central social science research libraries in poland: origins and selected problems for investigation

Social Science Information Studies ( 1983)) 3 (2 l-3 1)

CENTRAL SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH LIBRARIES IN POLAND: ORIGINS AND

SELECTED PROBLEMS FOR INVESTIGATION

A. SITARSKA*

Institute of Library and Znformation Science, Warsaw University, ul. Nowy Swiat 69, 00-046 Warsaw, Poland

AND

A. MOCZULSKA**

University Library, ul. Krakowskie Prtedmiescie 32, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland

ABSTRACT

Some problems of social science central libraries are presented on the general background of the development of the idea of special central. research libraries in Poland, established by law in 1979. The authors believe that realization of a system of these libraries will involve studies of classification and information-retrieval languages; investigation of a model of the operation of the system of central and cooperating libraries, and adaptation of this system to the real needs of scholars, not only librarians; explanation of interrelations between the concepts ‘the social sciences’ and ‘the humanities’; elaboration of appropriate principles of social science library records and multi-aspect characteristics of collections and information apparatus of those libraries.

This report deals with a group ofcentral research libraries for the social sciences including the humanities. The central libraries are part of the recently formed National System for Scientific, Technical and Organizational Information (SINTO, 1977). All the problems of the special research libraries in Poland are open for discussion and both practical and theoretical solutions are being sought.

* Dr Anna Sitarska is Lecturer at the Institute of Library and Information Science at the Warsaw University, and is now seconded to the Main Library at this University to participate in studies on the functions of the central library of the social sciences. She obtained her ML!% and PhD degrees at Warsaw University. As a teacher and research worker she deals with bibliographical methodology and data processing as well as with the foundations oflibrarianship and information science. From 1972 to 1975 she was engaged in organization and research work connected with the design of the computerized system of the national bibliography. Recently she has dealt with the systems approach to the organization and management of libraries and has been involved in librarianship studies.

**Agnieszka Moczulska is Custodian in the University Library in Warsaw, the first central library of the social sciences. She is at present concerned with the coordination of the system of social sciences libraries. She took her MLSc degree at the Institute of Library and Information Science at Warsaw University. From 1969 to 1974 she worked in Warsaw Public Library.

0143%6236/83/01 0021 I I $03.00 @? 1983 Butterworth & Co (Published Ltd

22 Central social science research libraries in Poland

The present socio-economic situation in Poland and the world state of library and information services need not only great practical efforts for the successful realization of the central libraries system but, also, rather elaborate investigations connected with library resources and other kinds of information sources, with processing and with information transmission.

Ideas on the cooperation of research libraries in Poland go back to the 1920s. In the period from 1945 to 1969 problems of cooperation, specialization of library resources and information functions of research libraries left traces in works of the Polish Library Association (Wspblpraca bibliotek, 1960; Ksiega VI Zjazdu Bibliotekarzy Polskich, 1969)) in activities of the administration (Materialy z Konferencji Rogowskiej, 1962) and in legal documents such as the Library Decree and the Library Law (Dekret z dn. 17.04, 1946; Ustawa, 1968). In the first half of the 1970s discussions concentrated on problems of:

1. The future system of central libraries and the plan of their specialization. 2. Fields and subjects of specialization. 3. Tasks and competences and procedure of appointment and creation of

central libraries. 4. Executive agencies for specialization problems (Romariska, 1974). 5. Problems of adaptation of library specialization to the needs of Polish

science and economic development (Ustawa, 1968; Zarzqdzenie nr 15, 1973; Uniejewska, 1974).

Attention was also paid to the need for consultation of libraries with related specializations, and to the role of central libraries among other libraries connected with a given field ofspecialization (Uniejewska, 1974). The linking of main assumptions of the organization of the scientific information resources in the country with the organization of central libraries was also suggested (Romahska, 1976).

The particular historical experiehce of the Polish nation in the seizure, devastation and dispersal of library collections was the origin of the concept of National Library Resources (NLR). NLR are those library resources formed over the centuries which have not been destroyed. These resources will be revealed by creating common tools, such as catalogurs and databases, which will show the contents of NLR. NLR’s scope will include the Polish national culture and will allow for almost all types of documents (Narodowy Zas6b Biblioteczny, 1977; Marszalek, 1978). This plan was formulated in SINTO and in the legal document mentioned below (Zarzqdzenie nr 1, 1979).

