cellular level of organization. cells there are approximately 200 different types of cells that make...
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Cellular Level of Organization
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CellsThere are approximately 200 different
types of cells that make up the basic structures of the human body.
Cell division creates new cells. A “parent” cell divides into two new “daughter” cells.
Different types of cells carry out different functions in the body.
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Parts of a CellPlasma membraneCytoplasmCytosolOrganellesNucleusChromosomesGenes
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3 main parts of a cellPlasma membrane – the cells flexible outer
surface.Cytoplasm – all the cellular contents
between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.
Nucleus – a large organelle that houses most of the cell’s DNA. Chromosomes and genes are contained here.
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Typical Structures
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Plasma MembraneA flexible, yet sturdy barrier that surrounds
and contains the cytoplasm of a cell.Fluid mosaic model.Lipid BilayerMembrane proteinsMembrane Permeability – Selective
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Plasma Membrane continued…Gradients
ConcentrationElectrochemical
OsmosisDiffusionActive Transport
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Lipid BilayerPhospholipids – 2 layersAmphipathic – polar and nonpolarHydrophilicHydrophobic
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Membrane ProteinsIntegral Proteins – extend into or through
the lipid bilayer.Transmembrane proteins
Peripheral Proteins – attached to either the inside or outside of the membrane.
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Functions of Membrane ProteinsIon channelTransporterReceptorEnzymeCell Identity MarkerLinker
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Membrane PermeabilitySelectively PermeablePermeable to nonpolar, uncharged
molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, & steroids.
Impermeable to ions and charged or polar molecules, such as glucose.
Slightly permeable to water and urea.
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GradientsConcentration Gradient – A difference in
the concentration of a chemical from one place to another.
Electrochemical Gradient – The combination of the effects of the concentration gradient and the membrane potential.
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Transport Across the MembranePassive Transport – does not require
cellular energy.Substances move down their concentration
or electrochemical gradients using only their own kinetic energy.
Active Transport – requires cellular energy in the form of ATP.
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3 Types of Passive TransportDiffusion through the lipid bilayer.Diffusion through membrane channels.Facilitated diffusion.
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Endocytosis
Material enters the cell in vesicles.
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Exocytosis
Material leaves the cell in vesicles.
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DiffusionMaterials diffuse from areas of high
concentration to areas of low concentration. They move down their concentration gradient.
Equilibrium – molecules are mixed uniformly throughout the solution.
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Factors Influencing DiffusionSteepness of the concentration gradient.Temperature.Mass of the diffusing substance.Surface Area.Diffusion distance.
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OsmosisThe net movement of a solvent (water)
across a selectively permeable membrane.Water moves from an area of higher water
concentration to an area of lower water concentration.
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Osmotic PressureA solution containing solute particles that
cannot cross the membrane exerts a force called osmotic pressure.
The greater the number of solute particles the greater the pressure.
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TonicityA solution’s tonicity measures the
solution’s ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content.
Isotonic – cell maintains shapeHypotonic – cell swells and burstsHypertonic – cell shrinks - crenation
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Cytoplasm2 components
Cytosol – fluid portion that surrounds organelles.55% of total cell volumeWater with dissolved and suspended components
Ions, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, proteins, lipids, ATP, and waste products.
Organelles – specialized structuresSpecific shapesSpecific functions
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CytoskeletonNetwork of protein filaments.Structural framework for the cell.3 Types of filaments
Microvilli – small – increase surface areaIntermediate filamentsMicrotubules – largest – in cilia and flagella –
participate in cell division.
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CentrosomeLocated near the nucleusPlays a critical role in cell division
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Cilia and FlagellaComprised of microtubules.Cilia – short, hairlike projections that
extend from the surface of the cell.Line respiratory tractMovement is paralyzed by nicotine
Flagella – longer than ciliaUsually move an entire cellSperm’s tail
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RibosomesSites of protein synthesisFree Ribosomes – located in cytosolAttached to nuclear membrane and ERIn mitochondria
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Endoplasmic Reticulum ERPlasmic = cytoplasm; reticulum = networkNetwork of folded membranesTransports substances throughout cellRough ER – ribosomes attached –
synthesizes proteinsSmooth ER – synthesizes fatty acids and
steroids
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Rough ER
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Smooth ER
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Golgi ComplexConsists of 3 – 20 golgi cisternae
(membranous sacs)Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for
distributionProteins leave through secretory vesicles,
membrane vesicles, or transport vesicles.
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LysosomesLyso = dissolving; somes = bodiesContain powerful digestive enzymes and
hydrolytic enzymesLysosomal enzymes can destroy their own
cell – autolysis (due to pathology)
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Lysosome
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MitochondriaGenerate ATP – “powerhouses” of the cell
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Mitochondrian with Matrix
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Mitochondria
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NucleusSpherical or oval shapedMost prominent feature in the cellMost structures have a single nucleus,
although mature RBCs have noneContain genes arranged in chromosomesGenome – total genetic information for an
organism
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Nucleus
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Nucleus
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Cell DivisionSomatic Cell Division – replaces dead or
injured cells and adds new ones for growth.MitosisProduces 2 identical daughter cells
Reproductive Cell Division – produces gametes – sperm and oocytes.meiosis
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Cell Cycle2 major phases
Interphase – the cell is not dividingMitotic phase – the cell is dividing
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InterphaseThe cell replicates its DNA during this
phase.Produces additional organelles and
cytosolic components.
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Mitotic PhaseNuclear Division – MitosisCytoplasmic Division - Cytokinesis
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MitosisProphase
Chromatin fibers condense and shorten.Metaphase
The microtubules align the centromeres of the chromatid pairs.
AnaphaseThe centromeres split separating the two
members of each chromatid pair.Telophase
Identical chromosomes uncoil and a nuclear envelope forms around each mass.
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CytokinesisDivision of the parent cell’s cytoplasm and
organelles into two daughter cells.
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Cellular DiversityThe body of an average human adult is
composed of nearly 100 trillion cells.Approximately 200 different types.The largest cell is the oocyte
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