ce-06-27-28 (2)
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KING SAUD UNIVERSITYCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
RESEARCH CENTER
Final Research Report No. 6/427
"DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING
IN REMOTE SENSING"
By
Prof. Ismat Mohammed El Hassan
Month 1. 1428 H
Month 1. 2007 G
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2
Digital Image Processing in Remote Sensing
..
1428 2007
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3
7
8
9
13
14- .1
18- . 2
18 1.2
18 2.2
19 3.2
20 1.3.2
21 2.3.2
22 4.2
24 5.2
6.2
24
7.2 27
28 8.2
9.2 29
2910.2
3 31.
31 1.3
32 2.3
33 3.3
33 4.3
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34 5.3
34 1.5.3
35 2.5.3
36 3.5.3
36 6.3
39 7.3
)(-.4 40
40 1.4
41 2.4
41 1.2.4
42 2.2.4
43 3.4
43 1.3.4
43 2.3.4
44 3.3.4
44 4.4
44 1.4.4
46 2.4.4
47 3.4.4
48 4.4.4
49 5.4
50 1.5.4
51 2.5.4
52 1.2.5.4
54 2.2.5.4
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55 3.2.5.4
56 3.5.4
58 6.4
5.
-
60
60 1.5
62 2.5
66 3.5
66 1.3.5
69 2.3.5
71 3.3.5
74 4.5
77-- 1.4.5
78 2.4.5
80 3.4.5
( (82 5.5
85 6.5
86-. 6
86 1.6
87 2.6
88 3.6
92 4.6
96 5.6
97-. 7
97 1.7
97 2.7
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98 1.2.7
99 2.2.7
100 3.2.7
101 4.2.7
105 3.7
105 4.7
117 5.7
118- 8.
118 1.8
119 2.8
121 3.8
121 1.3.8
124 2.3.8
127 3.3.8
130 4.8
132 5.8
135 6.8
136
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.
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/
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..
1428
2007
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191.2
2.2 20
3.2
22
234.2
2.4-QB5.2 25
0.6QB6.2 26
0.6-QB7.2 26
10SPOT8.2 26
2730TM9.2
79MSS10.2 27
256811.2 28
128712.2 28
213.2 TM29
341.3
2.3 35
363.3
1804.3 37
5.3 - 37
6.3 38
421.4
4452.4
74643.4
A47.4.4
5.4 49
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10
a.6.451
b.6.451
a.7.4 54
b.7.4
54
8.4 56
9.4 57
10.4 58
1.5 1.561
2.5 63
3.5
63
4.5 64
5.5 64
656.5
697.5
8.5 72
9.5
775
9.510.5 76
TM7611.5
11.512.5 76
RGB7813.5
14.5 80
4x415.5 83
15.516.5 83
15.517.5 84
1.6 87
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11
2.6 87
5.53.6 89
4.6 89
5.6
-
90
6.6 90
5x3907.6
7.6918.6
9.6 91
9110.6
11.6
92
12.6 92
13.6 93
9314.6
9315.6
16.6 94
17.6
94
18.6 95
19.6 95
1.7 100
210212.7
51033.7
71044.7
710455.7
210716.7
11097.7
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12
21108.7
115TM49.7
10.7 116
11.7
116
12.7 116
1.8 119
2.8 120
3.8 122
B11234.8
5.8
B2123
6.8 123
7.8 125
B11268.8
B21269.8
10.8 126
11.8
129
12.8 131
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13
1.2 23
2.2 29
1101.3 31
255254101982.3 31
380001.5 60
672.5
3.5 70
4.5 71
735.5
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14
Introduction
.
.
.[[1]-[5
.
.
""
.
.
. ( )
.
.
. )(
(photographic cameras)
((electronic sensors
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15
(digital
images) . :
)(active
(passive)
.
.
.
[5],[6].
3015
.128
.
.
.
.
:
.
:
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16
:))image restoration-
.
.
.
:))image enhancement-
.
.
.
:))image classification-
.
-
)data merging(:
.
(
) .
.
.
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17
.
.
.
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Digital Images
1.2
.
.
Data Acquisition 2.2
.
(incident
radiation).
(absorbed radiation)
((emitted radiation
(transmitted radiation)
((reflected radiation
((digital numbers, DN
(scattered radiation)1.2
[5]-[8].