As future assumptions, structure and realization of the plan of library specialization became more and more specific, various aspects of functions and tasks of central libraries and of their connection with the SINTO were discussed. Organization of subsystems-of acquisition, cataloguing, storage and circulation of special library resources and their information activity-was touched upon. Research and methodological investigations on the proper work of the central libraries system and recognition of user needs were also discussed (Romahska, 1978). Since 1979’the development of practice and research ideas on the cooperation, specialization and information functions of research libraries in Poland has been stimulated by the legal document concerning principles and a plan of specialization of library resources and appointment of central libraries as well as determination of their tasks (Zarzqdzenie nr 1, 1979). Immediately after this document came into force, during a special conference of the heads of central libraries and representatives of the departments supervising

A. SITARSKA AND A. MOCZULSKA 23

libraries, the problems of the construction of special networks, of relations between general union catalogues processed by the National Library and special or regional union catalogues, and of the policy of acquisition and selection of central library collections were discussed (Czerni, 1980; Derentowicz, 1980; Domanski, 1980; Lewandowski, 1980; Narada dyrektorow bibliotek centralnych, 1980; Romanska, 1980; Rymsza-Zalewska, 1980; Sliwinski, 1980; Uniejewska, 1980).

The legal document was published together with a list of eighteen libraries appointed to function as central libraries. At that time there were some institutions in Poland which had been performing such functions for many years both in name and in fact, such as the Central Military Library established in 19 19, the Main Library of Medicine founded in 1945 and the Central Library of Agriculture existing since 1955. In addition, two libraries had functioned as main special libraries for many years first because of their resources, and also because of coordinating activities in groups of related libraries: the Library of the Main School of Planning and Statistics (the central library of economy) and the Library of the Chief Statistical Bureau (for statistics).

On the strength of the above-mentioned document seven institutions have been appointed to central libraries of social sciences as given in Table 1, which also notes fields of specialization.

Some problems concerning this group of libraries are most important and should be dealt with first either by starting appropriate studies or by solving practical problems. The common feature of the problems is the need for investigation and research towards an understanding of central library functions. Work connected with bibliographical classification or, more generally, with information-retrieval languages is most urgent for the support of libraries serving social sciences. Information-retrieval languages are necessary in almost all actions relevant to acquisition and transmission of information on documents. At present nearly every special library uses its own classification system or its own dictionary of subject headings. It makes efficient activity impossible both in cooperation between libraries and in service to users with interdisciplinary interests. These difficulties became evident when social science libraries were faced with the common task of coordination. The newest general classification schemes in Poland have not given results which could be equal to the needs of classification in the social sciences. The ‘Discipline oriented subject classification for the planned specialization of library collections’ (Klasyfikacja dziedzinowo-tematyczna dla planu specjalizacji zbiorow materialow bibliotecznych, 1979) is an example: not only because it is overgeneralized but because it does not take into account the present development ofsocial sciences, especially the interdisciplinary problems characteristic of the newest research trends. This classification was prepared particularly for the needs of central libraries, chiefly for determining specialization ranges for libraries cooperating with central libraries. Besides the above-mentioned faults the classification is burdened with essential logical errors and disproportionate attention is given to practical classes.

There are many reservations about the ‘Polish Subject Classification’ (Polska Klasyfikacja Tematyczna, 198 l), or PKT, prepared for the needs of information exchange in national system SINTO and exchange with the socialist countries; conversion tables for the notation ofthe classification prepared by the International Centre for Scientific and Technical Information in Moscow will be elaborated for this purpose, and similar tables from PKT into the Broad


Table 1. Central social science libraries in Poland

Library Specialization range Authority

The National Library in Warsaw (central library of library and information science)

The Warsaw University Library (first central library of the social sciences)

The Jagiellonian Library, Cracow (second central library of the social sciences)

The Library of the Main School of Planning and Statistics in Warsaw (central economic library)

Central Statistical Library of the Chief Statistical Bureau in Warsaw

The Central Military Library in Warsaw

The Parliament Library in Warsaw (central legislation library)

Information science Library science and librarianship Historical bibliography Archivology

