center for dental informatics 1 of 23 university of pittsburgh school of dental medicine overview of...

Center for Dental Informatics

1 of 23 University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine

Overview of Dental Informatics ResearchTitus Schleyer, DMD, PhDPatricia Corby, DMDAmy Gregg, MLS



Background

dental informatics research literature has not been comprehensively reviewed

emerging fields define themselves partially based on their literature

unclear how best to retrieve dental informatics literature



Pop quiz

Assuming you search MEDLINE through Pubmed, and you type in “medical informatics” and “dental informatics”, resp., how many results would you get? medical informatics: dental informatics:

291,976182



Objectives characterize the dental informatics

literature indexed in MEDLINE by: number of papers journals topics

examine dental informatics terminology in the Medical Subject Headings

determine what is “special” about dental informatics



Related studies

The structure of medical informatics journal literature (Morris&McCain, 1998)

Biomaterials: An introduction for librarians (Bush, 1996)

A bibliometric analysis of the pediatric dental literature in MEDLINE (Yang, Needleman, Niederman, 2001)



Significance

initial attempt at defining dental informatics from its literature

establish a core corpus of the dental informatics literature

understand current dental informatics terminology



Methods

initial: general, broad search strategy

focused on “dentistry”, “computers” and “research”

1966 to 4/2003 (Ovid)



Search strategy

Dental - only MeSH

Informatics - MeSH and text words

Research - 5 text words or variation of those words in the title or abstract field

(research, statistics, result, study, or method)

Dental InformaticsResearch

Dental

Informatics Research



Search strategy (cont.) search limited to citations with

abstracts

comments, editorials, letters, and news publication types excluded

no restriction on language



Initial search strategyDatabase: MEDLINE <1966 to May Week 4 2003>Search Strategy:--------------------------------------------------------------------1 exp dental deposits/ (13452)2 exp stomatognathic system/ (210445)3 exp stomatognathic diseases/ (266769)4 Dental Disinfectants/ (164)5 exp "biomedical and dental materials"/ (236774)6 exp oral surgical procedures/ (28858)7 Dental Records/ (2267)8 exp dentistry/ (228959)9 Dental Anxiety/ (937)10 Dental Research/ (839)11 Forensic Dentistry/ (1589)12 General Practice, Dental/ (2899)13 Geriatric Dentistry/ (836)14 Military Dentistry/ (1000)15 Occupational Dentistry/ (194)16 Pediatric Dentistry/ (3009)17 Preventive Dentistry/ (2461)18 School Dentistry/ (1410)19 exp specialties, dental/ (18704)20 Dental Waste/ (137)21 exp dental physiology/ (19901)22 Health Education, Dental/ (4670)23 Education, Dental, Continuing/ (2336)24 Education, Dental/ (8965)25 Education, Dental, Graduate/ (1141)26 Faculty, Dental/ (1300)27 Schools, Dental/ (3984)

28 Students, Dental/ (3088)29 Ethics, Dental/ (1997)30 History of Dentistry/ (2175)31 exp dental auxiliaries/ (9935)32 exp dental staff/ (1462)33 exp dentists/ (11239)34 exp dental facilities/ (6367)35 Dental Service, Hospital/ (1656)36 exp economics, dental/ (3199)37 Legislation, Dental/ (1493)38 exp societies, dental/ (8048)39 Dentist's Practice Patterns/ (528)40 Group Practice, Dental/ (517)41 Practice Management, Dental/ (8192)42 State Dentistry/ (1464)43 Dental Audit/ (124)44 Insurance, Dental/ (4134)45 Philosophy, Dental/ (361)46 Journalism, Dental/ (915)47 Libraries, Dental/ (165)48 Licensure, Dental/ (1361)49 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11 or 12 or 13 or 14 or 15 or 16 or 17 or 18 or 19 or 20 or 21 or 22 or 23 or 24 or 25 or 26 or 27 or 28 or 29 or 30 or 31 or 32 or 33 or 34 or 35 or 36 or 37 or 38 or 39 or 40 or 41 or 42 or 43 or 44 or 45 or 46 or 47 or 48 (709772)50 Attitude to Computers/ (1518)51 LEARNING/ (19088)52 CONFIDENTIALITY/ (16946)53 exp teaching/ (45073)

