gl;l FwpaPLfis xU rkaj;jpy; fhzyhk;. mit

gyjug;gl;l mu;j;jq;fis toq;Ffpd;wd. xU jdpegu;

jd;idg; Nghd;w xUtiu milahsq; fhz;gjw;F rkaj;jpd;

FwpaPLfs; cjTfpd;wd. mNjNghy; Vida

mq;fj;jtu;fNshL cwit NkYk; tYg;gLj;jpf;nfs;sTk; ,J

cjTfpd;wJ. rpYit vDk; FwpaPL fpwp];jt rkaj;ijAk;>

gpiw ,];yhkpa rkaj;ijAk; Rt];jpf; (Swasthik) ,e;J

rkaj;ijAk; Fwpj;J epw;fpd;wJ.

04. rka FwpKiw (Religious code)


Dr.SM.Ayoob 74

rkathjpfs; mtjhdpf;fTk; kw;Wk; gpd;gw;wTk; rkaj;jhy;

gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l tpjpfspd; njhFjpNa rka FwpKiwahFk;.

,f;FwpKiwfs; rkaj;jhy; mDkjpf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk;

mDkjpf;fg;glhj elj;ijfis tpgupf;fpd;wd. mDkjpf;fg;gl;l

elj;ijfs; ntFkjpfisAk;> mDkjpf;fg;glhj elj;ijfs;

jz;lizfisAk; mjidg; GupAk; jdpegu;fSf;F nfhz;L

tUfpd;wd. nja;tPf rf;jpfSld; ele;J nfhs;tjw;F

Njitahd topfhl;ly;fisAk;> Vida rf rka

ez;gu;fSld; R%fkhd cwit tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd

cghaq;fisAk; rka FwpKiw vLj;jpak;Gfpd;wJ.

gpd;tUtdtw;iw ,jw;F cjhuzkhf $wyhk;.

m. rupahd ghu;it> rupahd jPu;T> rupahd Ngr;R> rupahd

elj;ij> rupahd tho;thjhuk;> rupahd Kaw;rp> rupahd

epidthw;wy;> rupahd rkhjp Mfpa Gj;jupd; cd;dj vl;L

klq;F ghij (Astha Marg: Eight -Fold Path)

M. rupahd ek;gpf;if> rupahd mwpT> rupahd elj;ij>

Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpa rkz rkaj;jpd; %d;W

ngWkjpahd ghij (Triratnas:Three-Juwelled Path)

,. ,];yhkpa rkak; $Wk; K];yPk; jdpahu; rl;lq;fs;

(Shariat: Muslim Personal Law)

<. ,e;Jf;fs; gpwg;G Kjy; ,wg;G tiu jk; tho;tpy; gpd;gw;w

Ntz;ba rlq;Ffs; kw;Wk; rk;gpujhaq;fs; mjhtJ kDjUk

rh];jpuk; (Manu Smriti).

c. fpwp];jt rkaj;jpd; gpugykhd gj;Jf; fl;lisfs; (Ten

commandments).

05. rka cl;gpupT (Sects)


Dr.SM.Ayoob 75

ngupa rkaj;jpd; ek;gpf;if my;yJ eilKiwapypUe;J

tpyfpr; nry;Yk; xU cg FONt rka cl;gpupthFk;. rka

cl;gpupTfSk; %y rkaj;ij NghyNt xNu ek;gpf;ifiaNa

gupkhWfpd;wd. vdpDk; rpy tplaq;fspy; mit

NtWghLfisf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. fpwp];jt rkak;>

fj;Njhypf;fk; kw;Wk; Gul];jhe;J vd gpujhd ,U

gpupTfisf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. ,tw;NwhL gpA+upldprk;>

gpu];igbupadprk;> Y}j;judprk;> fy;tpdprk; Nghd;w rpW

gpupTfisAk; rka cl;gpupthf nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ.

,];yhkpa rkak; Rd;dpf;fs; kw;Wk; \Pahf;fs; vd ,U

gpujhd rka cl;gpupTfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

Rkz rkak;> ];Ntjhk;guu;fs; kw;Wk; jpfk;guu;fs;

(Svetambaras and Digambaras) vd ,U gpujhd rka cg

gpupTfisAk; mjpypUe;J fpisf;Fk; gpupTfisAk;

nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;j ,U FOf;fSk; rkz rkaj;jpd;

mbg;gilfis Vw;fpd;wd. Mdhy; k`htPudpd; tho;T Fwpj;j

tplaq;fspy; khWgl;l fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.

ngsj;j rkaj;jpy; Njuthj ngsj;jk;> k`hahd ngsj;jk;>

t[;uahdh ngsj;jk; vd %d;W rka cl;gpupTfs; cs;sd.

,e;J rkakhdJ irtu;fs;> itztu;fs; kw;Wk; \f;Njau;fs;

(Shaktheys) vDk; gpupTfisAk; kWGwk; Nltpl;> mj;itjk;>

kw;Wk; tp\p\;lj;itjk; vDk; gpupTfisf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ.

06. ngUehl;fs; (Festivals)

kfpo;r;rpia ntspg;gLj;jp kf;fs; xd;W NrUk; xU jpdk;jhd;

ngUehs;. xt;nthU rkaKk; jdpj;Jtkhd ngUehl;fisf;

nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. gj;jpg; ghly;fisf; ghLjy;> cwtpdu;fis

juprpj;jy;> md;djhdk; toq;Fjy;> Gjpa Milfis>

Mguzq;fis mzpjy;> tho;j;Jf;fis guprpy;fis>


Dr.SM.Ayoob 76

,dpg;Gf;fis gupkhwy;> ju;kk; nra;jy;> tpUe;J nfhLj;jy;>

tzf;f topghLfisr; nra;jy; Nghd;w epfo;Tfs;

ngUehl;fspy; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.

rka uPjpahf xd;W Nru;e;J czu;T uPjpahf xd;Wgl;L> r%f

uPjpahf xw;Wikg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fis ngUehl;fs;

nfhLf;fpd;wd.

07. Gdpj E}y; (Sacred literature)

rkaq;fs; $Wk; ,iwapay; rpe;jidfs; kw;Wk; tpsf;fq;fs;

vOj;J tbtpy; cUkhWk; nghOJ mit Gdpj

,yf;fpaq;fshf khWfpd;wd. xt;nthU rkaKk; jdpj;Jtkhd

Gdpj ,yf;fpaq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. xU rkaj;jpd;

mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfs; kw;Wk; ,iwapay; tpsf;fq;fs;

mtw;wpd; Gdpj ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Lf;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Ntjq;fs; my;yJ ];Ujp];> cgep\j; my;yJ ];kpUjp];>

gftj;fPij Nghd;wit ,e;J rkaj;jpd; Gdpj E}y;fshff;

nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

my;Fu;Md; ,];yhkpa rkaj;jpd; Gdpj E}yhfTk;> iggps;

fpwp];jt rkaj;jpd; Gdpj E}yhfTk; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

jpupgPlfk; (Tripitakas) vd;gJ Gj;jupd; gy;NtWgl;l

Nghjidfis cs;slf;fpa ngsj;j rkaj;jpd; Gdpj

E}yhFk;. Rj;j gplfk;> tpeagplfk;> mgpjk;k gplfk; vd %d;W

Nghjidj; jpul;Lf;fis jpupgPlfk; cs;slf;fpapUf;fpd;wJ.

mNjNghy; mfk rpj;jhe;j (Agama Siddhanta) rkz rkaj;jpd;

Gdpj E}yhfTk;> n[d;l; mnt];lh ghu;]p rkaj;jpd; Gdpj

E}yhfTk; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. mNjNghy; A+j iggpspd;


Dr.SM.Ayoob 77

gioa Vw;ghL kw;Wk; jy;%j; (Talmud) A+j rkaj;jpd; Ntj

E}y;fshf fzpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

08. njhd;kk; (Myth)

tiuaWf;fg;glhj xU fhyj;jpy; mrhjhuz epfo;Tfspy;

<Lgl;Ls;s nja;tq;fs; kw;Wk; kPj;jpwd; kpf;f kdpju;fs;

gw;wpa tpguq;fNs njhd;kq;fshFk;. ,it rhjhuz kdpj

mDgtj;jpw;F mg;ghw;gl;ljhf fhzg;gLk;. cz;ikapy;

njhd;kq;fs; goikahd kw;Wk; Gfo;ngw;w Guhz fijfshf

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ngUk;ghYk; ,it flTs;> kw;Wk;

`PNuhf;fs; njhlu;ghd ghuk;gupa fijfshff; fhzg;gLk;.

njhd;kq;fs; njhlf;f fhy jj;Jtq;fshFk; rpe;jidfspd;

vspa tbtq;fshfTk;> cyif Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd

njhluhd Kaw;rpfshfTk; tho;T> kuzk;> tpjp kw;Wk;

,aw;if Nghd;wit Fwpj;j tpsf;fq;fshfTk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

09. ,iwAlndhd;wpj;jy; (Mysticism)

rpe;jid kw;Wk; jpahdj;jpd; %yk; flTSld; my;yJ

MtpfSld; Neubahf njhlu;G nfhs;s KbAk; vDk; Md;kPf

ek;gpf;if ,JthFk;. ngUk;ghyhd rkaq;fs; ,e;epiy gw;wp

tpsf;Ffpd;wd.

4.5 rkak; Fwpj;J rpy r%ftpayhsu;fs; fUj;Jfs;

rkak; Fwpj;J r%ftpayhsu;fs; jkJ fUj;ij

Kd;itf;fpd;whu;fs;

vkpy; Ju;i`k;


Dr.SM.Ayoob 78

,tupd; rkak; Fwpj;j rpe;jid Fyf;Fwpak; (Totemism)

Fwpj;j Nfhl;ghNlhL njhlq;FfpwJ. Fyf;Fwpakhf kf;fs;

topgLk; nghUspypUe;J rkak; Njhd;wpajhf ,tu;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. NkYk; xt;nthU rkaj;jpYk; J}a;ik>

njhlf;F> (Sacred and profane) njhlu;ghd rpe;jidfs;

fhzg;gLtjhf $Wfpd;whu;. gpd;tUk; Kf;fpa njhopw;ghLfis

rkaq;fs; Mw;Wtjhf njuptpf;fpd;whu;.

m. r%f xUq;fpizit (Social cohesion) epWTjy;

M. r%f fl;Lg;ghl;il Vw;gLj;jy;

,. mu;j;jj;ijAk; ,yf;ifAk; (Meaning and purpose)

toq;Fjy;

<. r%f xOq;if (Social order) Vw;gLj;jy;

c. $l;L czu;tpid (Collective consciousness) Vw;gLj;jy;

fhy;khu;f;];

,t;Tyf tho;f;iff;F gjpyhf kuzj;Jf;Fg;gpd;dhy; cs;s

tho;T Fwpj;J rkaq;fs; mf;fiwnfhs;tjhf fhy;khf;];

Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. “rkak; xLf;fg;gl;l capupapd; ngU%r;R>

,jakw;w cyfpd; czu;T> Mj;kh ,y;yhj #o;epiyfspd;

Md;kh” vdTk; “rkak; kf;fSf;fhd mgpd; (Opium)” vdTk;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. typia kwf;fbf;fr;nra;fpd;w xUtif

Nghijg; nghUs;jhd; mgpdhFk;. rkaKk; xUtif Nghijg;

nghUs;jhd;. mJ mlf;FKiwf;Fs;shd typia

czutplhky; kf;fisj; jLf;fpd;wJ vd;gJ khu;f;]pd;

fUj;jhFk;. MSk; tu;fj;Jf;Fr; rhu;ghfTk;> Msg;gLk;

tu;f;fk; xLf;fg;gLtij epahag;gLj;jpAk; rkak; gpd;tUk;

ehd;F tifapy; njhopw;gLtjhf fhy;khu;f;]; $Wfpd;whu;.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 79

1. ,wg;gpd; gpd;G epiyahd tho;T cz;L

cyfpy; elf;Fk; Jd;gq;fis rfpj;Jf; nfhz;L

thOk;NghJ ,wg;gpd; gpd;G mjw;fhd ntFkjpAk;>

tpNkhrdKk; fpilf;Fk; vd;W thf;fspf;fpwJ.

2. tWikia rfpf;f Ntz;Lk;

tWikNahL tho;e;jhy; ed;ikapd; jl;L

mjpfkhtjhfTk; ghtk; kd;dpf;fg;gLtjhfTk;

rkaq;fs; $Wfpd;wd. gzf;fhuu;fs; ,wg;gpd;gpd;

Rtdk; nry;tJ fbdkhdkhFk; vdf;$wp tWikia

rkaq;fs; epahag;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

3. flTSf;F ,ay;fle;j rf;jp cz;L

,J Nghd;w fUj;Jf;fspid kf;fsplk; $Wk;NghJ

rhjhuz kf;fs; gPjpaile;J kjFUf;fs; $Wfpd;w

fUj;Jf;fspid Vw;W elf;fpd;wdu; vd fhy;khf;];

$Wfpd;whu;.

4. kdpj epiyia epahag;gLj;JfpwJ

Nky;tu;f;fk; kw;Wk; fPo;tu;f;fk; vDk; gpupNfhL

,iwtd; tFj;j khw;w Kbahj Vw;ghL. mjid

nghUe;jpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd rkaq;fs; $Wtjhf

fhy;khu;f;]; njuptpf;fpd;whu;.

Nkw;fhl;lg;gl;l ehd;F epiyfspYk; rkak; kdpjid

mlf;fpahs;fpd;wJ vd fhy;khf;]; kpfj;njspthf $Wfpwhu;.

r%ff; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; KftuhfTk;> tFg;G Kiwia

fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;w kw;Wk; Cf;Ftpf;Fk; fUtpahfTk; rkaq;fs;

njhopw;gLtjhf fhy;khf;]; $Wfpd;whu;.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 80

nkf;]; ntgu;

Gul;l];jhe;J xOf;fKk; Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; Md;khTk;

(Protestant ethic and sprit of capitalism) vDk; E}ypy;

rkaj;Jf;Fk; nghUshjhuj;Jf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;igf; (A

close connection between religious and economic forces) fz;lwpe;J

tpsf;Ffpd;whu; nkf;]; ntgu;. fhy;khu;f;]_f;F khw;wkhf

rkaq;fs; nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;Fk; mjd;top r%f

Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;Fk; fhuzkhfptpLtjhf fUj;J

njuptpf;fpd;whu;. NjtDila mUisg; ngw fLikahf

ciof;f Ntz;Lk;. me;j ciog;gpy; fpilf;Fk; tUthia

jw;fhypf Rfq;fSf;F gad;gLj;jhky; kPz;Lk; KjyPL

nra;J> njhopy; kw;Wk; tzpf epWtdq;fis epWt Ntz;Lk;

vd Gul;l];jhe;J rkak; $Wtjhf nkf;];ntgu; $Wfpd;whu;.

nfhk;Nlapd; rkak;

nfhk;Nlapd; khDlj;jpd; rkak; (Religion of humanity) Fwpj;j

fUj;Jfs; mtuJ rkak; Fwpj;j fUj;JfshFk;. mtu;

cUthf;fpa rkak; gpd;tUk; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.

m. flTs; ,y;yhj rkak;

nfhk;NlapDila rkak; nja;tPf rf;jpia tpLj;J

xOf;fj;jpd; kPJ fl;bnaOg;gg;gLfpd;wJ. „vq;fSf;F rkak;

Ntz;Lk; flTs; Ntz;lhk;‟ vd;gJ mtuJ gpugy;akhd

thrfkhFk.;

M. r%ftpayhsHfs; - rkag;NghjfHfs;

r%ftpayhsHfSk; rkag;NghjfHfSk; ,tuJ tpQ;Qhd

rkar%fj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;JgtHfshf fhzg;gLthHfs;.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 81

,tHfs; flikfis nra;Ak; gbAk;> flg;ghLfis

GupAk;gbAk; kdpj Fyj;ij Ntz;Lthu;fs;.

,. Gjpa rkaKk;> Gjpa rfhg;jKk;

nfhk;Nlapd; rkakhdJ mikjp> ePjp> Neu;ik> rkj;Jtk;

Nghd;wtw;iw Nghjpf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j Gjpa Gwnka;ik rkaj;jpy;

md;Ng mbg;gilf; nfhs;ifahFk;.

<. mwnewpia (Morality) ikag;gLj;jpa rkak;

xU jPu;f;fjuprpahfTk; Gjpa rkaj;jpd; Njhw;WduhfTk;

nfhk;Nl jd;idf; fUjpf; nfhz;lhu;.

c. ghuk;gupa fpwp];jt rkak;

nfhk;Nl fpwp];jt rkaj;jpNy r%f Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhd

mk;rq;fis fz;L nfhs;shikapdhy;jhd; r%fk;rhH rkak;

xd;iw cUthf;f Kide;jhh;.

4.6 rkaj;jpd; njhopw;ghLfs;

rkak; xU cyfyhtpa epWtdk; vdf; $wg;gLtjw;F

fhuzkha; miktJ mJ nfhz;bUf;Fk; ek;gpf;if kw;Wk;

eilKiwfspd; xd;Wgl;l jd;ikapdhy; my;y. khw;wkhf

rkaj;jpd; njhopw;ghLfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl rkak;

cyfyhtpa epWtdk; vdf; fzpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

vkpy; Ju;i`k;> nkf;]; ntgu;> jy;nfhl; ghu;rd; Nghd;w

njhopw;ghl;Lthjpfs; rkaj;jpd; r%f Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kw;Wk;

njhopw;ghLfs; Fwpj;J tpyhthupahf NgrpapUf;fpd;whu;fs;.

mNjNghy; fhu;y; khf;];> rk;du;> fpy;ypd; Nghd;Nwhu;

rkaj;jpd; vjpu;epiyj; njhopw;ghLfs; Fwpj;J

Fwpg;gpl;bUfpd;whu;fs;.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 82

r%ftpayhsuhd fpwPd; (A.W. Green) rkaj;jpd; %d;W tif

cyfshtpa njhopw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; tfpgq;Ffs; Fwpj;J

Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.

01. jdpegu;fSf;F Jd;gj;jpd; NghJ MWjy; toq;FtJ

rkaj;jpd; njhopw;ghlhFk;. Jd;gq;fisAk;> Vkhw;wq;fisAk;

vy;yh kdpju;fSk; fle;Nj nry;fpd;whu;fs;. ,it kdpjdpd;

fOj;ij RUf;F fapWfs; nfhz;L ,Wf;fpd;wd. tpopgpJq;Fk;

kdpjd; mgaf; FununyOg;Gfpd;whd;. ,r;re;ju;gj;jpy;

jj;jspj;J epw;Fk; kdpjDf;F rkak; MWjy; toq;Ffpd;wJ.

tho;f;ifj; Jd;gq;fshy; Jz;L Jz;lha; cile;J Nghd

kdpjid kPz;Lk; xl;l itj;J cUthf;Ftjw;F rkak;

gy;NtW cj;jpfisf; ifahs;fpd;wJ. xU eh];jpfDf;Fk;

M];jpfDf;FkpilapYs;s tpj;jpahrk;> Jd;gj;jpd; NghJ

Jtz;L epwfpd;whd; eh];jpfd;. M];jpfNdh Jd;gj;ij

,iwtdplk; xg;gilj;J tpl;L mtd; epk;kjpailfpd;whd;.

rkakhdJ MWjiy toq;fp> tpuf;jpfis jhq;fpf; nfhs;Sk;

gf;Ftj;ij kdpjdpy;; tsu;j;J tpLfpd;wJ.