Philosophy History Marxism-Leninism Political sciences Law sciences, state administration (excluding legislation, jurisdiction) Science of science Futurology Education Psychology Sociology

Linguistics Culture and art Theory of literature Study of religion, atheism

Domestic trade, service Foreign trade Postal communication (aspects of economics and organization) Economy Cooperative movement Work, social welfare, insurance

Statistics Economical statistics Demography

Military science Armed forces

Legislation Jurisdiction

Ministry of Culture and Art

Ministry of Science, Higher Education and Technology



Chief Statistical Bureau

Ministry of National Defence

The Parliament Office

System of Ordering are planned. Thus, PKT is supposed to function as a switching classification. Its basic fault is the lack of consistent connections between the detailed classes, especially between those including disciplines or fields dealing with the same subjects from different points of view, or involving the use of different investigative methods.

In our opinion, given the present means for characterizing collections and information units as well as documents, the central libraries should undertake collective efforts as soon as possible to create an efficient classification scheme to be used, among other things, for:


1. A detailed determination of specialization ranges of libraries cooperating with the central libraries.

2. Creation of common databases and reference works. 3. Current exchange and retrieval of interdisciplinary information.

Considerable differences in classification schemes and preparation of information-retrieval languages for particular social sciences are typical of the present state of affairs. Furthermore, the state of development of computer processing of library and bibliographical data varies in particular libraries. Some social science libraries are included in the international systems of information exchange. Hence, there is a great need for the registration of information-retrieval languages used in social science libraries stressing especially the relationships of particular institutions (and classification schemes used by them) with local, national and international information services. Comparative analysis of the information-retrieval languages used would be desirable so as to reveal their substantive and systematic relationships. This stage of work should result in the design of a network of relations between particular branches and sections of the social sciences. Such design could serve either as a basis for verification of an existing classification system and its adaptation for use in the arrangement of central libraries, or, according to the conclusions of the analytic stage, as a starting point for systematic classification and an appropriate information language based on natural language. We believe that in information processes in the social sciences a broad system of systematic classification as well as a descriptor language or subject headings language are equally necessary. The first would be used mainly for the characterization of whole collections or of their parts, the second for information retrieval and transmission. Their parallel formation would secure compactness of both languages and would make it possible to convert from one language to another.

Realization of this intention would require proper definition of the intended final product, a stable plan of action, and a considered strategy for achieving successive stages. Traditional institutional ties between different libraries and research centres would be important in this work. The National Library would play a special role; besides its own range of specialization it is very experienced in the development of general bibliographical tools in which the problems of social science information play an essential part.

Studies of a functional model of the whole system of central libraries and cooperating libraries, which is one of the most important practical tasks, constitute another direction of research which would be of practical benefit to social science libraries.

Principles of such a model, its criteria, rules of cooperation and dependencies between the central unit and its partners in a given field ofspecialization are not defined accurately. It is easy to become familiar with solutions developed in other countries, but careful attention and considerable effort must be applied to the following factors before solutions appropriate to Poland can be found:

1. The conditions of Polish libraries such as the state and location of collections.

2. Spatial conditions. 3. The type of scientific environment served. 4. Other peculiarities of libraries connected with a given field of

specialization.


The attitude of scholars and librarians towards the idea of the specialization plan and towards the central libraries in general is related directly to these matters. On the one hand the status of the central library may result in the perception of prestige being accorded as a consequence of cooperation and such cooperation may be considered a privilege; on the other hand, particularly in the present economic conditions when this prestige will not be connected to any new funds, additional tasks resulting from the plan ofspecialization may be seen as one more charge for libraries.

Elaboration and generalization of strong well-defined justifications for efforts in the development of library specialization during the socio-economic crisis are closely connected with the search for the most advantageous model of cooperation of the central libraries. There is a tendency towards a centrally- coordinated, federated system of special libraries and this may be the most profitable system for advances in real information connections among libraries. Connections between central social science libraries and different administration departments or central offices ought not to be allowed to result in a lack of common interests. However, acknowledging that there is only a small probability of special research funds being made available, collective efforts ought to be undertaken to create the intellectual basis for further activities demanding expenditure of money.

