ce delft 4i11 infrastructure and external cost coverage final

InfraexteroadEU28

astructernal co freigh8 moto

ture anost covht tranorways

nd veragensport s

e of on

1

July 2016

4.I11 – Infra moto

This report

Arno Schrot

Maarten ‘t

Delft, CE D

Publication

Freight tran

Client: IRU

CE Delft pu

Further info

© copyright

InfraexteroadEU28

CE Delft

Committe

Through i

world. In

wealth of

agencies,

enthusias

structure and eorways

is prepared by

ten

Hoen

elft, July 2016

n code: 16.4I11.

nsport / Europe

.

ublications are a

ormation on thi

t, CE Delft, Del

astructernal cod freigh8 moto

ed to the Envir

ts independent

the fields of en

f know-how on t

NGOs and indu

m of CE Delft’s

external cost c

y:

.70a

ean Union / Cos

available from w

is study can be

lft

ture anost covht tranorways

ronment

t research and c

nergy, transport

technologies, p

ustries in pursui

s staff have bee

coverage of roa

sts / Accidents

www.cedelft.eu

obtained from

nd veragensport s

consultancy wor

t and resources

olicies and eco

it of structural c

en devoted to ac

ad freight trans

/ Air pollution /

u

the contact per

e of on

rk CE Delft is he

our expertise i

nomic issues we

change. For 35

chieving this mi

sport on EU28

/ Taxes / Charg

rson, Arno Schr

elping build a s

is leading-edge

e support gover

years now, the

ission.

ges

roten.

ustainable

. With our

rnment

e skills and

2

A

July 2016

1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9

3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5

4 4.1 4.2 4.3

5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4

6

Annex A A.1 A.2 A.3 A.4 A.5


Con

Summar

IntroducBackgrouObjectiveScope Outline o

InfrastruIntroductInfrastrucAccident Air pollutCosts of cNoise cosCongestioCosts of uConclusio

RevenueIntroductVehicle tInfrastrucFuel taxeConclusio

Cost covIntroductScenariosResults

ConclusExternal InfrastrucRevenue Uncertain

Referen

DetailedIntroductInfrastrucAccident Air pollutNoise cos


tent

ry

ction und e

of the report

ucture andtion cture costs costs tion costs climate chansts on costs upstream emons

e from taxetion taxes cture chargees ons

verage ratition s for compar

ions and infrastrcture and ex from taxes anties

nces

d informatition cture costs costs tion sts

external cost c

t

d external c

nge

missions

es and cha

es

os

ring costs an

ucture cost cxternal costsand charges

ion on cost

coverage of roa

costs

rges

d revenue

coverage rats

estimation

ad freight trans

tios

ns

sport on EU28

4

7 7 7 8 9

10 10 10 14 17 19 21 23 25 27

29 29 30 33 36 39

41 41 41 42

45 45 45 46 46

48

51 51 51 53 54 54

3

A

July 2016

Annex B B.1 B.2 B.3


EarmarkIntroductMethodolResults


ked revenution logy

external cost c

ue from tax

coverage of roa

xes and cha

ad freight trans

arges

sport on EU28

55 55 55 56

4

July 2016

Figure 1


Sum

Internalisobjectivetransportstimulateprinciplenational this Direc(air pollugoods ve In light ocommissiroad freifrom taxe

A significoveredThe reveby vans aincluded pollutionthese cos

Cost cover

Note: A c

cov

28%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

160%

180%

I


mmary

sing the infrae of the Eurot, the Eurovie Member Sts in their trainstruments ctive provideution, noise) hicles (HGVs

of the planneioned CE Delght transpores and charg

icant part od by taxes nue from cu

and HGVs on in the curre and noise) asts by 28% fo

age ratios for a

cost coverage ra

vered by tax re

% higher than c

nfrastructurecosts

Scenario 1

external cost c

y

astructure aopean Commignette Direcates to implansport taxe better reflees that the in can be leves).

ed revision olft to examinrt on EU28 mges paid by t

of the infra

urrent taxes a EU28 motor

ent Eurovigneassociated toor HGVs (see

all scenarios fo

atio presents w

evenues. E.g. a

costs.

+Air pollution+Noise

Scenario 2:Current

Eurovignette

coverage of roa

nd external mission’s tranctive is one oement the ‘s and charge

ect the socianfrastructureraged throug

f the Eurovigne the infras

motorways vethis sector.

astructure

and charges rways do covette Directivo these kilom Figure 1) an

or HGVs on EU2

what share of th

cost coverage r

n +Acciden+Climate

e

Scenario

ad freight trans

costs of trannsport policyof its main inpolluter-payes, in order tl costs of trae costs and sgh tolls and v

gnette Direcstructure andersus the rev

and extern

related to tver the cost cve (infrastrucmetres. The nd 42% for va

28 motorways in

e infrastructure

ratio of 128% me

tse

+Conge

3 Scenar

sport on EU28

nsport is an iy. In road frenstruments tys’ and ‘userto ensure thaansport. Thesome externvignettes to

ctive, IRU d external covenue that is

nal costs ar

he kilometrecategories thcture costs, revenue excans.

n 2013

e and/or extern

eans that tax re

stion +Upsemi

rio 4 Scen

important eight to -pays’ at these

erefore, al costs heavy

osts of collected

re already

es driven hat are air

ceeds

nal costs are

evenues are

streamssions

nario 5

5

July 2016

Figure 2


Howeverall infrasmotorwato 23%) fupstreamcost and

Total in€ 37 bilIn this stto HGVs apollutionthese vehcosts of €(€ 27 billthe totalFigure 2)

Total exterand vans o

As congenot comptotal costhis studyroughly eThe costseffects a€ 4.3 bill

1 The ra

upstre

14.2

Acc

Cli

Inf


, the revenutructure andys. As is showor HGVs (and

m emission co revenue.

frastructurlion udy the infraand vans are, climate chhicles on the€ 37 billion, ion). Both fo costs, follow.

rnal and infrastn motorways in

stion costs apletely cleart perspectivey. The congeestimated ats of upstreamre indirectlyion (€ 2.1 - €

ange in these ream emissions.

cidents

imate change

frastructure costs

€ 27 bi

external cost c

ue from curred external cown in Figured by -11% toosts as well w

re and exte

astructure coe consideredhange, noise)ese motorwa almost threeor HGVs and wed by clima

tructure costs n the EU28 in 2

are (partly) br to what exte. For that restion costs ot € 7 billion im emissions y related to r€ 6.4 billion

esults is coming

2.7

4.3

5.3

0.6

Air pollutants

Noise

illion

coverage of roa

ent taxes anosts related e 1, the costs 27% for vanwould furthe

ernal costs

osts of EU28, as well as t) that are reays. From thee quarters (7 vans, infrasate change a

(excluding con2013 (billion €2

borne by thetent they canreason theseof road freign 2013 (HGV are presenteroad transpo).

from the uncer

ad freight trans

d charges doto kilometres exceed thes)1. Includinger increase t

of road fre

motorways the externallated to the e total infras73%) are cautructure cosand air pollu

ngestion and up2013)

same partien be regarde costs are pr

ght transportVs: € 4 billioned separatelort. These co

rtainty in the co

4.9

Accidents

Climate change

Infrastructure c

€ 10

sport on EU28

o not complees driven on e revenue byg congestion

the differenc

eight trans

that can be l costs (accid kilometres dstructure and

used by HGVssts contributeution costs (s

pstream emissi

es causing thed external fresented sept on motorwan; vans: € 3 bly as well, asosts are estim

osts of climate

1.4

2.5

0.3

Air pollutant

Noise

costs

0 billion

etely cover EU28

y 10% (-8% n costs and ce between

port are

allocated dents, air driven by d external s e most to see

ons) of HGVs

hem, it is from a parately in ays are billion). s these mated at

change and

1.2

5

ts

6

July 2016

Figure 3


RevenueThe reveownershifor HGVstaxes/chmotorwavehicle ty(24 billiocontribut

Total tax/cthe EU28 in

Part of rBased onschemes,earmarkefor the erevenue while foris comingfuel excisEuropean

RobustnThe resumind wheshould be(becauseof GHG euncertainuncertainFinally, pis rather infrastrucDespite tand hencrobust.

10.

Vehi

Fuel


e of road frnue collectep tax, insura and vans in arges, only tys is taken inype, it is seen). Fuel excte most, whi

charge revenuen 2013 (billion

road freigh a thorough , we find thaed for investxternal costsrelated to kir vans this shg from road ise duties, thn countries.

ness of results of this stuen interpretie considered

e EU wide conemissions arenty on the sonty, a bandwparticularly t scarce, resucture cost esthese uncertce the genera

7

icle taxes

l excise duties

€ 24 b

external cost c

reight traned from specance tax, roa 2013 in the the share thanto accounten that HGVsise duties (vile the reven

e from HGVs an €2013)

ht transport analysis of nat part of thetments in roas of road trailometres drhare is aboutinfrastructurhe revenue f

ults udy contain ing them. Pa

d rough estimnsistent cone uncertain aocial costs ofwidth of the the data on iulting in relastimates for tainties, the al conclusion

1.3

12.3

Infrastructure cha

illion

coverage of roa

sport taxescific transporad infrastruc EU28 is estiat can be re. By breakings contribute

vans) and infnue from veh

nd vans associa

t tax revennational roade revenue ofad infrastrucansport. For riven on EU28t 20%. The mre charges; irom this inst

some uncertarticularly, tmates, as thegestion indicas well, whicf climate chacost of climainfrastructur

atively signifi EU28 motor order of mans presented

3

arges

ad freight trans

s estimatedrt taxes (regcture chargemated at € 3lated to the g down the t about 73% orastructure c

hicle taxes is

ted to kilometr

nue is earmd freight tranf these taxescture and/or HGVs, 35% o8 motorways

majority of thn contrast totrument is ea

tainties, whithe congestioey are based cators are noch is closely ange. To refate change ire expendituicant uncertarways. gnitude of th

d in this stud

5.3

Vehicle taxes

Fuel excise duties

€ 9

sport on EU28

d at € 33 bgistration taxes, fuel excis33 billion. Fo kilometres dtotal revenuof the total rcharges (HGVs rather limit

res driven on m

marked nsport taxats/charges arr mitigation mof the total ts has been ehis earmarkeo vehicle taxarmarked in

ich has to beon cost estim on model exot available) linked to theflect this largs presented.

ures in Easteainties in the

he results is dy are consid

1.2

Infrastructu

s

9 billion

illion x, e duties) or all driven on e to revenue Vs) ted.

motorways in

ion re measures tax/charge armarked,

ed revenue xes and most

e kept in mates xercises . The costs e ge . rn Europe e

reliable dered to be

2.5

re charges

7

July 2016

1 1.1

1.2


Intr

Backgro

Freight tgoods, cocornerstoquarters the mostthan € 302012 (Eueconomicthe EU28 On the otGovernmmaintenaresults innoise, ac Internalisthe transthe Commthe real c‘user-payoperationinternalis(HGVs) by(vignettecharge H(i.e. air p In view ocommissiinfrastrucassess tocharges l

Objectiv

The objeexternal covered driven byscenariosand the t

2 Directi

(EC, 19


oduct

ound

ransport is fontributes toone in the gr of the total dominant fr00 billion andropean Commc growth in t8 as well.

ther hand, roments spend aance of road n various typccidents).

sing the extesport policy omission statecosts to sociys’ principle nalised in thsing the infray use of dist

es). The currGVs for theipollution, no

of a future reioned CE Delcture and ex what extentlevied on thi

ve

ective of this costs of roadby the reveny these vehics, differentiatype of vehic

ive 1999/62/EC999) (EC, 2006)

external cost c

tion

fundamental o productivitrowth of the inland freigreight transpd almost 3 mmission, 201the EU28, bu

oad freight ta significant infrastructu

pes of extern

ernal and infof the Europes that transety by wider (European Ce Eurovignetastructure atance-relatedrent Directiver infrastruct

oise) through

evision of thelft to providexternal costst these costss sector.

s study is to ed freight tranue from thecles on theseating betweecles consider

C, modified by D) (EC, 2011).

coverage of roa

to our econty in all othe EU economyht transport port mode. Wmillion jobs (5), road frei

ut is in itself

transport res part of theiure. Furthermal costs (e.g

frastructure pean Commissport chargesr applicationCommission, tte Directivend external d tolls and tie provides Mture costs anh tolls and vi

e Eurovignete a state-of-s of road freis are covere

examine to wansport on EUe taxes and ce motorwaysen the types red.

Directive 2006/

ad freight trans

omy. It faciler economic sy. By accoun (Eurostat, 2

With an annu1.3% of totaight transpor a dominant

sults in somer budgets onmore, road fg. air pollutio

costs is an imssion. In its Ts and taxes sn of the ‘poll 2011). This

e2, which pro costs of heaime-based us

Member Stated part of thegnettes.

tte Directivethe-art overght transpord by the rev

what extent U28 motorwacharges relat. We investig of external

38/EC and by D

sport on EU28

litates the frsectors, and

nting for abo2016) road trual turnover al EU employrt not only e economic se

e societal con the construfreight transon, climate c

mportant obTransport Whshould betteluter-pays’ a aim is partlyovides a framavy goods vehser charges es the opporeir external

e, IRU has rview of the rt in the EU2

venue from t

the infrastrays in 2013 ated to the kigate this for cost to be c

Directive 2011/7

ree flow of d is a out three ransport is of more ment) in

enables ector in

st. uction and port change,

bjective of hite Paper, er reflect and y

mework for hicles

rtunity to costs

total 28, and to axes and

ucture and are lometres r several covered

76/EU,

8

July 2016

1.3


In order taddresse1. What

drivea H

db W

ac W

a2. What

drivea Wb W

inc W

od W

in3. How

tax/ctransa Wb W

fr

Scope

In this st This s

total and vdiscustudythis s

The vwith for exDirechybriuse ocostspurpocovermargpersptopic

Geog All da

2013.were FurthEU28


to achieve thd in this stud

t are the infrn by road fre

How can infraefined?

Which methodnd various e

What is the tond vans on E

t is the amoun by road fre

What are the What is the ton the EU28 inWhat share ofn the EU28 m

What share ofnfrastructureare the totacharge revenport on EU28

Which scenarWhat are the reight transp

udy, the follstudy consid tax/charge vans on motossed in Secti

y are definedstudy. various infrasthe conceptxample, that

ctive are incld perspectiv

of total/aver a marginal cose of this str the infrastrinal perspec

pective. See . raphical scoata is presen. Data from s translated t

hermore, by average pric

external cost c

his objectivedy: rastructure aeight transpastructure an

dologies shoexternal costotal amount EU28 motorwunt of road teight transp relevant taxotal revenuen 2013? f the total remotorways inf the revenue or to mitigal infrastructnue, both rel8 motorwaysrios can be u infrastructuport on EU28

lowing basic ers the tota revenue, boorways. The ion 2.1, whild in Section 3

structure ants presented t all cost eleluded in thisve with resperage infrastrucost perspectudy (i.e. to ructure and ctive is not a the text box

ope: the studnted for the ysources wheto price leve using PPP coce level.

coverage of roa

e, the follow

and externalort on EU28 nd external c

ould be applits of road fre of infrastruc

ways in 2013?tax/charge reort on EU28 xes/charges e from these

evenue can bn 2013?

ue is earmarkate the exteure and extelated to the s in 2013? sed to comp

ure and exte8 motorways

principles al infrastructu

oth related to specific costle the taxes 3.1. Transpo

nd external c in the Eurovements ments study. The ect to the coucture costs ctive is recom examine to external cosppropriate. x below for a

dy covers theyear 2013 an

ere price leveel 2013 by Coorrections al

ad freight trans

wing research

costs relate motorways icosts of road

ed to estimaeight transpocture and ex? evenue relat motorways i applied in th taxes/charg

be allocated

ked for spendernal costs ofernal costs c kilometres d

pare total cosrnal cost cov in 2013?

re applied: ure and exteo the kilomet categories and chargesort subsidies

cost categorivignette Diretioned in theEurovignetteost perspecti is prescribedmmended. H what extentsts of road frTherefore, wa more detai

e EU28. nd expressedels from otheonsumer Pricl figures are

sport on EU28

h questions a

ed to the kiloin 2013? d freight tra

ate the infraort? xternal costs

ted to the kiin 2013? he EU28? ges for HGVs

d to kilometr

ding on roadf road transp

compared to driven by roa

sts and reveverage ratios

ernal costs aetres driven considered s considered are not cove

es are definective. This ie Eurovignette Directive aive to be appd, while for

However, fort tax/chargereight transpwe apply a tiled discussio

d in euro pricer years werce Indices (Ce estimated a

are

ometres

nsport be

astructure

s of HGVs

lometres

s and vans

res driven

d port? the total ad freight

nue? s for road

nd the by HGVs are in this ered by

ed in line implies, te applies a plied: the external r the e revenue port) a otal cost on on this

ce level re used, PI). at the

9

July 2016

1.4


Total/ave

In assessin

and avera

Total

costs,

tonne

Margi

Marginal c

marginal

high traff

generated

traffic int

produces

costs may

congestio

Total/ave

therefore

Total

princi

charg

on soc

persp

Margi

indivi

users

the sa

prope

charg

Outline

The totalvans on Erelevant several sthe main


erage vs. margi

ng infrastructur

age costs on the

costs reflect th

, as they are de

e kilometres.