02. rkakhdJ xU kdpjdpd; Raj;ij (Self) kpfg;ngupastpy;

tpupTgLj;Jfpd;wJ. ru;t ty;yikAs;s flTSld; kdpjid

njhlu;GgLj;Jtjd; %yKk; flTspd; cd;dj gilg;ngd;W

kdpjid tu;zpg;gjd; %yKk; rpwg;Gf; nfsutj;ijAk; Ra

milahsj;ijAk; kdpjDs; Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ rkak;.

03. rkak; r%f xw;Wikapd; mr;rhzpahf njhopw;gLfpd;wJ.

r%f tpOkpaq;fs; (Social value) vd;git r%fj;jhy;

tiuaWf;fg;gl;l xOf;f Nfhl;ghLfshFk;. rka ek;gpf;iffs;

(Religios faith) r%f tpOkpaq;fis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. r%f

tpOkpaq;fis rkaq;fs; NgZtjd; %yk; r%f xw;Wik

r%fj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

mNjNghy; r%f mq;fj;jtu;fspilNa gpizg;ig rkak;

NkYk; gykilar; nra;fpwJ. rka rlq;Ffspy; gq;nfLg;gjd;


Dr.SM.Ayoob 83

%yKk; rka tpohf;fspy; <LghL fhl;Ltjd; %yKk; „ehk;‟

vDk; czu;it Vw;gLj;jp r%f xw;Wikf;F rkak;

fhuzkhfptpLfpd;wJ. ,jidNa fpwPd; (A.W. Green)

rkakhdJ kdpj tho;tpy; xw;WikgLj;Jk; rf;jpahf

njhopw;gLfpd;wJ vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.

04. r%f fl;Lg;ghl;il Vw;gLj;Jk; fUtpahf rkak;

njhopw;gLfpd;wJ. r%fj;jhy; Vw;fg;glhj elj;ijfis

jtpu;j;J nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fis toq;Ftjd;

%ykhf r%f xOq;if (Social order) guhkupj;J r%fj;jpd;

fl;Lg;ghl;bw;F top Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ rkak;.

,];yhk; Nghijt];Jg; ghtid> tpgr;rhuk;> nfhiy>

nfhs;is Nghd;w ghtq;fis jtpu;e;J nfhs;Sk;gb

fz;bg;ghd cj;juTfis ,Lfpd;wJ. mNj Neuk; ju;kk;

nra;jy;> ViofSf;F md;G fhl;ly;> KjpNahiu

fz;dpag;gLj;jy; Nghd;w fhupaq;fs; my;yh`;tpd; mUis

nfhz;LtUk; nray;fs; vd tu;zpf;fpd;wJ. ,JNghyNt

vy;yh rkaq;fSk; jkJ Nghjidfis Kd;itf;fpd;wd.

rkaj;jpy; nrhu;f;fk;-eufk; njhlu;ghd Nghjidfs; kdpj

tho;it nrt;tNd newpg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

k#jp> Nfhapy;> Njthyak;> gd;riy Nghd;w rka

epWtdq;fs; jdpegu;fspd; elj;ijfis gy;NtW topfspy;

fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. jdpad;fspd; tpyfy; elj;ijfisf;

fz;fhzpj;J rkaq;fs; mj;jifa elj;ijAilNahiu

jz;bf;fpd;wd.

05. rkaq;fs; r%fkakhf;fy; Kftu;fshfj;

njhopw;gLfpd;wd. rkakhdJ xU Foe;ijapd; Muk;gKjNy

r%fkakhf;fy; nray;ghl;ilr; nra;aj; njhlq;Ffpd;wJ.

06. r%f eyid (Social welfare) cUthf;Ftjpy; rkak;

kfj;jhd gq;fspg;ig nra;fpd;wJ. khdpl r%fj;jpw;F nra;Ak;


Dr.SM.Ayoob 84

Nrit flTSf;F nra;Ak; Nrit vdTk;> Vioapd; rpupg;gpy;

,iwtidf; fhz;gha; vdTk; rkaq;fs; Nghjpf;fpd;wd.

ViofSf;F cjTk;gbAk;> ju;kk; nra;Ak;gbAk;>

Jaug;gLgtu;fspd; f];lq;fis Jilf;Fk; gbAk; rkaq;fs;

$Wfpd;wd. jkJ nrhj;jpy; xU gFjpia Viotupahf

(]fhj;) nfhLf;Fk;gbAk;> ViofSf;F czT nfhLg;gJ xU

,iwtpRthrpapd; gz;G vdTk; ,];yhk; $Wfpd;wJ. ,d;W

vj;jidNah rka epWtdq;fs; mdu;j;jq;fspd; NghJ cjt

Kd;tUfpd;wd.

07. rkakhdJ kd mikjpiaf; nfhz;L tUfpd;wJ. ,ae;jpu

tho;Tf;Fs; fl;Lz;L Nghd kdpjid rw;W epjhdpf;f itj;J

mikjpahd tho;itf; nfhLg;gJ rkak;jhd;. ,iwj;J}ju;

K`k;kJ egp (]y;) mtu;fs; gpyhy; vDk; egpj;Njhoiu

mioj;J „gpyhNy‟ ghq;F nrhy;yp njhOtjw;fhd

Vw;ghl;ilr; nra;tjd; %yk; Xa;it> kd mikjpia nfhL

vdf; $Wgtu;fshf ,Ue;jhu;fs;. fypq;fg; Nghupdhy;

fyq;fpg;Nghd mNrhf kd;ddpd; kdij Mw;Wg;gLj;jpaJ

Gj;jupd; NghjidfNs!

08. rkaq;fs; gy;NtW ,yf;fpaq;fs; cUthfTk;

fl;blf;fiy tsuTk; fhuzkha; ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wd. gy;NtW

Ntiyg;ghLfisf; nfhz;l k#jpfs;> Mr;rupaj;ij

Vw;gLj;Jk; Nfhapy;fs;> fiy EZf;fj;ij giwrhw;Wk;

gd;riyfs;> mofpaYld; $ba Njthyaq;fs; vy;yhk;

rkaj;jpd; %yk; fpilj;j mupa nghf;fprq;fshFk;. fPo;tu;f;f

kf;fSf;F rka topghl;Lj;jsq;fNs rpwe;j nghOJNghf;F

rhjdq;fshf mikfpd;wd vd;gJ yp];ld; Nghg;gpd; (Liston

Pope) ,d; fUj;jhFk;.

09. kf;fspd; nghUshjhu tho;tpy; rkaq;fs; Mjpf;fk;

nrYj;Jtjhf nkf;]; ntgu; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. Gul;l];jhe;J

rkaj;jpd; NghjidfNs Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; vOr;rpf;Fk;

Kjyhspj;Jt ehLfspd; tsu;r;rpf;Fk; fhuzkhfpd vd;gJ


Dr.SM.Ayoob 85

ntgupd; fUj;jhFk;. mNjNghy; ehNlhbfshf

Rw;wpf;nfhz;bUe;j mwgpfs; tho;tpy; rpwe;jnjhU ehfuPfk;

Njhd;wf; fhuzkha; mike;jJ ,];yhk; vDk; rkaj;jpd;

Njhw;wk;jhd; vd;gJ Ma;thsu;fs; fUj;jhFk;. Ml;rpahsu;

cku; ,g;D mg;Jy; m]P]; fhyj;jpy; Viofs; vDk;

tu;f;fNk ,y;yhky; Nghdikf;fhd fhuzk; Ml;rpahsu;fsJ

Kiwahd jpl;lkply; vd tuyhw;whrpupau;fs;

Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;whu;fs;.

10. xU ehl;bDila murpay; Kiwikapy; rkak;

jhf;fj;ijr; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. gz;ila kw;Wk; kj;jpa fhy

murpay; Kiwikapy; rkak; ghupa jhf;fj;jpid

Vw;gLj;jpajhf tuyhWfs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. uh[hf;fSk;

Nguuru;fSk; flTisg; NghyNt tzf;fk; nrYj;jg;gl;lhu;fs;.

flTspd; gpujpepjpfshf mtu;fs; fUjg;gl;lhu;fs;. ,e;jpah>

ghfp];jhd;> ,yq;if Nghd;w ehLfspy; NeubahfNth

kiwKfkhfNth murpaypy; rkak; jiyapLtjid

ehNsLfs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.

11. rkaq;fs; rka mDgtq;fis toq;Ffpd;wd. njhOif>

gpuhu;j;jid> jpahdk; Nghd;wit rpwe;j rka

mDgtq;fshFk;. ,tw;wpd; %yk; xU kdpjd; jdJ

mbikj;Jtj;ij> ed;wpia> gf;jpia> kupahijia flTspd;

Kd;dhy; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;whd;. cyF mtDf;F kwe;J

NghfpwJ. gpugQ;rNk mtd; Kd;dhy; tpupe;J epw;fpd;wJ.

,e;epiy xU jdpadJ MSik tpUj;jpailaTk;>

r%fj;jd;ik tsuTk; cjTfpwJ.

12. rkakhdJ tho;tpd; mbg;gilahd Nfs;tpfSf;F

gjpyspf;fpd;wJ. kdpjd; vq;fpUe;J gpwe;J> ,we;j gpd; vq;F

nry;thd;? mtd; tho;tjd; Nehf;fnkd;d? ,e;j cyif

gilj;jtd; ahu;? kdpju;fs; Vd; gpwf;fpd;whu;fs; kw;Wk;

,wf;fpd;whu;fs;? Jd;gq;fs; Vd; tUfpd;wd? ,j;jifa

Nfs;tpfSf;F rkaNk jf;f gjpyspf;fpd;wJ. rkaj;ijtpl;L


Dr.SM.Ayoob 86

tpyfp epw;Fk; eh];jpfu;fSf;F ,f;Nfs;tpfSf;fhd gjpy;

fpilg;gjpy;iy. ,j;jifa Nfs;tpfSf;F gjpy; fpilf;fhj

vj;jidNah Nguhrpupau;fs; jw;nfhiy gz;zpapUf;fpd;whu;fs;

vd;gJ ehNsLfs; top fpilf;Fk; nra;jpfshFk;.

RUf;fk;

kdpjd; capupay;> nghUspay;> r%ftpay; Njit

nfhz;ltd; kl;Lky;yhky; Md;kPfj; Njit

nfhz;ltdhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;whd;.

rkak; ek;gpf;iffspd; njhFjpahFk;. ,J ,ay;fle;j

rf;jpfis ek;Gfpd;wJ.

xU rf;jp tha;e;j r%f epWtdk; vDk; tifapy;

rkaj;jpw;F ,U gf;fq;fs; (Aspects) cs;sd.

fl;likg;Gg; gf;fk; kw;Wk; njhopw;ghl;Lg;gf;fk; (Stuctural

and functional aspects) vd;gitNa mitahFk;.

rkaj;jpd; njhopw;ghLfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl

rkak; cyfshtpa epWtdk; vdf; fzpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

rkak; njhlu;ghfTk; rkaj;jpd; Njhw;wk; njhlu;ghfTk;

r%ftpashsu;fs; jkJ fUj;jf;fis

toq;fpapUf;fpd;whu;fs;.

gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;

1. rkak; vDk; nrhy;yhliy RUf;fkhf tpsf;fp mjd;

mbg;gil cs;slf;f $WfisAk; tpupthf Muha;f.

2. rkaj;jpd; fl;likg;Gg; gf;fk; kw;Wk;

njhopw;ghl;Lg;gf;fk; (Stuctural and functional aspects)

Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 87

3. rkaj;jpd; njhopw;ghLfis ,yq;ifr; r%fj;Jld;

njhlu;GgLj;jp tpsf;Ff.

4. rkaj;jpd; Njhw;wk; njhlu;ghd Nfhl;ghLfis

njspTgLj;Jf.

jpwTr; nrhw;fs;

rkak;> ek;gpf;if> r%f xOq;F> eh];jpfk;> Md;kPf cyF

crhj;Jiz E}y;fs;




GJit: ty;ypdk;.

3. fpU\;z%u;j;jp> n[. (2000). r%ftpay; Nfhl;ghLfs;.

nrd;id: mz;zhkiy gy;fiyf;fofk;.

4. jkpo; gy;fiyf;fofk;. (1991). tho;tpaw; fsQ;rpak;

njhFjp-08. jQ;rhT+u;: jkpo; gy;fiyf;fofk;.


Press.

6. Haralambos, M., & Heald R.M. (2004). Sociology: Themes




Company.

8. Murdock, G.P. (1949). Social structure. New York:

Macmillan Co.


Delhi: S. Chand and Company Ltd


Dr.SM.Ayoob 88

mj;jpahak; 05

fy;tp

nghUslf;fk;

5.1 mwpKfk; 89 - 90

5.2 fy;tpapd; r%f njhopw;ghLfs ; 91 - 94

5.3 fy;tpAk; r%f efu;Tk; 95 - 96

5.4 fy;tpAk; etPdkakhf;fYk; 97 - 99

5.5 fy;tp Fwpj;j r%ftpay; fz;Nzhl;lk; 99 - 102

mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;

fy;tp r%f Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F kl;Lky;yhJ jdpkdpj

rpwg;Gf;Fk;> cau;Tf;Fk; mbehjkhf mikfpd;wJ. mjhtJ

jdpad;fSf;F Njitahd mwpitf; nfhLg;gJld; jdpadpd;

cly;> cs> kdntOr;rp> r%f ,zf;fk;> elj;ij> MSik>

tpOkpak; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; tpUj;jp nra;fpd;wJ. fy;tp vDk;

epWtdkhdJ r%fj;NjhL gpd;dpg;gpize;jjhff;

fhzg;gLfpd;w mNjNtis xU r%fj;jpd; murpay;>

nghUshjhuk;> gz;ghL Nghd;w midj;J tplaq;fisAk;

gl;il jPl;Lfpd;wJ. xU r%fj;jpw;F fy;tp epWtdq;fspd;

Njit jtpu;f;f Kbahjit. r%fj;jpd; Nkk;ghL> mgptpUj;jp

Nghd;wit fy;tp tsu;r;rpAld; gpd;dg;gl;bUg;gjhf

fy;tpayhsu;fs; $Wfpd;wdu;.


,t;tj;jpahaj;jpd; gpujhd Nehf;fk; fy;tp mjd; gzpfs;

kw;Wk; gz;Gfs; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;jpid toq;FtjhFk;.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 89

NkYk; fy;tp njhlu;ghd Nfhl;ghl;L tpsf;fq;fis

,t;tj;jpahak; toq;Ffpd;wJ.

fw;wy; ngWNgWfs;

,t;tj;jpahaj;jpd; Kbtpy; khztu;fshy; fy;tp njhlu;ghd

tpsf;fq;fis Gupe;J nfhs;s KbtJld; fy;tp njhlu;ghd

Nfhl;ghl;L mZFKiwfisAk; mjd; gpuNahfq;fisAk;

njupe;J nfhs;thu;fs;.

5.1 mwpKfk;

xU r%fk; jdJ ,isa jiyKiwapdUf;F jd;Dila

kuGfs;> tof;fq;fs;> tpOkpaq;fs; Kjypatw;iwr; nrYj;j

KaYk; nraw;ghq;F fy;tp vdg;gLk;. ,J xU r%fj;jpy;>

mjDila gz;ghL xU jiyKiwapypUe;J kw;nwhU

jiyKiwf;Fr; nrYj;jg;gLk; nraw;ghq;F MFk; (tho;tpay;

fsQ;rpak;).

fy;tpahdJ midj;J kdpj r%jhaq;fspdJk; mbg;gil

nraw;ghLfspy; xd;whf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. xU r%fj;jpd;

,Ug;G mr;r%fj;jpd; gz;ghLfis ,isNahUf;F

flj;JtjpNyNa jq;fpAs;sJ. vy;yh r%fq;fSk; ,j;jifa

Njitapid G+u;j;jp nra;tjw;fhd toptiffis

nfhz;Ls;sd. mjpy; xU topKiw fy;tpahFk;.

fy;tp vd;Dk; vz;zf;fUthdJ ntWkNd khztu;fSf;F

rpy ghlq;fs; njhlu;ghd mwptpid Gfl;LtJ

khj;jpuky;yhky; vjpu;fhy tho;f;iff;F khztu;fis

ntw;wpfukhf Kfk;nfhLg;gjw;F jahu;gLj;JtJkhFk;.

xU kdpjdpd; r%f kw;Wk; njhopEl;g jpwd;;fspd;

ngUk;gFjpahdJ fy;tpapD}lhfNt ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 90

ngUk;ghyhd mgptpUj;jpaile;j kw;Wk; mile;J tUfpd;w

ehLfspd; epjp xJf;fPl;by; ngUk;gFjp fy;tpf;Nf

xJf;fg;gLfpd;wJ vdf; gPl;lu; Nth];yp (Peter Worsely)

$Wfpd;whu;.

fy;tpapid ,isa r%jhaj;jpd; r%fkakhf;fy; nraw;ghL

vd Ju;i`k; (Durkheim) $Wfpd;wdu;. NkYk; xU

rpWtdplj;jpy; ,ay;ghf Njhw;wk; ngwhj ghu;j;jy;> czu;jy;>

kw;Wk; mjw;Nfw;g nraw;gly; Nghd;wtw;iw gjpa

itg;gjw;fhd njhlu;r;rpahf nraw;ghl;il fy;tpahdJ

toq;Ffpd;wJ vd NkYk; $Wfpd;whu;. tsu;e;Njhupd; (Adult)

tfpghfq;fis milAk;NghJ vt;thW ele;J nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ njhlu;ghd gapw;rpapid ,isNahUf;F

fy;tp toq;Ffpd;wJ.

Jiwrhu; ty;Ydu;fspdhy; ghlrhiy vd;Dk; Kiwrhu;

mikg;gpD}lhf toq;fg;gLk; xU gapw;rpNa fy;tpahFk;

vd;gJ fpwPdpd; (A.W.Green) fUj;jhFk;.

Foe;ijaplKk;> kdpjdplKk; mtu;fsJ> cly;> cs;sk;>

Md;kh Mfpatw;wpd; rpwg;Gkpf;f gz;Gfis ntspf;nfhzu;jy;

fy;tpahFk; vd ,e;jpahtpd; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;ltPuu;

fhe;jpabfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.

kdpjdplk; Vw;fdNt nghjpe;jpUf;Fk; KOik ngw;w

mwptpid (Perfection) kyur; nra;tJ fy;tpahFk; vd Rthkp

tpNtfhe;ju; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.

kdpjj;jd;ikapid kdpjd; ngw cWJizaha; tpsq;FtJ

fy;tpahFk; vd tpy;ypak; Ntl;];tu;j; $Wfpd;whu;.

rpe;jpg;gjw;F kdij gapw;Wtpg;gNj fy;tpahFk; vd

Id;];ild; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;whu;.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 91

5.2 fy;tpapd; r%f njhopw;ghLfs; (Social functions

of education)

etPd kw;Wk; rpf;fyhd ifj;njhopy; r%fj;jpy; fy;tpapDila

r%f Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mjpfkhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fy;tpapd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j njhopw;ghLfshf gpd;tUtdtw;iw

uhX (2007) milahsk; fhz;fpd;whu;.