There is controversy over the way in which research in the central libraries ought to be carried out. Romanska (1978) suggested that every central library should play the role of a research centre in the field of information problems of its special domain. Agreeing generally with this idea we think, however, that in the initial stage of the development of the central libraries system it would be more useful to appoint research groups dealing with a particular problem. Such teams would consist of experts in a given field from different research environments and librarians from the central library and cooperating libraries. It would be useful, furthermore, to arouse the interest of graduate library and information science institutes at the universities in research into the needs of central libraries.

An especially important task for the central libraries is to begin cooperation with scientists, and with scientific organizations and agencies. This is not easy because the library is not an institution endowed with particular interests and social prestige. Research problems with which special central research libraries are confronted cannot be solved without the participation of scientists. Such participation, however, depends mainly on the formulation of research tasks which are closely related to the real research needs of scientists. Monographs by, among others, Korbut (192991931), Starnawski (1957, 197 l), Ihnatowicz (1967- 1971) and Czachowska and Loth (1974, 1977) evidence how closely research and scholarship in the social sciences and the humanities is connected with the information/library basis of studies. The tradition of cooperation in social science research between librarians, documentalists and research workers is testified by the proceedings of two symposia on information problems of scientific research organized in the 1960s by the Polish and Czechoslovak Academies of Sciences (Praca informacyjna w placowce naukowej, 1966; Analiza potrzeb pracownika naukowego, 1968) and the results of the Poznan seminar of the Institute of Literary Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN) on documentation in literature and theatre research (Dokumentacja w badaniach literackich i teatralnych, 1970).

The next problem claiming consideration and conceptuallterminological

A.!+TARSKA AND A. MOCZULSKA 27

clarification is the use of the expressions ‘social sciences’ and ‘humanities’. In Poland, since 1945, the tendency has been to avoid the term ‘the humanities’. It is not usual, however, as examples from Polish science and from processes of scientific information certify. This state of affairs, pointed out by H. P. Hogeweg-de-Haart ( 1980) in Copenhagen during the FID seminar, can hinder information flow between branches of either the social sciences or the humanities. We give some examples showing how concepts of the social sciences and the humanities function in Poland at present.

Table 2 gives a list of branches included in the Department of the Social Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN) and shows how these branches are placed in the structures of ten Polish universities. It can be seen distinctly that the range of the social sciences accepted by PAN cannot be used in organization of the universities which include Faculties of Arts dealing with many branches defined in PAN as the social sciences. Furthermore, even in the institutions in which branches are grouped under the name ‘social sciences’, the scientific degrees of doctor and assistant professor are conferred in the humanities, which is an obvious conceptual-terminological inconsistency. Among ten universities five have Faculties of Arts which also exist in nine (of ten) higher pedagogic schools. It is seen that in the organization ofPolish science only PAN rejects the concept of the humanities, maintaining them, however, in the naming of scientific degrees.

In works on the organization of information processes the tendency to eliminate the notion of the humanities prevails in principle. No library, either in its name or in its area of specialization, has been connected with ‘the humanities’ though branches included by the universities in the humanities are determined as fields of specialization of the libraries.

A similar situation exists in the classification prepared for the central libraries (Klasyfikacja dziedzinowo-tematyczna . . . 1979). However, in the ‘Polish Subject Classification’ (Polska Klasyfikacja Tematyczna, 1981), designed to be used by these libraries, a group of sections has been included called jointly ‘the humanities and the social sciences’. In a guide to Polish information sources in the range represented by the libraries listed in Table 1, elaborated under the auspices of the National Library, the term ‘the social sciences and the humanities’ has been used. It is seen, thus, that in information practice the terms ‘the humanities’ and ‘the social sciences’ are used without a clear awareness of their ranges.

In such a situation information services, including the central libraries, should contribute to at least the reduction of this terminological confusion, if not to its suppression, and to an explanation of the mutual relations between the notions of the social sciences and the humanities. We think that it is especially important for information exchange with foreign information services in which, not infrequently, choice of information for exchange is based on entry (title) definitions of its range.