nal costs are th

costs may differ

noise costs heav

ic intensity resu

d by the ‘extra’

tensity results in

a significant am

y be higher or lo

n costs, large d

erage and margi

, be used for di

and average co

iple. By compar

es, it is shown t

ciety. As this is

ective for our a

nal costs provid

dual vehicle the

will take accou

ame way as they

er work in achie

e levels is not t

of the repo

l infrastructuEU28 motorw tax and chacenarios for conclusions

external cost c

inal costs

re and external

e one hand and

he full costs in b

efined as the to

he costs caused

r significantly f

avily depend on

ults in relativel

’ vehicle is sma

n relatively hig

mount of extra

ower than the a

deviations betw

inal cost figures

ifferent purpose

osts provide use

ring these costs

to what extent

the main objec

assessments.

de a good basis

e exact costs it

unt of the addit

y do with priva

eving social effic

the objective of

ort

ure and exteways in 2013 rge revenues comparing ts of this stud

coverage of roa

costs of transp

marginal costs

billion Euros. Av

tal costs divide

by one vehicle

from total/aver

traffic density:

y low marginal

ll), while an ad

h marginal nois

noise). So, depe

average noise co

ween marginal a

s provide differ

es:

eful information

s with the total/

a certain vehic

ctive of this stu

to develop an e

t imposes on soc

tional external e

te costs and he

ciency. Since th

f this study, we

ernal costs of are estimats are discussthese costs ay are presen

ad freight trans

port, a clear dis

on the other ha

verage costs are

d by the total n

entering an ex

age cost figures

an additional v

noise costs (i.e

ditional vehicle

e costs (i.e. the

ending on the c

osts. Also for ex

nd average cost

rent information

n on the user-pa

/average revenu

cle category pay

dy, we have ap

efficient pricing

ciety (i.e. marg

effects of their

nce the transpo

he development

e haven’t studie

f kilometres ed in Chaptesed in Chapteand revenue nted in Chapt

sport on EU28

stinction betwee

and should be m

re closely relate

number of vehic

xisting traffic flo

s. For example,

vehicle on a roa

e. the additiona

e on a road with

e additional veh

context, margin

xternal acciden

t figures may ex

n. These figures

ays and pollute

ue from taxes a

ys for the costs

pplied a total co

g scheme. By le

ginal costs), tra

transport decis

ort market can

t of economic e

ed marginal cos

driven by Her 2, while ter 3. In Chap are assessedter 5.

en total

made:

ed to total

cle or

ow.

, the

ad with a

al noise

h a low

hicle

nal noise

nt and

xist.

s can,

r-pays

and

it imposes

ost

evying each

nsport

sion in just

do its

efficient

t values.

GVs and he pter 4, d. Finally,

10

July 2016

2 2.1

2.2

2.2.1


Infra

Introduc

Road freiinfrastruc infras accid air po costs noise conge costs All these the first Section 2presente ResearcWhat ardriven b This quea How

definb Whic

and c Wha

and

Infrastru

DefiningIn line widirect exof view –profitablcosts arewith the issue for expenditconsideri In this st Enhan

infras Rene

infrasa life


astruc

ction

ight transporcture and exstructure cos

dent costs; ollution cost of climate c

e costs; estion costs; of upstream

cost categoresearch que

2.8 an overvid for both H

ch question 1re the infrasby road freig

estion consis can infrastrned? ch methodolvarious extet is the totavans on EU28

ucture cost

g infrastrucith the Eurov

xpenses, plus the opportue purposes (

e expressed b legal status public bodieures and finaing infrastruc

udy, four typncement cosstructure witwal costs: Astructure. Th

etime of mor

external cost c

cture

rt on EU28 mxternal costssts;

ts; change;

; m emissions.

ories will be aestion of thiiew of the to

HGVs and van

1 structure andght transpor

sts of three sructure and

ogies shouldernal costs ofal amount of 8 motorways

ts

cture costsvignette Dires the financiunity costs fo(Fraunhofer-by the intere of the inveses (as well asancing costscture costs.

pes of infrassts: All costs th respect toll costs assoche renewed re than 1-2 y

coverage of roa

e and

motorways res. The main o

assessed seps study (see otal infrastruns.

d external cot on EU28 m

sub questionexternal cos

d be applied f road freigh

f infrastructus in 2013?

s ective, we dng costs or –or not spendISI ; CE Delftest on capitastor. As finans for private should be ta

tructure cos of new infrao functionaliciated to the (parts of) thyears.

ad freight trans

exter

esults in diffeones are:

parately in th the text boxucture and ex

osts related otorways in

s: sts of road fr

to estimate ht transport?ure and exte

efine infrast regarded fring the resout, 2008). Final, where thencing of road investors), aken into ac

sts are considastructure ority and/or life renewal ofhe infrastruct

sport on EU28

rnal c

erent types

his chapter, x below). Fin

external cost

to the kilom 2013?

reight transp

the infrastr?

ernal costs of

tructure costrom a differeurces for mo

nancing or ope interest ratd infrastruct both direct ccount when

dered: r expansion fetime. f (parts of) tture will at

costs

of

addressing nally, in s is

metres

port be

ructure

f HGVs

ts as the ent point ore pportunity tes vary ure is an

of existing

he least have

11

July 2016

2.2.2

Figure 4


Mainmainof les

Operaeffici

Infrastrucinfrastructhe follow Varia

functmain

Fixedfunctenhaoperathe m

The distiallocatio

MethodoFigure 4 of motorw gathe estim alloca

Methodolog

3 E.g. st

Gat

heri

ngin

fras

truc

ture

expe

ndit

ures

Esti

mat

ing

tota

lin

fras

truc

ture

cost

sAl

loca

tion

of t

otal

infr

astr

uctu

reco

sts


tenance costtenance. Thess than 1 to 2ational costsient use of th

cture costs ccture usage,wing types oable costs: Cotionality of ttenance and

d costs: Coststionality of tnce the funcational costsmaintenance

nction betwen of the cost

ology shows the thways for HGVering data on

mating total iation of tota

gy for estimati

treet lighting, t

Investment- Time serie

Total costs- Breakdown- Breakdown

Assumptionsinventory Me- Depreciat- Interest ra

Allocation- Based on Eq

Total costs2013

Breakdown oenhancemenexpenditures

external cost c

ts: These cosese are relat2 years. s: These coshe infrastruc

can be classi, i.e. transpoof costs are dosts that var

the infrastrucd renewal cos that do not

the infrastrucctionality of s are exampl and renewa

een variablets to differen

hree step apVs and vans:n infrastructinfrastructural infrastruct

ng infrastructu

raffic signs, etc

ts in motorwa data for 1979-2

of motorwayn to enhancemen to variable an

used in Perpetuethod (PIM): ion period / appate

of total infrasquivalancy facto

of motorway

of investments tnt and renewals

coverage of roa

sts refer to ttively minor

ts refer to thcture3.

ified by the wort volumes. defined (Ecory with transcture remainsts belongs tt vary with tcture remain the infrastrues of fixed i

al costs are (

e and fixed innt vehicle ty

proach we h: ure expenditre costs; ture costs to

ure costs

c.

ays2013

Ru- D

ys in the EU28 ent, renewal, md fixed costs

ual

proach

structure costor method

ys due to vans

to Bretoexp

ad freight trans

the costs of repairs with

he costs of t

way they are According torys ; CE Delfsport volumens unchangedto this cost ctransport volns unchangeducture. Consnfrastructurepartly) fixed

nfrastructureypes (see Sec

ave applied

tures;

the various

nning O&M exData for 2013

in 2013aintenance and

ts to various m

and HGVs in

eakdown of O&Moperation and mpenditures

sport on EU28

‘ordinary’ h an econom

the organisat

e influencedto this classifft, 2006): es while the d. Part of thcategory. lumes while d, or costs tstruction cose costs. Also

d costs.

e costs is usection 2.2.2).

to estimate

vehicle cate

xpenditures

operation costs

modes

the EU28 in

M expendituresmaintenance

ic lifetime

tion of an

by the fication,

he

the hat sts and o some of

ed for the

the costs

egories.

s

12

July 2016


GatherinThe dataStates haInternatithey havemotorwadata on t For most investmeA furtherabove ha

EstimatiBased ontotal cosdifferentrenewal the other

EnhanceThe enhaInventoryphilosophinfrastrucCE Delft,costs by infrastrucusing an found by appliance

Once thea breakddetailed Amsterdarenewal

OperatioThe oper2013. As two year The breadata (seeassumed and 70% f

AllocatioIn the finvehicle cmethod, example:2007; ITSdrivers) fresponsib


ng data on on motorwa

as been colleonal Transpoe been estimy. More infototal infrastr

countries, oents and oper breakdown as been made

ing total in the infrastrts of motorwt approachescost on the or hand.

ement and rancement any Method (PIhy of public cture cost st 2008; CE Dedistributing cture. Additiappropriate summing upe of the PIM

e enhancemeown to fixed data for theam, 2014). Itcosts are ass

on and mainration and m these expens, capitalisa

akdown to fixe CE Delft an to be fully ffixed.

on of total nal step, the categories. T an approach: CE Delft anS, 2000). Thifor each vehbility or the

external cost c

infrastructay infrastrucected from nort Forum. Ifmated using aormation on tructure expe

only a breakdrational & m to the four e by the rese

nfrastructurructure expeways in the Es have been uone hand, an

renewal cosnd renewal cM). This metaccounting, tudies (e.g. selft, on-goin the initial inionally, the interest ratp the deprec can be foun

ent and rened and variable Netherlandt is assumed sumed 60% v

ntenance comaintenance cnditures genetion accordi

xed and variand Free Univfixed, while

infrastruct total costs o

This has beenh widely appnd Free Univs method deicle type andcausation of

coverage of roa

ture expencture expendnational accof data was naverage expethe approachenditures can

down of infrmaintenance types of infrearchers. See

re costs enditure dataEU28 in 2013used to estimnd the maint

sts osts are estithod is close and for thatsee ITS, 2000

ng). The PIM nvestments ointerest/finae. The total

ciation and innd in Annex A

wal costs arele costs is ms (see CE De that enhanc

variable and

osts costs are direrally have ang to the PIM

able costs isersity Amstemaintenance

ture costs of motorwayn done by applied in infrasersity Amste

efines certaind cost categf the vehicle

ad freight trans

nditures ditures in theounts and daot available enditure leveh applied to n be found in

astructure e expenditurerastructure ee Annex A.2

a gathered in are estimatmate the enhtenance and

mated by apely related tot reason wide0; UNITE, 20calculates th

over the lifetancing costs enhancementerest costsA.2.2.

e calculatedade. This is

elft and Free cement costs40% fixed.

rectly based an economic M approach i

again basederdam, 2014)e costs are a

to various ys are allocatplying the eqstructure cos

erdam, 2014;n proportionory which exs for the lev

sport on EU28

e various EU ta from the for a specifi

vels per kilom estimate thn Annex A.2.

expenditureses was availaexpenditures for more de

n the first stted. Therefohancement a operation c

pplying the Po the generaely used in

000; Fraunhohe annual detime of the are estimatnt/renewal s. Details on

d by applying done based e University s are fully fix

on the expe lifetime belis not necess

d on specific ). Operationassumed 30%

vehicle catted to the vaquivalency fst studies (se; ProgTRans/

nality factorsxpress the vel of total c

Member ic country, metre e required .1.

to able. s defined etails.

ep, the re, and osts on

Perpetual al

ofer ISI and epreciation

ted by costs are the

g the PIM, on

xed, while

enditures in low one or sary.

Dutch costs are

% variable

tegories arious factor ee for /IWW, s (cost

osts

13

July 2016

Figure 5

Table 1

2.2.3

Table 2


(FraunhoFigure 5.

Equivalenc

An overvin Table infrastrucAmsterdaproportio

Applied pro

Cost cate

Enhancem

Renewal c

Variable m

Fixed mai

Operation

Results In Table vans in th95% fixed(about 18mainly ca

Total costs(billion €20

Vehicle c

HGV

Van


ofer ISI and C

cy factor metho

iew of the sp1. These procture cost stam, 2014; CEonality facto

oportionality fa

egory

ment costs

costs

maintenance co

intenance costs

n costs

2, the total he EU28 are d and 5% vari8%); as variaaused by veh

s of motorway i13)

category

external cost c

CE Delft, 200

od

pecific propooportionalitytudies carrieE Delft, on-gors applied ca

actors

osts

s

costs of mot presented. iable. The sh

able costs arehicles with h

infrastructure

Tota

coverage of roa

08). The appr

ortionality fay factors are ed out in Eurogoing). A moran be found

Propo

PC

4th

PC

4th

4th

PC

Ve

All

Ve

PC

torway infrasFor vans, thehare of variae particularl

high axle load

allocated to va

al costs

14.2

4.9

ad freight trans

roach is grap

actors applie in line with ope (CE Delfre detailed d in Annex A.2

ortionality fact

E kilometres (9

power axle loa

E kilometres (4

power axle loa

power axle loa

E kilometres (5

hicle kilometre

ocated to HGVs

hicle kilometre

E kilometres (7

structure alle total infrasable costs is y weight depds (i.e. HGVs

ans and HGVs in

Fixed cost

11.

4.

sport on EU28

phically illus

ed in this stu the most reft and Free Udiscussion on2.3.

tor

90%)

ad kilometres (1

40%)

ad kilometres (6

ad kilometres (1

50%)

es (35%)

s (15%)

es (30%)

70%)

located to Hstructure co higher for Hpendent, thes and buses)

n the EU28 in 2

ts Var

.5

.7

trated in

udy is given cent

University n the

10%)

60%)

100%)

GVs and sts are GVs ey are .

2013

riable costs

2.7

0.2

14

July 2016

2.3

2.3.1

Table 3

2.3.2


Acciden

DefiningTraffic acshorteninadministrdamages

External ac

Cost elem

Immateria

Medical c

Productio

Administr

Material d

From theThe accidshould th(e.g. GRAthat roadthey impexperiennot be ta Furthermpremiumwell. Wehence arthe medi

MethodoIn Figure explained estim estim alloca


nt costs

g accident ccidents resung, sufferingrative costs . A more det

ccident costs e

ment

al costs

osts

on losses

rative costs

damages

e various cosdent costs thherefore be eACE, 2006; Ud users do taose on otherced by the v

aken into acc

more, part ofs and are th assume thate internalisecal and adm

ology 6, the threed:

mating the numating the toation of tota

external cost c

costs ult in severa

g, pain, sorro(e.g. costs ftailed overvi

elements

Fatalities

Loss of utility o

suffering of fri

External costs

before the vict

Net production

Costs for police

which are not c

Damages to ve

t elements, hat are anticexcluded froUNITE, 2000;ake their ownr road users.van/truck drcount in the

f the accidenerefore exclt all materia

ed. Additionaministrative c

e step appro

umber of casotal externalal external a

coverage of roa

al social costow, etc.), mefor police, juiew of these

of the victim,

ends and relativ

for medical car

tim deceased

n losses due to r

e, for the admin

carried by the t

hicles and/or ro

only the extcipated for bom the exter CE Delft et n accident ri. We assumeivers themse external cos

nt costs are iluded from tal damages aally, we tookcosts is cover

ach to estim

sualties; accident coccident cost

ad freight trans

s, i.e. immaedical costs,ustice, etc.), cost elemen

Injurie

ves

Pain an

friends

re Externa

until th

recove

reduced workin

nistration of jus

transport users

oad infrastructu

ternal parts sby road usersrnal cost esti al., 2011), isks into acco, therefore,

elves are intest estimation

internalised he external

are covered bk into accounred by insura

mate the exte

osts; ts.

sport on EU28

aterial costs , production , and materiants is given i

es

nd suffering of v

s and relatives

al costs for med

he person comp

ers from his/her

ng time, replace

stice and insura

ure

should be cos are internaimation. In lt is usually aount, but no that the cosernalised ann.

by insurance cost estimatby insurancent that someances as wel

ernal accide

(lifetime losses, al n Table 3.

victims,

dical care

pletely

r injury

ement costs

ance,

onsidered. al and iterature assumed ot the risk sts d should

e tion as es and e part of ll.