01. r%fkakhf;fy; nrw;ghl;bid g+u;j;;jp nra;jy; (To complete

the socialisation process)

r%fkakhf;fy; nraw;ghl;bid G+u;j;jp nra;tNj fy;tpapd;

gpujhd r%f Fwpf;Nfhshf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Muk;g fhyj;jpy;

FLk;gNk r%fkakhf;fy; nrad;Kiwapd; gpujhd gq;if

tfpj;jJ. vdpDk; etPd FLk;gq;fs; Fiwe;jstpyhd

r%fkakhf;fy; nraw;ghLfspNyNa <LgLfpd;wd.

,jdhNyNa fy;tp kw;Wk; Vida r%f epWtdq;fs;

r%fkakhf;fy; nraw;ghl;bid nfhz;Lnry;y

Kaw;rpf;fpd;wd. jw;Nghija fhyfl;lj;jpy; ghlrhiyfNs

midj;Jtpjkhd fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy; nra;ghl;bid

Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd. ghlg;Gj;jfq;fspD}lhf ehl;Lg;gw;wpid

khztu;fspilNa tsu;f;fpd;wJ fy;tp.

02. ghuk;gupaj;ij gupkhw;wy; (To transmit the central heritage)

gz;ghL vd;gJ ek;gpf;iffs;> jpwd;fs;> fiy> ,yf;fpak;>

jj;Jtk;> rkak;> ,ir Nghd;wtw;iw cs;slf;fpajhFk;.

,tw;iw guk;giu myfpD}lhf (Genetic) ngw KbahJ.

khwhf fw;wy; topahfNtjhd; ngwyhk;. midj;J

r%fq;fspYk; gz;ghl;il gupkhw;Wk; nraiy fy;tp

Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ. ghlrhiy cau;ju tFg;Gf;fspy; mj;jifa

gz;ghl;Lg; gupkhw;wk; mjpfstpy; ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 92

03. r%f MSikia cUthf;fy; (For the formation of social

personality)

gz;ghl;Lf;F Vw;w tifapy; xt;nthU jdpkdpjDk; jdJ

MSikapid tbtikj;Jf; nfhs;tJ mtrpakhFk;.

fy;tpahdJ vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; mj;jifa r%f MSikia

cUthf;Fk; njhopw;ghl;bid Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ. fy;tpahdJ

rupahd Kiwapy; gz;ghl;bid gupkhw;wp mjD}lhf r%f

MSikia tpUj;jp nra;fpd;wJ. ,t;tifapy; fy;tpahdJ

r%fj;jpy; xUq;fpizg;G cUthf cjTfpd;wJ.

04. kdg;ghq;if rPuikj;jy; (Reformation of attitudes)

rpWtu;fspy; Vw;fdNt cUthfpAs;s gpioahd

kdg;ghq;fpid rPuikf;Fk; Nehf;fj;jpid nfhz;ljhf fy;tp

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. gy;NtW fhuzpfspd; epkpj;jk; fho;g;Gzu;T>

mtek;gpf;if> ghugl;rk;> nghwhik kw;Wk; ntWg;G Nghd;w

gy gz;Gfis nfhz;ljhf xU Foe;ij fhzg;gLk;.

,g;gz;Gfs; rPuikf;fg;gl Ntz;baitfshFk;. rpwe;f

fy;tpapD}lhfNt xU Foe;ijapd; kdjpypUe;J ,g;gz;Gfis

mfw;w KbAk;.

05. tho;thjhuj;Jf;fhd fUtp (Instrument of livelihood)

fy;tpahdJ mwpit khj;jpuky;yhJ khztu;fs; rpwe;j

tho;thjhuj;ij mila toptFf;fpd;wJ. vjpu;fhyj;jpy;

njhopy; kw;Wk; gjtpfis mila khztu;fis

jahuhf;Ffpd;wJ.

06. me;j];jpid toq;fy; (Conferring of status)

r%f me;j];j;jpid toq;FtJ fy;tpapd; kpfg; gpujhd

njhopw;ghLfspy; xd;whFk;. xU kdpjd; ngw;wpUf;Fk;

fy;tpapd; msthdJ mtdJ me;j];jpid jPu;khdpf;Fk;

fhuzpahf khwptpLfpd;wJ. r%f tu;f;fq;fis jPu;khdpf;Fk;


Dr.SM.Ayoob 93

Kf;fpa mbg;gilfshf nfhs;;sg;gLk; njhopy;> tUkhdk;>

tho;f;ifKiw midj;Jk; XusT mtu; mile;Js;s

fy;tpapd; mstpYk; mjd; tifapYk; jq;fpAs;sjid etPd

r%fq;fspy; mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

07. Nghl;b kdg;ghq;if J}z;ly; (Education encrurages the

sprit of competition)

xt;nthU khztDk; ghlj;jpid fw;Fk; NghJ jdJ rf

khztu;fis tpl jdJ ngWNgWfspd; tpfpjhrhuk; kw;Wk;

khztu;epiy mjpfkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd tpUk;Gfpd;whd;.

rpwg;ghf fw;W mjpf Gs;sp ngWk; khztu;fis Mrpupau;fs;>

tpje;J ghuhl;Lk; NghJk; Fiwthf fw;W Fiwthf Gs;sp

ngw;w khztu;fis fz;Lnfhs;shky; tpLk;NghJk; mJ

Nghl;bj; jd;ikia J}z;b tpLfpd;wJ.

fy;tpapd; Vida njhopw;ghLfs; (Other functions of

educations)

gPl;lu; Ntu;];yp (Peter Worsley) fy;tpapd; njhopw;ghLfis

gpd;tUkhW Kd;itj;Js;shu;.

01. nghUshjhuj;Jf;F Njitahd tplaq;fis toq;Fjy;

itj;jpau;fs;> nghwpapayhsu;fs;> Mrpupau;fs;>

njhopEl;gtpayhsu;fs; kw;Wk; tpQ;Qhdpfs; Nghd;Nwhu;

nghUshjhuj;jpd; tpUj;jpf;F cjTfpd;wtu;fshff;

fhzg;gLfpd;whu;fs;.

02. [dehafj;jpy; gq;Nfw;gtu;fis cUthf;Fjy; (Fosters

participant democracy)

ngupa kw;Wk; rpf;fy; epiwe;j r%fj;jpy; kf;fspd; [dehaf

gq;fspg;ghdJ mtu;fspd; fy;tpawptpNyNa jq;fpAs;sJ.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 94

fy;tp kw;Wk; vOj;jwpthdJ kf;fis G+uzkhf [dehaf

nraw;ghLfspy; <LglTk;> tpidj;jpwdhd Kiwapy; thf;Fg;

gjpTfis Nkw;nfhs;sTk; cjTfpd;wJ. fy;tp mikg;ghdJ

nghUshjhuj;jpYk; murpaypYk; Kf;fpaj;JtKilajhf

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

03. fy;tp ed;kjpg;ig toq;Fjy; (Education imparts values)

ghlrhiyapy; fhzg;gLk; ghltpjhd kw;Wk; ,izg;ghltpjhd

nraw;ghLfs;> khztu;fs; kw;Wk; Mrpupau;fspilNa

fhzg;gLk; Kiwrhuh cwT Kiwfs;> r%f jpwd;fs; kw;Wk;

ed;kjpg;Gfs; tsu fhuzkhfpd;wd. NkYk; ghlrhiyapy;

,lk;ngWk; gy;NtW nraw;ghLfs; $l;LwT> FO xw;Wik

xOf;fk; kw;Wk; epahakhf elj;jy; Nghd;w ed;kjpg;Gf;fs;

tsuTk; fhuzkhfpd;wd.

04. xUq;fpizf;Fk; tpirahf fy;tp njhopw;gly; (Education

acts as an integrative force)

r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; gy;NtW gpupTfisAk; ed;kjpg;gpD}lhf

,izf;Fk; xUq;fpize;;j tpirahf fy;tp fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

FLk;gk; jdJ Foe;ijf;F rupahfTk; KiwahfTk; toq;fj;

jtWk; ed;kjpg;Gfis fy;tp toq;Ffpd;wJ. xU Foe;ij

NtWgl;l r%f gpd;Gyq;fisAila kf;fNshL njhlu;Gfis

tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;Sk; jpwd;fis fy;tpNa fw;Wf;

nfhLf;fpd;wJ.

05. njhopy;fSf;fhd ed;kjpg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; Nehf;Ffis

toq;Fjy;

itj;jpaj; Jiwapy; fw;Fk; khztu;fs; fy;tpf; $lq;fspy;

r%fkakhf;fg;gl;L fw;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. rpwe;j itj;jpa

gupNrhjfu;fs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpahsu;fs; cUthf ,J

cjTfpd;wJ. njhopy;Jiw r%fj;jpw;F Njitahd ed;kjpg;G

kw;wk; Nehf;Ffis fy;tp toq;Ffpd;wJ.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 95

5.3 fy;tpAk; r%f efu;Tk; (Eduction and social

mobility)

xU r%f me;j];jpypUe;J kw;WnkhU r%f me;j];Jf;F xU

jdpad; my;yJ jdpegu;fs; efu;tjid r%f efu;T

Fwpf;fpd;wJ vd ty]; (Wallace) Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. xU r%f

tFg;gpypUe;J kw;nwhU r%f tFg;gpw;F my;yJ xU r%f

gilaikg;gpy; ,Ue;J kw;nwhU r%f gilaikg;gpw;F xU

jdpegu; my;yJ xU FO efu;tjid r%f efu;T Fwpg;gjhf

];nfhl; (W.P.Scott) $Wfpd;whu; (ma;A+g;> 2019).

xU jdpad; my;yJ FO me;j];jpy; (Status) Vwpr; nry;tij

my;yJ Nky;Nehf;fpr; nry;tjid Nky;Nehf;fpa efu;T

(Upward mobility); vDk; gjk; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. xU nfhj;jdhupd;

(Mason) kfd; fy;tp miltpd; %yk; gy;fiyf;fof

Nguhrpupauhf khWjy; ,jw;F cjhuzkhFk;. fPo;Nehf;fpa

r%f efu;T (Downward mobility) xUtif r%f ,wq;F

epiyia (Social descenane) my;yJ r%f Njhy;tp epiyia

(Social failure) Fwpf;fpd;wJ. tpahghuj;jpy; kpfg; ngupa

KjyPLfis nra;j xU tpahghup e];lkile;J Vioahf

khWtJ fPo;Nehf;fpa r%f efu;Tf;fhd cjhuzkhFk;.

r%f efu;itj; J}z;Lk; Kf;fpakhdnjhU fUtpahfTk; r%f

fl;likg;gpy; Nky; Nehf;fpa efu;it nfhz;L nry;Yk;

VzpahfTk; fy;tp njhopw;gLfpwJ. cau; gjtpfs; %yk; gyu;

r%fj;jpy; cau; me;j];ij ngw;Wf; nfhs;sTk; tho;tpy;

Kd;Ndw;wq;fis mile;J nfhs;sTk; fy;tp xU ke;jpu

rf;jpahf (Majical power) njhopw;gLfpwJ (ma;A+g;> 2019).


Dr.SM.Ayoob 96

(m) fy;tpapd; msT (Amount of education)

xUtu; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; fy;tpapd; msitg; nghWj;J

mtupd; r%f me;j];j;jpd; msTk; NtWgLfpd;wJ.

ghlrhiyapy; fw;gpf;Fk; Mrpupaiu tpl gy;fiyf;fof

tpupTiuahsUf;F mjpf me;j];Jk;> Nguhrpupau; xUtUf;F

,tu;fs; ,UtiuAk; tpl mjpf me;j];Jk; r%fj;jhy;

nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

(M) ghlj;jpl;lk; (Educational curriculum)

xt;nthU fw;iff;Fk; xt;nthU ngWkjp ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

nghwpapay;> kUj;Jtk;> njhopy;El;gk; Nghd;w tpQ;Qhdk;

rhu;e;j ghlq;fs; Vida r%f tpQ;Qhdg; ghlq;fistpl

Kjd;ikahdjhf r%fj;jhy; fUjg;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; r%f

tpQ;Qhdpfis tpl ,aw;if tpQ;QhdpfSf;F r%f me;j];J

xg;gPl;L uPjpapy; mjpfkhf fhzg;gLtjhf Ma;thsu;fs; Rl;bf;

fhl;Lfpd;whu;fs;.

(,) fy;tpailT (Academic achievement)

fy;tpailtpw;Fk; r%f efu;tpw;Fk; njhlu;gpUf;fpd;wJ. rpy

khztu;fs; cau; me;j];j;ij rpy fw;iffspy; rpwg;Gj;

Nju;r;rp> ghz;bj;jpak; kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp Nghd;w fy;tp milT

kl;lq;fs; %yk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;whu;fs;.

(<) fy;tp epWtdq;fspd; Kf;fpak; (Importance of Educational

Institution)

gpugy;akhd ghlrhiyfs;> ed;kjpg;G ngw;w

gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; Nghd;w fy;tp epWtdq;fspy; fw;w

khztu;fSf;F Vida fy;tp epWtdq;fspy; fw;w

khztu;fis tpl mjpf kjpg;Gk; kupahijAk; me;j];Jk;

fpilf;fpd;wJ.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 97

5.4 fy;tpAk; etPdkakhf;fYk; (Education and

modernisation )

fy;tpahdJ ,d;iwa etPd ifj;njhopy; r%fj;jpy; Kf;fpa

gq;fpid tfpf;fpd;wJ. fy;tpahdJ r%fj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;

xU fUtpahf my;yhky; r%f khw;wj;jpd; KftuhfNt

njhopw;gLfpd;wJ. midj;J ehLfSk; fy;tpapd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; fUjp mjpf KjyPLfis fy;tpj;;Jiwapy;

nra;fpd;wd.

fy;tp> etPdkakhf;fy;> tpQ;Qhd tpUj;jp> njhopEl;gk; kw;Wk;

ifj;njhopw;Jiw vd;gd xUq;Nf gazpf;Fk; JiwfshFk;;.

Kiwrhu; njhopy;Kiwf; fy;tpahdJ ,d;iwa r%fj;jpd;

gpujhd Njitahf cs;sJ. vOj> thrpf;f rpwpa

fzpg;gPLfis Nkw;nfhs;s kl;Lky;yhJ> tho;f;ifia

nfhz;L nry;tjw;fhd Mjhukhff; fy;tp khwptpl;lJ. xU

egupd; njhopy; mtu; ngw;Ws;s fy;tpapd; topapy; etPd

ifj;njhopy; r%fj;jpy; fpilf;fpd;wJ.

etPd ghlrhiyfs;> fy;tpr;rhiyfs;> gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;>

r%fk; njhlu;ghd ghuk;gupa mwptpid khj;jpuk;

khztu;fSf;F toq;fhky; khwptUk; r%fk; njhlu;ghd

mDgtuPjpahd mwptpidAk; khztu;fSf;F toq;Ffpd;wd.

,j;jifa khw;wq;fs; rpy tpisTfis r%fj;jpy;

Vw;gLj;jpAs;sd. mit gpd;tUkhW.

01. fdjpahd ghltpjhdq;fs; (Heavy study materials)

etPd fy;tpahdJ fdjpahd ghltpjhdq;fis

cs;slf;fpajhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,it tpQ;Qhd kw;Wk;

njhopEl;g uPjpahd tplaq;fis ghljpl;lj;jpy;

cs;slfpAs;sd. ,jdhy; ghuk;gupa nkhop> fiy kw;Wk;


Dr.SM.Ayoob 98

,yf;fpak; njhlu;ghd fw;ifnewpfs; iftplg;gLk; mgha

epiyapy; cs;sd.

02. tpOkpaq;fs; mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid ,oj;jy; (Values

losing their importance)

etPd tpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk; njhopEl;gj;jpd; tpisthf

fhyhfhykhf kjpf;fg;gl;LtUk; tpOkpaq;fs;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid ,oe;Js;sd. ,isa r%jhaj;jpdu;

,j;jifa ghuk;gupa Kf;fpaj;Jtkpf;f tpOkpaq;fs; njhlu;ghf

mwpe;J nfhs;s vLf;fg;gl;l eltbf;iffs; FiwthFk;.

,e;epiy xU tifahd Fog;gkhd #o;epiyia r%fj;jpd;

kj;jpapy; cUthfpAs;sJ. etPd fy;tpfw;w kdpjd; mu;j;jk;

nghjpe;j tpOkpaq;fs; gw;wp mwpahky; ,ae;jpu kdpjdhf

khwpf; nfhz;L tUfpd;whd;. fhy;fspy; rf;fuk; Kisj;jtd;

khjpup Xbf;nfhz;bUf;fpd;whd;. epd;W epjhdj;Jld; jdJ

tho;f;ifia jpUk;gpg; ghu;f;f mtDf;F Neukpy;iy. vJ rup?

vJ gpio? vit tpUk;gj;jf;fit? vit tpUk;gj;jfhjit?

Nghd;w Nfs;tpf;F njspthd gjpy; ,y;yhky; etPd kdpjd;

rz;il rr;ruTfSf;Fs; %o;fpf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;whd;.

03. tpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk; njhopEl;gj;jpd; Mgj;jkhd Kfk; (The

dangerous face of science and technology)

tpQ;QhdKk; njhopEl;gKk; tsu;r;rpapd; cr;rj;Jf;Nf nrd;W

tpl;lJ. etPd fy;tpNa ,j;jifa mjPj tsu;r;rpf;F

fhuzkhf mike;jJ vd;gjpy; ,U fUj;Jf;F ,lkpy;iy.

fl;Lg;ghl;il kPwpa njhopEl;gj;jpd; tsu;r;rpAk;> rupahd

ghijapy; newpg;gLj;jg;glhj tpQ;QhdKk; kdpj tho;tpy;

gjw;wk;> Nfhgk; kw;Wk; Jauk; Nghd;wtw;iw mjpfupf;fr;

nra;jpUf;fpd;wJ. “mwpT vd;gJ rf;jpahFk;” vd xU

fl;lj;jpy; gpuhd;rp];Ngfd; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. Mdhy; ,d;W ,e;j

mwpT Jujp\;lkhd xU rf;jpahf khwptpl;lJ. ,j;jifa

tpQ;Qhd njhopEl;g tsu;r;rp kdpj cs;sj;jpid gPjpapdhy;


Dr.SM.Ayoob 99

epug;gpapUf;fpd;wJ. khdpl r%fj;jpid nfhj;Jf; nfhj;jhf

nfhd;W Ftpf;Fk; MAjq;fSk;> G+kpia rhk;gy; fhlha;

khw;Wk; etPd cw;gj;jpfSk; fy;tp <d;nwLj;j tpQ;Qhdk;

kw;Wk; njhopEl;gk; vDk; Foe;ijfspd; ifq;fupaq;fshFk;.

