CellsCells

By: Marcos SorianoBy: Marcos Soriano

Kristin BeringsonKristin Beringson

Jen GallagherJen Gallagher

Maureen FlynnMaureen Flynn

RibosomesRibosomesStructureStructure

Ribosomes are composed of proteins and RNA in Ribosomes are composed of proteins and RNA in two subunits (One large and one small) two subunits (One large and one small)

There are many of these organelles in the cell.There are many of these organelles in the cell.

Ribosome Structure

RibosomesRibosomesLocationLocation

Bound ribosomes occur attached to the Bound ribosomes occur attached to the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum

Ribosomes also occur in the cytoplasm alone or in Ribosomes also occur in the cytoplasm alone or in groups. groups.

These groups are called These groups are called polyribosomespolyribosomes

Endoplasmic

Reticulum

RibosomesRibosomesFunctionFunction

Ribosomes perform protein synthesis, which is the Ribosomes perform protein synthesis, which is the assembly of amino acids in proteinsassembly of amino acids in proteins

Transfer of Amino Acids to Proteins

RibosomesRibosomesFunction (Cont.)Function (Cont.)

Ribosomes in the cytoplasm synthesize proteins to Ribosomes in the cytoplasm synthesize proteins to be used in the cell by organalles like mitochondria be used in the cell by organalles like mitochondria and chloroplastsand chloroplasts

Ribosomes on the endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes on the endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins that are eventually secreted by synthesize proteins that are eventually secreted by the cell the cell

Wire frame of a Ribosome

RibosomesRibosomesHow They WorkHow They Work

Once the two large and small subunits are joined Once the two large and small subunits are joined by the RNA from the nucleus, the ribosomes by the RNA from the nucleus, the ribosomes translate the RNA into a specific sequence of translate the RNA into a specific sequence of amino acids, called polypeptide chains. amino acids, called polypeptide chains.

Process

RibosomesRibosomesImportanceImportance

Our cells and bodies need protein to survive Our cells and bodies need protein to survive without ribosomes, we wouldn’t get any protein without ribosomes, we wouldn’t get any protein

Without the ribosomes amino acids wouldn’t be Without the ribosomes amino acids wouldn’t be synthesized into proteins which plays a vital role synthesized into proteins which plays a vital role in our body. Proteins make up our hair, nails and in our body. Proteins make up our hair, nails and connective tissues. connective tissues.

MitochondrionMitochondrionStructureStructure

Size of a bacteria Size of a bacteria Has a double membraneHas a double membrane The outer membrane is fairly smoothThe outer membrane is fairly smooth Inner membrane is twistedInner membrane is twisted

MitochondrionMitochondrionLocationLocation

Mitochondrion can be found in the cell, outside Mitochondrion can be found in the cell, outside the nucleus, in the cytoplasm the nucleus, in the cytoplasm

There could be more than one mitochondrion in a There could be more than one mitochondrion in a cell, as shown below:cell, as shown below:

Mitochondrion Plant Cell

MitochondrionMitochondrionFunctionFunction

Performs cellular respiration: They Performs cellular respiration: They convert chemical energy of glucose convert chemical energy of glucose into chemical energy of into chemical energy of ATP(Adenosine Triphosphate: ATP(Adenosine Triphosphate: primary source of energy)primary source of energy)

The process burns up oxygen and The process burns up oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide and water. gives off carbon dioxide and water.

MitochondrionMitochondrionImportanceImportance

Without mitochondrion ATP production would Without mitochondrion ATP production would cease and the cells would not be able to function. cease and the cells would not be able to function.

Old and warn out Mitochondrion

LysosomesLysosomesStructureStructure

Membranous vesicle containing digestive enzymesMembranous vesicle containing digestive enzymes

LysosomesLysosomesLocationLocation

Lysosomes can be found in the cell, in the Lysosomes can be found in the cell, in the cytoplasm cytoplasm

There could be more than one lysosome in a cell, There could be more than one lysosome in a cell, as shown below:as shown below:

Lysosomes Plant Cell

LysosomesLysosomesFunctionFunction

Digests macromolecules, old Digests macromolecules, old cell parts and microorganisms cell parts and microorganisms

This takes place when a food This takes place when a food vacuole combines with a vacuole combines with a lysosome to form a digestive lysosome to form a digestive vacuole vacuole

Lysosomes also help cells Lysosomes also help cells renew themselves. The human renew themselves. The human liver recycles itself each week liver recycles itself each week from lysosomes from lysosomes

Function

LysosomesLysosomesImportanceImportance

If lysosomes start to break apart they will leak If lysosomes start to break apart they will leak and a large amount of leakage can destroy cellsand a large amount of leakage can destroy cells

Process of a cell dying

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