central sulcus - oxford university press
TRANSCRIPT
50
60
70
80
90
100
PSI
50
60
70
80
90
100
WM
I
50
60
70
80
90
100
VCI
50
60
70
80
90
100
LesionNo lesion
z-valueInferior Frontal SulcusSuperior Frontal SulcusIntraparietal Sulcus
Central SulcusPostcentral SulcusSuperior Temporal Sulcus
Index Scores
(a) Perceptual Organization (POI)
Verbal Comprehension (VCI)
Working Memory (WMI)
Processing Speed (PSI)
(b)
(c)
(d)
3 7
POI
FIGURE 17.1 This fi gure summarizes the lesion mapping of cognitive abilities study by Gläscher, Tranel, et al. (2009) showing where abnormally low WAIS-III Index Scores are most associated with focal lesions. Based on data from MRI or CT scans, lesions from 241 individuals with focal brain damage were mapped onto a single reference brain. Using color-coding of z-values on the color bar, the surface brain images on the far left depict the strongest associations between focal cerebral damage and impaired cognitive performance. In the middle of the fi gure the individual axial slices go from the base of the temporal lobe (farthest left axial slice) to the vertex (farthest right axial slice). The four WAIS-III indices (POI, VCI, WMI, PSI) are associated with distinct brain networks, with PSI showing the weakest association with any focal neural sector. See Gläscher, Tranel, et al. (2009) for further details. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier. From Lezak, M.D., Howieson, D.B., Bigler, E.D., & Tranel, D. (2012). Neuropsychological Assessment, Fifth Edition. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Lezak-Figures.indd 140Lezak-Figures.indd 140 3/15/2012 5:00:22 PM3/15/2012 5:00:22 PM
FIGURE 17.2 The Peabody Individual Achievement Test. From Lezak, M.D., Howieson, D.B., Bigler, E.D., & Tranel, D. (2012). Neuropsychological Assessment, Fifth Edition. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Lezak-Figures.indd 141Lezak-Figures.indd 141 3/15/2012 5:00:31 PM3/15/2012 5:00:31 PM
0
010
00
Freq
uenc
y
1 2 3 4 5
Total Score
MMSE: Orientation MMSE Logical Memory A Immediate Logical Memory A Delayed
Digit Span – Forward Digit Span – Forward Digit Span – Backward Digit Span – Backward
Cat. Fluency: Animals Cat. Fluency: Vegetables
WAIS Digit Symbol Boston Naming Test
Trail Making: A Trail Making: B
Total Score Total Units
6 7 8 9
2724
17 0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Total Units
0 4 8 12 16 20 2419 21 23 25 27 29
1515
010
00
Freq
uenc
y
1 2 3 4 5
Total Trials
10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Longest Sequence
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Total Trials
100 20 30 40 50 60
6 7 8 9 11
010
00
Freq
uenc
y
0
Total in 60 seconds Total in 60 seconds
10 30 50 70 90 120 150
Time in seconds
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Time in seconds
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
Longest Sequence
010
00
Freq
uenc
y
010
00
Freq
uenc
y
010
00
Freq
uenc
y
010
00
Freq
uenc
y
010
00
Freq
uenc
y
010
00
Freq
uenc
y
010
00
Freq
uenc
y
010
00
Freq
uenc
y
010
00
Freq
uenc
y
010
00
Freq
uenc
y
010
00
1880
Freq
uenc
y
0 2 6 10 14 18 22 26 3020 40 60 80 100
Total in 90 seconds Total Score
55453525155
FIGURE 17.3 Histograms illustrating the distribution of scores for each measure in the ADC UDS Neuropsychological Test Battery. The number of subjects is on the y axis and the x axis represents observed test scores. For comparisons across instruments, the y axis is fi xed at 1500. If any frequency exceeded this value, then the count is truncated at this value and the true value denoted within its bar. From Lezak, M.D., Howieson, D.B., Bigler, E.D., & Tranel, D. (2012). Neuropsychological Assessment, Fifth Edition. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Lezak-Figures.indd 142Lezak-Figures.indd 142 3/15/2012 5:00:32 PM3/15/2012 5:00:32 PM