5.5 fy;tp Fwpj;j r%ftpay; fz;Nzhl;lk;

01. njhopw;ghl;Lthj Nfhl;ghL (Functional theory)

r%fj;jpd; gy;tifg;gl;l Njitfis fy;tpahdJ G+u;j;jp

nra;fpd;wJ vd;gJ fy;tp Fwpj;j njhopw;ghl;L thjj;jpd;

rhukhFk;. ,j;njhopw;ghLfis ,U tifahfg; gpupf;fyhk;.

m. fy;tpapd; ntspg;gilahd njhopw;ghLfs; (Manifest

functions)

fy;tpapd; kpf Kf;fpakhd njhopw;ghLfspy; xd;whf

r%fkakhf;fk; (Socialization) fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Foe;ijfs;

r%fj;jpy; njhopw;gLtjw;F Njitahd tpOkpaq;fs;>

newpKiwfs;> jpwd;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw fy;tp fw;Wf;

nfhLf;fpd;wJ.

fy;tpapd; kw;WnkhU njhopw;ghL r%f xUq;fpizg;G (Social

integration) MFk;. NtW NtW jpirfspy; JUj;jpf;

nfhz;bUf;Fk; Foe;ijfis xw;Wikg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; xNu

,yf;if Nehf;fp efu;j;Jtjw;Fk; fy;tp cWJizaha;

mikfpd;wJ. fy;tp epWtdq;fspy; cs;s nraw;ghLfspy;

gq;nfLf;fr; nra;tjd; %yk; mNj nraiy r%fj;jpYk;

Mw;Wtjw;F fy;tp khztu;fSf;F gapw;rpaspf;fpd;wJ.

fy;tpapd; mLj;j njhopw;ghL r%f ,lkhFk; (Social

placement). ghlrhiyapd; Muk;g ehl;fspNyNa khztu;fs;


Dr.SM.Ayoob 100

jpwikahdtu;fsh? jpwik Fiwe;jtu;fsh? vd

Mrpupau;fshy; milhsq;fhzg;gl;L mtu;fspd; juj;jpw;F Vw;g

fy;tp Gfl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J gps;isfspd; gpw;fhy tho;Tf;F

cjTfpd;wJ.

fy;tpapd; ehd;fhtJ njhopw;ghL GJikahf;fk; (Innovation)

MFk;. ve;j tpQ;QhdpAk; tpQ;Qhdpahfg; gpwg;gjpy;iy. mNj

Nghy; ve;j fij MrpupaUk; gpwf;Fk; NghNj fij epGzuhf

gpwg;gpjpy;iy. fy;tpNa ,tu;fis Glk; NghLfpd;wJ.

M. fy;tpapd; kiwKf njhopw;ghLfs; (Latent functions)

fy;tpapd; ntspg;gilahd gz;Gfisg; NghyNt cs;uPjpahd

njhopw;ghLfSk; cs;sd. ghlrhiy nry;tJk; fy;tpiag;

ngWtJk; ntspg;gilahd njhopw;ghLfshFk;. fy;tpahdJ

gps;isg; guhkupg;ig (Child care) toq;Ffpd;wJ. fy;tpf;

$lq;fspy; tplg;gLk; gps;isfs; mq;Nf

guhkupf;fg;gLfpd;whu;fs;. mNjNghy; rfghb cwTfis

ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJk; (Establishment of peer relationship)

fy;tpapd; %yk; fpilf;Fk; kw;nwhU njhopw;ghlhFk;.

ghlrhiyapy; njhlq;Fk; ,j;jifa cwTfs; ,wg;G tiu

njhlu;tJz;L.

fy;tpf; $lq;fspy; mNdfu; fw;fpd;whu;fs;. fy;tpf;

$lq;fSf;Fr; nry;yhky; ,tu;fs; njhopw;gilapy; (Labour

force) ,iza Kw;gl;lhy; me;epiy Ntiyapd;ikapd;

tPjj;ij $l;btpLk;. ,tu;fs; fy;tpf; $lq;fspy; fw;Wf;

nfhz;bUg;gjd; fhuzkhf Ntiyapd;ikapd; tPjj;ij

Fiwj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,JTk; fy;tpapd; %yk; fpilf;Fk;

kw;nwhU kiwKf njhopw;ghlhFk;.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 101

Kuz;ghl;Lthj Nfhl;ghL (Conflict theory)

fy;tpahdJ r%f rkkpd;ikia Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wJ vd;gNj

Kuz;ghl;L thjpfspd; fUj;jhFk;. fy;tpf; $lq;fspy; cs;s

khztu;fs; nfl;bf;fhuu;fs;> nfl;bj;jdk; Fiwe;jtu;fs; vd

Mrpupauhy; milahsk; fhzg;gl;L fz;fhzpg;G (Tracking)

eltbf;iffSf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;whu;fs;. ,e;epiy

khztu;fspilNa Kuz;ghLfis Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd. kw;Wk;

Vw;wj;jho;Tfis tsu;j;J tpLfpd;wd. mNjNghy; tu;f;fk;

(Class), kugpdk; (Race), ,dj;Jtk; (Ethnicity) mbg;gilapy;

khztu;fsplk; ele;J nfhs;tJk; Kuz;ghLfis

Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd.

mNjNghy; ghlrhiyfis Muk;gpg;gJk;> rpy

ghlrhiyfSf;F $Ljyhd trjpfs; toq;fg;gLtJk; rpy

ghlrhiyfs; GwnkhJf;fg;gLtJk; $l Kuz;ghLfis

Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd.

mNjNghy; ghlg;Gj;jfq;fs; (Tex books) kiwKfkhdnjhU

ghljpl;lj;ij (Hidden curriculum) itj;Jf;nfhz;L

khztu;fis jahu;g;gLj;Jfpd;wd. Kjyhspj;JtkhdJ jkJ

epWtdq;fis ,af;Ftjw;F Njitahd gapw;rpfis fy;tp

$lq;fs; topahf toq;Ffpd;wd. RUf;fkhf nrhd;dhy;

fy;tpahdJ Kuz;ghLfisAk;> rkkpd;ikfisAk;

Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wJ vd;gJ Kuz;ghl;L thjpfspd; fUj;jhFk;.

FwpaPl;L ,iltpidthj Nfhl;ghL (Symbolic interaction

theory)

tFg;giw> tpisahl;L ikjhdk;> Vida fy;tpf; $lq;fs;

Nghd;wtw;wpy; ,lk;ngWk; r%f ,iltpidia (Social

interaction) FwpaPl;L ,iltpidthjpfs; fUj;jpw;


Dr.SM.Ayoob 102

nfhs;fpwhu;fs;. r%fj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; vy;yhtifahd

nraw;ghLfSk; rpwpastpy; ghlrhiyfspy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.

vdNt r%fj;jpdJk; r%f ,iltpidfspdJk; RUq;fpa

tbtk; ghlrhiyahFk; vd;gJ ,iltpidthjpfspd;

fUj;jhFk;. ghlrhiy tpisahl;L ikjhdj;ij vLj;Jf;

nfhz;lhy; gps;isfspd; nraw;ghLfs; %yk; ghy;epiy

tfpghf r%fkakhf;fy; (Gender-role socialization) ,lk;

ngWfpd;wJ. ngz; gps;isfs; mjpf $l;LwT

tpisahl;Lf;fis (Cooperative games) tpisahl Mz;fs;

Nghl;bj; jd;ikahd tpisahl;Lf;fspy; (Competitive games)

<LgLfpd;whu;fs;. r%fj;jpYk; ,NjNghyNt Mz;-ngz;

tfpghfq;fSk; ,iltpidfSk; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.

RUf;fk;

fy;tpahdJ gy;NtW njhopw;ghLfis r%fj;jpy;

Mw;Wfpd;wJ.

Nky;Nehf;fpa r%f efu;tpy; fy;tpf;F kfj;jhd

gq;fspg;gpUf;fpd;wJ.

etPd ifj;njhopy; r%fj;jpy; fy;tpapd; ghj;jpuk;

Kf;fpakhdJ. r%f fl;Lg;ghl;L fUtp vd;gij tpLj;J

r%f khw;wj;jpd; Kftu; vDk; epiyf;F etPd fy;tp

te;J Nru;e;Js;sJ. tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tpAk; njhopEl;gKk;

gy;NtW mjpu;Tfis etPd r%fj;jpy;

Vw;gLj;jpapUf;fpd;wJ.

r%fj;jpd; gy;tifg;gl;l Njitfis fy;tpahdJ

G+u;j;jp nra;fpd;wJ vd;gJ fy;tp Fwpj;j njhopw;ghl;L

thjj;jpd; rhukhFk;.

fy;tpahdJ r%f rkkpd;ikia Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wJ

vd;gNj Kuz;ghl;L thjpfspd; fUj;jhFk;.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 103

tFg;giw> tpisahl;L ikjhdk; Nghd;wtw;wpy;

,lk;ngWk; r%f ,iltpidia (Social interaction)

FwpaPl;L ,iltpidthjpfs; fUj;jpw; nfhs;fpwhu;fs;.

gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;

1. fy;tp vd;gjd; %yk; ePu; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ ahJ?

2. fy;tpapd; r%fj; njhopw;ghLfis cjhuzq;fSld;

tpsf;Ff.

3. “r%fkakhf;fy; nraw;ghl;bid G+u;j;jp nra;tNj

fy;tpapd; gpujhd r%f Fwpf;Nfhshf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ”

,f;$w;wpd; nghUj;jg;ghl;bid Muha;f.

4. r%f khw;wj;jpy; fy;tpapd; gq;fspg;gpid tpsf;Ff.

5. fy;tpf;Fk; r%f efu;Tf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;gpid

Muha;f.

6. fy;tp Fwpj;j r%ftpay; fz;Nzhl;lq;fis tpsf;Ff.

jpwTr; nrhw;fs;

etPd fy;tp> r%f khw;wk;> r%fkakhf;fk;> r%f efu;T

crhj;Jiz E}y;fs;



Jiw> ,yq;if njd;fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;



3. fUzhepjp> kh. (2008). fy;tpr; r%ftpay;. nfhOk;G-

nrd;id: Fkud; Gj;jf ,y;yk;.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 104

4. re;jhdk;> v];. (1994). fy;tpAk; r%fKk.; nrd;id:

re;jh gg;ypru;];.

5. rz; gj;kNerd;. (2019). rKftpay; Nfhl;ghl;L

%yq;fs;. nfhOk;G: NrkkL.


Press.





Company.




Dr.SM.Ayoob 105

mj;jpahak; 06

r%f xOq;fikg;Gfs;

nghUslf;fk;

6.1 mwpKfk; 106 - 108

6.2 xOq;fikg;gpd; mk;rq;fs; 108 - 110

6.3 r%f xOq;fikg;gpd; tiffs; 110 - 115

mj;jpahar; RUf;fk ;

xU r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; epWtd uPjpahd tpupthd cwTfs;

r%f xOq;fikg;ghFk;. njhopy; epWtdq;fs;> rq;fq;fs;>

Nfhapy;fs;> ghlrhiyfs; Nghd;wit r%f

xOq;fikg;Gf;fSf;F cjhuzq;fshFk;. nghJ

Nehf;fq;fis mile;J nfhs;s cUthdit

xOq;fikg;Gf;fshFk; vd RUf;fkhf Fwpg;gpl KbAk;.


,t;tj;jpahakhdJ r%f xOq;fikg;G njhlu;ghd mbg;gil

Gupjiy Vw;gLj;JtijAk;> mtw;wpd; gpujhd tiffs;

njhlu;ghd mwptpid toq;FtijAk; gpujhd Nehf;fkhff;

nfhz;like;Js;sJ.

fw;wy; ngWNgWfs;

,t;tj;jpahaj;jpidf; fw;w gpd;du; khztu;fs; r%f

xOq;fikg;Gfs; Fwpj;Jk; mtw;wpd;; gpujhd gz;Gfs; kw;Wk;

mtw;wpd; tifg;ghLfisAk; gw;wpAk; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tu;.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 106

6.1 mwpKfk;

xU r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; epWtd uPjpahd tpupthd cwTfs;

r%f xOq;fikg;gf;fshFk;. mjhtJ jdpegu;fSf;Fk; r%ff;

FOf;fSf;Fkpilayhd cwTfspd; xU tbtNk r%f

xOq;fikg;ghFk;. jdpegu;fSk; FOf;fSk; xd;wpiztjd;

%yk; r%f xOq;fikg;Gfs; Njhw;wk; ngWfpd;wd.

Xu; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l mikg;gpYs;s kdpju;fs;

xUtUf;nfhUtu; rhu;e;Jk; njhlu;Gilatu;fshfTk; ,Ug;gu;.

,tu;fs; VNjDnkhU Nehf;fj;ij epiwNtw;Wtjw;F

xUq;fpize;j Kiwapy; nraw;gLtu;. xU murhq;fk; murpay;

nray;fis cs;slf;fpapUg;gjhy; mJ Xu; murpay;

xOq;fikg;ghFk;. xU njhopw;rhiy nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp

nra;tjhy; mJ xU nghUshjhu xOq;fikg;ghFk;. Nfhapy;

xU rka xOq;fikg;ghFk;. tq;fp xU epjp xOq;fikg;ghFk;.

fy;Y}up xU fy;tp xOq;fikg;ghFk; (tho;tpaw; fsQ;rpak;).

,it mj;jid xOq;fikg;Gf;fSk; r%f xOq;fikg;Gfs;

(Social organizations) mjhtJ r%fj;jpd; xOq;fikg;Gfs;

(Organizations of Society) vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. r%fj;jpd;

ve;jnthU xOq;fikg;igAk; tpgupg;gjw;F r%f

xOq;fikg;Gfs; vDk; gjk; r%ftpay; Gyj;jpy;

gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

kf;fspilNa fhzg;gLk; r%f ,iltpidapd; (Social

interaction) tpisTfNs r%f xOq;fikg;gpd; Njhw;wkhFk;.

jdpegu;fSk; FOf;fSk; gq;Nfw;Fk; r%f cwTfspd;

tiyaikg;G ,JthFk;. vy;yh r%f epWtdq;fSk; r%f

xOq;fikg;GfNs! rq;fq;fs;> fpsg;Gfs; kw;Wk; Vida

Kiwrhu; FOf;fs; midj;Jk; xOq;fikg;Gfshf

nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

mq;fj;jtu;fs;> FOf;fs;> epWtdq;fs;> tu;f;fq;fs;> FLk;g

cWg;gpdu;fs; ,ilNaahd ,iltpidfs; r%f


Dr.SM.Ayoob 107

xOq;fikg;Gfisj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd. FLk;g mq;fj;jtu;fs;

jk;kpilNa ,iltpidia Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;tjd; %yk; Xu;

xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l FOthf khWfpd;whu;fs;.

xU thfdj;njhopw;rhiyia vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhy; mjd;

ghfq;fs; NtW NtW gpupTfspy; cw;gj;jpahfp xd;whf

,izf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,q;F gy;NtW gpupTfspilNa

fhzg;gLk; gu];gu ,iltpid fhuzkhf gFjp gFjpahf

cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l ghfq;fs; KO thfdkhf khWfpd;wJ.

,e;j cw;gj;jp r%f xOq;fikg;gpd; tpisthy;

fpilf;fg;ngw;wJ.

xU r%f xOq;fikg;gpy; cs;s jdpegu;fs; jkJ

nraw;ghLfis (Activities) jkJ r%f epiy (Social position)

mjhtJ me;j];J (Status) mbg;gilapy; Gupfpd;whu;fs;.

jdpegu;fs; jkJ tfpghfq;fis (Roles) mtu;fsJ

me;j];Jf;F Vw;gNt Gupfpd;whu;fs;. vdNt r%f

xOq;fikg;gpy; r%f gq;fspg;gpw;F (Social participations)

me;j];Jk;> tfpghfKk; mbg;gilfshFk;. xU Kiwrhu;

xOq;fikg;gpy; me;j];Jk; tfpghfKk; mjd;

cWg;gpdu;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;Lf; fhzg;gLk;. ,j;jifa

xOq;fikg;gpy; jiytu;> nrayhsu;> cgjiytu; Nghd;Nwhu;

tpjpfs; kw;Wk; epge;jidfspd; mbg;gilapy; me;j];ijAk;

tfpghfq;fisak; nfhz;bUg;ghu;fs;. cjhuzkhf> If;fpa

ehLfs; rigia (United Nations Organization)

vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhy; mJ xU r%f xOq;fikg;ghFk;. ,jpy;

mq;fk; tfpf;Fk; cWg;gpdu;fspd; me;j];Jk;> tfpghfKk;

tiuaWf;fg;gl;Lf; fhzg;gLk;.

xU kdpjd; jdJ midj;J NjitfisAk; mtdhy; kl;Lk;

mile;Jnfhs;s Kbtjpy;iy. fhuzk; mtdJ typik>

Mw;wy;> Neuk; Nghd;wit kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;litahf

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jd; fhuzkhf jdJ ,yf;Ffis


Dr.SM.Ayoob 108

mile;Jnfhs;tjw;F mLj;j kdpju;fspd; xj;Jiog;ig

Ntz;Lfpd;whd;. xOq;fikg;G (Organization) vd;gJ rpy

,yf;Ffis mile;Jnfhs;tjw;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;l

jdpegu;fs; FO vd RUf;fkhf $wyhk;. xOq;fikg;G xU

Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;G my;y. gz;ilf;fhyj;jpy; $l xOq;fikg;G

,Ue;Js;sJ. gz;ila rPdr; rf;futu;j;jpfs; rpwe;j ePu;g;ghrd

Kiwfis cUthf;Ftjw;fhf Ntz;b xOq;fikg;Gfis

gad;gLj;jpapUf;fpd;whu;fs;. ,Nj KiwapNyNa vfpg;jpau;fs;

gpukpl;Lf;fis epu;khzpj;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;. vdpDk; etPd

ehfuPfkile;j r%fj;jpy; mjpfstpdhyhd xOq;fikg;Gfs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

nghJ Nehf;fq;fis mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;l

khdpl rq;fNk xOq;fikg;ghFk; vd %dp kw;Wk; nua;yp

(Mooney and Reiley) Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;fs;.

xOq;fikg;G vd;gJ xU r%f myfhFk;. Fwpf;fg;gl;l

,yf;Ffis mile;Jnfhs;tjw;fhf Ntz;Lnkd;Nw

(Deliberately) xOq;fikg;G fl;likf;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd

jy;nfhl; ghu;rd; $Wfpd;whu;.

,uz;L my;yJ ,uz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;l egu;fspd; gpuf;iQ

G+u;tkhf xUq;fpize;j nraw;ghLfspd; mikg;Ng

xOq;fikg;ghFk; vd;gJ gu;dhl;bd; (Chaster I. Barnard) ,d;

fUj;jhFk;.

N[hd;]d; (H.M. Johnson) r%f xOq;fikg;G vd;gJ

,iltpid Kiwikapd; xU mk;rk; (An aspect of interaction

system) vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.

6.2 xOq;fikg;gpd; mk;rq;fs; (Features of

organization)


Dr.SM.Ayoob 109

01. njhlu;gpd;wp Mq;fhq;F fhzg;gLk; egu;fspd; xl;Lnkhj;j

$l;lhf my;yhky; xOq;fikg;gpy; fhzg;gLk; mq;fj;jtu;fs;

xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l egu;fshf (Composition of interrelated

individuals) fhzg;gLthu;fs;.