54 exp technology/ (76752)55 exp medical informatics/ (296153)56 dental informatic$.tw. (26)57 comput$.tw. (217605)58 50 or 51 or 52 or 53 or 54 or 55 or 56 or 57 (564924)59 research$.ab,ti. (281997)60 statistic$.ab,ti. (252696)61 result$.ab,ti. (2308596)62 study.ab,ti. (1869619)63 studies.ab,ti. (968766)64 method$.ab,ti. (1227172)65 59 or 60 or 61 or 62 or 63 or 64 (4454590)66 49 and 58 and 65 (14054)67 limit 66 to abstracts (12985)68 limit 67 to (comment or editorial or letter or news) (8)69 67 not 68 (12977)70 ch.fs. (584731)71 69 not 70 (11269)72 me.fs. (2360523)73 71 not 72 (10747)74 from 73 keep 1 (1)



Search results

Random sample of 800 citations was classified by general topic.

n= 10,477

Informaticsn=553,056

Dentaln=702,424

Researchn=4,370,022

Sample: 800

AND



Classification 1 – not dental

2 – dental

3 – dental informatics research

4 – IT in dentistry

(two raters; disagreements discussed and reconciled directly)



Set 1(n=100)

2(n=100)

3(n=100)

4(n=100)

5(n=100)

6(n=300)

Total(n=800)

non-dental 34(34%)

32(32%)

36(36%)

36(36%)

42(42%)

117(39%)

297(37%)

dental 58(58%)

61(61%)

58(58%)

59(59%)

48(48%)

164(55%)

448(56%)

dental informatics research/IT

8(8%)

7(7%)

6(6%)

5(5%)

10(10%)

19(6%)

55(7%)

Classification of sample

Classification



Recall = ?Number of relevant citations retrievedNumber of relevant citations in the

database

Precision = 7%Number of relevant citations retrievedNumber of citations retrieved

Assessing recall and precision



Refinement

elimination of subheadings that resulted in excessive contamination (e.g. chemistry, metabolism)

extract MeSH and subheadings from the sample (Python program)

compute frequencies of each term identify non-dental terms



Refinement

n=3,900Final set

-3,030-788-753

-1,222-755

(freq.≥10; 29 terms)(freq.=8-9; 13 terms)(freq.=6-7; 40 terms)(freq.=4-5; 111 terms)(freq.=3; 112 terms)

{Elimination of non-dental MeSH terms

n= 10,477

Informaticsn=553,056

Dentaln=702,424

Researchn=4,370,022

AND



Database: MEDLINE <1966 to May Week 4 2003>Search Strategy:---------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----1 exp dental deposits/ (13452)2 exp stomatognathic system/ (210445)3 exp stomatognathic diseases/ (266769)4 Dental Disinfectants/ (164)5 exp "biomedical and dental materials"/ (236774)6 exp oral surgical procedures/ (28858)7 Dental Records/ (2267)8 exp dentistry/ (228959)9 Dental Anxiety/ (937)10 Dental Research/ (839)11 Forensic Dentistry/ (1589)12 General Practice, Dental/ (2899)13 Geriatric Dentistry/ (836)14 Military Dentistry/ (1000)15 Occupational Dentistry/ (194)16 Pediatric Dentistry/ (3009)17 Preventive Dentistry/ (2461)18 School Dentistry/ (1410)19 exp specialties, dental/ (18704)20 Dental Waste/ (137)21 exp dental physiology/ (19901)22 Health Education, Dental/ (4670)23 Education, Dental, Continuing/ (2336)24 Education, Dental/ (8965)25 Education, Dental, Graduate/ (1141)26 Faculty, Dental/ (1300)27 Schools, Dental/ (3984)28 Students, Dental/ (3088)29 Ethics, Dental/ (1997)30 History of Dentistry/ (2175)31 exp dental auxiliaries/ (9935)32 exp dental staff/ (1462)33 exp dentists/ (11239)34 exp dental facilities/ (6367)35 Dental Service, Hospital/ (1656)36 exp economics, dental/ (3199)37 Legislation, Dental/ (1493)38 exp societies, dental/ (8048)39 Dentist's Practice Patterns/ (528)40 Group Practice, Dental/ (517)41 Practice Management, Dental/ (8192)42 State Dentistry/ (1464)43 Dental Audit/ (124)44 Insurance, Dental/ (4134)45 Philosophy, Dental/ (361)46 Journalism, Dental/ (915)47 Libraries, Dental/ (165)48 Licensure, Dental/ (1361)50 Attitude to Computers/ (1518)51 LEARNING/ (19088)

