center for embedded networked sensing ucla usc ucr caltech ucm sap flow – lots of ways to do it
Post on 22-Dec-2015
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CENTER FOR EMBEDDED NETWORKED SENSING
UCLA USC UCR CALTECH UCM
Sap Flow – Lots of ways to do it
Water diffuses “down-hill”from high to low concentration (c)
over a distance (x)
Everything diffuses like Fick’s First Law:
Flow rate cx
Some Physics
Flow rate
w (psi) = the “concentration” of water
w (pure water) = 0.0 mega-Pascals
w (everything else) = negative MPa
w
x
w(wet soil) -0.1 MPa
w (atmosphere) -95 MPa
w(wet soil) -0.1 MPaw (root) -0.5 MPa
w (stem) -0.6 MPa
w (branch) -0.8 MPa
w (atmosphere) -95 MPa
w(wet soil) -0.1 MPaw (root) -0.5 MPa
w (stem) -0.6 MPa
w (branch) -0.8 MPa
w (atmosphere) -95 MPa
HIGH WATER FLOW
Transpiration(day)
stomata openresistance low
w(wet soil) -0.1 MPaw (root) -0.1 MPa
w (stem) -0.1 MPa
w (branch) -0.1 MPa
w (atmosphere) -95 MPa
No/littletranspiration
(night)
stomata closedresistance high
very low water flow
w(dry soil) -1.5 MPaw (root) -1.9 MPa
w (stem) -2.0 MPa
w (branch) -2.2 MPa
w (atmosphere) -95 MPa
Low water flow
Lowtranspiration(stressed)
stomata closed?resistance medium
Differentwater
sources
High soil water content
Low soil water
Transpiration for3 hours only
Transpiration for12 hours
Equal rates of water transport
Buy a pre-built system = $$,$$$
Sap Flow – Lots of ways to do it
Do it yourself = less $, but more work
Building sap flow probes
Heated probe drops in temperature (relative to unheated probe) when sap flows.
Heated probe temperature is higher during low or no sap flow.
Measurement systems
Installation
Installation
Installation
106,6,925,10.44,43.57,44.87,91.5,2.345,4.839,-.01,4.655,6.493,4.592,4.013,5.108,-.023,3.049,2.273,1.918,24.59,4.092,51.54,4.141,0,19.77,24.01,22.19,-6999,21.73,19.94,22.56106,6,930,30.75,55,52.52,95.6,2.322,5.046,-.003,5.062,5.862,4.684,4.098,5.371,-.013,4.217,3.602,2.283,24.24,4.365,49.6,4.487,0,20.16,25.47,22.15,-6999,21.92,20.3,23.53106,6,935,57.45,64.89,46.95,100.9,2.164,5.197,0,5.453,4.434,4.75,3.891,5.296,-.039,11.32,16.46,4.105,23.59,4.184,47.3,4.493,0,21.52,26.61,22.58,-6999,-6999,21.06,24.18106,6,940,26.73,76.5,35.93,96.9,1.99,5.322,-.013,5.736,5.115,4.802,3.73,4.963,-.161,39.57,48.53,8.5,23.16,4.335,44.8,4.46,0,24.59,27.25,22.95,-6999,-6999,22.51,24.86106,6,945,-85.9,89.1,26.18,94,1.885,5.43,-.003,5.963,7.21,4.874,3.704,4.799,-.158,38.02,47.56,8.65,23.25,4.993,42.54,4.723,0,25.13,27.07,22.93,-6999,-6999,22.76,24.77106,6,950,-99.7,102,26.