02. xOq;fikg;gpYs;s mq;fj;jtu;fs; xg;ge;j

mbg;gilapNyNa xd;W Nru;fpd;whu;fs;. xOq;fikg;gpd;

milT ,q;F fUj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLtjhy; gjtpAau;T> gjtp

ePf;fk;> ,lkhw;wk; Nghd;wit ,q;F fhzg;gLk;.

03. nghJ Nehf;fq;fis mile;Jnfhs;Sjy; xOq;fikg;gpd;

Kf;fpa ,yf;fhf fhzg;gLk;. ,jdhy; ,t;tpyf;Ffis

mile;Jnfhs;tjw;fhd topKiwfSk; je;jpNuhghaq;fSk;

mq;F fhzg;gLk;.

04. FO xOq;fikg;gpy; Ntiyg;gFg;Gk;> rpwg;Gj;Nju;r;rpAk;

fhzg;gLk;. ,yf;Ffs; $WNghlg;gl;L ,yf;Ffis

miltjw;fhf ,aq;Fk;gb mq;fj;jtu;fs; Ntz;lg;gLthu;fs;.

05. xOq;fikg;gpd; ,ay;ghd Nghf;fpw;F xOq;fpizg;G (Co-

ordination) kpfKf;fpakhdnjhd;whFk;. NtWgl;l

eltbf;iffs; xOq;fpizg;gpd; %yNk tpidj;jpwd;

kpf;fitfahf khw;wg;gLtNjhL jhkjKk; jtpu;f;fg;gLfpd;wd.

06. mq;fj;jtu;fspilNa $l;LwTk; (Co-operation)

mtrpakhFk;. gifnfhz;l cwTfshy; cupa ,yf;if

mila KbahJ.

07. xU xOq;fikg;gpy; Kiwahd mjpfhu cwT fhzg;gLk;.

xUtu; nfhz;bUf;Fk; jFepiy (Hierarchy) mtuJ mjpfhu

cwit Ngz cjTfpd;wJ.

08. xOq;fikg;G vd;gJ gy;NtW jdpegu;fspd; $l;L

nkhj;jkhFk;. jdpegu;fs; FOthfpwhu;fs;. gpd;> FOtpd;

elj;ij %yNk xOq;fikg;gpd; ntw;wp jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 110

FO elj;ijfs; (Group behavior) %yNk FONtiy (Team

work) epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;wd.

09. Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;WtJk; ,yf;Ffis miltJNk

xOq;fikg;gpd; Nehf;fkhFk;. ,jdhy; xOq;fikg;gpy;

tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f nray;jpwd; (Performance)

Ntz;lg;gLfpd;wJ.

6.3 r%f xOq;fikg;gpd; tiffs;

r%f xOq;fikg;Gfis ,U tifahfg; gpupf;fyhk;.

m. Kiwrhu; r%f xOq;fikg;Gfs; (Formal socil organization)

M. Kiwrhuh r%f xOq;fikg;Gf;fs; (Informal social

organitation)

Kiwrhu; r%f xOq;fikg;Gf;fs;

,d;iwa etPd ifj;njhopy; r%fj;jpy; vz;zpylq;fhj r%f

xOq;fikg;Gfisf; fhzyhk;. ,j;jifa r%f

xOq;fikg;Gf;fis nghUshjhuk;> murpay;> fy;tp>

ifj;njhoy;> rkak; Nghd;w Gyq;fspy; fhzyhk;.

Kiwrhu; r%f xOq;fikg;Gf;F cjhuzkhf

gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. tq;fp> gy;fiyf;fofk;>

njhopw;rhiyfs;> murhq;fk;> murpaw;fl;rpfs;> ePjpkd;wq;fs;>

E}yfq;fs;> nghyp];> uhZtk;> mur fhupahyaq;fs;> r%f

xOq;fikg;Gf;fs;.

Kiwrhu; xOq;fikg;Gf;fs; gpd;tUk; gz;Gfisf;

nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.

01. tpNrl njhopw;ghL (Special funtions)


Dr.SM.Ayoob 111

Kiwrhu; xOq;fikg;Gfs; xd;W my;yJ xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l

njhopw;ghLfisf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. fy;tpia Cf;Ftpg;gJ>

fw;w r%fk; xd;iw cUthf;FtJ Nghd;wit gy;fiyf;

fofq;fspd; gpujhd Nehf;fhFk;. ,tw;NwhL fiy>

tpisahl;L Nghd;wtw;iwAk; Jiz Nehf;fq;fshff;

nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.

02. newpKiwfs; (Norms)

r%f xOq;fikg;Gf;fs; jkf;Nf cupa newpKiwfisAk;>

tpjpfisAk; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. cWg;gpdu;fs; gpd;gw;wp elf;f

Ntz;ba gy;NtW nray;Kiwfis (Procedures) Kiwrhu;

r%f xOq;fikg;Gfs; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. mjpgu;-Mrpupau;>

Mrpupau;-khztu;> Kfhikahsu;-Fkh];jh Nghd;Nwhu; gpd;gw;wp

elf;f Ntz;ba mNef newpKiwfis r%f xoq;fikg;gpy;

fhzyhk;.

03. me;j];Jk; (Status) njhopw;gFg;Gk;

xU xOq;fikg;gpy; gy;NtW me;j];J epiyfs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. xU tq;fpia vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; mq;F

Kfhikahsu; njhlf;fk; Ntiyahl;fs; tiu gy;NtW

me;j];Jepiy nfhz;ltu;fs; fhzg;gLthu;fs;. me;j];J

njhopw;gFg;ig cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. mtutu; me;j];Jf;F Vw;g

jkJ gFjpapy; Ntiy nra;fpd;whu;fs;. gpd;du; mjpy;

epGzj;Jtk; (Specialization) ngWfpd;whu;fs;.

04. mjpfhuk; (Authority)

Kiwrhu; r%f xOq;fikg;Gfs; mjpfhuj;ij

cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. xOq;fikg;gpid ,yf;fpid Nehf;fp

efu;j;Jtjw;F mjpfhuk; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ.

05. gzpf;FO Ml;rp (Bureaucracy)


Dr.SM.Ayoob 112

r%f xOq;fikg;Gfspd; epu;thfg; gFjp gzpf;FO Ml;rp

Kiwapy; ,af;fg;gLtjhf fhzg;gLk;.

06. gFj;jwpT (Rationality)

r%f xOq;fikg;Gf;fis fl;rpjkhf topelj;Jtjw;fhd

mwpit (Knowledge) gFj;jwpT vDk; gjk; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

07. xg;gpl;lstpay; epue;jukhdit (Relative permanance)

Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf; fofk;> xf;];Nghl; gy;fiyf;fofk;>

my;-m];`u; gy;fiyf;fofk; Nghd;wit gy

jiyKiwfisj; jhz;b epw;fpd;wd.

08. cWg;gpdu;fs;

rpy r%f xOq;fikg;Gf;fspy; mq;fj;Jtk; ,yFtdjhfTk;>

rpy r%f xOq;fikg;Gf;fspy; mq;fj;Jtk; gy

gpuaj;jdq;fSf;Fg; gpd;Ng fpilf;fpd;wJ. murpay; fl;rpfspy;

mq;fj;Jtk; ,yFthf fpilf;fpd;wJ. Mdhy;

gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; mq;fj;Jtk; ,yFthf fpilg;gjpy;iy.

09. gjpyPLfs; epakpf;fg;gly;

xU r%f xOq;fikg;gpy; jpUg;jpaw;w kw;Wk; tPupakw;w

egu;fs; mfw;wg;gl;L jukhdtu;fs; mku;j;jg;gLk; xU

eilKiw fhzg;gLk;. ,q;F ,yf;FfNs Kf;fpak; ngWk;.

jdpegu;fspd; tpUg;G ntWg;G cs;thq;fg;gLtjpy;iy.

10. ngaUk; milahs FwpfSk;

];jpukhd r%f xOq;fikg;Gfs; jkf;fhd jdpj;Jtkhd

ngaiur; Rl;Lk; Fwpfs;> rpd;dq;fs;> ,yl;rpidfs;

Nghd;wtw;iwf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 113

Kiwrhuh xOq;fikg;Gfs;

xU r%fk; Kiwrhu; xOq;fikg;Gf;fis kl;Lk;

nfhz;bUg;gpjpy;iy. xU xOq;fikg;gpd; mq;fj;jtu;fspilNa

Kiwrhuh cwTfSk; tsu;fpd;wd. ,JNt Kiwrhuh

xOq;fikg;Gf;fspd; Njhw;wj;jpw;F fhuzkhfpd;wd. Kiwrhuh

xoq;fikg;Gfspy; Kfj;Jf;F Kfkhd cwT> gu];gu cwT>

$l;LwT> Njhoik Nghd;wtw;iwf; fhzyhk;. Kiwrhuh

xOq;fikg;Gfspy; cs;stu;fs; cj;jpNahf G+u;t jpwd;fspd;

mbg;gilapy; my;yhky; jdpg;gl;l tifapy;jhd; Ntiy

nra;fpd;whu;fs;. Kiwrhuh xOq;fikg;gpy; cs;stu;fs;

ek;gpf;if> gak;> Jf;fk;> ftiy> Nghd;wtw;iw jk;kpilNa

gupkhwpf; nfhs;fpd;whu;fs;. Kiwrhuh FOTf;F cjhuzkhf

Fk;gy; (Gangs), ez;gu;fs;FO> rfghbf;FO (Peer group)>

,irf;FO (Band)> jd;dyf; FO (Cliques) Nghd;wtw;iwf;

Fwpg;gplyhk;;

tq;fp> gy;fiyf;fofk;> ,uhZtk;> itj;jparhiy Nghd;w

Kiwrhu; xOq;fikg;Gfspy; cs;stu;fs; jk;kpilNa

Kiwrhuh xOq;fikg;Gfs; Njhd;wTk; fhuzkhfp

tpLfpd;wdu;. vdpDk; Kiwrhu; xOq;fikg;Gf;fspy; Vw;gLj;jpf;

nfhs;Sk; Kiwrhuh cwTfs; vy;NyhupilNaAk; xNukhjpup

miktjpy;iy. rpyu; rpyNuhL ,izfpd;whu;fs;. rpyu; rpy

FOf;fNshL ,ize;J nfhs;fpd;whu;fs;. rpyu; rpyNuhL

vg;NghJk; Njhoik nfhs;tjpy;iy. ,ay;Gfs;> uridfs;>

kNdhepiyfs;> fy;tpj;juk;> njhopy;epiy Nghd;wit

NjhoikiaAk; ,izitAk; jPu;khdpf;fpd;wd. Kiwrhuh

xOq;fikg;Gfs; rkak;> ,dk;> ,dj;Jk;> rhjp> nkhop>

gpuhe;jpak;> fw;w ghlrhiy Nghd;wtw;iwf; nfhz;L

miktJk; cz;L.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 114

Kiwrhu; kw;Wk; Kiwrhuh xOq;fikg;Gfs; xd;wpy; xd;W

,ize;jjhf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. muR> gy;fiyf;fofk;>

njhopw;rhiy Nghd;w Kiwrhu; xOq;fikGf;fis vLj;Jf;

nfhz;lhy; mq;Nf Fk;gy;fs;> ez;gu;fs;> Fohk; Nghd;w

Kiwrhuh xOq;fikg;GffisAk; fhzyhk;. Kiwrhu; kw;Wk;

Kiwrhuh XOq;fikg;GfisAk; njspthfg; gpupj;J Nehf;FtJ

mt;tsT ,yFthd tplaky;y.

gpd;tUk; ml;liiz Kiwrhu;; kw;Wk; Kiwrhuh

xOq;fikg;Gfis NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;l Kidfpd;wd.

Kiwrhu; xOq;fikg;Gf;fs; Kiwrhuh xOq;fikg;Gfs;

,q;F cj;jpNahf G+u;tkhf

Vw;fg;gl;l kw;Wk;

];jhgpf;fg;gl;l me;j];J

(Status) fhzg;gLk;.

mq;fj;jtu;fSf;fpilNaahd

cwT jdpg;gl;l cwT

my;yhky; me;j];J

mbg;gilapyhd cwthff;

fhzg;gLk;.

,q;F me;j];ij tpl

tfpghfq;fNs (Role) mjpfk;

fhzg;gLk;.

mq;fj;jtu;fspilNa

fhzg;gLk; cwT me;j];Jrhu;

cwthf my;yhky; jdpg;gl;l

cwthf my;yJ tfpghf

cwthf (je;ij> jha;)

fhzg;gLk;.

,q;F mjpfhuk; ikag;

nghUshff; fhzg;gLk.;

jdpegu;fs; mtu;fs;

nfhz;bUf;Fk; me;j];;J

kw;Wk; nfsutj;jhy;(Perstige)

ngWkjpailfpd;whu;fs;.

,q;F mjpfhuj;ij tpl

jiyikj;Jtk; (Leadership)

Kjd;ik ngw;wjhf

fhzg;gLk;. jdpegu;fs;

mtu;fs; nfhz;bUf;Fk;

tfpghfq;fshy; (Role)

Kf;fpaj;Jtkilfpd;whu;fs;.

,q;F newpKiwfs; (Norms)

vOj;J tbtpy; mike;j

rl;lq;fshf> tpjpfshf>

xg;ge;jq;fshf fhzg;gLk;.

,q;F newpKiwfs;

KiwrhuhjjhfTk; vOj;J

tbtpy; my;yhkYk;

tof;fhWfs;> ek;gpf;iffs;>


Dr.SM.Ayoob 115

kuGfs;> tpOkpaq;fs; Nghd;w

tbtpy; fhzg;gLk;.

Kiwrhu; xOq;fikg;Gfs;

ePz;lnjhU tuyhw;iwf;

nfhz;ljhf fhzg;gLk;.

cjhuzkhf muir vLj;Jf;

nfhz;lhy; mJ

xg;gPl;lstpy;

epue;jukhditahfTk;

epiyahditahfTk;

fhzg;gLk;.

,it epue;jukhditahf

fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.

fhyg;Nghf;fpy; Kiwrhuh

xOq;fikg;Gf;fs; Kiwrhu;

xOq;fikg;Gf;fshf khWtJk;

cz;L.

,iltpid kw;Wk;

njhlu;ghly;

Neubaw;wjhfTk;>

neUf;fkw;wjhfTk; ,yf;if

ikag;gLj;jpajhfTk;

fhzg;gLk;. Kiwrhu;

xOq;fikg;Gfs; ,uz;lhk;

epiyf; FOf;fspd;

$l;bizthFk;.

,q;F ,iltpidAk;>

njhlu;ghlYk;

NeubahdjhfTk;> Kfk;

ghu;j;J NgRtjhfTk;>

neUf;fkhdjhfTk;

fhzg;gLk;. Kiwrhuh

xOq;fikg;Gfs; Kjy;epiy

FOf;ffspd; fl;likg;ghf

fhzg;gLk;.

Kiwrhu; r%f

xOq;fikg;Gf;fs; nefpo;Tj;

jd;ikaw;witahf

(Inflexible) fhzg;gLk;. ,q;F

khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;L

tUtJ fbdk;. muR vd;Dk;

xOq;fikg;gpy; cs;s rl;l

ahg;Gfspy; khw;wq;fisf;

nfhz;LtUtJ mt;tsT

,yFthd tplaky;y.

Kiwrhuh xOq;fikg;Gfs;

mjpf nefpo;Tj; jd;ik

nfhz;litahf fhzg;gLk;.

khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;LtUtJ

,yFthdnjhU tplakhFk;.

mq;fj;jtu;fspd;

kNdhepiyapy; khw;wq;fisf;

nfhz;L tUtjd; %yk;

,jid milayhk;.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 116

,t;nthOq;fikg;Gf;fs;

mstpy; ngupaJ. ,tw;wpd;

fl;likg;G Vw;ghLfs;

kpFe;j rpf;fy;fisf;

nfhz;lit.

Kiwrhuh xOq;fikg;Gf;fs;

mstpy; rpwpait. ,tw;wpd;

fl;likg;G xOq;Ffs;

Fiwe;j rpf;fy; nfhz;lit.

RUf;fk;

xU r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; epWtd uPjpahd tpupthd

cwTfs; r%f xOq;fikg;ghFk;.

kf;fspilNa fhzg;gLk; r%f ,iltpidapd; (Social

Interaction) tpisTfNs r%f xOq;fikg;gpd;

Njhw;wkhFk;.

r%f xOq;fikg;Gfis Kiwrhu; kw;Wk; Kiwrhuh

xOq;fikg;Gf;fs; vd ,U tifahfg; gpupf;fyhk;.

Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;WtJk; ,yf;Ffis

miltJNk xOq;fikg;gpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

nghJNehf;fq;fis mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhf

cUthf;fg;gl;l khdpl rq;fNk xOq;fikg;ghFk;.

gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;

1. r%f xOq;fikg;Gf;fs; vd;gjhy; ePu; tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;tJ ahJ?

2. r%f xOq;fikg;gpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fis Fwpg;gpLf.

3. r%f xOq;fikg;gpd; gpujhd tiffshd Kiwrhu;

kw;Wk; Kiwrhuh xOq;fikg;Gf;fis NtWgLj;Jf


Dr.SM.Ayoob 117

jpwTr; nrhw;fs;

r%f xOq;fikg;G> Kiwrhu; xOq;fikg;G> Kiwrhuh

xOq;fikg;G

crhj;Jiz E}y;fs;






Press.



5. Haralambas., & Holborn. (2000). Sociology: Themes and

perspectives. London: Harper Collins Publishers Limited.

6. Hadden, R.W. (1997). Sociological theory. Gunada:

Broadway Press.




Dr.SM.Ayoob 118

mj;jpahak; 07

gzpf;FO Ml;rp

nghUslf;fk;

7.1 mwpKfk; 119 - 120

7.2 gzpf;FOthl;rpapd; gz;Gfs; 120 - 122

7.3 gzpf;FO Ml;rpapd; ed;ikfs; 123 - 123

7.4 gzpf;FO Ml;rpapd; jPikfs; 124 - 125

mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;

gzpf;FO Ml;rp vd;gJ xOq;fikg;Gf;fspd; epu;thfg;

gFjpiaf; (Admistration aspects of organization) Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

xOq;fikg;Gf;fspd; tpidj;jpwdhd nraw;ghLfis

Cf;Ftpg;gjpy; ,J ngUk; gq;fhw;Wfpd;wJ. ,d;iwa etPd

muRfs; kw;Wk; jdpahu; epWtdq;fspd; midj;J epu;thfr;

nraw;ghLfSk; gzpf;FO Ml;rpapid ikag;gLj;jpNa

fl;likf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Fwpg;ghf mgptpUj;jpaile;j

Nkw;fj;Nja ehLfspy; ,jd; gz;Gfis gutyhf fhz

KbAk;. fPio ehLfSk; $l gzpf;FOthl;rpapid mbnahw;wp

jkJ epu;thf nraw;ghLfis KLf;fptpl;bUf;fpd;wd.


gzpf;FO Ml;rp njhlu;ghd njsptpid Vw;gLj;JtNj

,t;tj;jpahaj;jpd; gpujhd Nehf;fkhFk;.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 119

fw;wy; ngWNgWfs;

,t;tj;jpahaj;jpidf; fw;w gpd;du; khztu;fs; gzpf;FO

Ml;rp kw;Wk; mjd; gz;Gfs; njhlu;ghd njspthd

tpsf;fq;fisg; ngwf; $batu;fshf ,Ug;gu;.