52 CONFIDENTIALITY/ (16946)53 exp teaching/ (45073)54 exp technology/ (76752)55 exp medical informatics/ (296153)56 dental informatic$.tw. (26)57 comput$.tw. (217605)59 research$.ab,ti. (281997)60 statistic$.ab,ti. (252696)61 result$.ab,ti. (2308596)62 study.ab,ti. (1869619)63 studies.ab,ti. (968766)64 method$.ab,ti. (1227172)65 59 or 60 or 61 or 62 or 63 or 64 (4454590)66 49 and 58 and 65 (14054)67 limit 66 to abstracts (12985)68 limit 67 to (comment or editorial or letter or news) (8)69 67 not 68 (12977)70 ch.fs. (584731)71 69 not 70 (11269)72 me.fs. (2360523)73 71 not 72 (10747)74 Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/ (7019)75 PHARYNX/ (9482)76 Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/ (60866)77 Pharyngeal Neoplasms/ (5150)78 Facial Muscles/ (4444)79 OROPHARYNX/ (1967)80 PHARYNGITIS/ (4385)81 POLYMERS/ (23837)82 Sleep Apnea Syndromes/ (7723)83 Postoperative Complications/ (188503)84 Facial Paralysis/ (7082)85 ORBIT/ (9178)86 Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/ (43951)87 Pentetic Acid/ (6496)88 Polyethylene Glycols/ (15469)89 Streptococcal Infections/ (18851)90 CARCINOMA/ (42303)91 CONTRACTURE/ (4318)92 FASCICULATION/ (441)93 Materials Testing/ (11945)94 Time Factors/ (611430)95 DEGLUTITION/ (4237)96 Drug Compounding/ (5286)97 Hip Prosthesis/ (11605)98 STENTS/ (15675)99 NEOPLASMS/ (126876)100 Parotid Diseases/ (937)101 PLASTICS/ (6440)102 Polymethyl Methacrylate/ (1309)103 Stress, Mechanical/ (22750) 104 106 CYSTS/ (19916)107 Models, Biological/ (123203)108 TITANIUM/ (7885)109 Velopharyngeal Insufficiency/ (860)

110 Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip/ (3618)111 BIOCHEMISTRY/ (5868)112 BRACHYTHERAPY/ (8336)113 Cervical Vertebrae/ (14925)114 Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations/ (5026)115 NOSE/ (10836)116 Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms/ (4392)117 PROGNOSIS/ (194164)118 SKULL/ (17683)119 SPEECH/ (10074)121 105 not 120 (6801)122 ABSCESS/ (15428)123 CORNEA/ (26198)124 FACE/ (16363)125 Foreign-Body Reaction/ (3282)126 GELS/ (12729)127 GLASS/ (7249)128 HYPOPHARYNX/ (903)129 Motor Cortex/ (8592)130 Neoplasm Staging/ (51867)131 Parotid Neoplasms/ (4848)132 Particle Size/ (12843)133 Pulmonary Ventilation/ (6715)134 SIALOGRAPHY/ (1227)135 Silicone Elastomers/ (6151)138 Antineoplastic Agents/ (79247)139 AORTA/ (32929)140 Aortic Aneurysm/ (11959)141 Blood Vessel Prosthesis/ (15701)142 CEREBELLUM/ (26054)143 DRAINAGE/ (22408)144 Embolization, Therapeutic/ (11791)145 GADOLINIUM/ (4239)146 Herpes Zoster Oticus/ (133)147 INFLAMMATION/ (33126)148 Intra-Aortic Balloon Pumping/ (2123)149 LIVER/ (274206)150 MANOMETRY/ (12339)151 MEDIASTINITIS/ (1332)152 Organometallic Compounds/ (12996)153 Pain, Postoperative/ (12875)154 POLYETHYLENES/ (5049)155 Postoperative Hemorrhage/ (1396)156 Pulmonary Embolism/ (19466)157 REOPERATION/ (35801)158 SILICONES/ (7207)159 Skull Base Neoplasms/ (601)160 Skull Fractures/ (6599)161 Skull Neoplasms/ (4575)162 Speech Perception/ (8720)163 Vasodilator Agents/ (23901)164 VEINS/ (21075)165 Wound Healing/ (39259) 166 ANGIOFIBROMA/ (330)169 Blood Pressure/ (165725)170 Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation/ (3720)

