Cellular, Bluetooth/Wi-Fi, RFID Cellular, Bluetooth/Wi-Fi, RFID

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Frequency Range Frequency Range

Cellular phone systemsCellular phone systems– 824-894 MHz. (older system- no long in use)824-894 MHz. (older system- no long in use)– 1850-1990 MHz. (Most common –PCS band01850-1990 MHz. (Most common –PCS band0

Bluetooth and Wi-FiBluetooth and Wi-Fi– 2400-2497 MHz. Unlicensed Band - ULB)2400-2497 MHz. Unlicensed Band - ULB)

RFIDRFID– 850-980 MHz (Other frequencies also used)850-980 MHz (Other frequencies also used)

Cellular Phone System Cellular Phone System Cell phones operate in “Cell phones operate in “cells” which is a small cells” which is a small

geographic area geographic area Calls are switched from cell to cell as needed.Calls are switched from cell to cell as needed. Each cell varies in size based on demandEach cell varies in size based on demand A A cell cell can be looked at as a geographic can be looked at as a geographic

coverage area with a base station (tower) coverage area with a base station (tower) which transmits signals to, and receive signals which transmits signals to, and receive signals from, the mobile phones in its cell. from, the mobile phones in its cell.

Calls are routed to a central switching station Calls are routed to a central switching station and then forwarded to complete your call via and then forwarded to complete your call via other cell towers, land lines, microwave links, other cell towers, land lines, microwave links, fiber optic lines, satellite links, etc. fiber optic lines, satellite links, etc.

Bluetooth Bluetooth The name Bluetooth comes from The name Bluetooth comes from

a Danish king that united various a Danish king that united various kingdoms. Erickson initially used kingdoms. Erickson initially used the termthe term

Bluetooth allows devices such as Bluetooth allows devices such as cellular phones, computers, cellular phones, computers, computer input and output computer input and output devices, digital cameras, devices, digital cameras, earpiece devices, and video earpiece devices, and video game consoles to communicate game consoles to communicate with one another wirelessly. with one another wirelessly.

Bluetooth has a typical range of Bluetooth has a typical range of 1-10 meters and operates at low 1-10 meters and operates at low power (1-10 milliwatts)power (1-10 milliwatts)

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Wi-Fi Wi-Fi Wireless-Fidelity or Wi-Fi Wireless-Fidelity or Wi-Fi Wi-Fi ranges to about 100 meters.Wi-Fi ranges to about 100 meters. Wi-Fi can operate at Wi-Fi can operate at 2.4GHz and 5.0 GHZ 2.4GHz and 5.0 GHZ

– The most common is a 2.4 GHzThe most common is a 2.4 GHz

Wi-Fi specifications are set by the IEEEWi-Fi specifications are set by the IEEE Wi-Fi is primarily used to provide internet access from your Wi-Fi is primarily used to provide internet access from your

computer without a hard wire connection.computer without a hard wire connection. ““Hotspots” refer to an area with Wi-Fi accessHotspots” refer to an area with Wi-Fi access

– Hotels, airport lobbies, restaurants, coffee shops are common places to Hotels, airport lobbies, restaurants, coffee shops are common places to find W-Fi availablefind W-Fi available

Wi-Fi can reach data transferable rates of Wi-Fi can reach data transferable rates of – 54 Mbps (802.11a and 802.11g)54 Mbps (802.11a and 802.11g)– 11 Mbps (802.11b)11 Mbps (802.11b)

WiMAX (new) range to 2 miles – cover a city with internet WiMAX (new) range to 2 miles – cover a city with internet accessaccess

RFID RFID Radio-frequency identification (RFID) Radio-frequency identification (RFID)

automatically identifiesautomatically identifies Relies on storing and retrieving data using Relies on storing and retrieving data using

devices called transponders.devices called transponders. Radio-frequency identification is passive, Radio-frequency identification is passive,

active, or semi-passive.active, or semi-passive. Passive RFID tags use the incoming signal Passive RFID tags use the incoming signal

for power to respondfor power to respond An RFID system consists of antenna, a An RFID system consists of antenna, a

transceiver, and a transponder. transceiver, and a transponder.

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RFID tag before RFID tag afterhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/RFID_hand_2.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/RFID_hand_1.jpg

An RFID tag implanted under the skin