cells and chromosomes
TRANSCRIPT
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Cells and Chromosomes
Reported by: Marvin B. Gonzaga
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The Cellular Environment
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SPELL IT QUIZ!
1. This is the inside of a cell
Cytoplasm
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The Inside of a Cell
▪ Hydrophilic substances– Salt– Sugars– amino acids– Certain vitamins
▪ Hydrophobic substances
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SPELL IT QUIZ!
2. _____ such as starch and glycogen store chemical energy for work within
cells.
Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates
▪ Composed of glucose, a simple sugar.
▪ The glucose subunits are attached one to another to form long chains, or polymers.
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SPELL IT QUIZ!
3. These molecules are formed by chemical interactions between glycerol,a small organic compound, and larger organic compounds called fatty acids.
Lipids
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SPELL IT QUIZ!
4. Each ______consists of one or more polypeptides, which are chains of amino acids.
Protein
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Proteins
▪ Often a protein consists of two polypeptides—that is, it is a dimer
▪ sometimes a protein consists of many polypeptides—that is, it is a multimer.
▪ They also catalyze chemical reactions. We call these catalytic proteins enzymes.
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SPELL IT QUIZ!
5. Plant cell walls are composed of ______ , a complex carbohydrate.
Cellulose
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Cell Membranes
▪ Internal membranes may divide a cell into compartments, or they may help to form specialized structures called organelles.
▪ Bacterial cell walls are composed of a different kind of material called murein.
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Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
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Prokaryotic Cells
▪ usually less than a thousandth of a millimetre long.
▪ typically lack a complicated system of internal membranes and membranous organelles.
▪ Their hereditary material—that is, the DNA—is not isolated in a special subcellular compartment.
▪ Includes bacteria and archaea
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Eukaryotic Cells
▪ usually at least 10 times bigger than prokaryotic cells.
▪ possess complicated systems of internal membranes, some of which are associated with conspicuous, well-organized organelles.
▪ Includes the cells of plants, animals, protists, and fungi
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Parts of A Cell
▪ Found In Both Plant and Animal Cells1.Mitochondria - dedicated to the
recruitment of energy2.Ribosomes - involved in the synthesis of
proteins3.Golgi complex - set of membranous sacs and
vesicles that are involved in the chemical modification and transport of substances
4.Lysosomes - contain different kinds of digestive enzymes that would harm the cell if they were released into the cytoplasm.
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Parts of A Cell
▪ Found In Both Plant and Animal Cells 5. Perioxisomes- dedicated to the metabolism
of substances such as fats and amino acids6. Nucleus - provide a safe haven for the DNA7. Cytoskeleton - give form to cells and
enable some types of cells to move through their environment.
▪ Found Only In Plant Cells 1. Chloroplast - captures solar energy and
converts it into chemical energy
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Chromosomes: Where Genes Are Located
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▪ Each chromosome consists of one double-stranded DNA molecule plus an assortment of proteins
▪ RNA may also be associated with chromosomes. ▪ Prokaryotic cells typically contain only one chromosome, although sometimes they also possess many smaller DNA molecules called plasmids.
▪ The DNA molecules in prokaryotic chromosomes and plasmids are circular, as are most of the DNA molecules found in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells.
▪ The DNA molecules found in the chromosomes in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells are linear.
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Bacterial Chromosome
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Human Chromosomes During Cell Division
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Cell Division
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Interphase
Mitosi
s
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G1 → S → G2 → M
▪ S is the period in which the chromosomes are duplicated—an event that requires DNA synthesis
▪ M phase in the cell cycle is the time when the mother cell actually divides1.mitosis, which is the process that
distributes the duplicated chromosomes equally and exactly to the daughter cells
2.cytokinesis, which is the process that physically separates the two daughter cells from each other.
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Thank You!