cellular respiration: harvesting chemical energy cellular respiration – catabolic energy yielding...
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Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical EnergyCellular respiration – catabolic energy yielding pathway in which oxygen and organic fuels are consumed and ATP is producedSUMMARY:
Organic + Oxygen Carbon + Water + EnergyCompounds
Dioxide
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
oxidation
reduction
*By oxidizing glucose, energy is taken out of “storage” and made available for ATP synthesis
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NAD+ and NADP+ are electron shuttles
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Cellular Respiration: an overview
3 metabolic stages:
*glycolysis *Krebs cycle
*electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
*Substrate-level phosphorylation
*Oxidative phosphorylation
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Metabolic Disequilibrium
*Multi-step open system
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Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate
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Glycolysis: Energy Investment Phase
1) Glucose is phosphorylated
2) G-6-P is rearranged
3) Addition of another phosphate group
5) Conversion b/w the 2 3-carbon sugars
4) Cleavage into 2 3-carbon sugars
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6) Two components: *electron transfer *Phosphate group addition
Glycolysis: Energy Payoff Phase
7) ATP production
8) Rearrangement of phosphate group
9) Loss of water
10) ATP production
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aerobicanaerobic
The presence or absence of O2 dictates the fate of pyruvate
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The Krebs cycle: energy-yielding oxidationThe junction b/w glycolysis and the Krebs cycle:
Multienzyme complex:
1) Removal of CO2 2) Electron transfer *pyruvate dehydrogenase 3) Addition of CoA
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The Krebs cycle: energy-yielding oxidation
1) Addition of 2 Carbons Citrate
synthase 2)
Isomerization Aconitase
3) *Loss of CO2 *electron transfer
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
4) *Loss of CO2 *electron
transfer -ketoglutarate
dehydrogenase5) substrate-level
phosphorylation Succinyl CoA-synthetase
6) electron transfer Succinate
dehydrogenase
7) Rearrangement
of bonds Fumarase
8) electron transfer Malate dehydrogenase
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Electron transport and ATP synthesis
*Multi-step open system
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Generation and maintenance of an H+ gradient*Exergonic flow of e-, pumps H+ across the membrane*chemiosmosis
high energy electrons
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*How does the mitochondrion couple electron transport and ATP synthesis?
ATP synthase
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Fermentation enables cell to produce ATP w/o O2
aerobicanaerobic
*Fermentation generates ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation