Cell Organelles and Functions

08/11/09 Free template from www.brainybetty.com 2

• Prokaryotic – simple, single celled organisms that have NO (rhymes with Pro-) true nucleus. Genetic material not separated from rest of cell by any membrane.– Can exist in a large range of

environments.• They can live in hot, harsh temperatures• They can live without oxygen• Some can even make their own food

08/11/09 Free template from www.brainybetty.com 3

• Eukaryotic – cells that contain a true nucleus. (YOU (sounds like Eu-) have a nucleus)– Genetic material separated from rest of

cell by a membrane– Considered to be complex (compared to

prokaryotic) and formed by endosymbiosis of prokaryotes

– Houses various organelles that do specific jobs within the cell

08/11/09 Free template from www.brainybetty.com 4

What is an organelle?

• An organelle is a structure that carries out specific activities in the cell.– Term means “little organ”

• Obviously, it’s not an organ, as it’s smaller than a cell...

Cell Membrane

• Boundary of cell• Regulates what enters and leaves• Made mostly of phospholipid bilayer

08/11/09

08/11/09 Free template from www.brainybetty.com 6

Cytoplasm• Gel like substance inside cell where

organelles are housed. • Where most cellular activities occur• Many biomolecules necessary for the

cell processes are dissolved there.• Used as transport medium for

ribosomes and other organelles

08/11/09 Free template from www.brainybetty.com 7

Nucleus• internal compartment that houses

DNA (genetic material)• Also contains a nucleolus, which

makes ribosomes.

Ribosomes• Responsible for protein synthesis

(making protein)• Not bound by a membrane• May be found floating free in the

cytoplasm or attached to Endoplasmic Reticulum (making it ROUGH ER)

08/11/09

08/11/09 Free template from www.brainybetty.com 9

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

• Rough -Long system of membranes throughout cell and connected to nucleus.

• Ribosomes are connected to the membrane – (which makes it rough)

• moves proteins through cell

08/11/09 Free template from www.brainybetty.com 10

Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Smooth- does not contain ribosomes (looks smooth).

• Primarily functions to makes lipids• Also breaks down some toxic

substances (especially in the liver)

08/11/09 Free template from www.brainybetty.com 11

Golgi Apparatus• Flattened membrane bound sacs • Packs (into vesicles) and distributes

materials throughout the cell - gathers simple molecules and combines them to make molecules that are more complex

• Makes lysosomes

08/11/09 Free template from www.brainybetty.com 12

Lysosome• Small, spherical organelles (vesicles)

that contain enzymes for digesting things: food, cell parts, other cells...

08/11/09 Free template from www.brainybetty.com 13

mitochondria• Organelle that gets energy (ATP) from

organic compounds.• AKA “Powerhouse of the cell” “Mighty”• Has its own DNA (left-over from

before endosymbiosis)

08/11/09 Free template from www.brainybetty.com 14

Vacuole• Membrane bound space that stores

materials: food, water, wastes• In plants central vacuole stores water

and other substances and is much larger than in animals.

08/11/09 Free template from www.brainybetty.com 15

Chloroplast• Organelles that use light energy to

make carbohydrates• Full of chlorophyll (why it’s green)• Has it’s own DNA (endosymbiosis)

08/11/09 Free template from www.brainybetty.com 16

Cell wall• Rigid structure found outside cell

membrane of plants. • Made of proteins and carbohydrates

(cellulose)