.
(sensor).
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19
((amplification
.
.
(digital numbers, DN)
.
.
(:(1.2
23.
:
.
)
) .
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20
.
.
.
2.31.
)(
.2.2.
:((2.2
(Landsat). )((Multi Spectral Scanner), MSS
((Thematic Mapper, TM
.
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21
.
rScannePush Broom2.32.
((push broom
,(charge coupled devices
CCD).
.
.
) .3.2(
((Linear Array Multi Spectral Scanner
.
.
(SPOT).
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22
:3.2
tructure of digital imageS24.
( c )
( r ))
4.2(
.((pixel
(ground
pixels) r.4.2
.c
)(
(1,1)
4.2
x
.((3,2
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23
((c
1,1
x
((r
:4.2
.
42185 x 170 km
291
) .1.2(
:1.2
)(
MSS2983354810.58442.33
TM5965696741.567290.91
((digital number, DN
.
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24
((r,c ((DNs
:.((b
(1.2)DN = E (b, r, c)
E
r
c
b.
.[[8]-[10
)DN(Digital Numbers25.
.
0
.255
esolutionRpatialS26.
)( pixel
. (79 m
)79x79m MSS
)30x30m(30 m TM
(SPOT
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25
.)20x20m10x10m
2x2m IKONOS
-10.25.2((Quick Bird(
Digital Globe Image Library
[[11 [[12
.)[[13
.
((instantaneous field of view, IFOV
IFOV.
. (scale)
.
Quick Bird:5.2
[[112.4
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26
[[11Quick Bird:6.2
0.6
Quick Bird:7.2
[[110.6
SPOT:8.2
[[1210
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27
)30(TM:9.2
.[1990[13
)79(MSS:10.2
.[1986[13-
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28
esolutionRpectralS27.
(
(
((coarse spectral resolution
)( 0.51 - 0.73 m
0.22m ((fine
3T M
0.63 m0.69m0.06m.
nesolutioRadiometricR28.
(number of bits).
2550(8(8- bit data
0(7(7- bit data11.2
.)12.2(127 .
255254210
2568:11.2
127126210
1287:12.2
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29
.8762.2
:2.2
((DN((bit scale
6 (26)0 - 6364
7 (27)0 - 127128
8 (28)0 - 255256
esolutionRemporalT29.
.
16 .3
.
.
.
210.
1.10.2 .
2.10.2 .
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30
.3.10.2
4.10.2 3x3
.
.
356542113
232676442
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31
Preparation of Digital Image Data
31.
((binary system
.10((bit
90 9991009910 .
11111000111100111010
2.31101.3
.[255[14]-[1625410198
110:1.3
01234567891011
0110111001011101111000100110101011
25525410198:2.3
9899100101254255
11000101100011110010011001011111111011111111
82552.3
.((8 bits8 .[[14
.81((byte
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32
256
256 .10241024
.32
ata storage mediaD
. ((tapes
(diskettes). .
.
.
.[[3],[14],[16
(-9(9- track tape- .10
=)1150120
106) .
- .1504x6((cartridge
.
4- 20002.0x1.75
.
8- 1000050002.5x4.0
.4
644((optical disc-
..
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33
.33 ape and diskette contentsT
((header file
.
:
.-
.-
.-
.)bits(-
.-
.-
- .
.2 4
((data file
:
=VDF=
(1.3)[ ( c * r * b ) * n ] * 1.2VDF =
=:r
c=
n=
b=)(
1.2
.1.51
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34
.31
163
.500500
:
=2.0 16
:((1.3
=[ ( 500 x 500 x 2 ) x 3 ] x 1.2=1800000=1.8
35.
.[[14],[16
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n21
.
21
213
.1.33
1,7,11,6,11,5,11,4,11,3,11,2,11,1,11,7,21,6,21,5,21,4,21,3,21,2,21,1,2
1,7,31,6,31,5,31,4,31,3,31,2,31,1,3
2,7,12,6,12,5,12,4,12,3,12,2,12,1,1
2,7,22,6,22,5,22,4,22,3,22,2,22,1,2
2,7,32,6,32,5,32,4,32,3,32,2,32,1,3
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35
:1.3
.3.5 )BSQ(Band Sequential2
.
.TM :
-
-
-
-
-
.-
2.3
.