68,92.2,1.848,5.519,-.007,6.16,7.54,4.93,3.68,4.726,-.158,36.3,46.41,8.74,23.46,5.94,40.49,5.394,0,24.8,28.44,23.61,-6999,-6999,23.85,25.56106,6,955,-95.1,114.3,26.34,89.5,1.858,5.614,.007,6.367,7.59,5.009,3.805,4.887,-.138,34.54,45.22,8.83,23.2,6.469,38.24,5.966,0,24.97,28.53,23.5,-6999,-6999,25.24,25.94106,6,1000,-97.9,124.8,22.95,79.8,1.838,5.657,-.007,6.429,7.6,5.061,3.973,5.551,-.141,32.69,43.83,8.89,22.63,6.591,35.76,6.166,0,24.71,28.26,24.02,-6999,-6999,25.71,25.55106,6,1005,-123.3,132,22.72,75.5,1.865,5.725,-.003,6.472,7.63,5.12,4.357,5.646,-.135,31.02,42.57,8.95,22.08,6.695,33.33,6.321,0,24.94,28.87,24.44,-6999,-6999,26.23,25.68106,6,1010,-159.4,136.4,21.96,75.5,1.884,5.808,-.01,6.873,7.64,5.173,4.272,5.722,-.141,29.39,41.38,9.02,21.42,6.797,30.9,6.452,0,25.4,28.95,24.46,-6999,-6999,26.84,26.24106,6,1015,-150.6,138.6,20.7,71.9,1.957,5.886,0,7.05,7.66,5.232,4.015,5.498,-.132,27.65,39.95,9.08,20.75,6.886,28.35,6.537,0,25.52,28.82,25.79,-6999,-6999,27.19,26.06106,6,1020,-163.4,137.4,18.98,64.11,2.124,5.965,-.007,7.22,7.67,5.291,3.943,5.241,-.135,26.01,38.6,9.17,20.01,6.994,25.93,6.616,0,26.19,29.48,25.87,-6999,-6999,27.54,26.19106,6,1025,-23.47,133.4,20.64,51.28,2.331,6.014,-.007,7.35,7.63,5.337,3.943,5.123,-.132,24.28,37.02,9.21,19.18,7.09,23.51,6.688,0,26.26,29.78,25.06,-6999,-6999,27.66,26.66106,6,1030,16.93,127.5,20.65,41.65,2.456,6.093,-.007,7.52,7.65,5.419,3.972,5.139,-.122,22.32,35.52,9.25,18.54,7.24,21.11,6.78,0,25.93,29.02,24.6,-6999,-6999,27.26,26.27106,6,1035,9.46,120.6,20.83,34,2.69,6.142,-.013,7.67,7.62,5.455,3.995,5.172,-.128,20.62,33.9,9.3,17.63,7.42,18.91,6.901,0,25.99,29.6,24.27,-6999,-6999,27.11,26.9106,6,1040,-26.43,112.8,20.08,30.07,2.975,6.188,-.01,7.82,7.61,5.504,4.241,5.231,-.118,18.97,32.26,9.32,16.85,7.58,16.66,6.993,0,26.07,29.47,24.64,-6999,-6999,26.91,26.58106,6,1045,-67.36,104.5,18.34,24.78,3.11,6.22,-.013,7.97,7.6,5.55,4.573,5.287,-.112,17.36,30.68,9.34,16.07,7.79,14.42,7.08,0,26.88,29.73,24.82,-6999,-6999,27.15,26.91106,6,1050,-51.68,96.9,19.24,18.44,3.192,6.256,-.007,8.11,7.61,5.609,4.829,5.378,-.105,15.85,29.08,9.38,15.3,7.97,12.4,7.13,0,26.45,29.31,24.93,-6999,-6999,26.75,26.59106,6,1055,-23.14,89.5,15.08,15.9,3.241,6.282,-.01,8.22,7.59,5.645,4.573,5.539,-.102,14.38,27.25,9.4,14.59,8.21,10.71,7.22,0,26.83,29.47,25.6,-6999,-6999,26.78,26.95106,6,1100,-29.76,82.4,14.69,12.53,3.274,6.312,-.003,8.31,7.58,5.704,4.356,5.536,-.099,13.03,25.45,9.42,13.7,8.41,9.26,7.38,0,26.82,30.22,25,-6999,-6999,26.82,27.67106,6,1105,-31.42,76,9.08,10.51,3.31,6.325,-.01,8.