7.1mwpKfk;

nghUspayhsu;fs; tpd;rd;l; b. Nfhu;Nd (Vincent Gournar)

vd;gtNu gzpf;FO Ml;rp (Bureaucracy) vd;Dk; nrhy;iy

Kjd; Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpatuhf nfhs;sg;gLfpd;whu;. vdpDk;

nkf;]; ntgupd; Kaw;rpapd; gpd;Nd ,r;nrhy; r%ftpay;

Gyj;jpy; ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; Kf;fpak; ngwj;

njhlq;fpaJ. r%ftpayhsu;fs; gzpf;FO Ml;rp vd;Dk;

nrhy;iy ,U mu;j;jq;fspy; gad;gLj;Jfpd;whu;fs;.

m. jy;nfhl;ghrdpd; fUj;Jg;gb gzpf;FO Ml;rp vd;gJ etPd

Nkw;fj;Nja ehLfspd; fl;likg;Gg; gz;Gfis (Stuctural

characteristics) gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. rpwg;G Nju;r;rpAld;

$ba> xg;gPl;lstpy; kpfg; ngupa xOq;fikg;Gf;fis

gzpf;FO Ml;rp Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

M. ];nfhl; (W.R.Scoot) kw;Wk; gpsh (P.M.Blau) MfpNahupd;

fUj;Jg;gb gzpf;FO Ml;rp vd;gJ xOq;fikg;Gf;fspd;

epu;thfg; gFjpiaf; (Admistration aspects of organization)

Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

gzpf;FO Ml;rp vd;gJ xU xOq;fikg;G fl;likg;ghFk;

(Organizational stucture). ,J gy;mLf;F KiwikfisAk;>

nray;KiwfisAk; (Multilayered systems and processes)

nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,e;j gy;mLf;F KiwfSk; nray;KiwfSk;

xj;jpirthd jd;ikia (Uniformities) NgZtjw;fhf


Dr.SM.Ayoob 120

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;. gy;tif ,yf;ffis mile;J

nfhs;tjw;fhf Kiwrhu; xOq;fikg;Gfspy; fhzg;gLk;

epu;thf tbtk; (Form of administration) gzpf;FOthl;rp vDk;

nrhy;yhy; miof;fg;gLtjhf r%ftpayhsu;fs;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;fs;.

7.2 gzpf;FOthl;rpapd; gz;Gfs; (Characteristics of

bureaucracy)

01. epu;thf tu;f;fk; (Administrative class)

mq;fj;jtu;fspd; nraw;ghLfis xUq;fpizg;gjw;Fk;>

guhkupg;gjw;Fk; epu;thf tu;f;fnkhd;W gzpf;FO Ml;rp

xOq;fikg;Gf;F Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j tu;f;fk; gpd;tUk;

mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

KO Neu Copau;fshfTk; Cjpak;ngWgtu;fshfTk;

fhzg;gLtu;.

jkJ gjtpepiy mbg;gilapy; rk;gsj;ijAk;

Vida rpy cupikfisAk; ,tu;fs; ngWthu;fs;.

epWtdj;jpd; tpjpfs; kw;Wk; xOq;F Kiwfshy;

,tu;fspd; gjtpf;fhyk; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

jdpAupik (Proprietary) vijAk; xOq;fikg;gpy;

,tu;fs; nfhz;bUg;gjpy;iy.

,tu;fsJ jpwd;fspd; epkpj;jk;; Ntiytha;g;Gf;F

njupT nra;ag;gLthu;fs;.

02. gbepiy (Hierarchy)

xU xOq;fikg;gpy; gjtpahdJ gbepiyaikg;gpy; mike;J

fhzg;gLk;. xU xOq;fikg;gpd; Nky;epiyapypUe;J fPo;epiy

Nehf;fp gjtpfis jutupirg;gLj;Jk; KiwNa (System of


Dr.SM.Ayoob 121

ranking) gbepiy vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;jg; gbepiy

mikg;gpd; %yk; jfty; njhlu;gpd; vy;iy

jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ jj;jkJ gjtpw;Nfw;wthW

NkyjpfhupfNshL njhlu;G nfhs;tjw;fhd Kiwik ,q;F

mKypy; ,Uf;Fk;. mNjNghy; mjpfhu xg;gilg;G mjhtJ

jutupirapy; ,Ug;gtu;fspd; gjtpw;Nfw;wthW mjpfhuk;

gpupj;Jf; nfhLf;fg;gLk; Kiwik ,q;F rpwg;ghf fhzg;gLk;.

02. Ntiyg;gFg;G (Division of labour)

xU xOq;fikg;gpy; mq;fj;jtu;fsJ gzpfs; mtu;fsJ

gjtpw;Nfw;g gpupf;fg;gl;L cd;dj gaidg; ngWk; tifapy;

xg;gilf;fg;gl;L ,Uf;Fk;. xt;nthU jdpegUk; Fwpg;gpl;l

Ntiyf;F nghWg;ghsuhf epakpf;fg;gLk; Kiw ,q;F

fhzg;gLk;. mNjNghy; xt;nthU jpizf;fsKk;

Fwpg;gpl;lnjhU njhFjp Ntiyf;F nghWg;ghf epakpf;fg;gLk;

KiwikAk; ,q;F fhzg;gLk;.

03. cj;jpNahfG+u;t tpjpfs; (Official rules)

xU gzpf;FO xOq;fikg;gpd; epu;thf nraw;ghLfs;

cj;jpNahfG+u;t tpjpKiwfshy; njhluhf Msg;gLtjhf

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. xOq;fikg;gpd; tpjpfs; kPwg;glhky;

fz;fhzpf;Fk; fl;rpjkhd Kiwik xd;Wk; ,q;F

tpUj;jpaile;J fhzg;gLk;.

04. Ms;rhu;gw;w cwTfs; (Impresonal relationship)

xU xOq;fikg;gpy; fhzg;gLk; cwtpdu;fspilNaahd cwT

cj;jpNahf g+u;t mjpfhuKiwikapd; mbg;gilapYk; (System

of official authority) rl;lq;fspd; mbg;gilapYk; mike;J

fhzg;gLk;. cj;jpNahfg+u;t cwTfs; jdpgl;l tpUg;G

ntWg;Gf;fs;> czu;r;rpfs;> czu;Tfs; Nghd;wtw;Wf;F

mg;ghw;gl;L fhzg;gLtjhy; KbTfs; ju;f;fuPjpahf

vLf;fg;gLfpd;wdNt jtpu czu;T uPjpahd mk;rq;fSf;F


Dr.SM.Ayoob 122

mq;F ,lkpUf;fhJ. md;G> nefpo;r;rp> tpl;Lf;nfhLg;G Nghd;w

khdpl gz;Gfs; J}ukhfp ju;f;f uPjpahf rpe;jpf;Fk;

epiyg;ghLjhd; ,e;j Ms;rhu;gw;w (Impresonality) epiyahFk;.

gzpf;FO Ml;rp xOq;fikg;gpy; ,jidf; fhzyhk;. jdpg;gl;l

cwTfSf;F mg;ghy; cj;jpNahfg+u;t fhupahya cwNt

,q;F fhzg;gLk;.

05. cj;jpNahfg+u;t gjpT (Offical record)

gzpf;FO Ml;rp xOq;fikg;Gfs; cj;jpNahf g+u;t

gjpnthd;iw Ngzp tUtdthf fhzg;gLk;. fle;jfhy

nraw;ghLfisg; Gul;bg; ghu;f;fTk;> vjpu;fhy nraw;ghl;Lf;fhf

jpl;lkplTk; ,g;gjpT Njitg;gLfpd;wJ.

ntgupdhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l gdpf;FOthl;rpapd; gz;Gfis

uhX (2007) gpd;tUkhW Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wdu.;

epiyahd cj;jpNahfG+u;t mjpfhutuk;G vy;iy

fhzg;gLk;

mjpfhuj;jpd; gbepiyaikg;G fhzg;gLk;

njspthd njhopw;gpupg;G fhzg;gLk;

jFjp mbg;gilapy; epakdk; mikAk;

epiyahd rk;gsk; cz;L

fhupahyak;> Mtzq;fs;> Nfhg;Gfs; Nghd;wit

Kiwahf guhkupf;fg;gLk;

cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; KONeu Copau;fshfTk; neLehs;

Nrit mbg;gilapy; mku;j;jg;gl;ltu;fshfTk;

fhzg;gLtu;

fhupahya tptfhuk; jdpg;gl;l tptfhuk; vDk; gpupg;Gf;

fhzg;gLk;

cau; mjpfhupfshy; Ntiyfs; fz;fhzpf;fg;gLk;

Kiw fhzg;gLk;

Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l cj;jpNahfG+u;t cwT fhzg;gLk;


Dr.SM.Ayoob 123

murpay; eLepiyj; jd;ik fhzg;gLk;

7.3 gzpf;FO Ml;rpapd; ed;ikfs;

01. xt;nthU NtiyiaAk; vg;gbr; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd

tpjpfshYk; xOq;F KiwfshYk; vOjg;gl;Lf;

fhzg;gLtjhy; Copau;fs; mtw;iw ,yFthfg; gpd;gw;wTk;

Kfhikahdsu;fs; mjd;ghy; ,yFthf Copau;fis

topelj;jTk; KbAkhfpd;wJ.

02. njhopYf;fhd Ml;Nru;g;G kw;Wk; gjtp cau;T Nghd;wit

ju;f;fuPjpahfTk; kw;Wk; juhjuj;jpd; mbg;gilapYk;

miktjhy; jFjpahdtu;fs; XOq;fikg;Gf;F fpilg;gNjhL

xOq;fikg;gpd; ,yf;FfSk; Jupjkhf milag;ngWk;.

03. njhopw; gpupg;ghdJ jdpegu;fs; epGzu;fshf khwTk;>

milT kl;lk; cau;e;J nry;yTk;> tpidj;jpwd; (Efficiency)

mjpfupf;fTk; tha;g;G Vw;gLfpd;wJ.

04. xU egu; xOq;fikg;ig tpl;L tpyfpr; nry;tjhNyh

my;;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l ehl;fspy; r%fkspf;fhky; NghtjhNyh

xOq;fikg;gpd; gzp ,ileLNt epd;W NghfhJ.

05. rdj;njhiff; fzf;nfLg;G> Fw;wthspia ifJ nra;jy;>

tup mwtPL> Nju;jy; elj;jy; Nghd;wit kpfTk; rpf;fyhd

nraw;ghLfshFk;. vdpDk; ,tw;iw fl;rpjkhf nra;J Kbf;f

gzpf;FOthl;rp cjTfpd;wJ.

06. gzpf;FOthl;rp epu;thfj;jpy; NeuKfhikj;jtk;

Ngzg;gLtNjhL NeutpuaKk; jtpu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk;

tsq;fs; cr;repiyapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 124

7.4 gzpf;FO Ml;rpapd; jPikfs;

01. mjpfhuj;JtKk; mjpf tpjpKiwfSk; ,q;;F

fhzg;gLtjhy; Gjpa #o;epiyia cs;thq;f xUtUf;F

mjpf fhyk; Njitg;gLk;.

02. gzpf;FO Ml;rp mjpf rptg;G ehlhf;fshYk; (Red tape)

mjpfupj;j fhfpj NtiyfshYk; jpz;lhLk; epiy fhzg;gLk;.

03. Copau;fs; jk;ik xOq;fikg;gpd; nrhe;jf;fhuu;fshf

fUJk; kNdhepiy fhzg;glhjjhy; milTkl;lk; gy

nghOJfspy; gpd;dpiyapy; fhzg;gLk;.

04. mjpf tpjpKiwfSk;> ju;f;f uPjpahd KiwikfSk;

gzpf;FO Ml;rp Kiwapy; fhzg;gLtjdhy; jdpkdpju;fs;

,ae;jpuq;fshf elj;jg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fSk; mjpfkjpfk;

epfo;fpd;wd.

05. xU fhupak; nra;J Kbf;fg;gLtjw;F mjpf mjpfhupfspd;

xg;Gjy; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J kpfg;ngupa Neutpuaj;ij

Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

06. Njit ,Uf;Nfh ,y;iyNah Mdhy; epug;gg;gLk;

Mszpfshy; gzpf;FO Ml;rp jpz;lhLfpd;wJ. ,tu;fs; jkJ

rk;gsj;jpYk;> gjtp cau;tpYk;> nfhLg;gdtpYk;> trjpfspYk;

mjpf fz;zhapUg;ghu;fs;.

07. mtru #o;epiyfspd; NghJ gzpf;FO Ml;rp

cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspd; gy;NtW rpukq;fis

vjpu;nfhs;fpd;whu;fs;. ,Uf;Fk; rl;lq;fSf;Fk;> tpjpfSf;Fk;

fl;Lg;gl;Nl Copau;fs; KbntLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

08. rpy mjpfhupfspd; Raeyj;jhyk;> CoyhYk; gy

epWtdq;fs; mopAk; epiyf;F cs;shfpapUf;fpd;wd.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 125

09. ,J xUtifapy; etPd ru;thjpfhukhFk; vd

tpku;rpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

gzpf;FO Ml;rp mq;fj;jtu;fs; gy nghOJfspy; jq;fis

mLj;jtu;fNshL xg;gpl;L kdmOj;jj;ij

cUthf;fpf;nfhs;fpd;whu;fs;. mLj;jtu;fspd; nrhFR

tho;f;ifia vz;zp Vq;Ffpd;whu;fs;. jkJ tho;itg; ghu;j;J

jho;Tkdg;ghd;ik nfhs;fpd;whu;fs;. mNjNghy; mjpf

Ntiy mOj;jKk; mtu;fsplk; fhzg;gLk;.

RUf;fk;

gzpf;FOthl;rp vd;gJ xU xOq;fikg;G

fl;likg;ghFk;. ,J gy mLf;F KiwikfisAk;

nray;KiwfisAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

xU gzpf;FO xOq;fikg;gpd; gzpfs; mq;fj;jtu;fspd;

gjtpw;Nfw;g gpupf;fg;gl;L cd;dj gaidg; ngWk;

tifapy; xg;gilf;fg;gl;L fhzg;gLk;.

gzpf;FOtikg;gpy; xt;nthU NtiyiaAk; vg;gb

nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lnkd tpjpfshYk; xOq;F

KiwfshYk; vOjg;gl;L fhzg;gLtjhy; Copau;fs;

mtw;iw ,yFthfg; gpd;gw;wTk; Kfhikahsu;fs;

mjd;ghy; ,yFthf Copau;fis topelj;jTk;

,yFthf KbAkhfpd;wJ.

gzpf;FOthl;rp Kiw gy;NtW rhjfq;fisAk;

mNjNghy; ghjfq;fisAk; mjd; ,aq;Fepiyapy;

Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 126

gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;

1. gzpf;FO Ml;rp vd;gjhy; ePu; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ

ahJ?

2. gzpf;FO Ml;rpapd; gz;Gfis nghUj;jkhd

vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSld; tpsf;Ff.

3. gzpf;FO Ml;rpapd; rhjf kw;wk; ghjf jd;ikfis

cjhuzq;fSld; njspTgLj;Jf.

jpwTr; nrhw;fs;

gzpf;FO Ml;rp> njhopw; gpupg;G> mjpfhu gbepiy

crhj;Jiz E}y;fs;



2. Haralambos, H., & Heald, R.M. (2016). Sociology: Themes

and perspectives. India: Oxford University Press.

3. Haralambos, H., & Holborn. (2000). Sociology: Themes and





Dr.SM.Ayoob 127

mj;jpahak; 08

murhq;fk;

nghUslf;fk;

8.1 mwpKfk; 128 - 129

8.2 eyd;Gup muRfs; 130 - 130

8.3 eyd;Gup murpd; njhopw;ghLfs; 130 - 131

mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;

rl;l mbg;gilapy; xU gpuNjrj;jpy; Ml;rpnra;a mjpfhuk;

nfhz;l kf;fs; FO murhq;fkhFk;. kf;fs; rl;lq;fis

gpd;gw;Wtij cWjpnra;a xU nghyp]; gil murhq;fj;Jf;F

Njitahf cs;sJ. murhq;fk; ,y;yhky; Fbkf;fisg;

ghJfhg;gJk; mtu;fSf;F Njitahdtw;iw epiwT

nra;tJk; Nfs;tpf; Fwpahf khwptpLk; vd r%ftpayhsu;fs;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;fs;.

mj;jpaha Nehf;fk;

murhq;fk;> mtw;wpd; tiffs; kw;Wk; eyd;Gup murhq;fk;

Nghd;wtw;Wld; njhlu;Gila tpsf;fq;fis toq;FtNj ,t;

mj;jpahaj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

fw;wy; ngWNgWfs ;

,t;tj;jpahaj;ij fw;gjd; %yk; khztu;fs; murhq;fk;

Fwpj;j njspitg; ngWtNjhL eyd;Gup murhq;fk; kw;Wk;

mtw;wpd; njhopw;ghLfs; Fwpj;Jk; njspthd mwpitg;

ngWthu;fs;.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 128

8.1 mwpKfk;

xU Fwpg;gpl;l epyg;gFjpfSf;Fs; tho;fpd;w kf;fs; jkf;fhf

rl;lthf;fiy Nkw;nfhs;Sk; epWtdkhf murhq;fnkhd;iw

mikj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;w NghJ me;j kf;fspd; kdjpy;

Njhd;Wfpd;w vz;zNk muR (State) vdyhk;. xU murhdJ

gpd;tUk; mbg;gilfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. mtw;wpy; xd;Wk;

murhq;fkhFk;.

1. tiuaWf;fg;gl;l epyg;gug;G (Particular territory)

2. rdj;njhif (Population)

3. murhq;fk; (Government)

4. ,iwik (Sovereignty)

5. gpw ehLfspd; mq;fPfhuk;

murhq;fk; vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;l epyg;gug;gpy; thOk; kf;fspd;

eyd;fisg; NgzTk; ghJfhf;fTk; murpd; ngauhy;

njhopw;gLk; xU KftuhFk;. murpd; xU fUtpNa

murhq;fkhFk;. murpd; nraw;ghL murhq;fk; thapyhfNt

milag;ngWfpd;wJ. muR epiyahdJ Mdhy; murhq;fk;

khwf; $baJ (Nahjpypq;fk;> 2007).

rl;lkpaw;Wk; mikg;G (Legislature) epUthf mikg;G

(Executive), ePjpj;Jiw mikg;G (Judiciary) vd %d;W

mikg;Gfspy; murhq;fk; Ml;rp nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. murhq;fk;

r%fj;jpd; xOq;if epiyehl;Lfpd;wJ> rl;lq;fis ,aw;wp

kf;fs; vtw;iwr; nra;ayhk;> vtw;iwr; nra;af; $lhJ vd;W

epUzapf;fpd;wJ. ,e;jr; rl;lq;fis filg;gpbj;J

mtw;wpd;gb ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W kf;fis

fl;lhag;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. kPwpdhy; mjw;Nfw;w jz;lidAk;

jUfpd;wJ (tho;tpaw; fsQ;rpak; njhFjp-08> 1991).

mup];Nlhl;by; murhq;fq;fis %d;W tifg;gLj;Jfpd;whu;.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 129

01. xUtu; Ml;rp (Monarchy)

02. gpuGf;fs; Ml;rp (Aristocracy)

03. Fbahl;rp (Democracy)

jdpnahUtu; MStJ xUtu; Ml;rp MFk;. MStjw;nfd;W

jdpAupik ngw;w rpyu; MStJ gpuGf;fs; Ml;rpahFk;.

kf;fshy; Msg;gLtJ Fbahl;rp my;yJ kf;fshl;rp vdg;gLk;.