1
1,7,11,6,11,5,11,4,11,3,11,2,11,1,1
2,7,12,6,12,5,12,4,12,3,12,2,12,1,1
2
1,7,21,6,21,5,21,4,21,3,21,2,21,1,2
2,7,22,6,22,5,22,4,22,3,22,2,22,1,2
:2.3
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36
)BIP(Band Interleaved by Pixel3.53.
3.3
.
1,5,21,5,11,4,21,4,11,3,21,3,11,2,21,2,11,1,21,1,1
2,5,22,5,12,4,22,4,12,3,22,3,12,2,22,2,12,1,22,1,1
:3.3
.3 6
DN((pixel
2550
.
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))0-255
0
63
63
127
127
191
.255191
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)(
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4.3
(histogram). 180 80
406305012763
127
191
10
191
255.
0
1020
30
40
50
60
70
80
0-63 63-127 127-191 191-255
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5.3 .
72530
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61520
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.2.3:5.3
:
:6.3
01234567
33443341
0
1
2
3
4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
:6.3
((n)( DN==m
(2.3)DN / nm =
81 / 25 = 3.24=
:))
(3.3)}1/2
[DNi m]2/ (n-1){=
2.13=108.56/24 )1/2(=
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.3 7
1.7.3 .111101
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4.7.3 ..5x5
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)(
Digital Image Restoration
.4 1
)(
.
. ((radiometric distortion
((systematic and random noise((geometric distortion
.
.
((preprocessing((data restoration
.
((Solid State Camera, SSC
MSS
.
) .(
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41
tionorrecCeometricG42.
.
:
- (change in platform
height, orientation and speed)
- ((earth curvature
- ((atmospheric refraction
((earth rotation-
((relief variation-
.((instrumental errors-
.
.[[9],[14],[16]-[22
4.21.
.
.
.
.
((skew distortion
(de skewing)
.1.4
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42
BOA
CC2Q PDD2
:1.4
AB
CD
CD
CDC2D2 .OPOQ
4.22.
.
(ground control) .
.
((1.4
(2.4) ((x , y
(xo , yo).
xo = a1+ a2x + a3y + a4x y + a5x2 (1.4)
(2.4)yo = b1+ b2x + b3y + b4x y + b5x2
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43
esamplingR43.
.
:
rueighboNearestN31..4
. (:(3.4
I(x,y) = I (u,v) (3.4)
((x,y (u,v)
.""I
.
.)(
.4.3 nterpolationIilinearB2
. :
I(x,y) = a1I(u,v+1) + a2I(u,v) +a3I(u+1,v+1) + a4I(u+1,v) (4.4)
.
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44
.4.33 onvolutionCubicC
.
.
:
(5.4)I(x,y) = am,nI(u+m, v+n)
- 1 < m,n < 2
orrectionCadiometricR4.4
.
.
orrectionCtmosphericA4.41.
((scattered radiation
.
:
(6.4)RT= ( * I * T ) / + RP
RT=
=
I=
T=
Rp=)(
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.
.
.
MSS((0.5 - 0.6 um4
((0.8 - 1.1 um7
.
10
.
7
.
:
7
)2.4(4 .
.4
.4
.765
7
4
4:2.4
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:
7
)4(7
3.4.
25502550
4 7
:3.4 74
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.
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.
.
. 90
((DNn((DNo
90 :
(7.4)DNn = DNo/ cos
)
4.4(
.
A
A:4.4
.4.4 3
.
=146.4( )
)151.2 ) .
.
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48
.[[3
.41
,50, 100
.200
:
. ."")(
(=. (151.2/146.42:
5050x(151.2/146.4)2= 53
100100x(151.2/146.4)2= 107
200200x(151.2/146.4)2 = 213
.
.4.4 4
.
.
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49
5.4 .A,B,C
A. B
.
C
0
.
CB
A
:5.4
.
emovalRoiseN45.
.
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50
.
.
:
.
[9],[14].
estrippingD4.51.
MSS
..
.
.2550
.
DNi,j 2550(DN )
j)i(i DNi,j-1
j-1)i(i :
(8.4)DNi,j = DNi,j-1
:
(9.4)DNi,j = DNi,j+1
a.6.4 b.6.4 .