38,7.56,5.743,4.392,5.559,-.095,11.87,23.9,9.43,12.9,8.62,8.03,7.45,0,26.95,29.62,25.47,-6999,-6999,26.79,27.51106,6,1110,-36.27,69.86,7.71,9.08,3.363,6.335,-.013,8.44,7.55,5.795,4.467,5.598,-.089,10.8,22.13,9.44,12.13,8.77,7.26,7.46,0,27.71,29.85,25.84,-6999,-6999,27.45,27.34106,6,1115,-19.87,64.26,9.26,7.84,3.435,6.354,-.003,8.51,7.55,5.851,4.539,5.697,-.072,9.83,20.49,9.47,11.46,8.97,7.05,7.54,0,27.6,29.2,25.71,-6999,-6999,27.33,27106,6,1120,11.6,59.46,11.15,4.8,3.478,6.338,-.013,8.53,7.5,5.874,4.517,5.802,-.079,9.16,18.79,9.51,10.67,9.1,6.982,7.62,0,27.46,29.09,25.21,-6999,-6999,27.05,26.85106,6,1125,-76.6,55.6,14.5,12.38,3.54,6.347,-.01,8.54,7.48,5.923,4.543,5.867,-.072,8.96,17.18,9.57,10,9.23,7,7.7,0,28.22,30.6,26.06,-6999,-6999,27.85,28106,6,1130,-117.6,52.03,16.79,14.06,3.573,6.324,-.007,8.48,7.47,5.979,4.648,5.959,-.066,8.85,15.42,9.61,9.33,9.23,7,7.7,0,28.33,29.97,25.96,-6999,-6999,28.15,27.45106,6,1135,-16.64,49.28,9.6,16.76,3.616,6.324,0,8.5,7.45,6.002,4.618,5.962,-.056,8.85,13.94,9.86,8.9,9.74,7.11,8.03,0,28.17,29.04,25.41,-6999,-6999,28.09,26.34106,6,1140,-8.2,45.96,-3.807,14.2,3.629,6.327,-.01,8.62,7.46,6.064,4.661,5.906,-.066,8.8,12.6,10.59,8.52,9.66,7.08,7.87,0,27.68,28.79,25.63,-6999,-6999,27.83,26.45106,6,1145,-94,42.43,-1.952,-45.47,3.655,6.327,-.003,8.71,7.44,6.11,4.703,5.919,-.049,8.83,11.24,11.25,8.08,9.57,7.12,7.84,0,28.24,29.93,25.88,-658.3,-6999,28.65,27.31106,6,1150,-6999,38.58,-115.4,-6999,3.668,6.343,-.013,8.72,7.39,6.13,4.776,5.965,-.049,8.94,10.11,12.22,8.05,9.67,7.16,7.92,0,29.88,30.79,25.23,-94.4,-6999,29.98,26.43106,6,1155,-594.8,35.87,-20.01,-66.4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Data!
Temperature difference trace
zero sap-flow points (night)
Temperature difference trace
Daily zero sap-flow subtracted
Temperature difference trace
Temperature difference trace
Sap flow:
u = 0.000119 × Z1.231
whereZ = (T0 – T) / T
Units of sap flow: m3 H2O m-2 sap wood area s-1
Empirical transformation
Sap flow trace
Units of sap flow: m3 H2O m-2 sap wood area s-1
1 m3 H2O = 1000 liters
10 cm sap woodthickness
80 cm
diam
r2 - r2 = 0.049 m2
Multiply results by 4900
Units of sap flow: liters s-1
Units transform
Sap flow – nice units
Is sap flow decreasing?
Interpreting sap flow: micromet
$6000
$15 $320
Light (PAR) sensing
Interpreting sap flow: micromet
dew point = 9.1°C
dew point = 15.3 °C
Interpreting sap flow: micromet
Interpreting sap flow: um?
But note: temperature fluctuations even when no power is applied to the heated probe – temperature gradients!