Mdhy; eilKiwapy; murhq;fk; ru;tjpfhu murhq;fk;

(Totalitarian government)> [dehaf murhq;fk; (Democratic

government) vd ,U Kiwapy; nraw;gLfpd;wJ (tho;tpay;

fsQ;rpak;).

rpy mwpQu;fs; jw;fhy murhq;fq;fis gpd;tUkhW

tifg;gLj;Jfpd;wdu; (Nahjpypq;fk;> 2007).

[dehaf> ru;thjpfhu> nfhkpdpr> Nrhryp]> Kbahl;rp vd

vt;tif murhq;fkhf ,Ue;jhYk; etPd fhyj;jpy;

,t;murhq;fq;fs; jk;ik eyd;Gup muRfshf mwptpf;f

Kaw;rpf;fpd;wd.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 130

8.2 eyd;Gup muRfs; (The Welfare state)

etPd muRfs; jk;ik xU eyd;Gup murhf mwptpf;Fk;

elj;ijg; Nghf;fpid filg;gpbf;f Kay;fpd;wd. eyd;Gup

muRfs; nghJthf tYitg; gad;gLj;Jk; fUtpahf

my;yhky; r%f Nrit nra;fpd;w Kftuhf njhopw;gLfpd;wd.

eyd;Gup muR vd;gJ murhq;fj;jpd; xU tbtkhFk;. ,t;tuR

Fbkfdpd; r%f nghUshjhu eyd;fis ghJfhg;gNjhL

Nkd;ikailar; nra;aTk; Kay;fpd;wJ. eyd;Gup murhdJ

jdJ ehl;bYs;s xt;nthU FbkfDk; Fiwe;jgl;r

mstpyhtJ jkf;F Njitahd tho;f;if trjpfs; kw;Wk;

re;ju;g;gq;fis mile;J nfhs;tjid cWjp nra;Ak; xU

r%fkhFk; vd Nfhy; (G.D.H. Cole) Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. Mu;ju;

];nfyrpq;fu; (Arthur Schlesinger), eyd;Gup murhdJ njhopy;

tha;g;G> tUkhdk;> fy;tp> kUj;Jtk;> r%f ghJfhg;G

,Ug;gplk; Nghd;wtw;iw jkJ Fbkf;fSf;F Fwpg;gpl;lsT

fpilf;fr;nra;fpd;w KiwikahFk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.

NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l tiutpyf;fzq;fSf;F ,zq;f ghu;f;Fk;

NghJ eyd;Gup murhdJ jdJ ehl;bYs;s midj;J

kf;fSf;Fk; eyd;fis mgptpUj;jp nra;Ak; nfhs;ifAila

murhq;fj;jpidf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ vd;gJ njspthfpd;wJ.

8.3 eyd;Gup murpd; njhopw;ghLfs;

1. rkhjhdj;jpidAk; xOq;fpidAk;; epiyehl;ly;

2. kf;fspd; cupikfis ghJfhj;jYk; ePjpia toq;fYk;

3. ,aw;if tsq;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;

4. fy;tpapid toq;Fjy;

5. nghJ Efu;Tr; Nritfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;jy;

(Arrangement of public utility services)


Dr.SM.Ayoob 131

6. tu;j;jfk;> ifj;njhopw;Jiw> tpahghuk; kw;Wk;

tptrhaj; Jiwfs; tsu;r;rpaila J}z;Ljy;fis

toq;Fjy;.

7. njhopyhsu; rq;fq;fis mikj;J nraw;gl

Rje;jpukspj;jy;

8. taJ Kjpu;e;Njhu;> Viofs; kw;Wk; mq;ftpdu;fis

ghJfhj;jy;

9. nghJ Rfhjhuj;ijg; NgZjy;

10. nghOJ Nghf;F trjpfis (jpiug;glk;> ehlfk;>

,ir> fz;fhl;rp) Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;jy;

11. r%f ey;ypzf;fj;ij epiyngwr; nra;jy;

12. r%f rPu;FioT kw;Wk; KiwNflhd eltbf;iffs;

Njhd;whky; jLf;f eltbf;if vLj;jy;

RUf;fk;

murhq;fk; vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;l epyg;gug;gpy; thOk;

kf;fspd; eyd;fisg; NgzTk; ghJfhf;fTk; murpd;

ngauhy; njhopy;gLk; xU r%f KftuhFk;.

murpd; xU KftNu murhq;fkhFk;.

mup];Nuhl;by; murhq;fj;ij xUtu; Ml;rp> gpuGf;fs;

Ml;rp> Fbahl;rp vd %d;W tifahfg; gpupf;fpd;whu;

eyd;Gup muRfs; Fbkf;fspd; r%f nghUshjhu

eyd;fis ghJfhf;fTk;> Nkd;ikailar; nra;aTk;

Kaw;rpf;fpd;wd.

gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;

1. murhq;fk; vd;gjd; %yk; ePu; ahJ fUJfpwPu;?

2. murhq;fj;jpd; tiffis tpsf;Ff?

3. eyd;Gup murhq;fj;ijAk; mjd;

njhopw;ghLfisAk; tpsf;Ff?


Dr.SM.Ayoob 132

jpwTr; nrhw;fs;

murhq;fk;> rl;lkpaw;Wk; mikg;G> ePjpj;Jiw

crhj;Jiz E}y;fs ;



2. Nahjpypq;fk;> rp. m. (2007). murwptpay; Xu; mwpKfk.;

nfhOk;G: Fkud; Gj;jf ,y;yk;.

3. rz;. gj;kNerd;. (2019).rKftpay; Nfhl;ghl;L %yq;fs;.

nfhOk;G: NrkkL.




Press.






Dr.SM.Ayoob 133

mj;jpahak; 09

cwT Kiw

nghUslf;fk;

9.1 mwpKfk; 134 - 135

9.2 Kjy;epiy cwtpdu; 136 - 136

9.3 ,uz;lhk;epiy cwtpdu; 136 - 136

9.4 %d;whk;epiy cwtpdu;fs; 136 - 136

mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;

cwT Kiwiar; Rw;wpNa cyfpd; ngUk;ghyhd r%fq;fs;

cUthfpapUf;fpd;wd vd;gJ mwpQu;fspd; fUj;jhFk;. khdpl

r%fk; nfhz;bUf;Fk; kfj;jhd epWtdq;fspy; ,JTk;

xd;whFk;. ,e;epWtdk; cyfk; KOtJk; gue;J fhzg;gLtJ

,jd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;f NghJkhjhFk;.

mj;jpaha Nehf;fk;

r%f epWtdq;fSs; xd;whf cwT Kiw vt;thW

njhopw;gLfpd;wJ vd;gjid tpsf;FtNj ,t;tj;jpahaj;jpd;

Nehf;fkhFk;.

fw;wy; ngWNgWfs;

khztu;fs; cwT Kiwapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Gupe;J

nfhs;tNjhL Kjyhk;epiy> ,uz;lhk;epiy> %d;whk;epiy


Dr.SM.Ayoob 134

cwTfshf vt;thW jkJ cwit gFf;fyhk; vDk;

gpuNahf mwpitAk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;thu;fs;.

9.1 mwpKfk;

kdpj Fyj;ijg; gw;wpa khdpltpaypd; kfj;jhd

fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fSs; r%jhaj;jpd; fl;likg;Gf;Fs; nraw;gLk;

kuG Kiw (Descent system), cwT Kiw (Kinship) gw;wpa

tpjpfisf; fz;Lgpbj;jJk; xd;whFk;. xt;nthU

r%jhaj;jpYk; kf;fs; Vuhskhd vz;zpf;ifapy; tho;e;jhYk;

mtu;fs; VNjh rpy tpjpfspd; mbg;gilapy; gpizg;Gfis

Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L Fyk; (Clan)> Nfhj;jpuk;> fhy;top

(Lineage), kuGf;FO (Descent group) Nghd;w gy rpW

FOf;fshfg; gpupe;J nraw;gLfpd;wdu;. kf;fs; jkJ

Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf $l;lk; vDk;

mikg;gpy; gy gpizg;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;fpd;whu;fs;.

jd; ,dj;ij epiyepWj;j ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;a Kw;gl;lik>

Kjy; tifg; gpizg;Gf;F topNfhypaJ. ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpw;F

kzj;Jizia Nju;e;njLf;f Kw;gl;;l NghJ ,uz;lhk; tifg;

gpizg;Gf;F top NfhypaJ. jpUkzj;jpy; cz;lhd

Foe;ijfspd; Nru;thy; %d;whk; tif cwTf;F

fhuzkhfpaJ. FLk;g cWg;gpdu;fs; nghUs; <l;Lk; nghUl;L

kw;wtu;fNshL njhlu;G nfhz;lik gpw gpizg;GfSf;F

toprikj;jJ. ,t;tidj;Jg; gpizg;GfSk; xd;wpize;J

“cwT Kiw” vDk; mikg;ghf kf;fsplk; nraw;gLfpd;wJ

(gf;jtj;ryghujp> 1999).

rkaj;ij tpLj;J vy;yh r%fq;fspYk; cj;jpNahfg+u;t

Kiwapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l xNu r%f epWtdk; cwT

Kiwiaj; jtpu Ntwpy;iy vd;gJ vupf;]dpd; (2001)

fUj;jhFk;. cwT Kiw vDk; ika epWtdj;ij

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl ngUk;ghyhd r%fq;fs;


Dr.SM.Ayoob 135

cUthFfpd;wd vdTk; xU kdpjdpd; tho;thjhuk;> njhopy;>

jpUkzk;> ghJfhg;G> r%f milahsk; Nghd;wtw;iw cwTf;

FOf;fNs (Kin group) nfhLf;fpd;wd vdTk; vupf;]d; NkYk;

$Wfpd;whu;.

mbg;gilahd r%f epWtdq;fSs; cwTKiwAk; xd;whFk;.

cyfk; KOtJk; tpahgpj;Jf; fhzg;gLk; cwT Kiw

jdpegu;fis r%fkakhf;FtjpYk;; FO xw;Wikia (Group

solidarities) NgZtjpYk; ghupa gq;ifr; nra;fpd;wJ (uhX>

2007).

%d;W tifahd cwTfis r%fj;jpy; fhzyhk;

01. kzcwT (Affinity)

xU MZk; ngz;Zk; jpUkz cwit Vw;gLj;jpf;

nfhs;Sk; NghJ fztDf;F kidtp top cwTfSk;>

kidtpw;F fztd; top cwTfSk; kzcwthf

mikthu;fs;.

02. ,uj;jcwT (Consanguinity)

FLk;gk; vDk; epWtdj;jpy; ,uj;j cwthy;

gpizf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; ,jpy; mlq;Fthu;fs;. ngw;NwhUf;F

gps;isfSk;> gps;isfSf;F mtu;fsJ gps;isfSk; ,uj;j

cwtpy; mlq;fptpLfpwhu;fs;.

03. Gidtpay; cwT (Fictious)

gps;isg; Ngww;wtu;fs; xU Foe;ijia jj;njLf;Fk; NghJ

mt;TwT Gidtpay;; cwT vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

FLk;gj;jpd; msT tpupe;J nry;Yk; NghJ cwtpd;

vy;iyiaAk; tpupe;J nry;fpd;wJ. ,jdhy; xUtu;

kw;wtNuhL Neubahf cwT nfhs;shky; NtW NtW


Dr.SM.Ayoob 136

epiyapy; njhlu;Gilatu;fshf khWfpd;whu;fs;.

mt;TwTfis gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gplyhk;.

9.2 Kjy;epiy cwtpdu; (Primary kin) :

xUtUf;F 07 Kjy;epiy cwtpdu;fs; (jha;> je;ij>

rNfhjuu;fs;> rNfhjupfs;> kfd;> kfs;> kidtp) ,Ug;ghu;fs;

vd ku;lhf; (G.P Mudack) $Wfpd;whu;.

9.3 ,uz;lhk;epiy cwtpdu;fs; (Secondary kin) :

Kjy;epiy cwtpdu;fspd; Kjy;epiy cwtpdu;fs; ,g;gpuptpy;

mlq;Fthu;fs;. ghl;ld;> ghl;b> rpw;wg;gh> ngupag;gh> rpd;dk;kh>

ngupak;kh> jha;khkd;> Ngud;> Ngj;jp vd gl;bay; ePz;L

nfhz;L nry;Yk;. xUtUf;F 33 ,uz;lhk;epiy cwTfs;

mikAk; vd Nku;lf; $Wfpd;whu;.

9.4 %d;whk;epiy cwtpdu;fs; (Tertiary kin):

,uz;lhk;epiy cwtpdu;fspd; Kjy;epiy cwtpdu;fs; ,g;

gpuptpy; mlq;Fthu;fs;. nfhs;Sg;ghl;ld;> nfhs;Sg;Ngud;>

kidtpapd; je;ij Nghd;wtu;fs; ,jw;F cjhuzq;fshFk;.

xUtUf;F 151 %d;whk;epiy cwtpdu;fs; fhzg;gLthu;fs;

vd ku;lf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. nkhj;jkhf ghu;f;Fk; NghJ

xUtUf;F 191 cwtpdu;fs; fhzg;gLtjhf ku;lf;;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. ,t;TwT NkYk; ehd;fhk;epiy> [e;jhk;

epiy> J}uj;J cwTfs; vd tpupe;J nry;Yk; vd ku;lf;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu; (gj;jtj;ryghujp> 1999).


Dr.SM.Ayoob 137

mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;

mbg;gilahd r%f epWtdq;fSs; cwT

KiwAk; xd;whFk;.

kzcwT> ,uj;j cwT> Gidtpay; cwT

vDk; %tif cwTfs; fhzg;gLfp;d;wd.

Kjy;epiy cwtpdu;fs;> ,uz;lhk;epiy

cwtpdu;fs;> %d;whk;epiy cwtpdu;fs; vd

xU kdpjDf;F 191 cwTfs; xU kdpjDf;F

mikAk; vd Nku;ld; $Wfpd;whu;.

gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;

1. khdpl r%fj;jpy; cwT Kiwapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

Fwpj;J fye;JiuahLf

2. cwT Kiwapd; tiffisAk; mtw;wpd;

njhopw;ghLfisAk; tpsf;Ff

3. Kjy;epiy> ,uz;lhk;epiy> %d;whk;epiy cwtpdu;

Fwpj;J tpgupf;Ff

jpwTr; nrhw;fs;

fhy;top> kuGf;FO> Fyk;> cwTf;FOf;fs;


Dr.SM.Ayoob 138

crhj;Jiz E}y;fs;:



Jiw> ,yq;if njd;fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk.;


nrd;id: kzpthrfk; gjpg;gfk.;


GJit: ty;ypdk.;

4. gukrptd;> njh. (2017). gz;ghl;L mirTfs;. ehfu;

Nfhtpy;: fhyr;RtL gjpg;gfk;.


Press.



7. Rao Shankar. (2002). Sociology: Primary pinciples. New


8. Erikson, T.H. (2001). Small places, large issues. An

introduction to social and cultural anthroplolgy. London:

PlutoPress.


Macmillan Co.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 139

mj;jpahak; -10

nghUshjhuk;

nghUslf;fk;

10.1 mwpKfk; 140 - 140

10.2 nghUshjhuj;jpd; njhopw;ghLfs; 141 - 142

mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;

r%f ,Ug;gpd; MzpNtuhf ,Uf;Fk; nghUshjhuk;

nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;tNjhL tpdpNahfKk; nra;fpd;wJ.

xU r%fj;jpYs;s Vida epWtdq;fs; rPuhf ,aq;Ftjw;fhd

epjpuPjpahd Mjuit nghUshjhuk; toq;Ffpd;wJ.

mj;jpaha Nehf;fk;

nghUshjhu epWtdq;fs;> nghUshjhu mikg;G>

nghUshjhuj;jpd; r%f ghj;jpuq;fis Nghd;wtw;iw

tpsf;FtNj ,t;tj;jpahaj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

fw;wy; ngWNgWfs;

nghUshjhuj;jpd; mikg;Gf;fisAk;> nghUshjhu

epWtdq;fspd; r%f gq;fspg;G Fwpj;Jk; khztu;fs;

njspthd GupjYf;F tUthu;fs;.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 140

10.1 mwpKfk;

xU r%fj;jpd; njhluhd ,Ug;Gf;F nghUshjhu

epWtdq;fspd; tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f nraw;ghL

,d;wpaikahjit. cw;gj;jpAk; mjidg; gq;fpLjYk;

nrt;tNd xU r%fj;jpy; eilngw Ntz;Lk;. ,it ,uz;Lk;

jilgl;Lg;Nghdhy; r%fk; Njf;fepiyia mile;JtpLk;

vd;gJ Ma;thsu;fs; fUj;jhFk;. ghuk;gupa r%fq;fspy;

FLk;gq;fs; jkJ Njitfis XusT jhNk epiwNtw;wpf;

nfhs;fpd;wd. vdpDk; rpf;fyile;j etPd r%fj;jpy;

nghUshjhu epWtdq;fspd; Njit ,d;wpikahjit.

nghUl;fs;> Ntiyfs; Mfpatw;iw cw;gj;jp nra;jy;>

gfpu;;jy;> gad;gLj;Jjy; Mfpait nghUshjhu epWtdq;fspd;

Kf;fpa nray;fshFk;.

Kjyhspj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Nrhryprk; vDk; ,U nghUshjhu

Kiwikfs; cyfpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. tsq;fs; kw;Wk;

cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfs; jdpahUf;F nrhe;jkhdjhf

Kjyhspj;Jt nghUshjhu mikg;gpy; fUjg;gLfpd;wd.