nt costs is

15

July 2016

Figure 6


Methodolog

EstimatiThe totalmotorwaIt providein these aDue to unnumber opolicy reCE Delft underreproad netwsignificanunderrepexternal

EstimatiTo estimaaccidentscost indicThe imm(VSL). In for a certcalculatewe applie€ 1.95 mand sligh(Ricardo-

Esti

mat

ing

num

ber

of c

asua

ltie

sEs

tim

atin

gto

tal

exte

rnal

acci

dent

cos

tsAlloc

atio

nof

tot

alex

tern

alac

cide

nt c

osts


gy to estimate

ing the numl number of ys were avaies data on thaccidents, bnderreportinof casualtiesports and aret al. (2008)

porting. Howwork. As we ntly lower thporting in thi accident cos

ing the totaate the totas on motorwcators. An ovaterial costs this concepttain reductioed. In the liteed the VSL reillion (EU-avt injuries are-AEA, 2014; C

Numbermotorwa- Fataliti

Total extmotorwa

Social co- Risk val- Human - Medical- Adminis

Allocatiodamage

Total extthe EU28

external cost c

external accid

mber of cas casualties inilable from the number o

based on repong, these figus. Particularlre therefore ) present ind

wever, these expect thathan on otheris study. Thissts, but we e

al externall external ac

ways, the numverview of ts are monetat, individualon of the accerature a huecommende

verage). The e assumed toCE Delft et a

of casualtieays in the EUes, severe inju

ternal costsays in the EU

ost per casuaue capital lossl carestrative costs

on of total expotential (in

ternal accide8 in 2013

coverage of roa

dent costs

sualties n HGV and vathe Europeanof fatalities, orted figuresures do probly slight inju not reflectedicators that indicators art underrepor road types, s may result expect this u

l accident cccident costsmber of casuhese indicatarised by uses are asked hcident risk. Buge range of ed by Ricardo cost indicato be 13% andal., 2008). A

s in van andU28 in 2013uries, slight inj

of van and HU28 in 2013

alty:

xternal costsntrinsic risk)

ent costs of

ad freight trans

an involved an Road Accid severe injurs by the vari

bably not refries are ofted in the offi can be usedre average fiting rates on we decided in an undereunderestimat

costs s of HGV andalties is mulors is given i

e of the Valuhow much thBased on the VSLs are preo-AEA (2014)tors for immad 1% of the Vdditionally,

HGV involve

juries

HGV involved

s to vehicle

HGVs and va

sport on EU28

accidents ondent Databasries and slighous Member

flect the actuen not menticial statisticd to correct igures for thn motorwaysd not to correrestimation otion to be lim

d van involveltiplied with in Table 4. e of a Statishey are williese values, tesented. In t), which is abaterial costsVSL, respecti other econo

ed accidents

d accidents o

category ba

ans on moto

n EU28 se CARE. ht injuries r States. ual oned in

cs. for such

he total s are ect for of the total mited.

ed relevant

tical Life ng to pay he VSL is

this study bout of severe ively

omic costs

s on

on

sed on

rways in

16

July 2016

Table 4

2.3.3

Table 5


(net prodat 10%, 2respectiv

EU28 avera

Cost elem

Fatality

Severe inj

Slight inju

In estimasingle anelementsindirect ecosts areaccident

AllocatioAs in CE we allocaon the datotal costhat all vattributeintrinsic reflects ton third

Results The total€ 2.7 billdivided o2011; CE injuries. that rela

Total exter

Vehicle c

HGV

Van

4 Other

vehicleSee An


duction losse2% and 0.1% ovely (ibid).

age cost indica

ment

jury

ury

ating the totad multiple vs are consideeconomic co

e internalised risk; see Sec

on of total Delft et al. (ate the exteamage potents according

victims in a ced to the othrisk the use the specific parties by de

l external coion for HGVs

over fatalitie Delft, 2015) Those studietively higher

rnal costs of m

category

approaches thae categories arennex A.3 for mo

external cost c

es, medical cof the VSL fo

ators external a

al external avehicle accidered, while fosts are consd, because tction 2.3.1).

external a(2011) and Crnal accidenntial (intrinsig to the damacertain vehicher vehicle in of certain venature of execiding to tr

osts of motors and € 1.4 bes and injurie) the costs oes did considr risks on fat

motorway accide

T

at can be used te the monitorinore information

coverage of roa

costs and admor fatalities,

accident costs

Immaterial

accident cosents. For mu

for single vehidered (as whe road user.

accident coCE Delft and nt costs to thic risk) approage potentiacle involved nvolved. As tehicles impo

xternal costs ravel).

rway accidenbillion for vaes. In previo

of fatalities ader the wholtal accidents

ents of HGVs an

otal costs

2.7

1.4

to allocate the ng perspective a.

ad freight trans

ministrative severe and

(x 1,000 €2013)

costs Di

costs (

1,955

254

20

ts, a distinctultiple vehichicle acciden

we assume thr has anticipa

osts Free Univers

he various veoach4. This aal of a certaiin a multiplethis approachose on other (i.e. the cos

nts in the EUns. These cous studies (e

always exceee network ths had to be t

nd vans in the

Costs of fatali

external accideand the respons

sport on EU28

costs) are e slight injurie

irect and indire

(production los

and administ

tion is madecle accidentsnts only the

hat the immaated for his/

sity Amsterdehicle categoapproach alloin vehicle. Te party accidh is based on road users, sts that are

U28 in 2013 aosts are almoe.g. CE Delfteded the coshough, whichtaken into ac

EU28 in 2013

ities Cos

1.4

0.6

ent costs to thesibility perspect

estimated es

ect economic

sses, medical

trative costs)

195

39

2

between s all cost direct and aterial /her own

dam (2014) ories based ocates the his means dent are n the it best imposed

are ost equally t et al., sts of h implies ccount.

(billion €2013)

sts of injuries

1.3

0.7

e various tive (guilt).

17

July 2016

2.4

2.4.1

2.4.2

Figure 7


Air pollu

DefiningThe mostexhaust (These emeffects (imaterial and mateconcentr(due to a

MethodoA two-steemitted estim estim

Methodolog

5 Recentultrafireliablwe hav

Esti

mat

ing

tota

lai

r po

llut

ant

emis

soin

s.

Esti

mat

ing

tota

lair

po

llut

ant

cost

s


ution costs

g air pollutt important r(PM2.5) and nmissions resuincreased ris damages (i.erials througrations of NOacidification

ology ep approach by HGVs and

mating total amating total e

gy for estimati

tly, more and mne particulate mle cost indicatove not taken th

EU28 totemissionand heav- PM2.5, NO

Total airmotorwa

Total costhe EU28

Shadow- PM2.5, P- NOx

Data proc- Breakdo

buses a- Breakdo

road ty

external cost c

s

ion costs road transponon-exhaust ult in varioussk of respirate. soiling of

gh corrosive pOx emissions) and eutroph

is used to ed vans on moair pollutantexternal air

ng air pollution

more evidence cmatter (PM0.1), rs to monetarisese emissions i

tal air pollutns from vansvy vehiclesOx

pollutant emays in the EU

st of air poll8

price (€/tonPM10

essing to: own emissions

and HGVsown emissionspe

coverage of roa

ort air pollut(PM10) emiss types of costory and car building surprocesses), c and impact

hication of w

stimate the otorways in tt emissions b pollutant co

n costs

comes available black carbon ase the health imnto account in

tant TranvoluHGVmoto

missions fromU28

ution from v

n)

to

ad freight trans

ants are parsions) and nitsts (CE Delft diovascular d

rfaces and decrop losses (ds on ecosyste

water and soi

external coshe EU28 (see

by HGVs and osts.

e on the significnd NO2. Howeve

mpacts of these this study.

nsport me vans and

Vs on orways

m vans and H

vans and HGV

sport on EU28

rticulate mattrogen oxide

t et al., 2011diseases), buegradation odue to increems and bioil).

sts of air pole Figure 7): vans on mot

cant health imper, there are no emissions. For

d

HGVs emitte

Vs on motorw

Emissionof non-eemission

tter (both e (NOx)

5. ): health uilding and

of facades easing diversity

llutants torways;

acts of ot yet that reason,

ed on

ways in

n factors exhaustns (PM10)

18

July 2016

Table 6

2.4.3

Table 7


EstimatimotorwThe ConvEU Memb(PM2.5 andatabase The L

bottoshare

The Lshareconsuand r

The LRTAThese emvehicle k The totalEU28 are

Total air po

Vehicle c

HGVs

Vans

EstimatiThe totalestimate(2014) anemissionsnot approthe shadoinformati

Results The estimmotorwaare abou


Vehicle c

HGV

Van


ing total aiways vention on Lober States tod NOx) of roa

e. It has beenLRTAP data pom-up approes of HGVs anLRTAP data oe of air polluultants (baserelevant emi

AP data doesmissions are tkilometres by

l air pollutane presented i

ollutant emissi

category

ing total ail air pollutand above by rnd CE Delft es. NEEDS alsoopriate for tow prices foion on these

mated total cys in the EU2t € 4.3 billio

s of air pollutan013)

category

external cost c

r pollutant

ong-Range To report on thad transportn modified/dpresent figurach using vend buses in tonly present utants emitteed on a bottossion factors

s not providetherefore esy relevant em

nt emissions in Table 6.

ions from HGVs

r pollutantnt costs are relevant shadet al. (2011)o provides shtransport. Thr PM2.5 and P

e shadow pric

costs of air p28 in 2013 a

on, while for

nt emissions fro

coverage of roa

t emissions

Transboundarheir total ext. This data idetailed in twres for HGVs ehicle kilomethe total em data on a coed on motorwom-up appros).

e any figuresstimated by mmission facto

from HGVs a

s and vans on m

PM2.5

6.9

5.1

t costs estimated bydow prices. , NEEDS shadhadow priceherefore, in PM10 are baseces is given i

pollutant emre presented vans these c

om HGVs and v

ad freight trans

by HGVs a

ry Air Pollutixhaust air pos available fwo ways for and buses to

etres and emissions are eountry level.ways have beoach, using v

on non-exhamultiplying tors (from TR

and vans on

motorways in th

PM

2.

0.

y multiplyingAs recommedow prices as for PM emiline with CE ed on HEATCin Annex A.4

missions fromd in Table 7.costs are abo

vans on motorw

T

sport on EU28

and vans on

ion (LRTAP) llutant emisfrom a public this study:

together. Basmission factorestimated. . Estimationeen made by

vehicle kilom

aust PM emithe total num

REMOVE).

motorways i

he EU28 in 201

M10

.5

.9

g the total eended by Ricare used for Nissions, but t Delft et al.

CO (2006). Mo4.

m HGVs and v. For HGVs, tout 1.2 billio

ways in the EU2

Total costs of a

n

obliges all sions c EEA

sed on a rs, the

s on the y the

metre data

ssions. mber of

in the

13 (kton)

NOx

387

94

emissions ardo-AEA NOx these are (2011), ore

vans on the costs on.

28 in 2013

ir pollution

4.3

1.2

19

July 2016

2.5

2.5.1

2.5.2

Figure 8


Costs of

DefiningThe maindioxide (black caron globalinto acco The variosuch as sand rainfamenablebiodiverson and siknowledg

MethodoThe exteapproach(see Figu estim estim

Methodolog

EstimatiAll EU MeThese emdifferentduty vehiemissionsidentify t

Esti

mat

ing

tota

lCO

2eq

uiva

lent

em

issi

ons

.Es

tim

atin

gto

tal

clim

ate

chan

ge c

osts


f climate ch

g cost of clin greenhouseCO2), nitrousrbon (root) al warming is ount in this s

ous GHG emiea level risefall), health e to parasiticsity impacts,ze of many oge.

ology rnal climate

h, comparablure 8): mating total Cmating total e

gy to estimate

ing total COember Statesmissions are pt emission soicles (i.e. HGs is applied tthe share of

EU28 tot- CO2, N2O

Total COmotorwa- Estimate

Total cosin the EU

Shadow(€/ton)

Data pro- Breakdo- Breakdo

external cost c

hange

imate chane gas emissios oxide (N2O

as a potentia still uncertastudy.

issions contre, agricultura impacts (e.gc and vector increase in of these imp

e change costle to the app

CO2 equivaleexternal clim

the external c

O2 equivales have to reppresented by

ources, includGVs + buses)to differenti GHG emissio

tal GHG emisO, CH4

O2-equivalentays in the EUed by using Glo

st of GHG emU28

price CO2-eq

ocessing to: own emissionsown emissions

coverage of roa

nge ons with respO) and methaally importanain (IPPC, 20

ibute to global impacts (dg. increase inr borne disea extreme wepacts are unc

ts are estimaproach appli

ent emissionsmate change

costs of GHG em

ent emissioport their GHy the EEA GHding light du. The same aate betweenons emitted

ssions from v

ts from vansU28obal Warming

missions from

q.

buses and HGto road type

ad freight trans

pect to road ane (CH4). Rent GHG emiss014), we do n

bal warming,due to changn heat stressase burdens)eather effectcertain, due

ated by appled for air po

s by HGVs an costs.

missions

ons HG emissionsHG data viewuty trucks (i.approach as n HGV and bu on motorwa

vans and hea

and HGVs e

Potentials

m vans and H

GVs

sport on EU28

transport arecent studiession. But as not take this

, resulting inges in tempes, expansion ), ecosystemts, etc. The to a lack of

lying a two-sollutant emis

nd vans on m

s to the UNFwer, distingue. vans) and for air polluus emissions

ays (see Sect

avy vehicles

emitted on

HGVs on mot

re carbon s mention the impact s effect

n impacts ratures of areas s and exact risk scientific

step ssions

motorways;

CCC. uishing d heavy utant s and to tion 2.4.2).

(Mton)

torways

20

July 2016

Table 8

2.5.3

Table 9


Furthermusing Glocan be m The estimmotorwa

Total GHG

Vehicle c

HGVs

Vans

EstimatiTotal climof CO2-eq(2014) anused. Thikeeping Cglobal teuncertain(€ 10) anbased onCommisshigh leveto meet t

Results Table 9 pvans on mrespectivlarge unc


Vehicle c

HGVs

Vans

6 The fo

7 This isthe coprices individeconommeasuVan depreferclimat


more, the varobal Warmingmade betwee

mated total Cys in the EU2

emissions from

category

ing total clmate changeq. emissions nd CE Delft eis CO2 price CO2-eq. levemperature rnty in the COd high (€ 150 the costs toion (20% red

el is based onthe 2°C targ

presents the motorways invely. The larcertainty in t

s of GHG emissi013)

category

ollowing Global

the so-called ast to achieve a is the damage duals as a resultmists prefer theres the willingn

en Bergh and Bored. The main re change canno

external cost c

rious GHG emg Potentials

en these diffe

CO2 equivale28 are prese

m HGVs and van

imate chane costs can b by the CO2 pet al. (2011) is based on tel in the atmrise below 2°O2 price is la0) value for o meet the 2duction compn the upper get.

estimated tn the EU28 inrge range in tthese estima

ions from HGVs

Warming Poten

avoidance cost particular polic cost approach. t of the existene damage cost aness to pay of inotzen (2012), foreason is that tot be quantified

coverage of roa

missions are (IPPC, 2014)erent emissi

ent emissionsented in Tabl

ns on motorway

nge costs be estimatedprice. As rec, a shadow pthe cost for osphere belo°Celsius (Kuirge (see CE the CO2 pric2020 CO2 redpared to 199bound of the

total costs ofn 2013. Thesthe figures dations.

s and vans on m

ntials are used:

approach, whiccy target. Anot This approach ce of an externapproach to estndividuals to avor estimating COhe cost of risksd well.

ad freight trans

translated t), such that dons6.

s from HGVs le 8.

ys in the EU28

by multiplyicommended price of € 80 meeting theow 450 ppm k et al., 200Delft et al.,

ce is applied.uction targe0 level) (CE e estimation

f GHG emissise costs are €does, howeve

motorways in th

T

265 for N2O, an

ch estimates shaher approach tovaluates all dam

nality (e.g. healtimate shadow pvoid externalitieO2 prices, the a for the potenti

sport on EU28

to CO2 equivadirect comp

s and vans on

in 2013 (Mton

Total CO2

ying the total by Ricardo-A per tonne C

e long term t in order to k09)7. Since th 2011), also . The low CO

et of the Euro Delft, 2014) of Kuik et a

ions from HG€ 5.3 and € 2er, show the

he EU28 in 201

Total climate ch

5

2

nd 28 for CH4.

adow prices by o estimate (CO2

mage experienclth impacts). In prices, as this des. However, asavoidance cost aially high dama

alents by arisons

n

)

equivalent

65.9

30.9

l amount AEA et al. CO2 eq. is target for keep he a low O2 price is opean , while the

al. (2009)

GVs and 2.5 billion,

e relatively

13

hange costs

.3 (0.7–9.8)

.5 (0.3–4.6)

determining 2) shadow ced by general, directly s indicated by approach is ges of

21

July 2016

2.6

2.6.1

2.6.2

Figure 9


Noise co

DefiningNoise canother quaal., 2008 Anno

(e.g. which

Healthealtdiseadistumorta

MethodoAs is showexternal This appr estim estim alloca

Methodolog

8 Transp

employdisturb(Defrato take

Esti

mat

ing

the

num

ber

of

nois

eaf

fect

edpe

ople

Esti

mat

ing

tota

lno

ise

cost

sAlloc

atio

nof

tot

alno

ise

cost

s


osts

g noise costn be definedality that ca). In generalyance costs: restriction oh lead to a dth impacts: rth impacts, lases, high blorbance (WHOality and mo

ology wn in Figure noise costs oroach consist

mating the numating the toating the tot

gy for estimati

port noise may ayees deterioratbance, etc.) and, 2014). These e them into acc

Number otraffic no- Threshol

Total nummotorway

Total nois

Shadow pexposed- Annoyan- Health c

Allocationweighting

Total noismln €)

external cost c

ts d as the unwauses physical, there are t: transport non desired ledecrease in hregular expoike increaseood pressureO, 2011). Thorbidity costs

9, a top-dowof HGVs andts of three mumber of noiotal noise costal noise cos

ng noise costs

also result in prtes due to loss od environmenta impacts are oncount in this stu

of people affeoise from majld: 55 dB(A)

mber of peoplys

se costs of ro

price per pers

ce costsosts

n of total noig factors

se costs of HG

coverage of roa

anted sound al or psycholotwo adverseoise imposeseisure activithuman’s welosure to trand risk of car

e), cognitive ese adverse s.

wn approach vans on mot

main steps: ise affected sts; ts to the var

roductivity losseof concentratioal impacts (e.g.ly scarcely stududy.

ected byjor roads

le affected b

oad traffic on

son

ise costs to v

GVs and vans

ad freight trans

or sounds ofogical harm impacts of ts undesired sties, discomfl-being. sport noise mdiovascular d impairment health impa

h is applied ttorways in th

people;

rious vehicle

es (i.e. the econ, tiredness due harmful effect

died, and for tha

Share of motof major roa

by traffic nois

n motorways i

ehicle catego

s on motorwa

sport on EU28

f duration, i to humans (transport nosocial disturfort or incon

may have sigdiseases (he, and sleep acts result in

to estimate the EU28.

e categories.

onomic performae to noise-relatts of noise on wat reason it is n

torways in leads

se from

in the EU28

ories based o

ays in the EU2

ntensity or CE Delft et

oise8: bances

nvenience),

gnificant eart

n both

the

ance of ted sleep

wildlife) not possible

ength

on

28 (in

22

July 2016

Table 10

2.6.3

Table 11


EstimatiBased onStates arinformatiboth in arail netwpeople exused for roads foris scaled major roa

0 Number of

Road type

Major roa

Motorway

EstimatiBy multipand the ntransportand Ricarcost per by HEATCA.5.1.

AllocaticategoriIn a finalvarious vHGVs) badiffer in specific fpresente

Results Table 11 the EU28

1 Total noise

Vehicle c

HGVs

Vans

9 No EU-

these of tran


ing the num the EU Dire

re required tion on the n

agglomeratiowork, airportsxposed to nothis study (s

r which the n down basedads. The res

f people expose

e 55-59

dB(A

ds 10.8

ys 9.7

ing the totaplying the tonoise cost pet on motorwardo-AEA (201person affecCO (2006). M

ng the totaies step, the to

vehicle categased on the vnoise characfactor. In oud in Annex A

shows that t

8 in 2013 is €

e costs of HGVs

category

-wide data on pnoise levels peonsport noise are

external cost c

mber of noective on Envto develop stumber of pe

ons and from s). From theoise levels absee Table 10noise data is d on the sharsulting figure

ed (in millions)

9

A)

60-64

dB(A)

8 6.7

7 4.9

al noise cootal number er person affays in the EU14) provide acted. Both stMore informa

al external

otal noise cogories (i.e. pvehicle kilomcteristics, thr analyses, w

A.5.2.

the total noi€ 0.6 and € 0

s and vans on m

people exposed ople are still dise underestimate

coverage of roa

ise affectevironmental trategic noiseeople affecte major traffi

e noise maps,bove 55 Lden ). As motorw reported, thre of motorwes can be fou

) to noise from

4

)

65-69

dB(A)

7 4.2

9 3.5

sts of people exfected, the tU28 can be ean extensivetudies recomation on thes

noise costs

osts from moassenger car

metres on mohe vehicle kilwe have mad

ise costs of H.3 billion, re

motorways in th

to noise levels sturbed by traffed in this study

ad freight trans

d people Noise (EC, 2e maps. The

ed by road, ric infrastruct, data on the dB(A)9 due tways are onlyhe total num

ways in the tound in Table

major roads an

70-74

dB(A)

2.0

1.3

xposed to nototal noise coestimated. C overview of

mmend to usee shadow pr

s to the va

torways are rs, motorcycotorways. Aslometres shode use of the

HGVs and vaespectively.

he EU28 in 201

below 55 dB(A)fic noise. There.

sport on EU28

2002), all EU ese maps prorail and aviatture networe total numbto major roay a part of th

mber of peopotal length o 10 as well.

nd motorways

≥75

dB(A)

0.5

0.4

oise from moosts from ro

CE Delft et alf studies on e the figuresrices is given

rious vehic

allocated tocles, buses, vs the vehicleould be weige weighting f

ns on motorw

13 (billion €201

Total

) is available, aefore, the anno

Member ovide tion noise, ks (roads, ber of ads are he major ple exposed of the

in the EU28

Total

24.2

19.7

torways ad l. (2008) the noise s provided n in Annex

cle

o the vans and types hted by a factors

ways in

13)

noise costs

0.6

0.3

although at yance costs

23

July 2016

2.7

2.7.1

2.7.2


Congest

DefiningCongestioroad capall levelslower spe Costs relatime. Addin this st Congestioaffected congestiois often dtotal cosare just athe congeof other congestioeconomiccosts canconsistenpresentetransport

MethodoAs showncongestio estim estim alloca

10 From t

defineroad c


tion costs

g congestioon arises froacity. It incrs of demand.eeds even be

ated to congditional costudy) and ext

on differs fro by it are laron costs are debated to wt perspectivea sub-segmeestion costs vehicle cateon costs are cally sub-optn be considernt congestiond separatelyt (in line wit

ology n in Figure 10on costs of H

mating total hmating total cation of tota

the marginal coed from the indiauses additiona

external cost c

on costs om the mutuareases with t. Users may eefore full ca

gestion maint elements atra vehicle o

om other extrgely identic mainly bornwhat extent e10. Howevent of total ro are borne byegories, e.g. (partly) borntimal outcomred externaln indicators y and not be th CE Delft e

0, a three stHGVs and vanhours of delacongestion cal congestion

ost perspective,ividual user peral delays for the

coverage of roa

al impacts otraffic load, experience mpacity limits

ly consist ofre more unre

operation and

ternal costs al to those ce by the tracongestion cr, it should boad transpory themselves passenger cne by the semes. As it is l from a totaare not avai added up int al., 2011).

ep approachns on EU28 may; costs; n costs to the

congestion cosrspective. An ine (individual) ro

ad freight trans

f road users but is to sommutual distus of roads are

the costs ofeliable traved fuel costs.

of transportcausing it. Innsport sectocosts are reabe considerert, and hences (the other ars). Furtherctor itself, itunclear to wl cost perspelable, these

n terms of to

h is used to emotorways:

e various veh

sts are externaldividual road usoad users.

sport on EU28

competing fme extent prurbances resue reached.

f additional tel times (not

t as the peopn other wordor itself. Theally external ed that HGVse that only a part is bornrmore, althot still results

what extent cective and a costs will be

otal external

estimate the

hicle catego

l, since marginaser entering a (

for limited resent at ulting in

travel t covered

ple s, the

erefore, it from a s and vans a part of e by users

ough s in congestion s EU-wide e costs of

ries.

al cost are (congested)

24

July 2016

Figure 1


0 Methodolog

EstimatiConsistenavailableon extenscope of CE Delft runs by tliteraturethe reporhours on estimateThe uppewhile the

EstimatiTo estimacosts. Thvalue of pay of petime (e.grevealed transportvalue of 2013 valu To estimathe sametransferr

Esti

mat

ing

tota

lde

lay

Esti

mat

ing

tota

lco

nges

tion

cost

sAlloc

atio

nof

tot

alco

nges

tion

cost

s


gy for estimati

ing total hont EU-wide de. The estimasive modelli this study, w(2011). In thhe TRANS-TOe on road cort of that pro motorways id number ofer-bound of te lower-boun

ing total coate the tota

his was done travel time. eople/compag. one hour). preference t, trip purpotime indicatues by using

ate the addie cost indicatred to 2013 v

Total hou- Break

Total con

Cost indi- Value of- Vehicle

costs

Allocatioon PCE-w

Total conEU28 (in

external cost c

ng congestion

ours of deladatabases onation of the ng exerciseswe make usehat study, thOOLS model,

ongestion cosoject) are anin the EU28.f hours delaythe bandwidnd is based o

ongestion cl congestion by multiplyi Value of traanies to redu. These indic studies, and

oses, trip disttors as CE De PPP-adjuste

itional vehictors as in CEvalues by usi

urs of delay down to passe

ngestion cost

icatorsf time (€ / hou operating and

on of total coweighted veh

ngestion cost mln €)

coverage of roa

costs

ay n congestion total hours os by a transpe of the resuhe hours of d, supplemensts. Detailednalysed to es. To reflect ty, a bandwiddth is fully baon the result

costs costs, we fiing the totalavel time induce their tracators are esd do vary bettance, etc. Ielft et al. (20ed GDP per c

le operatingE Delft et al. ng PPP-adju

on motorwaenger (i.e. car)

ts on motorw

ur)d fuel

ongestion cohicle kilome

ts of HGVs a

ad freight trans

indicators aof delay shouort model. Alts of model elay were ested by result model resulstimate the the large uncth is appliedased on the Ts of the liter

rst have esti number of h

dicators reflevel time by a

stimated in stween passenn this study 011), which wcapita values

and fuel cos (2011) werested GDP pe

ays in the EU) and freight (i

ways in the E

osts to vehictres

and vans on m

sport on EU28

re not publiculd thereforAs this is out exercises dostimated basts from a revlts (not pres total numbecertainty in d for this indTRANS-TOOLrature study

imated the thours delayeect the willina specific amstated prefernger and fre we use the swe have trans.

sts due to coe used (againer capita valu

28i.e. HGV) trans

EU28

le categorie

motorways in

cly e be based of the one in sed on view of ented in

er of delay the

dicator. LS results, .

total delay ed by the ngness to mount of rence or

eight same nsferred to

ongestion, n ues).

sport

s based

n the

25

July 2016

Table 12

2.7.3

Table 13

2.8

2.8.1


AllocatioThe contdepends Passengeare used categorie

2 Passenger

Vehicle k

Passenger

Motorcycl

Bus

Van

HGV

Results Table 13 motorwavans thescongestiodelayed hof conges

3 Total conge

Vehicle c

HGVs

Vans

Costs of

DefiningRoad tranindirectlyGHG andproductioexternal costs. AcemissionsHoweversector (eemissionsterms of

11 In add

emissiroad inhave aare noextern


on of total ribution of t on their useer Car Equiva to allocate tes. The PCEs

car equivalent

kilometre

r car

le

presents theys in 2013. Fse costs are €on cost estimhours, whichstion indicat

estion costs of

category

f upstream

g the costs nsport does y. The most air pollutanon and trans costs, i.e. according to as may be inc, as these ef

e.g. the sectos), we prese total extern

ition to fuel proons of road trannfrastructure leanother dimensiot directly relatenal costs related

external cost c

congestionthe various ve of the scarcalent (PCE) wthe total con

s used are sh

ts

e total congeFor HGVs the€ 1.6 to € 3.

mates reflecth is mainly cators.

f vans and HGVs

emissions

of upstreanot only dire important innt emissions sport of fuelsair pollution ca life cycle vicluded in theffects are onor itself does

ent these cosnal costs of t

oduction, therensport. The proead to emissionsion compared toed to the actuad to these up/d

coverage of roa

n costs to tvehicle categce motorwayweighted vehngestion cos

hown in Table

estion costs ese costs are.9 billion. Thts the uncertaused by the

s on motorway

am emissionectly cause nndirect effecdue to the es11. These wecosts (healthiew, the nege total externly indirectlys not have thsts separatelytransport.

e are other souroduction, maints (and external o the other ext

al use of road vedownstream pro

ad freight trans

the variousgories to the y capacity. Thicle kilometts to the vare 12.

of HGVs ande € 2.0 to € 6he rather largtainty in thee lack of an E

s in the EU28 i

ns negative effect of road traextraction ofell-to-tank (Wh effects, etcgative effectnal costs of y related to the opportuniy and they a

rces of upstreamenance and disp costs) too. Howernal cost categehicles. Therefocesses into acco

sport on EU28

s vehicle ca total conge

This is reflectres. Thereforious vehicle

Passenger Car

d vans on EU26.8 billion, wge range in t

e estimated nEU-wide con

in 2013 (billion

Total conge

ects, but alsansport incluf raw materiaWTT) emissic.) and clim

ts of these uproad transpothe road tranity to mitiga

are not adde

m (and downstrposal of road vewever, these exgories, becauseore, we will not

count.

ategories stion costs ted by ore, these e

Equivalent

1

0.5

2

1.2

3

28 while for the number of nsistent set

n €2013)

estion costs

2.0–6.8

1.6–3.9

o udes the als and the on lead to ate change pstream ort. nsport

ate these d up in

eam) ehicles and xternal costs e these costs t take the

26

July 2016

2.8.2

Figure 1

Table 14


MethodoTo estimaapproach estim estim

1 Methodolog

EstimatiBased onpresents the EU28GHG emi the e the to

moto To estimamotorwaemission upstream

4 Total upstre

Vehicle c

HGVs

Vans

Esti

mat

ing

tota

lup

stre

am e

mis

soin

s.

Esti

mat

ing

tota

lcos

tof

up

stre

am e

mis

sion

s


ology ate the exteh as for air pmating total umating total c

gy to estimate

ing total up data report an overview8. By the samssions:

energy use byotal amount

orways is esti

ate the totays in the EU2 factors for d

m emissions a

eam emissions f

category

EU28 totand heavTJ)

Total upsmotorwa

Total cosmotorwa

Shadow- PM2.5, N- CO2 equ

Data proc- Breakdo

HGVs- Breakdo

type

Total eneHGVs on

external cost c

ernal costs ofpollution andupstream emcosts of upst

the external c

pstream emted by the EUw of total eneme approache

y heavy dutyt of energy uimated.

l upstream e28, the totadiesel and peare shown in

from fuels used

PM2.5 (kton)

0.3

1.4

tal energy usvy duty vehic

stream emisays in the EU

st of upstreaays in the EU

prices (€/toNOx, SO2uivalents

essing to: own emissions

own emissions

ergy use by v EU28 motor

coverage of roa

f upstream e climate cha

missions; tream emissi

costs of upstrea

missions U Member Stergy use by hes as applied

y vehicles is sed by HGVs

emissions frol energy use etrol (vans) Table 14.

d by HGVs and

NOx (kt

4

se by vanscles (in

sions from fU28

am emissionsU28

n)

buses and

to road

vans andrways (TJ)

ad freight trans

emissions, a ange is applie

ions.

am emissions

tates to the Uheavy duty vd for air poll

split betwees and vans fo

om fuels used is multiplied(CE Delft, 20

vans on motor

ton) SO2

3.0

1.1

uels used by

s from vans a

Emission femissions

sport on EU28

similar two-ed (see Figu

UNFCCC, thevehicles and lutant and

en buses andor kilometres

d by HGVs and by relevan016). The re

rways in the EU

2 (kton)

8.7

3.3

y vans and H

and HGVs on

factors of up(g/Joule en

step re 11):

e EEA vans in

d HGVs; s driven on

nd vans on nt WTT sulting

U28 in 2013

CO2 (Mton)

2.2

0.8

GVs on

n

pstream nergy)

27

July 2016

2.8.3

Table 15

2.9

Figure 1


EstimatiTo estimaas the onGHG emifor PM emused (froemissionswell.

Results The totalmotorwa€ 0.6 to €CO2 price

5 Total costsin 2013 (bi

Vehicle c

HGVs

Vans

Conclus

The totalare abouresponsibclimate c€ 2 to € 7€ 4.5 bill

2 Total exteron motorw


ing total coate the tota

nes used to essions are apmissions, a som NEEDS, 20s were mone

l external coys in the EU2€ 1.9 billion.e, reflecting

s of upstream eillion €2013)

category

ions

l external ant € 27 billionble for 53% ochange and a7 billion, whion.

rnal and infrastways in the EU2

14.2

external cost c

osts of upstl costs of up

estimate thepplied (see Sshadow price008) instead etarised by u

osts from ups28 range fro. The bandw the use of d

emissions from

nd infrastrucn (€ 22.5 to €of these costair pollutionile the costs

tructure costs 28 in 2013 (bill

€ 27 billio

coverage of roa

tream emispstream emis external coSection 2.4 ae for emissio of a transpo

using a shado

stream emissom € 1.5 to €width results different valu

fuels used by

cture costs of€ 31.5 billionts. The main . The congess of upstream

(excluding conion €2013)

2.7

4

5.3

0.6

on

ad freight trans

ssions ssions, the sasts of air pol

and 2.5). Thens from induort-specific sow price from

sions of fuel€ 4.5 billion. from the uncues for the C

HGVs and vans

Total cos

f HGVs on EUn). Infrastruc external cosstion costs ofm emissions e

ngestion and up

4.3

3

sport on EU28

ame shadow llution and ere is one exustrial processhadow pricem NEEDS (20

ls used by HG For vans, thcertainty in CO2 price.

s on motorways

sts of upstream

3

1

U28 motorwacture costs ast categoriesf HGVs are aequal € 1.5 t

pstream emissi

Accidents

Air polluta

Climate c

Noise

Infrastruct

prices

xception: sses is e. The SO2 008) as

GVs on his range is the

s in the EU28

m emissions

.0 (1.5–4.5)

.3 (0.6–1.9)

ays in 2013 are s are about to

ons) of HGVs

ants

hange

ture costs

28

July 2016

Figure 1


The totalemissions(€ 8 - € 1(about 48vans are costs of u

3 Total exteron motorw


l infrastructus) of vans on2 billion). T8%), followed responsible upstream em

rnal and infrastways in the EU2

4.9

external cost c

ure and exten the EU28 mhe main pard by the clim for congesti

missions of €

tructure costs 28 in 2013 (bill

0.3

€ 10 billio

coverage of roa

ernal costs (emotorways int of these co

mate changeon costs of a 0.6 to € 1.9

(excluding conion €2013)

1.4

1

2.5

on

ad freight trans

excluding co 2013 are ab

osts are the i costs. In adabout € 1.6 t billion.

ngestion and up

1.2

sport on EU28

ongestion andbout € 10.2 binfrastructur

ddition to theto € 4 billion

pstream emissi

Accidents

Air polluta

Climate c

Noise

Infrastruc

d upstream billion re costs ese costs, n, and

ons) of vans

ants

hange

ture costs

29

July 2016

3 3.1


Rev

Introduc

Various tIn this st vehic infras

charg fuel t In this chthey are 2013. In 2 (see te ResearcWhat is driven b This quea Whab Wha

the Ec Wha

the Ed Wha

infra The Euroshould betransportearmark research what ext Earmarkerevenue mitigate revenues The methrevenuesthe follow


enue

ction

taxes and chaudy we conscle taxes: regstructure chages; taxes: fuel e

hapter, we e related to kthis way, wext box below

ch question 2 the amountby road freig

estion consist are the relt is the totalEU28 in 2013t share of thEU28 motorwt share of th

astructure or

ovignette Diree used to bet system. Ho tax/charge question 2, ent their rev

ed taxes in tmust be spe the externas are therefo

hodology ands are describwing section

external cost c

from

arges for roasider the follgistration taarges: distan

excise duty a

estimate the kilometres dre address thew).

2 t of road taxght transpor

sts of four sulevant taxes/l revenue fro3? he total reveways in 2013he revenue isr to mitigate

ective recomnefit the tra

owever, therrevenue. By we identify venues are e

this study arent by law tol costs (e.g.

ore not added

d sources useed in Annex

ns.

coverage of roa

m taxe

ad freight traowing categx, ownershipnce-based (t

and EU ETS re

amount of rriven by HGVe first three

x/charge revt on EU28 m

ub questions:/charges appom these tax

enue can be a? s earmarked

e the externa

mmends thatansport sectoe is no oblig addressing t for each of earmarked.

e defined as investments CO2, road sad to the gen

ed to estima B. The resul

ad freight trans

es and

ansport are aories: p tax, insuraolls) and tim

evenue.

evenue fromVs and vans o sub question

enue relatedotorways in

: plied in the Exes/charges

allocated to

for spendingal costs of tra

t the revenueor and optimation on Memthe fourth suthe tax/char

taxes for whs in road infrafety) of roaeral budget.

ate the sharelts of the an

sport on EU28

d char

applied in Eu

ance tax; me-based (vig

m these taxeson EU28 motns of researc

d to the kilo 2013?

EU28? for HGVs an

kilometres d

g on road ansport?

e from road mise the entirmber States ub question orge categori

hich (a sharerastructure a

ad transport..

e of earmarkalysis are pr

rges

urope.

gnettes)

s, as far as torways in ch question

ometres

d vans in

driven on

charges re to of es, to

e of) the and/or to These

ked resented in

30

July 2016

3.2

3.2.1

Figure 1


Vehicle

Vehicle Three typownershi(re)entercountriesexemptio2012). Wregistratiare levieabove 12minimumthese taxconfigura

4 Vehicle tax

A) HGVs

Note: In T

priv Finally, ipremiumEE, HU, Lconsidere

12 It can

As insuTherefrelativup on costs. revenu

13 Croatiaowner


taxes

taxes in thpes of vehiclp tax and inring into the s do levy a reons or reduct

Weight and enion taxes. Ind on HGVs a

2 tonnes, them rates) for axes are vehication and sus

xes in the EU28

The Netherland

vate vans in the

nsurance taxs paid for inLV, LT, and Ped as revenu

be argued wheturance taxes arefore, insurance ve prices on thethe insurance p Given this closeue from insuran

a joined the EUship tax for HGV

external cost c

he EU28 le taxes are

nsurance tax1

fleet. As shegistration ttions to zerongine size arn contrast to nd vans in n

e Eurovignettan annual vecle weight, ospension typ

8 in 2013

s private vans a

e Netherlands is

xes are leviensurances (noPL). Next to ue in this stu

ther insurance e applied on al taxes can be co

e transport markpremiums and he relationship o

nce taxes into a

U mid-2013. As FVs is indicated

coverage of roa

applied in th12. The registown in Figur

tax on HGVs o apply in somre used most registrationearly all coute Directive hicle tax13. T

often combinpe.

B) Van

are charged a re

s negligible, and

ed in almost o mentioning insurance ta

udy (as they i

taxes should bel insurance premonsidered a genket. However, i

hence as a direcof insurance taxccount in this s

Figure 14 shows for Croatia.

ad freight trans

he EU28: regtration tax isre 14, only a and vans, anme of them often as par taxes, perio

untries. For heven sets coThe most apned with the

ns

egistration tax.

d so is the reve

all EU Membg of insurancaxes, insuraninternalise p

e considered a smiums, it affectneral tax (like Vinsurance taxesct internalisatioxes with accidentudy.

s the situation b

sport on EU28

gistration taxs charged on minority of nd even then (CE Delft et rameters forodic ownershheavy goods ommon rulespplied parame vehicle’s ax

However, the

enue from this t

ber States once taxes founnce premiumpart of the ac

specific transpocts all economicVAT), which does can also be seon measure of ant costs, we tak

by the beginnin

x, n vehicles the EU28 n al., r hip taxes vehicles s (including eter for xle

number of

tax.

n the nd for CZ, ms are ccident

ort tax. c sectors. es not affect en as a mark-ccident ke the

g of 2013, no

31

July 2016

3.2.2

Figure 1


costs). Inthe accidconsider

MethodoAs showntax reven estim alloca

5 Methodolog

EstimatiThe totalbeen maiMinistriesby data fon total rFor insurEurope (2al. (2012the total

AllocatioTo estimakilometreFirst, the

Esti

mat

ing

tota

lve

hicl

e ta

xre

venu

eAlloc

atio

nof

tot

alre

venu

e.


nsurance predent costs wi the insuranc

ology n in Figure 15nue. This app

mating total vation of tota

gy to estimate

ing total vel revenue of inly gathereds of Finance from Eurostarevenues (foance taxes, 2015), while). By multip insurance ta

on of total ate the totaes driven on e total reven

Total rev- Registra- Ownersh- Insuranc

Total rev

Allocatio- Registra

per vehi- Ownersh

rate per- Insuranc

premium

RegistratioShare of vkin total nuvans and H

Total revkilometre

external cost c

emiums are cith the premce taxes.

5, a top-dowproach consivehicle tax ral revenue.

the vehicle ta

ehicle tax r registrationd from natio and/or tran

at, the OECDor all vehicle the total pre

e the tax ratelying the totax revenue w

revenue l revenue of motorways,

nues were all

enue of roadation taxeship taxesce taxes

venue of vehi

on of total reation tax: baseicle categoryhip tax: basedr vehicle categce tax: based om (vehicle kilo

on/ownership tkms on motorw

umber of vkmsHGVs

enue of vehies driven on

coverage of roa

considered inmiums paid. I

wn approach ists of two strevenue;

x revenues

revenue n and ownersonal accountsnsport, car de and the ACE

e categories temiums paides were basetal motor inswas estimate

f vehicle taxe two additiolocated to th

d vehicle tax

icle taxes fro

venue to vard on new vehic

on total numbgoryon MTPL premimetres and pu

tax: waysby

icle taxes fro motorways i

ad freight trans

n Section 2.3n this chapte

is applied toteps:

ship taxes in s (national sealer associaEA. For mosttogether) wad were takened on ACEA (surance premed.

es from HGVonal steps hahe various ve

Insuraccidtotaby v

xes in the EU2

om vans and

rious vehiclecles sold weigh

ber of vehicles

um (number ofrchase price o

om vans andin the EU28 i

sport on EU28

3, as we haveer we theref

o estimate th

the EU28 instatistical agations), suppt countries, oas available.n from Insura(2014) and Cmiums by the

Vs and vans rave been appehicle catego

rance tax: Shadents on motol number of acans and HGVs

28 in 2013

HGVs in the

e categorieshted by averag

weighted by a

f accidents) / f vehicle)

HGVs relatein 2013

e lowered fore only

he vehicle

2013 has encies,

plemented only data

ance E Delft et e tax rates,

related to plied. ories.

re of rways in

ccidents

EU28

e tax rate

verage tax

damage

ed to

32

July 2016

3.2.3

Table 16


For registvehicle cFor ownenumber ototal numbetween and fromwas baseThe revebased on In a secotypes. Fonumber orevenue wmotorwa

Results As shownassociate€ 1.2 billownershiinsuranceparticula

6 Total revenmotorways

Vehicle c

HGVs

Vans

EarmarkAcross thFigure 16Fund) an(Axle taxroad fundLuxemboearmarkeIreland) o(Belgiumtotal reve

14 Liabilit

the EU

15 Own dglass p


tration taxescategory, weership taxes of vehicles inmber of vehic revenue fro

m taxes on daed on the numnue of taxes the vehicle

nd step, theor registratioof vehicle kilwas allocateys compared

n in Table 16ed to kilometion, respectp taxes (alme taxes (abouarly for HGVs

nue of vehicle s in the EU28 in

category T

ked vehiclehe EU28, the 6). Exceptiond ownership

x intended tod), Lithuaniaourg Climate ed, for Motoor specific fu, Italy, Portuenue from ve

ty for injury anU28 countries.

amage to the vparts, vandalism

external cost c

s this was doeighted by ththe same apn the fleet wcles sold. Fo

om taxes on mamage15 premmber of accis on damage kilometres w

e revenue foron and ownelometres dried based on d to all roads

6, the total rtres driven otively. The mmost 70% for ut 30%). Thes.

taxes from HGn 2013 (billion

Total vehicle

taxes

1.27

1.21

e taxes revenue frons are the rep taxes in Czeo offset the ma (Road Main and Energy r Insurer’s fuunds or serviugal). Figureehicle taxes

d damage susta

vehicle (i.e. damm, natural force

coverage of roa

one based onhe average tapproach was was used to aor insurance motor third-miums. The aidents with t premiums, oweighted by

r HGVs and vrship tax revven on thesethe share ofs.

evenue of veon motorwaymain part of t HGVs and abe revenue fro

GVs and vans as €2013)

Registratio

tax

0.

0.

om vehicle taegistration taech Republicmaintenance

ntenance and Fund). Insurunds (Cyprusices concerne 16 shows th.

ained by others

mage caused dires and theft. Th

ad freight trans

n the numbeax rates for tapplied, but

allocate the taxes, we mparty liabilitallocation ofthe vehicle ton the other purchase pr

vans was allovenue, this we road types accidents by

ehicle taxes ys in the EU2these revenubout 60% for om registrati

sociated to kilo

on

es

Own

01

17

axes is rarelyax in Romanic (infrastructe costs of road Developmerance taxes as, Greece, Roing road acc

he share of e

. This type of in

rectly by the inis type of insur

sport on EU28

r of vehiclesthese vehiclet then the to revenue inst

made a distinty14 (MTPL) pf the former type involvedr hand, wererices (AEA, 2

ocated to vawas based on. Insurance t

by HGVs/vans

from HGVs a28 in 2013 is ues is comingr HGVs), folloion taxes is l

ometres driven

nership

taxes

0.82

0.69

y earmarkedia (Environmture generalads), Latvia

ent Programmare sometimomania, Spacident victimearmarked re

nsurance is com

nsured driver), drance is often o

s sold per es.

otal tead of ction premiums category d. e allocated 2012).

rious road n the tax s on

and vans € 1.3 and g from owed by limited,

n on

Insurance

taxes

0.44

0.35

(see ental ly), France (Traffic me), and es in,

ms evenue in

mpulsory in

damage to ptional.

33

July 2016

Figure 1

3.3

3.3.1

Figure 1


6 Share of ea

Infrastru

InfrastruIn generadistance-infrastrucare appliGermanywell (seecountriestime-basvehicle wDenmark

7 Infrastruct

A) HGVs

Note 1: Th

pla

Note 2: Loc

HGV


armarked reve

ucture cha

ucture chaal, two types-based (tollscture chargeed for HGVs

y and Austriae Figure 17). s for HGVs aned infrastruc

weight over 1k, Luxembour

ure charges in

is figure shows

ace. For examp

cal charging sch

18%

V Total HG

external cost c

enue in total re

arges

arges in thes of infrastru) and time-b

es, either ele in thirteen

a), while in n Time-basednd in six coucture charge12 tonnes. Inrg, the Neth

the EU28 in 20

the situation in

le, in 2014, the

hemes (e.g. the

82%

GV Earmarked

coverage of roa

evenue from ve

e EU28 ucture chargbased (vignetectronic tollsEU countries

nine countrie infrastructu

untries for vae is the Eurovn 2013, this serlands and

013

B) Van

n 2013. In the p

e UK introduced

e M6 in the UK)

V

ad freight trans

ehicle taxes

es are appliettes) chargess or tolls wits in 2013 (e.ges these scheure charges aans. The primvignette for scheme was Sweden.

ns

period 2013-201

d a vignette for

are not shown.

6%

Van Total V

sport on EU28

ed in the EUs. Distance-bth physical bg. the MAUT

emes covereare applied ime example HGVs with a applied in B

6, some change

HGVs.

.

94%

Van Earmarked

28: based

barriers, T in d vans as in nine of a a gross Belgium,

es have taken

34

July 2016

3.3.2

Figure 1


MethodoTo estimaconsistin estim alloca

8 Methodolog

EstimatiThe totalnational authoritithe OECDtotal chacategorieinfrastruc

AllocatioThe totalto the vadriven bythe averainfrastructhese chacategory vehicles.