The next development in studies initiated by the central libraries of the social sciences will be the creation of a multi-aspect directory of institutions, library collections and information centres concerned with the social sciences. At present there are only a few descriptions of single branches, such as the above- mentioned papers by Czachowska and Loth (1977) for Polish philology and the Directory of Polish economic libraries for economics (Uniejewska et al., 1979). On the working list of social science libraries prepared by the Warsaw University Library, there are about 200 institutions which should be characterized

Tab

le

2.

Posi

tion

of

soci

al

scie

nce

disc

iplin

es

in

orga

niza

tiona

l st

ruct

ures

of

th

e Po

lish

Aca

dem

y of

Sc

ienc

es

and

Polis

h un

iver

sitie

s

Inst

itutio

n*

Dis

cipl

ine

PAN

U

W

UW

B

UC

U

s U

J U

MC

S U

t U

P U

T

UW

r K

UL

N

otes

The

ory

of l

itera

ture

Ph

A

Ph

Ph

Ph

A

Ph

A

S:

Fa

culty

of

th

e L

ingu

istic

s :

Ph

A

Ph

2 Ph

;::

Ph

A

so

cial

sc

ienc

es

Philo

soph

y S

2 P

$I

x S

2 X

Ph

: Ph

ilolo

gy

Soci

olog

y :

- A

:

Ps/H

X

$

s P!

$I

Ps

facu

lty

His

tory

:X

AA

SX

A

x x

; x

A

A:

Facu

lty

of

the

His

tory

of

ci

viliz

atio

n ar

ts

and

cultu

re

S A

Ps

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Facu

lty

of

His

tory

of

sc

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e,

philo

soph

y an

d ed

ucat

ion

and

tech

nolo

gy

A

hist

ory

Law

Z

x-xx

xx

x x

2 x

X

X:

Facu

lty

or

Adm

inis

trat

ion

and

anot

her

unit

man

agem

ent

L

L

E

E

L

E

- co

rres

pond

ing

with

A

rche

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y :

; _

!I

- Ps

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- H

H

H

A

th

e sc

ope

of

a gi

ven

Art

S

H

- -

- Ps

/H

Ed

H

H

$ H

A

di

scip

line

L:

Facu

lty

of

law

E

: Fa

culty

of

ec

onom

ics

Ed:

Fa

culty

of

ed

ucat

ion

*PA

N:

Polis

h A

cade

my

of S

cien

ces;

U

\1’:

IY

arsa

w

Uni

vers

ity;

U\Y

B:

Bra

nch

of r

he

War

saw

U

nive

rsity

in

B

ialy

stok

; U

G:

Gda

risk

U

nive

rsity

; U

s:

Sile

sia

Uni

vers

ity

in

Kat

owic

e;

UJ:

Ja

giel

loni

an

Uni

vers

ity

in

Kra

kbw

; U

MC

S:

The

M

aria

C

urie

-Skl

odow

ska

Uni

vers

it,y;

U

t: t6

di

Uni

vers

ity;

UP:

T

he

Ada

m

Mic

kiew

icz

Uni

vers

ity

in

Pozn

ari;

UT

: T

he

Mik

olaj

K

oper

nik

Uni

vers

ity

in

Tor

uri;

UW

r:

Wro

claw

U

nive

rsity

; K

UL

: T

he

Cat

holic

U

nive

rsity

in

L

uhlin

.


in detail from the point of view of their library and information potential. Detailed works should not be undertaken before a methodology is established which will ensure a uniform and sufficiently analytical characterization oflisted institutional units. It is another field of activity in which a good classification instrument is necessary. In addition, formal principles of construction of this type of directory elaborated by IS0 (2 146) should be taken into account. The Polish standard concerning this type of directory (PN-76/N-01220) does not include sufficient data on the scientific environment which is served by documentary and information resources nor such characteristics as complete- ness, linguistic coverage, chronological priorities, level and forms of documents and other resources.

The above-mentioned trend of work for the group of the central libraries of the social sciences covers aspects other than simply research needs. It seems, however, that the directions indicated are the most necessary because they are the basis of the future practical activity from which scientific environments will derive profit. This also applies to a future condition when Polish libraries will be supplied without limitations with information sources reporting developments in science abroad. At present, the potential of documentary information resources is not fully realized because of the lack ofadequate tools adapted to the needs of social science research workers. The studies suggested above will improve this situation.

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central social science research libraries in poland: origins and selected problems for investigation

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