Nrhryprg; nghUshjhu mikg;gpy; tsq;fs; nkhj;jkhfNt

r%fj;Jf;Fr; nrhe;jkhditahfNt nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

eyd;Gup Kjyhspj;Jtk; (Welfare capitalism) kw;Wk; muR

Kjyhspj;Jtk; (State capitalism) Mfpa ,uz;Lk;

Kjyhspj;Jtk;> Nrhryprk; Mfpa ,uz;bdJk; fyg;Gr;

rpe;jidahFk;. eyd;Gup Kjyhspj;Jtk; re;ijia ikakhff;

nfhz;l nghUshjhuj;ijAk; (Market based-economy) tpupthd

r%fey mikg;igf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. muR Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpy;

jdpahUf;F nrhe;jkhd tsq;fisAk;> cw;gj;jp

KiwfisAk; cd;dpg;ghf mtjhdpg;gNjhL xOq;FgLj;jpAk;

tpLfpd;wJ murhq;fk;.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 141

10.2 nghUshjhuj;jpd; njhopw;ghLfs;

nghUshjhuk; gy;NtW njhopw;ghLfis r%fj;jpw;F

Mw;Wfpd;wd.

r%fj;jpw;F Njitahd ngsjPf tho;thjhuq;fis

nghUshjhuk; toq;Ffpd;wJ.

r%fj;jpd; njhluhd ,Ug;gpw;Fj; Njitahd r%f

khw;wq;fis cUthf;FtNjhL ,ize;Jk;

nraw;gLfpd;wJ.

nghUshjhuk; Vida r%f mikg;Gf;fNshLk;>

jkJ Jiz mikg;Gfshd cw;gj;jp> tpdpNahfk;>

Efu;T Nghd;wtw;NwhLk; rkepiyiag; NgZtjw;F

cjTfpd;wJ.

r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; r%f mLf;fiktpd;

jd;ikia nghUshjhu epWtdq;fs;

Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.

fPo;tu;f;fq;fs; mjpf nghUshjhuj;ij <l;Lk; NghJ

Nky;epiy Nehf;fp efu nghUshjhuk; cjTfpd;wJ.

nry;tKk; nghUshjhu tsq;fSk; (Wealth and

economic resources) tYitAk; mjpfhuj;ijAk;

r%fj;jpy; nfhLf;fpd;wJ. r%fj;jpd; gy;NtW

Kftu;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j nghUshjhuk;

cjTfpd;wJ.

etPd cyfpy; mbg;gilj; Njitfs; ehshe;jk;

mjpfupj;J nry;fpd;wd. ,j;Njitfisg; g+u;j;jpahf;f

nghUshjhu epWtdq;fs; cjTfpd;wd.

nghUshjhu epWtdq;fs; Ntiytha;g;igAk;

tUkhdj;ij <l;bf; nfhs;tjw;fhd tha;g;igAk;

toq;Ffpd;wd.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 142

njhopw;gFg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; jpwiktha;e;j>

Mw;wy; cs;s Copau;fSf;fhd Ntiy nra;Ak;

re;ju;g;gq;fisAk; jkJ jpwikiaf; fhl;Ltjw;fhd

tha;g;Gf;fisAk; nghUshjhu epWtdq;fs;

Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;fpd;wd.

Vida r%f epWtdq;fs; ,aq;Ftjw;F

Njitahd Mjuit nghUshjhu epWtdq;fs;

toq;Ffpd;wd. rka epWtdq;fs;> ghlrhiyfs;>

r%f mikg;Gfs; ,aq;Ftjw;F rpy tu;j;jf

mikg;Gf;fs; cjTfpd;wd. tup (Tex) tbtpy;

murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; rk;gs tbtpy; FLk;gj;Jf;Fk;

Mjuit toq;Ffpd;wJ nghUshjhu epWtdq;fs;.

RUf;fk;

nghUl;fs;> Ntiyfs; Mfpatw;iw cw;gj;jp nra;jy;>

gfpu;;jy;> gad;gLj;Jjy;> Mfpait nghUshjhu

epWtdq;fspd; Kf;fpa nray;fshFk;.

njhopw;gFg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; jpwiktha;e;j

Mw;wYs;s Copau;fSf;fhd Ntiynra;Ak;

re;ju;g;gq;fisAk; jkJ jpwikiaf; fhl;Ltjw;fhd

tha;g;Gf;fisAk; nghUshjhu epWtdq;fs; Vw;gLj;jpf;

nfhLf;fpd;wd.

Kjyhspj;Jtk;> kw;Wk; Nrhryprk; vDk; ,U

nghUshjhu Kiwikfs; cyfpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;

1. nghUshjhu epWtdq;fspd; r%f gq;fspg;Gf;fis

tpsf;Ff

2. rka epWtdq;fspd;;tsu;r;rpf;F nghUshjhu

epWtdq;fs; vt;thW cjTfpd;wd vd Muha;f


Dr.SM.Ayoob 143

3. Kjyhspj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Nrhryprk; Mfpit

,uz;Lf;Fkpilapyhd NtWghl;il Muha;f

jpwTr; nrhw;fs ;

Kjyhspj;Jtk;> Nrhryprk;> cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; tpdpNahfk;

crhj;Jiz E}y;fs;:

1. Brus, W., & Laski, K. (1989). From Marx to the market:

Socialism in search of an economic system. Oxford:

Clarendon.


Press.

3. Haralambos, H., & Heald, R.M., (2004). Sociology: Themes


4. Harrington, M. (1989). Socialism: Past and future. New

York: Arcad.




Dr.SM.Ayoob 144

mj;jpahak;- 11

ntF[d Clfq;fs;

nghUslf;fk;

11.1 mwpKfk; 145 - 145

11.2 ntF[d Clfq;fs; njhlu;ghd

Nfhl;ghLfs; 145 - 148

11.3 ntF[d Clfq;fspd; njhopw;ghLfs; 148 - 148

mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;

jfty;fisAk;> nra;jpfisAk; mNdf kf;fSf;F nfhLf;f

KidAk; Clfq;fNs ntF[d Clfq;fshFk;. ,t;tif

Clfq;fs; etPd r%f epWtdq;fshf njhopw;gLtjhf

r%ftpayhsu;fs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;whu;fs;. ghuk;gupa r%f

epWtdq;fspd; njhopw;ghLfis ntF[d Clfq;fSk;

nra;tjdhy; ,j;jifa KbTf;F mtu;fs; tUfpwhu;fs;.

mj;jpaha Nehf;fk;

Clfk; kw;Wk; ntF[d Clfq;fs;> mtw;wpd; njhopw;ghLfs;>

mit njhlu;ghd Nfhl;ghLfs; Nghd;wtw;iw toq;FtNj

,t;tj;jpahaj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

fw;wy; ngWNgWfs;


Dr.SM.Ayoob 145

ntF[d Clfq;fs;> ,tw;wpd; njhopw;ghLfs; kw;Wk;

Nfhl;ghLfs; njhlu;ghd mwpit khztu;fs; njspthfg;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;thu;fs;.

11.1 mwpKfk;

jfty;fis Xuplj;jpypUe;J kw;WNkhu; ,lj;Jf;F mDg;g

cjtpahd ,Uf;fpd;w rhjdq;fNs ClfkhFk;. Clfq;fis

nghJthf mr;R Clfk; (Print media) cjhuzkhf

gj;jpupiffs;> Gj;jfq;fs; vdTk; ,yj;jpudpay; Clfq;fs;

(Electronic media) cjhuzkhf thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp>

ifalf;f njhiyNgrp vdTk; gpupf;fyhk;. ,itay;yhj NtW

tiffSk; cz;L.

ntF[d Clfq;fs; mNdf kf;fis mile;J jkJ

MSiff;Fs; kf;fisf; nfhz;L tUfpd;wd. ,tw;wpy;

njhiyf;fhl;rp> thndhyp> tpsk;guk;> rpdpkhg;ghly;fs;>

,izak;> gj;jpupif Nghd;wit mlq;Fk;.

r%ftpayhsu;fs; Clfkag;gLj;jg;gl;l gz;ghL (Mediated

culture) vDk; nrhy;iy gz;ghl;il Clfq;fs; gpujpgypf;Fk;

NghJ my;yJ cUthFk;NghJ gad;gLj;Jfpd;whu;fs;.

11.2 ntF[d Clfq;fs; njhlu;ghd Nfhl;ghLfs;

njhopw;ghl;Lthj Nehf;F (Functionalism perspective)

r%f ];j;jpujd;ikia ghJfhg;gjw;F Clfq;fs; vt;thW

cjTfpd;wd vd;gij tpsf;FtNj njhopw;ghl;Lthjj;jpd;

Nehf;fkhFk;. yh];nty; kw;Wk; iul; (Lasswell and Wright)

,UtUk; Clfq;fspd; njhopw;ghl;il gpd;tUkhW

tpsf;Ffpd;whufs;;.

1. Rw;Wr; #oy; fz;fhzpg;G (Surveillance of the environment)


Dr.SM.Ayoob 146

cyfpy; elf;Fk; epfo;Tfis mtjhdpj;J nghJkf;fSf;F

nra;jpiaAk; jfty;fisAk; toq;FtNj Clfq;fspd;

gzpahFk;. neUf;fb kpf;f fhyq;fspy; (cjhuzkhf Nghu;>

,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs;) vt;thW njhopw;gl Ntz;Lk;

vd;gjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fis toq;Ftjd; %yk; r%f ];j;jpu

jd;ikia ghJfhf;fpd;wJ.

2. r%fj;jpd; mq;fq;fSld; njhlu;G (Correlation of parts of

society)

Clfq;fs; Nju;e;njLj;J mOj;jk; nfhLf;Fk; nra;jpfs;

r%fj;jpy; jhf;fj;ij nrYj;Jfpd;wd. tpal;ehk; Nghu; gw;wpa

Clf mwpf;iffs; mnkupf;fu;fspd; kNdhepiyia

khw;Wtjpy; gq;fspg;G nra;jij ,jw;F cjhuzkhff;

$wyhk;. `pl;yu; $l Clfj;ij A+ju;fSf;F vjpuhf

gad;gLj;jpdu;.

3. gz;ghl;L gupkhw;wk; (Culture transmission)

Foe;ijfSf;Fk; tse;NjhUf;Fk; r%fj;jpd; ek;gpf;iffs;>

tpOkpaq;fs;> epakq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw fw;Wf;nfhLg;gNjhL

mLj;j jiyKiwapdUf;F gupkhw;wKk; nra;fpd;wd

Clfq;fs;. cjhuzkhf njhiyf;fhl;rp epfo;r;rpfs;

gz;ghl;il gpujpgypf;fpd;wd. rpWtu; epfo;r;rpfs; mtu;fSf;F

fw;Wf; nfhLf;fpd;wd.

4. nghOJ Nghf;F (Entertainment)

gy;NtW fhl;rpfisAk;> fspg;G+l;Lk; epfo;r;rpfisAk; toq;fp

ghu;itahsu;fSf;F ctifA+l;LtNjhL gjl;lk;> kdmOj;jk;

Nghd;wtw;wpypUe;J r%fj;ijg; ghJfhf;fpd;wJ.

5. ,tw;NwhL xUq;fpizg;G (Coordination)


Dr.SM.Ayoob 147

r%fkakhf;fy;> r%ff;fl;Lg;ghL Nghd;wtw;iw r%fj;jpy;

Vw;gLj;jp r%fj;jpd; ];;jpujd;ikf;F Clfq;fs; cjTtjhf

njhopw;ghl;Lthjpfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;fs;.

Kuz;ghl;Lthj Nehf;F (Conflict perspective)

,Uf;Fk; r%f xOq;ifAk; (Social order), mjpfhu

fl;likg;igAk; mg;gbNa ghJfhj;J nghUshjhu

rkkpd;ikia njhlu;e;Jk; NgZtjw;F Clfq;fs;

cjTtjhf Kuz;ghl;Lthjpfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;fs;. Fwpg;gpl;l

rpy FOf;fspd; eyd;fis njhlu;e;Jk; NgzptUtjw;F

Clfq;fs; cjTtjhf Kuz;ghl;L Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;fs; NkYk;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;fs;. RUf;fkhfr; nrhd;dhy; Clfq;fs;

gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis nra;fpd;wd.

Clfq;fs; Kjyhspj;Jt thjpfspd; Clfkhf

njhopw;gLfpd;wd.

nry;te;ju;fSk; rf;jptha;e;jtu;fSk; Nkyhjpf;f

(Hejomonic status ) epiyia r%f xOq;fpy; Ngz

xU fUtpahf Clfq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

Clfq;fs; Mzhjpf;f fUj;jpaiy gug;Gfpd;wd.

ngz;zpa Nehf;F (Feminist perspective)

Kuz;ghl;L thjpfspd; fUj;ij Vw;W ntF[d Clfq;fs;

r%f ajhu;j;jj;ij jtwhf rpj;jupg;gjhf ngz;zpathjpfs;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;fs;. Clfq;fs; ghuk;gupa ghy;tfpghfq;fis

kPs kPs fhl;b mtw;iw r%fk; njhlu;e;Jk; NgZtjw;fhd

mOj;jq;fis nfhLg;gjhf ngz;zpathjpfs;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;fs;. Mz;fis mjpfhupfshf> epu;thfpfshf


Dr.SM.Ayoob 148

Clfq;fs; fhl;Lk; mNjNtis ngz;fis gps;is

tsu;g;gtu;fshf fhl;Lfpd;wd. ngz;fSf;nfjpuhd

td;Kiwfis xU rhjhuz tplakhf Clfq;fs; fhl;Ltjhf

,tu;fs; NkYk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;fs;.

,iltpidthj Nehf;F (Interactionist perspective)

Clfq;fs; vt;thW ehshe;j r%f ,iltpidia

tbtikf;fpd;wJ vd;gjid Muha;tjpy; ,iltpidthjpfs;

mf;fiw fhl;Lfpd;whu;fs;. cjhuzkhf njhiyf;fhl;rp

ghu;g;gjd; %yk; FOr; nraw;ghLfs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wjh my;yJ

r%f me;epakhf;fk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wjh vd ,iltpidthjpfs;

ghu;f;fpd;whu;fs;.

11.3 ntF[d Clfq;fspd; njhopw;ghLfs;

1. nghJ kf;fSf;F jfty;fis toq;Fjy;

2. Nfspf;if> nghOJ Nghf;F rhjdkhf mikjy;

3. fy;tpia fw;gjw;Fk;> mwpitg; ngWtjw;Fk; cjTjy;

4. nghJ kf;fs; fUj;ij tbtikj;jy;

5. murpay; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fsplkpUe;J murpay;

jfty;fis nghJ kf;fSf;F nfhz;L Nru;j;jy;

6. r%fkakhf;fy; nrad;KiwfSf;F cjTjYk;

gz;ghl;ilf; fw;gpj;jYk;

7. MSik tpUj;jpw;F cjTjy;

8. Mz;> ngz; ghj;jpuq;fs; Fwpj;J fhl;rpg;gLj;Jtjd;

%yk; ,isa jiyKiwapdUf;F ghy;epiyg;

ghj;jpuq;fs; Fwpj;J tpsf;Fjy;

9. r%fg; gpur;ridfs;> Neha;> MNuhf;fpak; njhlu;ghd

tpopg;Gzu;it kf;fSf;F toq;Fjy;


Dr.SM.Ayoob 149

10. murhq;fj;jpd; fl;lisfis nghJ kf;fSf;F nfhz;L

Nru;f;Fk; ,ilj;jufuhf njhopw;gly;

11. mdu;j;jq;fspd; NghJ ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;ba

topfhl;ly;fis toq;Fjy;

12. Coy;> ,yQ;rk;> mjpfhu J];gpuNahfk; Nghd;wtw;iw

ntspNa nfhz;Lte;J kf;fSf;F mtw;iw

ntspg;gLj;JtJk; mtw;Wf;nfjpuhf NghuhLtJk;

RUf;fk;

jfty;fis Xuplj;jpypUe;J kw;WNkhu; ,lj;Jf;F

mDg;g cjtpahd ,Uf;fpd;w rhjdq;fNs ClfkhFk;.

Clfq;fis nghJthf mr;R Clfq;fs; (Print media)

vdTk; ,yj;jpudpay; Clfq;fs; (Electronic media)

vdTk; gpupf;fyhk;.

r%f ];j;jpuj;jd;ikia ghJfhg;gjw;F Clfq;fs;

vt;thW cjTfpd;wd vd;gij tpsf;FtNj

njhopw;ghl;Lthjj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

,Uf;Fk; r%f xOq;ifAk; (Social order), mjpfhu

fl;likg;igAk; mg;gbNa ghJfhj;J nghUshjhu

rkkpd;ikia njhlu;e;Jk; NgZtjw;F Clfq;fs;

cjTtjhf Kuz;ghl;Lthjpfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;fs;.

ntF[d Clfq;fs; r%f ajhu;j;jj;ij jtwhf

rpj;jupg;gjhf ngz;zpathjpfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;fs;.

gapw;r;rp tpdhf;fs;

1. ntF[d Clfq;fs; vd;why; ePu; ahJ tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;fpwPu; vdTk; mtw;wpd; njhopw;ghLfisAk;

tpsf;Ff

2. ntF[d Clfq;fs; njhlu;ghd Nfhl;ghl;L

Nehf;Ffis fye;JiuahLf


Dr.SM.Ayoob 150

jpwTr; nrhw;fs;

,yj;jpudpay; Clfq;fs;> r%f ];j;jpuj;jd;ik> gz;ghl;Lg;

gupkhw;wk;

crhj;Jiz E}y;fs;




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Dr.SM.Ayoob 151

crhj;Jiz E}y;fs;:



Jiw> ,yq;if njd;fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk.;

2. ma;A+g;> v];.vk;. (2019). r%f efu;T: Njf;f

epiyapypUe;J ,aq;fpay; epiyf;F r%fj;ij

efu;j;Jjy;. ,y; V. wkP]; (gjpg;ghrpupau;)> ,yq;ifapd;

rkfhy r%f neUf;fbfs;:gy;gupkhz ghu;it (g.41-57.

nfhOk;G-nrd;id: Fkud; Gj;jf ,y;yk;.


nrd;id: kzpthrfk; gjpg;gfk.;


GJit: ty;ypdk.;

5. gukrptd;> njh. (2017). gz;ghl;L mirTfs;.

ehfu;Nfhtpy;: fhyr;RtL gjpg;gfk;.

6. fUzhepjp> kh. (2008). fy;tpr; r%ftpay;. nfhOk;G-

nrd;id: Fkud; Gj;jf ,y;yk;.



8. kd;#u;> vk;. V. vk;. (2012). jpUkzk;. ,yq;if: thkp

,yq;if.

9. kd;#u; vk;. V. vk;. (2013). FLk;gk; vd;w epWtdKk;

ngz;tfpf;Fk; ghj;jpuKk;. fyhntt: jhUy; `pf;kh

gjpg;gfk;.

10. wT+g; n]a;d;. (2011). FLk;g tho;tpd; cstpay;.

jp`hupa: mgptpUj;jp fw;iffs; ikak;.

11. re;jhdk;> v];. (1994). fy;tpAk; r%fKk.; nrd;id:

re;jh gg;ypru;];.

12. rz;. gj;kNerd;. (2019). rKftpay; Nfhl;ghl;L

%yq;fs;. nfhOk;G: NrkkL.


Dr.SM.Ayoob 152



14. Nahjpypq;fk;> rp. m. (2007). murwptpay; Xu; mwpKfk.;

nfhOk;G-nrd;id: Fkud; Gj;jf ,y;yk;.

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everyday practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

16. Best, S. (2003). A beginner’s guide to social theory. London:

Sage Publication.

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Socialism in search of an economic system. Oxford:

Clarendon.

18. Chomsky, Noam. (1997). Media control: The spectacular

achievements of propaganda. USA: A Seven Srories Press.

19. Elliot, A. (2009). Contemporary social theory: An

introduction. London: Routledge.

20. Erikson, T.H. (2001). Small places, large issues. An

introduction to social and cultural anthroplolgy. London:

Pluto Press.

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25. Hadden, R.W. (1997). Sociological theory. Gunada:

Broadway Press.

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introduction. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.

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