16 In som

well. Tcharge

Esti

mat

ing

tota

lin

fra

char

ge r

even

ueAlloc

atio

nof

tot

alre

venu

e.


ology ate the infrag of two step

mating total iation of tota

gy to estimate

ing total inl revenue of sources (nates, road cha

D environmenarge revenuees is often mcture charge

on of total l revenue of

arious vehicley the variousage charge rcture chargearges is alloc in the dome

me countries infrTherefore, we pes on motorway

Total rev- Distance- Time ba

Total revEU28 in 2

Allocatio- Distance

charge r- Time ba

average

external cost c

astructure chps is appliedinfrastructural revenue.

the total reve

nfrastructur infrastructutional statistarging schemntal tax data

es is availablemissing. Furthes are applie

revenue distance-bae categories s vehicle typrates applicaes a slightly dcated based estic fleet, w

rastructure chaprobably slightlyys.

enue of roade based chargeased charges

venue of infra2013

on of total ree based chargerate per vehiclased charges: be charge rate p

coverage of roa

harge revenud: re charge rev

nue from infra

re charge rure charge retical agencie

me operators)abase. For me; a breakdohermore, weed on motorw

ased infrastru based on thes on the to

able for thesedifferent app on the totalweighted by

arges are appliey overestimate

d infrastructues

astructure ch

venue to vares: based on mle categorybased on totaler vehicle cate

ad freight trans

ue, a top-dow

venue;

structure char

revenue evenue has bs, Ministries ), the ASECA

most countrieown to the vae have assumways only16.

ucture charge number oflled motorwe vehicles. Fproach is app number of vthe average

d on a small pa the total reven

ure charges i

harges from

rious vehicleotorway vkms

number of vehegory

sport on EU28

wn approach

rges

been collecte of transport

AP country rees only data arious vehicl

med that all

ges has been f vehicle kilo

ways, weighteFor time-baseplied: the revehicles per charge rate

art of the trunk nue from infrast

in the EU28 i

vans and HG

e categoriesweighted by a

hicles weighted

h

ed from t, road eports and on the le

allocated ometres ed by ed evenue of vehicle for these

roads as tructure

in 2013

GVs in the

verage

d by

35

July 2016

3.3.3

Table 17

Figure 1


Results The totalfor HGVs of these applied o(in €/yea

7 Total reven

Vehicle c

HGVs

Vans

EarmarkRegardinit comes Eurovigneis added usually aroad chainvestmesome couwhich is excluded As showncharges iis not eartotal reveinfrastrucrevenue

9 Share of ea

17 In the

toll sch

HG


l EU28 reven and € 2.5 birevenues is c

on a larger scar) are highe

nue of infrastru

category

ked infrastrg infrastruct to the use oette countrie to the generssigned to trrging in plac

ents. Toll revuntries (e.g. not earmark

d from the re

n in Figure 19n the EU28 irmarked in aenue. Furthecture chargein total reve

armarked reve

UK and the Nethemes is not ea

5

95%

GV Total H

external cost c

nue of infrastillion for vancoming fromcale in the E

er than the ti

ucture charges

Total infrastr

c

ructure chature chargesof revenues fes17, the vignral budget. Iransport invece have electvenue is ofte Italy) a fee

ked. VAT on evenue.

9, the main is earmarkedany of the EUermore, the es is earmarkenue from in

enue in total re

therlands, two armarked as we

5%

HGV Earmarke

coverage of roa

tructure chans (see Table

m distance baEU28. Furtheime-based ch

s from HGVs an

ucture

harges

12.3

2.5

arges , there seemfrom road chnette is trean other counestments. Thted to earmaen fully earm to the stateroad tolls (a

part of the rd. The revenU countries) main share ked. Figure 1frastructure

evenue from inf

of the Eurovignell.

ed

ad freight trans

arges in 2013e 17). The mased chargesrmore, theirharge rates.

nd vans in the E

Distance base

charge

11.

2.

m to be two bharging (AEA,ated as any ontries revenuhe majority oark revenue

marked (Ricar governmentlso not earm

revenue fromue from the is only smalof the reven19 shows the charges.

frastructure ch

ette countries,

97

Van Total

sport on EU28

3 is about € 1major part (abs. These charr average rat

EU28 in 2013 (

ed

es

T

.7

.3

broad camps, 2014). In thother tax andue from vignof Member S for transporrdo-AEA, 201t needs to be

marked) have

m infrastructe Eurovignettl compared t

nue from othe share of ea

harges

the revenue fr

3%

7%

Van Earm

12.3 billion bout 95%) rges are tes

billion €2013)

Time based

charges

0.7

0.2

s when he d revenue nettes is States with rt-related 14). In e paid, e been

ture te (which to er

armarked

rom (local)

arked

36

July 2016

3.4

3.4.1

Figure 2

3.4.2


Fuel tax

Fuel excAll EU Me2013 tax excise du2003/96/Sweden. Slovenia for HGVsrevenue

0 Diesel exci

The CO2 EU Emissby the resector (bindirectlyin scenar

MethodoA bottomduty for (see Figu estim alloca

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Die

sel e

xcis

e du

ty (

€201

3 /

1000

lit

re)


xes

cise duties ember States levels for diuty rates are/EC. The hig In some EU and Spain) a. These schein the next s

ise duty rates i

upstream emion Trading

efineries are by a mark-upy borne by thrios which in

ology m-up approacHGVs and va

ure 21): mating total fation of tota

AT BE BG CZ DK

external cost c

in the EU2s levy exciseiesel is given

e equal to or hest diesel ecountries (i.

a refund scheemes are taksub-section.

in the EU28 in

missions thatScheme. The assumed to

p on the fuel he road tranclude the ex

ch is appliedans in the EU

fuel excise dal revenue.

K DE EE FI FR G

Actual ta

coverage of roa

28 e duties on trn in Figure 20 above the mexcise duty r.e. Belgium, eme for (parken into acco

2013

t are releasee costs of th be passed th prices). The

nsport sectorxternal costs

to estimateU28. This app

duty revenue

R HR HU IE IT L

ax rate M

ad freight trans

ransport fue0. In all EU cminimum levrates are fou France, Hunrt of the) dieount in estim

d by refinerie emission ahrough to therefore, the r and hence ss of upstream

e the revenueproach consis

e;

LV LT LU MT NL

Minimum tax rate

sport on EU28

ls. An overvicountries thevel set in Direund in the UKngary, Irelanesel excise dmating the to

ies are coveallowances phe road trans EU ETS costsshould be co

m emissions.

e from the fsts of two m

PO PT RO SK SI

e

iew of the e diesel ective K, Italy and d, Italy, uty exist

otal

red by the purchased sport s are onsidered

uel excise main steps

ES SE UK

37

July 2016

Figure 2


1 Methodolog

EstimatiThe totaltransportmultiplieStates in revenue.

AllocatioTo estimaby HGVs out. Firstbased on2.8 for thSecond, tkilometrevehicle k

EU ETS To estimaby refinewas estimstep, a pthe reven

Esti

mat

ing

tota

lfue

lexc

ise

duty

reve

nue

Allo

cati

onof

tot

alre

venu

e.


gy to estimate

ing total ful EU28 fuel et fuels sold ied with the f 2013 (from

on of total ate the fuel and vans on t, the total r the total enhe approach the share of es on motorwkilometres an

revenue ate the EU E

eries, first thmated (e.g. erice of € 4.4nue (CE Delf

Total volutransportMember s- Petrol, di

Total reve- From pet

Total reveEU28

Allocation- Based on

transpor

Share of fumotorwaysuse by vans

Total excion motorw

external cost c

the total fuel

uel excise dexcise duty rn the EU28 i

fuel excise d the DG Taxu

revenue excise duty EU28 motorrevenue was nergy consum followed to fuels (and hways was estnd motorway

ETS costs relahe share of themissions fro

46 per EU allft, 2016).

umes of road fuels sold instatesiesel, LPG

enue of fuelrol, diesel and

enue of fuel

n of total revn share vehiclert

uel use on s in total fuels and HGVs

ise duty reveways by vans

coverage of roa

excise duty rev

duty revenurevenue is bain 2013 (fromuty rates apud Excise Dut

revenue frorways two ad allocated tomption of the estimate th

hence fuel extimated, basy specific en

ated to the Chese emissioom transportowance of 1

n EU28

excise duty iLPG

excise duty f

venue to varie categories in t

enue from fues and HGVs in

ad freight trans

venue

ue ased on the tm Eurostat). plied in the ty tables) to

m fuels useddditional stepo the variousese vehicles e energy conxcise duty resed on the nuergy consum

CO2 upstreamons in total Ct of fuels are ton CO2 was

in the EU28

from vans an

ious vehicle ctotal engery co

Fuel exciseapplied in M2013- Petrol, diese

els used for kn the EU28 in

sport on EU28

total volume These volum various EU Mo estimate th

d for kilometps have beens vehicle cat in 2013 (seensumption). evenue) usedumber of mo

mption factor

m emissions CO2 upstreame excluded).s taken to ca

d HGVs in th

categoriesonsumption by

duty ratesMember State

el, LPG

kilometres drn 2013

es of road mes are Member he total

tres driven n carried tegories e Section d for otorway rs.

released m emissions In a next

alculate

he

road

es in

riven

38

July 2016

3.4.3

Table 18

Figure 2


Results The totalkilometrerespectiv

8 Total revenmotorways

Vehicle c

HGVs

Vans

The totalfuels useis € 0.09

EarmarkAs shownduties in Poland a Annex A)from fue

2 Share of ea

18 Please

in roadchargefuel exearma

HG


l revenue of es driven on vely (see Tab

nue of fuel excs in the EU28 in

category

l revenue of d by HGVs a and € 0.04 b

ked fuel exn in Figure 22 the EU28 is significant s. Figure 22 sl excise duti

armarked reve

e notice that in d infrastructurees which are earxcise duty revenrked in this stu

9

2%

GV Total H

external cost c

excise duty EU28 motorble 18).

cise duty from n 2013 (billion

EU ETS fromand vans for billion, respe

xcise duties2, only a ver earmarked1

share of fuelshows the shies.

enue in total re

our definition re and/or to covermarked for othnue is earmarkedy.

98%

HGV Earmarke

coverage of roa

from fuels urways in 2013

HGVs and vans €2013)

m CO2 emissiokilometres dectively.

s ry small part8. Only in Litl excise dutiehare of earm

evenue from fue

revenue is only er external costher purposes (eed for strategic

ed

ad freight trans

used by HGVs3 is € 10.7 an

s associated to

Total

ons of produdriven on EU2

of the reventhuania, Czees is earmarkarked revenu

el excise dutie

considered earts. Therefore, t.g. in the Nethe oil reserves) ar

Van Total

sport on EU28

Vs and vans fond € 5.3 billi

kilometres dri

fuel excise du

uction and re28 motorway

nue from fueech Republic ked (see alsoue in total r

es

rmarked as it mthe revenue froerlands, a smalre not consider

98%

2%

Van Earm

or ion,

ven on

ty revenue

10.7

5.3

efining of ys in 2013

el excise and o evenue

ust be spent m taxes or l part of the ed to be

arked

39

July 2016

3.5

Figure 2

Figure 2


Conclus

The totalEuropeancharging (slightly revenue

3 Total tax/cEU28 in 20

The totalon EU28 fuel taxevehicle t

4 Total tax/cin 2013 (bi


ions

l tax/chargen countries h schemes, thmore than 5is only about

charge revenue013 (billion €201

l 2013 tax/cmotorways i

es (almost 60axes (slightly

charge revenueillion €2013)

10.7

5.3

external cost c

e revenue forhave implemhe main part0%). Fuel taxt 5% of total

e from HGVs as13)

harge revenis about € 9 b0%), followedy more than

e from vans ass

1.3

€ 9 billion

€ 24 billio

coverage of roa

r HGVs is moented gener of the revenxes contribul tax/charge

sociated to kilo

ue from vansbillion. The d by infrastru 10%).

sociated to kilo

12

1.2

2

on

ad freight trans

ore than € 24ral or HGV spnues is from te about 43% revenue.

ometres driven

s associated main part ofucture charg

ometres driven

.3

2.5

sport on EU28

4 billion. As mpecific infras infrastructu%, while veh

n on motorway

to kilometref this revenuges (about 30

on motorways

Vehicle taxe

Infrastructur

Fuel excise d

Vehicle taxe

Infrastructur

Fuel excise d

many structure ure charges icle tax

s in the

es driven ue is from 0%) and

s in the EU28

es

re charges

duties

es

re charges

duties

40

July 2016

Figure 2


As showncharges fearmarkemitigatioFor HGVsearmarkefrom infrinfrastrucfuel excisfew coun

5 Share of eadriven by H

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Re

ven

ues

(bln

EU

R)


n in Figure 25for HGVs anded for expenon/adaptatios, about 35% ed. The earmrastructure ccture chargese duties or

ntries in the

armarked reveHGVs and vans

Total

Vehicle

external cost c

5, only a limd vans relatenditures on roon measures is earmarke

marked revencharges. As se revenue in vehicle taxe EU28.

enue in total re on EU28 moto

Earm

HGV

e taxes Infr

coverage of roa

ited part of ed to kilometoad infrastru addressing ted, while for nue consists shown in Sec the EU28 is es, on the ot

evenue from taxrways in 2013

marked

rastructure cha

ad freight trans

the revenuetres driven oucture or to the external vans slightly almost comption 3.3, the earmarked. her hand, is

xes/charges ass

Total

arges Fuel e

sport on EU28

e from taxes on motorway investment costs of trany more than pletely of ree majority of The revenue earmarked

sociated to kilo

Earma

Van

excise duty

and ys is in nsport. 20% is

evenue f the e from in only a

ometres

rked

41

July 2016

4 4.1

4.2


Cost

Introduc

This chapfreight trresearch which shothe relevfocussed motorwa The strucvarious scIn Sectio ResearcHow aretax/chatranspo This quea Whicb Wha

freig

Scenario

On requeseveral sscenarios Scena

infras Scena

the cnoise

Scenaand e

Scenaand eemiss

Scenaand e

To summscenarios Each scenfor the e


t cove

ction

pter seeks toransport com question 3, ow the share

vant taxes an on the costsys.

cture of this cenarios we n 4.3, cost c

ch question 3e the total inarge revenuert on EU28 m

estion consisch scenarios t are the infght transport

os for comp

est of the IRUcenarios, whs are assesseario 1: compstructure cosario 2: comp

current Eurove). ario 3: compexternal costario 4: compexternal costsions). ario 5: compexternal cost

marise, an oves is given in T

nario has bentire road fr

external cost c

erage

o compare hompare to the see below).e of the totand charges. As and revenu

chapter is a apply to comcoverage rati

3 nfrastructur

e, both relatmotorways in

sts of two su can be usedfrastructure t on EU28 m

paring cost

U, we have chich differ ined in this chaparison of tosts. parison of tovignette Dire

parison of tots (but excluparison of tots (including

parison of tots.

erview of thTable 19.

een assessed reight transp

coverage of roa

e ratio

ow infrastruc tax/charge We do this

al infrastructAs the previoue related to

as follows: fimpare the coios are prese

re and externted to the kiln 2013?

b questions:d to compare and externaotorways in

ts and reve

compared thn the cost caapter: otal tax/char

otal tax/charective (infras

otal tax/charuding congestotal tax/char congestion,

otal tax/char

e cost categ

for both HGport sector (H

ad freight trans

os

cture and ex revenue theby providingture and exteous chapterso the kilomet

rstly, we briosts and reveented for the

nal costs comlometres dri

e total costs al cost cover 2013?

enue

e total coststegories con

rge revenue

rge revenue structure cos

rge revenue tion and upsrge revenue but excludi

rge revenue

gories conside

Vs and vans HGVs and va

sport on EU28

xternal costsey bring in (ag cost coveraernal costs cs, the analystres driven o

iefly discuss enue (Sectioese scenarios

mpared to thiven by road

and revenuerage ratios fo

s and revenunsidered. In t

with total

with total costs, air pollu

with infrastrstream emiss with infrastrng upstream

with all infr

ered in the v

separately, ans together)

s of road addressing age ratios, covered by is is

on EU28

the on 4.2). s.

he total d freight

e? or road

ue for total five

ost under ution,

ructure sions). ructure

m

astructure

various

but also ).

