Cell Structure

Cell Structure and reproduction

OrganellesPlant Nucleus Golgi ApparatusMitochondriaPeroxisomesPlasma MembraneRough and smooth endoplasmic reticulumRibosomesChloroplastsCell WallCentral VacuoleAnimal FlagellumCentrosomeCytoskeletonMicrovilliEndoplasmic ReticulumNucleusChromatinGolgi apparatus LysosomeMitochondrionPeroxisome

There2BothNucleusNuclear envelope: double membrane enclosing the nucleus; perforated by pores; continuous with ER

Nucleolus: nonmembranous structure involved in production of ribosomes; a nucleus has one or more nucleoli

Chromatin: material consisting of DNA and proteins; visible in a dividing cell as individual condensed chromosomes

Golgi Apparatus organelle active in synthesis, modification, sorting, and secretion of cell products

BothMitochondria An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur. It has a double membrane, the inner layer being folded inward to form layersEndoplasmic Reticulum Network of membranous sacs and tubes; active in membrane synthesis and other synthetic and metabolic processes; has rough (ribosome-studded) and smooth regions

Although animal and plant cells both have mitochondria cellular respiration only occurs in animal cells4BothPeroxisomes organelle with various specialized metabolic functions; produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product, then converts it to waterRibosomescomplexes that make proteins; free in cytosol or bound to rough ER or nuclear envelope

DifferencesAnimals onlyLysosome: digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzedCentrosome: region where the cells microtubules are initiated; contains a pair of centriolesFlagellum: motility structure present in some animal cells, composed of a cluster of microtubules within an extension of the plasma membrane Plants only Central vacuole: functions include storage, breakdown of waste products, hydrolysis of macromolecules; enlargement of vacuole is a major mechanism of plant growthChloroplast: photosynthetic organelle; converts energy of sunlight to chemical energy stored in sugar moleculesPlasmodesmata: cytoplasmic channels through cell walls Cell wall: outer layer that maintains cells shape and protects cell from mechanical damage

Cellular ReproductionMitosisIdentical replication of cellsProduces two daughter cellsSomatic cells

MeiosisResults in four daughter cellsEach daughter cell contains only 23 chromosomes (humans)Occurs in two roundsChromosome splittingChromatid splitting Genetic variation

Mitosis is the identical replication of cellsIt Produces two daughter cellsThese cells contain 46 cells are known as somatic cells. Majority of the cells in your body are considered somatic cells.

Results in four daughter cellsEach daughter cell contains only 23 chromosomes (humans)Meiosis Occurs in two roundsThe first round is Chromosome splittingAnd the second round is Chromatid splitting Meiosis is very important because it helps create Genetic variation

Gamete cell= sperm and egg cells , contain only 23 chromosomes Chromosomes structure that DNA is packaged in to, average number of chromosomes in the body Sister Chromatids =joined copies of the original chromosome , contain an identical DNA molecule, once seperated they are considered individual chromosomes

7Binary fissionProduces direct genetic copiesZero genetic variationVery quick and rapid processThis form of asexual reproduction is most common in prokaryotes.

Produces direct genetic copies with zero variation. Is a very quick and rapid process8Cell MetabolismMetabolismCatabolismAnabolism

Metabolism is the chemical process that occurs within a living organism in order to maintain life.

the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler onesthe synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones 9Cellular respirationOccurs in animalsCatabolic pathwayTurns glucose into ATPATP- is usable energy for the bodyMitochondria

Occurs in animalsCatabolic pathwayTurns glucose into ATPATP- is usable energy for the bodyMitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration

10Photosynthesisthe process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water.Oxygen is a productChloroplast

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kaSIjIzAtYA (overview)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LLKX_4DHE3I (mitosis)

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-molecular-biology/new-topic-2014-06-18T18:00:45.081Z/v/phases-of-meiosis (meiosis)

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