Final search strategy

9 pages approx. 400 terms

included/excluded/exploded takes 4 minutes to run resulting set: 3,900 citations



Comparison of sample and final set

Classification Samplen=800

from 10,477 citations

Final set n=3872*

non-dental 297(37%)

463(12%)

dental 448(56%)

2278(59%)

dental informatics research 620(16%)

IT in dentistry 511(13%)

*28 Duplicates removed from final set; 5 raters; limited calibration; each paper rated by one rater.

55(7%)



Results

dental informatics research approx. 620 papers since 1975 176 journals

IT in dentistry approx. 511 papers since 1975 206 journals



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1975 1977 1979 1981 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1996 1998 2000 2002

Dental informatics IT in dentistry

Informatics and IT papers per year



Topics in dental informatics

Radiographic Image Enhancement (37)

Image Processing, Computer-Assisted (32)

Tomography, X-Ray Computed (28) Radiography, Dental, Digital (21) Imaging, Three-Dimensional (7) Radiographic Image Interpretation,

Computer-Assisted (6) Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted (5) Therapy, Computer-Assisted (5) Computer-Assisted Instruction (4) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (4) Automatic Data Processing (2) Computer Graphics (2) Computer-Aided Design (2) Education, Distance (2) Educational Technology (2) Electronic Mail (2)

Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted (2) Information Systems (2) Internet (2) Computer Communication Networks (1) Computer Systems (1) Expert Systems (1) Hospital Information Systems (1) Information Management (1) Information Services (1) Information Storage and Retrieval (1) Printing (1) Radiology Information Systems (1) Software (1) Surgery, Computer-Assisted (1) Video Recording (1) Videodisc Recording (1)

Total of 32 computer terms from 312 major MeSH (freq.):



Topics in dental informatics (cont.)

Image Processing, Computer-Assisted (147)

Radiography, Dental, Digital (87) Tomography, X-Ray Computed (77) Computers (69) Radiographic Image Interpretation,

Computer-Assisted (49) Computer-Assisted Instruction (39) Algorithms (35) Computer Simulation (35) Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted (34) Microcomputers (31) Computer Graphics (24) Computer-Aided Design (24) Therapy, Computer-Assisted (21) Imaging, Three-Dimensional (20) Information Systems (20)

User-Computer Interface (18) Computer Systems (17) Data Display (17) Decision Support Techniques (15) Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted (15) Internet (14) Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted

(13) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (13) Computer Communication Networks (11) Automatic Data Processing (10) Expert Systems (9) Online Systems (9) Analog-Digital Conversion (7) Medical Records Systems, Computerized (7) Multimedia (6) Neural Networks (Computer) (6)

Top 32 computer terms from 1,009 MeSH (freq.):



Discussion Searching MEDLINE for:

medical informatics 291,976 citations dental informatics 182 citations

dental informatics literature is small dental informatics literature is difficult to

retrieve “dental informatics” as MeSH term?

extremely distributed across literature variety of topics, mostly centered on

imaging

center for dental informatics 1 of 23 university of pittsburgh school of dental medicine overview of...

Documents

dental informatics slide

dental research

dental materials

dental disinfectants

dental records

dental anxiety

pediatric dental literature

exp dental deposits