42

July 2016

Table 19

4.3

Figure 2


9 Overview o

Total reve

Total infr

costs

Air pollut

Noise

Accidents

Climate c

Congestio

Upstream

Results

This sectroad freiare givendefined irevenue ratio thaThis is re Figure 26on EU28 and extebars in thcomparedsignificanincluded accident Includingthe cost

6 Cost cover

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

160%

180%

I


of cost categor

enues

astructure

ion

s

change

on

emissions

ion presentsght transpor

n for HGVs, vn the previodivided by tht is higher th

epresented in

6 presents thmotorways irnal costs frohe figure. Figd to the revently higher th in the costs and climateg congestion coverage rat

age ratios for a

nfrastructurecosts

Scenario 1

external cost c

ries considered

Scenario 1

X

X

s the infrastrrt on EU28 mvans and totaous section. The total costhan 100% men the figures

he cost coverin 2013. The om upstreamgure 26 showenue from Hhan the cost, the ratio is

e change cos (scenario 4)tio even furt

all scenarios fo


Scenario 2:Current

Eurovignette

coverage of roa

d in the various

Scenario 2

X

X

X

X

ructure and emotorways in al road freigThe cost covts in that sceeans that thes below by a

rage ratios fo uncertainty

m emissions iws that whenHGVs on EU28ts. When air s still above ts, the cost ) and upstreather.

or HGVs on EU2

n +Acciden+Climate

e

Scenario

ad freight trans

scenarios

Scenario 3

X

X

X

X

X

X

external cos 2013. The cht transport

verage ratio enario. Theree revenue is thick line.

or the definey concerning is representen infrastructu8 motorways pollution an100% (i.e. 12coverage ratam emissions

28 motorways in

tse

+Conge

3 Scenar

sport on EU28

Scenario 4

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

st coverage rcost coveraget in the 5 sce is defined asefore a cost higher than

ed scenarios climate chaed by the unure costs ares, the revenund noise are 27%). By addtio falls belos (scenario 5

n 2013

stion +Upsemi

rio 4 Scen

Scenario 5

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

ratios for e ratios enarios as s the total coverage the costs.

s for HGVs ange costs ncertainty e ues are also ding ow 100%. 5) lowers

streamssions

nario 5

43

July 2016

Figure 2

Figure 2


Figure 27motorwa100% (eve3, 4 and coverage

7 Cost cover

In Figure displayed

8 Cost cover2013

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

160%

180%

200%

I

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

160%

180%

200%

I


7 shows the cys in 2013. Ten slightly h5 are below

e ratios in the

age ratios for a

28 the cost d. Comparab

age ratios for a

nfrastructurecosts

Scenario 1

nfrastructurecosts

Scenario 1

external cost c

cost coveragThe cost covigher than fo 100%, as waese scenario

all scenarios fo

coverage rable results as

all scenarios fo


Scenario 2:Current

Eurovignette


Scenario 2:Current

Eurovignette

coverage of roa

ge ratios for verage ratios or HGVs). Thas the case foos are slightly

or vans on EU28

atios for totas for HGVs an

or total road fre

n +Accident+Climate

e

Scenario

n +Acciden+Climate

e

Scenario

ad freight trans

all scenarios in scenario he cost coveror HGVs. In gy lower as fo

8 motorways in

l road freighnd vans sepa

eight transport

tse

+Conges

3 Scenar

tse

+Conge

3 Scenar

sport on EU28

s for vans on 1 and 2 are rage ratios igeneral, theor HGVs.

n 2013

ht transport arately can b

t on EU28 moto

stion +Upsemi

rio 4 Scen

stion +Upsemi

rio 4 Scen

n EU28 far above n scenario

e costs

are be drawn.

orways in

streamssions

nario 5

streamssions

nario 5

44

July 2016

Table 20


Finally, a

0 Cost cover

Scenario

Scenario 1

Scenario 2

Current

Eurovigne

Scenario 3

Scenario 4

Scenario 5


all cost cove

age ratios for a

Costs

1 Infras

2:

ette

+ Air

+ Nois

3 + Acc

+ Clim

4 + Con

5 + Ups

emiss

external cost c

rage ratios a

all scenarios fo

s included

structure costs

pollution

se

cidents

mate

ngestion

stream

sions

coverage of roa

are summaris

or road freight

HG

17

12

90% (77-10

77% (67-9

71% (60-8

ad freight trans

sed in Table

transport on EU

GVs

70%

27%

8%) 88% (73

0%) 69% (5

6%) 63% (5

sport on EU28

20.

U28 motorway

Vans

184%

141%

3-111%) 89%

59-83%) 7

53-79%) 6

ys in 2013

Total road

freight

174%

130%

% (75-109%)

5% (65-88%)

8% (58-84%)

45

July 2016

5 5.1

5.2


Con

Externa

The tax/by road fThis revecosts. If aline withhigher th The findiand exteair polluttax/charHGVs is eand/or u

Infrastru

The totalroad frei€ 37 billiAbout 73contribut The size by the sh(€ 10 insttransportCO2 priceThis relateconomic Infrastruccosts. Abrelated tof € 80 ppollutionFinally, tis relativ In additiofreight trmotorwa(€ 4.4 antransportabout € 4


clusio

al and infra

charge revenfreight transenue is 70% (also the exte the current

han 100%. Th

ings of this srnal costs oftion, noise, cge revenue. equal to 90%pstream emi

ucture and

l infrastructught transporon (excludin% of these cte for almost

of the total hadow price tead of € 80 t decrease toe (€ 150 per tively large vc valuation o

cture costs about half of to building aner tonne). C costs are 15

the contributely limited (

on to the infransport is ays. For 2013d € 2.7 billiot indirectly c4.3 billion (€

external cost c

ons

structure c

nue related port exceedfor HGVs) toernal costs ft Eurovignetthe revenue is

study show, hf road freighclimate chan For this sce, while for vission costs a

d external c

ure and extert on EU28 mng congestioncosts are caut 27% to thes

infrastructu applied for G per tonne oo € 31 billion tonne CO2), variation in of the impac

are the mainthe total infrnd maintaini

Climate chan5% of the tottion of noise(about 2%).

frastructure lso responsib

3, these costson for HGVs causes exter€ 2.1 - € 6.4

coverage of roa

cost covera

to the kiloms the infrast

o 84% (for varom air pollute Directive,s 27-41% high

however, that transport onge, and accnario (scena

vans it is 88%as well woul

costs

ernal costs remotorways in n costs and csed by HGVsse costs (€ 1

ure and exterGHG emissiof CO2 eq.), tn. On the oth the total cothe results r

cts of GHG em

n part of the rastructure aing motorwage costs contal costs. Acce to the total

and externable for conges are roughlyand vans resnal costs of billion).

ad freight trans

age ratios

metres drivenructure costns) higher thution and no the cost covher than the

at in 2013 thon the EU28 idents costs)rio 3), the c

%. Including cd lower thes

elated to kilo 2013 is estimcosts of upsts (€ 27 billion0 billion).

rnal costs is ons. If we appthe total cosher, in case wosts increase reflects the umissions.

total infrastand externalays (assumingtribute for acidents contl infrastructu

l costs discuestion costs oy estimated spectively). Fupstream em

sport on EU28

n on EU28 mots of these rohan the infraoise are incluverage ratio costs consid

he total infra motorways () exceed the

cost coveragecongestion cse ratios eve

ometres drivmated at abtream emissin), while van

significantlyply a low CO

sts for road fwe apply a h to about € 4uncertainty i

tructure andl costs (51%) g the centraabout 21%, wtribute abouture and exte

ussed above, on the Europ at € 7 billionFinally, roadmissions, wh

otorways oads. astructure uded, in is still dered.

astructure (including e relevant e ratio for osts

en further.

ven by out ons). ns

y affected O2 price freight high 44 billion. in the

d external are l CO2 price

while air t 11%. ernal costs

road pean n d freight ich are

46

July 2016

5.3

5.4


Revenue

The 2013driven by€ 33 billiremainin Fuel excitotal reve(59%), whcountriescharges iFuel excivehicle t The reveearmarkethe exterHGVs andrevenues

Uncerta

The exteon the labasis for generally The maininfrastruc For c

is avaexerc

The vrelatechangtried above

For inexpenor onto beinfras

For avaluaof ca

For aundeeffecalthoimpainto a


e from taxe

3 total reveny road freighon. About 73g part is from

ise duties anenue. For vahile infrastrus have specifn total reveise duties coaxes in total

nue from roaed for investrnal costs of d 20% from vs almost com

ainties

rnal and infratest scientif the various y good, but d

n uncertainticture costs aongestion coailable. As a cises, which valuation of ed to the unge. By apply to show thee, this impacnfrastructurenditures diff

nly very limite made. Thesstructure cosccident cost

ation of the isualties no sir pollution arestimated,

cts do not takough recent scts of NO2 anaccount in th

external cost c

es and cha

ue from taxeht transport o3% of this revm vans.

nd infrastructans, the majucture chargfic HGV roadnue is signifi

ontribute 44%l revenue is

ad freight trtments in roaf road transpvans are earmmpletely cons

rastructure cfic evidence cost categordiffers per co

ies with respare: osts, no cons consequenc results in a GHG emissioncertain but ying a bandwe impact of tct is rather se costs, the fers widely bted data wasse data probsts. ts, the main immaterial cspecific valuaand noise co as the stateke all adversstudies provind ultra-finehe most rece

coverage of roa

rges

es and chargon the EU28 venue is coll

ture chargesority of the

ges contributd charging scicantly highe% to the totalimited for b

ransport taxead infrastruc

port. Only 35marked for tsist of reven

costs presen and methodries is quite ost category

pect to the e

sistent Europce, these cosrather high lons is rather potentially d

width for the this uncertaisignificant. availability o

between EU cs available, ablems are ref

uncertaintiecosts of injuration factors

osts, it is expe-of-the-art sse health imide increasine particles, tent shadow p

ad freight trans

ges related to motorways ilected from

s are the mairevenue is frte 28%. As mhemes, the

er for this veal revenue froboth HGVs (5

es and chargcture or mitig% of the taxhese purposeue from infra

ted in this stologies. In gadvanced. T.

estimation of

pean data onsts are mainllevel of unce uncertain, wdramatic dam CO2 price innty on the re

of detailed dcountries. Foand hence roflected in the

es are relatered casualties exist. pected that tshadow pricepacts into ac

ng evidence fhese impactprices.

sport on EU28

to the kilomeis estimated HGVs, while

in contributorom fuel excany Europea

share of infrehicle categorom HGVs. Th5%) and vans

ges are partlygation meas/charge revees. These ea

rastructure c

tudy have begeneral, the The data basi

f external an

n congestion ly based on mertainty. which is closmages of climn this study, esults. As dis

data on infraor some counough estimate estimated

ed to the ecoes, as for the

the total coses for these ccount. For efor negativets are not ye

etres d at e the

ors to the cise duties an rastructure ory (51%). he share of (13%).

y ures for enue from armarked harges.

een based scientific is is

nd

indicators model

sely mate we have scussed

astructure ntries, no tions had

onomic ese types

sts are external example, health

et taken

47

July 2016


For road availablerevenue analyses resulted To concluhave to brobust. Fmagnitud


transport tae for most coto various ve were needein a modest

ude, althougbe kept in mFurthermore,de.

external cost c

axes and chaountries. Howehicle categod to allocate level of unc

gh this study ind when int, the main re

coverage of roa

rges, rather wever, oftenories is availe this revenucertainty.

does contaiterpreting itesults of this

ad freight trans

reliable datn no breakdolable. Therefue to HGVs a

n quite somes results, thes study do ha

sport on EU28

ta on total reown of the tofore, additio

and vans, wh

e uncertainte main concave the right

evenue is otal onal hich

ties, which lusion are t order of

48

July 2016

6


Refe

ACEA, 20

AEA, 201vehicles

Berg, J. Vvan CO2-

CE Delft;external

CE Delft;overzicht

CE Delft,EU ETS, D

CE Delft,2008, De

CE Delft,the transPolicies f

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EC, 1999of 17 Juninfrastruc

EC, 2002relating tby the Cothe assesL189(july

EC, 2006of 17 Mayvehicles European

EC, 2011Council oof heavy relevance


erenc

014. ACEA Ta

2. A review to 2050, Did

V. d. & Botze-emissies, Am

TML; TNO; costs in tran

VU, 2014. Et voor Neder

2016. CalcuDelft: sn

I. F. I., 201lft: sn

I. F. I. U. osport sector for All exter

014. Environmce, hyperten

ment, Food &

. Directive 1ne 1999 on thctures. Offic

. Directive 2to the assessommission inssment.......y), pp. 12-25

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ax Guide, sl:

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TRT, 2012. Ansport, Delft

Externe en inrland in 2010

ulation of ad

1. External

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mental noisension, produc& Rural affair

999/62/EC ohe charging cial Journal

2002/49/EC osment & mann the Concili Official Jou

5.

2006/38/EC onding Directivof certain inf7(juni), pp.

2011/76/EU mber 2011 amcles for the uEuropean Co

coverage of roa

sn

iency and co

2. WaarderinVrije Universi

An inventoryt: CE Delft.

nfrastructuu0, Delft: CE D

dditional pro

costs of tran

Handbook onwithin the sTransport, D

e – Valuing imctivity and qrs (Defra).

of the Europof heavy goo of the Europ

of the EP annagement ofation Commurnal of the

of the Europve 1999/62/frastructures 8-23.

of the Europmending Direuse of certaiommission.

ad freight trans

ost assumptio

ng van de maiteit (VU).

y of measure

urkosten van Delft.

ofits of secto

nsport in Eur

n estimation tudy 'Interna

Delft: sn

mpacts on: squiet, London

ean Parliameods vehicles pean Union,

d of the Couf environmenittee on the European Co

ean ParliameEC on the chs. Official Jo

pean Parliamective 1999/n infrastruct

sport on EU28

ons for road

aatschappeli

es for intern

verkeer : Ee

ors and firms

rope: Update

of external alisation Mea

sleep disturbn: Departme

ent and of t for the use o L187(jili), p

uncil of 25 Juntal noise - D Directive reommunities,

ent and of tharging of heournal of the

ment and of t62/EC on thtures Text w

transport

ijke kosten

alizing

en

s from the

e study for

costs in asures and

bance, ent for

he Council of certain p. 42-50.

une 2002 Declaration elating to

he Council eavy goods e

the e charging

with EEA

49

July 2016


EC, 2011Towards COM(201

EC, 2015European

Ecorys ; CguidelineRotterda

Eurostat,Availableexplained[Accessed

EY; CE De

Fraunhofexternal and reve

HEATCO,DevelopiProject A

Insurance

Insurance(dataset)Availableinsurance

IPCC, 201groups I, Panel on

ITS, 2000marginalLeeds.

Kuik, O.,gas emiss

Navrud, Ss.n.

NEEDS, 2to DeliveaveragedSustainab


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. EU Transpon Commission

CE Delft, 200es to calculam ; Delft: Ec

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fer-ISI ; CE D cost of Trannue in Europ

2006. Delivng Harmonis

Assessment (

e Europe, 20

e Europe, 20). [Online] e at: http://e-figures-dat

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S., 2002. The

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er, Roadmapve and resoul, Brussels: E

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e state-of-th

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coverage of roa

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ucture expenrastructure celft.

t statistics. eu/eurostat/ansport_stati

ng. Social cos

nternalisatioACT) - Delivee: Fraunhofe

Proposal for Hn Approachetuttgart: IER

an Motor Insu

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nceeurope.e

4: Synthesis rssessment Re

h : Unite (Unciency) Deliv

2009. MarginEnergy Polic

he-art on eco

Costs_per_uhe procedure

New Energy Ed: IER, Unive

ad freight trans

European Trnt transport smmission (CE

al pocketboo

nditures and costs for five

[Online] statistics-istics

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Harmonised es for TranspR, University

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eu/statistics-

report. Conteport , Genev

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nit_emissione and data toExternalities rsity of Stutt

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ransport Are system E).

ok 2015, Brus

d costs. Practe modes of t

in France, s.

s and Policiesad infrastruc

Guidelines. port Costing of Stuttgart

ets, sl: sn

ance in Figur

-n%C2%B050-

tribution of eva: Intergov

f accounts aneeds: Univer

nt costs of gr. 1395-1403.

ation of nois

n_080821.xlso generate Developmentgard.

ea :

ssels:

tical ransport,

l.: Paris.

s for all cture cost

In: and t.

res

-european-

working vernmental

nd rsity of

reenhouse .

se, Oslo:

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nt for

50

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ProgTRanBundesfeAG ; IWW

Ricardo-Acosts of t

Ricardo-AInfrastru

WHO, 20healthy l(WHO).

WHO, 20Copenhag


ns/IWW, 200ernstraβen inW.

AEA ; DIW ectransport, Lo

AEA, 2014. Eucture Charg

11. Burden olife years los

13. Review ogen: World H

external cost c

07. Aktualisien Deutschlan

con : CAU, 20ondon: Ricar

Evaluation ofing Policy sin

of disease frst in Europe,

of evidence Health Organ

coverage of roa

erung der Wnd : Endberic

014. Updaterdo-AEA.

f the Implemnce 1995, Di

rom environm, Copenhage

on health asnization (WH

ad freight trans

Wegekostenrecht, Basel/ K

of the Hand

mentation andcot: Ricard

mental noisen: World He

spects of air HO).

sport on EU28

echnung für dKarlsruhe: Pr

dbook on ext

nd Effects ofdo-AEA.

e : Quantificealth Organiz

pollution (R

die rogTrans

ternal

f EU

ation of zation

REVIHAAP),

51

Ann

July 2016

nex A

A.1

A.2

A.2.1

Table 21


Detaesti

Introduc

In Chaptecategoriedetailed provided (Section

Infrastru

In this seinfrastruc

InfrastruThe dataStates ha Natio

or naexpenInternextralevels

Interexpendata

1 Primary da

Primary d

source

National a

National a

+ ITF data

ITF dataa

Estimated

a For mo

have be

(based

multipl

operati


ailed matio

ction

er 2, the mees are briefly information for infrastruA.3), air pol

ucture cost

ection, some cture costs i

ucture exp on motorwa

as been colleonal accountational statisnditures. Annational Tra

apolation or is in comparanational Tranditures is p is estimated

ata sources for

data Inv

ren

accounts Aus

Ge

Spa

accounts

a

Ita

Cro

Lux

Slo

d Bel

Fin

Sw

st countries, IT

een estimated b

on data from c

ying the mainte

ion expenditure

external cost c

inforons

ethodologies y discussed. is provided ucture costs llution costs

ts

more detailis presented.

penditures ay infrastrucected from twts: for some ctics have bey missing dansport Foruminterpolationable countrieansport Forupresented ford by the sam

expenditures o

vestments (enh

newal expendit

stria, Czech Re

ermany, France,

ain, UK

ly, Poland

oatia, Hungary,

xembourg, Port

ovenia

lgium, Bulgaria

nland, Greece,

weden

TF do not presen

by determining

countries for wh

enance expendi

es.

coverage of roa

rmatio

to estimate For some of in this Anne (Section A.2 (Section A.4

led informat.

cture expendwo main datcountries daen gathered

ata have beem (ITF) or han, or by appes). m; data on mr some EU coe approache

on motorwaysa

hancement and

tures)

public, Denmar

, Netherlands,

Lithuania,

tugal, Slovakia,

, Estonia,

Ireland, Roman

nt data on oper

a ratio of oper

hich both types

itures by this ra

ad freight trans

on on

the various the cost catx. Subseque2), external a4), and noise

ion on the es

ditures in theta sources (seata from nati on investmen supplemenave been estlying growth

motorway inountries by tes as describe

a

Operatio

expendit

rk, Austria, C

France, It

Spain, UK

Bulgaria,

Hungary,

Portugal,

ia,

Belgium,

Greece, I

ation expenditu

ation and maint

of expenditures

atio to get a rou

sport on EU28

n cost

(external) ctegories, somntly, informaccident cos

e costs (Secti

estimation of

e various EU ee Table 21)ional public ents and/or nted by datatimated (by h rates in exp

frastructurethe ITF. Any ed above.

on and mainten

tures

Czech Republic,

taly, Netherlan

K

Estonia, Croati

Lithuania, Luxe

Slovakia, Slove

Denmark, Finla

Ireland, Romani

ures. These exp

tenance expend

s are known) an

ugh estimation

ost me more ation is sts ion A.5).

f

Member ): accounts O&M a from the

penditure

e missing

ance

, Germany,

ds, Poland,

ia,

embourg,

enia

and,

ia, Sweden

penditures

ditures

nd

of the

52

July 2016

A.2.2

A.2.3

Table 22


As is showexpendithave beemotorwafrom the Informatiinvestmeon these and reneThese wenot availO&M expPoland anshares of(45% and

AssumptTo estimaMethod (assumpti Depre

expenthe inCE Deall en

Depreenha(deprlinea

Inter

ProportAn overvin Table

2 Applied pro

Cost cate

Enhancem

Renewal c

Variable m

Fixed mai

Operation


wn in Table ures on moto

en estimatedy. These uni national acc

ion on the shents was only data, we wewal expendiere used as dable. The sh

penditures wand the UK. Bf operation a 55%, respec

tions used ate the enhaPIM) has beeons were useeciation pernditures are nfrastructureelft (2008), wnhancement eciation appncement andreciation + fir depreciatioest rate: an

ionality faciew of the sp1.

oportionality fa

egory

ment costs

costs

maintenance co

intenance costs

n costs

external cost c

21, for someorway infras

d using averait levels havecounts and t

hare of enhay available foere able to eitures in totadefault valuehare of operaas only avail

Based on theand maintenactively) were

in applyingancement anen applied (sed

riod; the per depreciatede. Based on we assume a and renewa

proach; we ud renewal coinancing coson approach interest rate

ctors used pecific propo

actors

osts

s

coverage of roa

e countries nstructure. Foage expendite been estimthe ITF datab

ancement anor Austria, Testimate theal investmenes for the coation and malable for Aus

e average figance expende estimated f

g the PIM nd renewal csee Section 2

iod over whid depends ona detailed a

an average dal investmentsed an annu

osts, which ats). As show would resule of 4% is us

to allocateortionality fa

Propo

PC

4th

PC

4th

4th

PC

Ve

All

Ve

PC

ad freight trans

no data was aor these counure levels pe

mated based base.

d renewal exThe Netherla average shats (75% and untries for w

aintenance estria, Germanures for thes

ditures in totfor the othe

costs the Per2.2.2). There

ch the enhan the assumenalysis in Fraepreciation ts. ity approach

assumes consn by CE Delflt in comparaed for all EU

e the infrasactors applie

ortionality fact

E kilometres (9

power axle loa

E kilometres (4

power axle loa

power axle loa

E kilometres (5

hicle kilometre

ocated to HGVs

hicle kilometre

E kilometres (7

sport on EU28

available onntries the exer kilometre on the data

xpenditures ands and Polaares of enhan 25%, respectwhich this daexpendituresny, The Nethse countries,tal O&M exper countries.

rpetual Invenefore, the fo

ancement anded life expecaunhofer ISI period of 35

h to estimatestant annualft (2008), apable cost est

U Member Sta

structure coed in this stu

tor

90%)

ad kilometres (1

40%)

ad kilometres (6

ad kilometres (1

50%)

es (35%)

s (15%)

es (30%)

70%)

xpenditures available

in total and. Based ncement tively). ata was s in total herlands, , default enditures

ntory ollowing

d renewal ctancy of and 5 years for

e the costs plying a timates. ates.

osts udy is given

10%)

60%)

100%)

53

July 2016

A.3

A.3.1


Differentinfrastruc Enhan

i.e. tThis cequivreflecpart o(e.g. assumalloca

Rene(60%)on PCkilom

VariaTheseload

FixeddevelCE DeNethevehicto HG

Operaweigh

Acciden

AllocatioVarious athe vario Moni

are adid ta

Respothe pto the

Damapotenvehicvehic

In this sttotal extCE Delft This allocvehicles of externto travel(in contranot repor


t proportionacture costs: ncement coshese costs acapacity depvalent (PCE) cts the capaof the enhan the type anmed number ated based owal costs are) dependent CE weighted

metres. able maintene costs are tweighted kil

d maintenancloped by Proelft (2008) aerlands): 50%cle kilometreGVs. ation costs ahted vehicle

nt costs

on of exterapproaches cous vehicle catoring persp

allocated to take place (eonsibility peparty ‘causine party who age potentiantial of a cercle involved icle involved.

udy, we haveernal accideand Free Uncation approimpose on o

nal costs (i.e). Furthermoast to the rert on the res

external cost c

ality factors sts are assumare made to ipendent cost weighted ve

acity demandncement cosd cost of pav of heavy duon 4th power e assumed to as well. The vehicle kilo

nance costs atherefore comlometres. ce costs are ogTrans/IWWnd CE Delft % of the costes, 35% based

are allocatede kilometres

rnal accidecan be applieategories (C

pective: allocthe transpor.g. the costs

erspective (gg’ the accid is responsib

al (intrinsic rrtain vehiclein a multiple

e applied thent costs to tniversity Amsoach is basedther road us

e. the costs tore, all statiesponsibility sponsible par

coverage of roa

are applied

med to be maincrease thets are allocatehicle kilomed of the variots (10%) is asvement mate

uty vehicles u axle load wo be partly cerefore, thesmetres and 4

are assumed mpletely allo

allocated baW (2007) for G

and Free Unts are allocad on vehicle

d based on v(70%).

ent costs ed to allocatE Delft et alcation accordrt category ths of casualtieguilt); externent. In other

ble for the ocrisk): allocate. This meane party accid

e damage pothe various vsterdam (201d on the intrisers and hencthat are impostical data is perspectiverty for an ac

ad freight trans

for different

ainly (90%) c capacity of ted based onetres, as thisous vehicle cssumed to beerials used dusing the roaeighted vehicapacity (40%se costs are a4th power ax

to be fully wocated based

ased on the dGermany (aniversity Amsted based on kilometres a

ehicle kilom

te the extern., 2011): ding to involhey were usies in vans arenal accident r words, the ccurrence of tion accordins that all vic

dent are attr

otential apprvehicle categ14) and CE Dinsic risk thece best refleosed on thirds available to, as transporcident).

sport on EU28

t types of

capacity depf the road nen passenger s proportionacategories. Ae weight depdepends on tad). These coicle kilometr%) and partlyalso allocate

xle load weig

weight deped on 4th pow

detailed appnd also applisterdam (201n PCE weighand 15% are

metres (30%)

nal accident

lvement, casing when the

re allocated costs are all costs are at

f the accidenng to the damctims in a ceributed to th

roach to allogories, in line

Delft et al. (2e use of certects the specd parties by o apply this rt statistics d

endent, etwork. car ality factor A small pendent the osts are res. y weight ed based ghted

ndent. er axle

proach ed by

14) for the ted allocated

and PCE

costs to

sualties e accident to vans). located to ttributed nt. mage rtain

he other

ocate the e with 2011). ain cific nature deciding approach do often

54

July 2016

A.4

A.4.1

Table 23

A.5

A.5.1

Table 24

A.5.2

Table 25


Air pollu

Air polluAs menti(PM emisestimatiofigures toFor illustGermany

3 EU28 avera

Air pollut

PM2.5

PM10

NOx a HEATCO

urban a

emissio

in rural

Noise co

Noise shShadow pnoise cosfigures wpresenteshadow pin Table

4 EU28 avera

Noise wThe totalcategoriediffer in specific f2014) use

5 Noise weig

Vehicle c

Passenger

Motorcycl

Bus

Van

HGV


ution

ution shadooned in Sectssions) are uson we have ao estimate thtrative purpoy in Table 23

age shadow pri

tant

O (2006) presen

and rural), refle

ons. Based on TR

l areas. Therefo

osts

hadow priceprices from Hsts (see Secti

were estimated in Section

prices. For il24.

age noise costs

weighting fal external noes based on tnoise characfactors. The ed are shown

ghting factors

category

r car

le

external cost c

ow prices tion 2.4.2, shsed to estimapplied counhe total air poses, we pres.

ices for air pol

nts PM shadow p

ecting the impa

REMOVE data, i

ore, the shadow

es HEATCO (200ion 2.6.2). Aed, which w 2.6.3. Therelustrative pu

s per person ex

Lden (

actors oise costs hathe vehicle kcteristics, th weighting fan in Table 25

coverage of roa

hadow pricesate the tota

ntry-specific pollution cossent the cou

lutant emission

prices different

act population d

it is assumed in

w prices present

06) are used As for air pol

were summedefore, we murposes we d

xposed per yea

(dB(A))

55–59

60–64

65–69

70-74

≥ 75

ve been allokilometres ohe vehicle kilactors (from5.

ad freight trans

s from NEEDSl air pollutio shadow pricsts (HEATCOuntry specific

ns (in €2013/ton)

iated by region

density has on th

this study that

ted for PM2.5 an

to estimate lution, count

d to find the ade use of c

do present th

r for 2013 (in €

Noise c

ocated to then motorwayslometres hav CE Delft and

sport on EU28

S (NOx) and on costs. In oces and total, 2006). c shadow pri

)

Shadow pr

n type (i.e. met

he damage cau

t all motorways

nd PM10 are for r

e the total extry-specific EU28 figures

country-specihe figures fo

€2013)

costs per perso

e various vehs. As the vehve been weigd Free Unive

Noise weigh

HEATCO our l emission

ices for

rice (€/ton)

100,788a

40,315a

15,059

ropolitan,

sed by these

are located

rural areas.

xternal total cost s ific r Germany

on per year

77

132

186

295

395

hicle hicle types ghted by ersity,

hting factor

1

4.2

3.3

1.2

3.9

55

Ann

July 2016

nex B

B.1

B.2


Earmand

Introduc

Earmarkerevenue mitigate These rev In this Anthe road B.2). Det

Methodo

The estimbased onanalysed ACEA CE De

in trahas btax/c

OECDexplic

REVEconta

RicarEU InMembcharg

PersoFinan

When a tearmarke


marke char

ction

ed taxes in tmust be spe the externavenues are t

nnex, we pre freight trantailed results

ology

mation of the a thorough :

A (2014): Taxelft (2012) - ansport. In pbeen studiedcharge has beD environmencit informatiNUE (2006): ains a countrrdo-AEA (201frastructureber States’ sging. onal communnce.

tax or chargeed, we have

external cost c

ed revrges

this study arent by law tol costs (e.g.

therefore no

esent the mesport taxes as of this asse

e earmarked literature re

x Guide 2013 An inventory

particular, th, as they ofteen earmarkntal tax dataion on the e EU project ry overview t4) - Evaluati

e Charging Postated appro

nication with

e revenue is assumed tha

coverage of roa

venue

e defined as investments CO2, road sat added to t

ethodology uand charges essment are

d part in totaeview. The f

. y of measure

he elaboratedten mention ked. abase (2016)armarking ofon Revenue table of reveion of the Imolicy since 19ach for the u

h country ex

not indicateat the taxes

ad freight trans

e from

taxes for whs in road infrafety) of roahe general b

sed to estim have been epresented in

al tax/chargeollowing sou

es for internad fact sheetswhether the

: this databaf relevant taUse from Traenue allocati

mplementatio995: it proviuse of reven

perts and/or

ed in either o were not ea

sport on EU28

m tax

hich (a sharerastructure a

ad transport.budget.

mate to whatearmarked (Sn Section B.3

e revenue haurces have be

alising exters in the Annee revenue of

ase contains axes/chargesransport Pricion schemeson and Effecdes an overvues from roa

r national Mi

of these sourarmarked.

xes

e of) the and/or to

t extent Section 3).

as been een

rnal costs ex report a specific

some s. ing, which

s. cts of view of ad

inistries of

rces to be

56

July 2016

B.3

Table 26

Country

Austria

Belgium

Bulgaria

Cyprus

Czech R

Denmar

German

Estonia

Finland

France

Greece

Croatia

Hungary

Ireland

Italy

Latvia

Lithuan

Luxemb

Malta

Netherl

Poland

Portuga

Romani

Slovakia

Sloveni

Spain

Sweden

United


Results

The resuTable 26

6 Share of ta

y Re

m

a

Republic

rk

ny

d

a

y

nia

bourg

lands

al

ia

a

a

n

Kingdom

Note: “-”a 50%

not

revb Par

roa

earc A fe

(exd Sha

clime Som

cle


lts of the ass.

ax/charge reven

egistration C

-

-

-

0%

-

0%

-

-

0%

0%

0%

-

-

0%

0%

-

-

-

0%

-

-

0%

100%

0%

-

-

-

-

” means that th

% of circulation

t (indirectly) re

venues.

rt of the toll rev

ad network. Ano

rmarked. The si

ee needs to pai

xcl. VAT). This f

ares of the annu

mate mitigation

me part of the r

ar how much. W

external cost c

sessment on

nues that is ea

Circulation In

0%a

0%

0%

0%

100%

0%

0%

0%

0%

100%

0%

-

0%

0%

0%

100%

100%

40%d

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

here are no reve

tax revenues a

lated to road fr

venue are alloc

other part of th

ize of both shar

id in Italy to the

fee is not earma

ual vehicle tax a

n efforts via the

revenue is earm

We assumed 50%

coverage of roa

earmarked

armarked per ta

nsurance

-

28%

-

100%

-

-

-

-

-

-

23%

-

-

40%

45%

-

-

-

-

-

-

66%

100%

-

-

26%

-

-

enues

re spent on Pub

reight transport

ated to private

e toll revenue i

res is unknown.

e government, w

arked.

and mineral oil

e Climate and E

marked for reinv

%.

ad freight trans

tax/charge r

ax/charge and

Tolls Vigne

100%

-

-

-

100%

100%

100%

-

-

100%

100%

100%

-

50%b

89%c

-

-

-

-

0%

100%

100%

100%

50%e

100%

100%

100%

0%

blic Transport. A

t, they are not c

partners who h

is allocated to p

We assumed a

which is about

tax are used to

nergy Fund.

vestment in the

sport on EU28

revenue are

country

ettes Fuel

-

0%

100%

-

100%

0%

-

-

-

-

-

-

100%

-

-

-

100%

0%

-

0%

-

-

100%

50%

100%

-

0%

-

As these expen

considered earm

have to spend it

public partners

50/50 split.

11% of the tota

o finance the co

e transport sect

shown in

exise duty

0%

0%

0%

0%

9%

0%

3%

0%

0%

4%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

55%

8%c

0%

0%

18%

1%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

ditures are

marked

t on the toll

and is not

al revenue

ountry’s

or. It is not

ce delft 4i11 infrastructure and external cost coverage final

Documents