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51
16 19 24 27 29 31
17 18 22 25 28 30
0 0 0 0 0 0
15 17 20 24 26 33
16 19 23 26 27 32
:a.6.4
16 19 24 27 29 31
17 18 22 25 28 30
17 18 22 25 28 30
15 17 20 24 26 33
16 19 23 26 27 32
:b.6.4
.4.5 2
MSS
TM .
.
.
)( .
)(threshold value
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.
.
1.2.5.4
(((i
)
xi
x i
:((
(10.4)= { [ ni( xi2 + i
2) / ni] - x
2}
0.5
ni i.
.
.42
.
. (
.)
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53
142432
262372
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483543
564222
682440
:
:
xixi2
ii2
13.09.000.8940.800
24.016.002.0984.400
34.621.162.1544.640
44.621.161.7202.960
53.210.241.6002.560
63.612.962.6537.040
.023.529022.40
6=
x = 23 / 6 = 3.833
(10.4)
:
= { 5 (22.40 + 90.52) / 30 - (3.833)2}
0.5
2.05=
.i
.
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54
4.5.22.
.
.
:
= ( DN i,j-1 + DN i,j+1) / 2 (11.4)i,jDN
.
b.7.4a.7.4.
.
.
:20.00 , 21.75 , 44.25 , 20.75
44.2526.69
.
20181923
22182423
43424745
20202221
:a.7.4
20181923
2218242321192322
20202221
:b.7.4
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.
.
)
8.4.(
27162143
28103732
19144331
17174230
:8.4
:26.50 , 26.75
26.75 , 26.75,
=26.69.
:10.40 , 11.23 , 10.25 , 10.16
.10.52
.
.4.5 oiseNandomR3
.
.
.
.
..
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57
9.4
6040 : 090
.
5040506040
609040040
5040606040
:9.4
.((moving average filter
.):3x35x5(
3x3 .
. = 48720/15
( ) .=15=720
= 32 = (2/3)*48
.
3x3 =390/9=43
0 32
3x3 430
.43032
49
9.4
40
9
.
))53
((3790
.5390
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10.4.
.
.
5040506040
6053404340
5040606040
:10.4
.
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.4 6
1.6.4
.
2.6.4 .
3.6.4
.4.6.4
5.6.4
x55.
.
44132
523101
24322
60614
35443
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.4x46.6.4
.
7789
8646
0000
8448
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60
Digital Image Enhancement
.5 1
0
255 .
.
.
255
1.5.
.1002538000
38000:1.5
255075100
800015000100005000
)1.5(
.
.
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0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 255
:1.5
1.5
2550
:
C = (Imax Imin) / (Imax+ Imin) 1.5
C
Imax
Imin
.
.
2550
. .
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62
inear contrast stretchL52.
)
1.5
)25100
2550
.
:
DNo = 255 [ ( DNi - DNmin) / ( DNmax- DNmin) ] (2.5)
=DNo
DNi=)(
DNmin=
DNmax=
1.5 ((DNmin 25
(DNmax) 100 ((2.5
025 255100
75255[ (50-25) / (100- 25) ]=8550
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up table, LUT) .2.5
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= 130
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nj j.
j0 nt
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(
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0150015000
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525000570003
630000870005
7420001290007
86000018900011
95000023900014
101000024900015
11400025300015
12400025700015
13300026000015
14026000015
15026000015
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:
: =260000
: =
nt=260000 / 16=16250
: 150
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319000
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2557000
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:
01234567
900023000025000030000042000
89101112131415
00060000005000021000
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.
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250240 . 2
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5
15
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225
=200
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5.76 x 104
6.25 x 104
=0.49x104
.
.
log DNi (6.5)DNo =
.4.5
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: 4.5
DNi
Log DNiDNo=
5
15
70
118
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238
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52500057000-1.00.077920255414106
63000087000-0.60.115630060714707
742000129000-0.20.1465380951095658
8600001890000.20.15854121515078010
9500002390000.60.14653809018887011
10100002490001.00.11563006021893012
1140002530001.40.07792026023919013
1240002570001.80.04481165025084014
1330002600002.20.0220572525656515
1402600002.60.0092239525896015
1502600003.00.0040104026000015
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nhancementEolorC54.
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((1((2
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)
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.
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R G B .
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KB .-
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RGB.5:13
RGB
.
.
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:
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:))S,Saturation-
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HSI:14.5
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HIS.RGB
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HSIRGB-
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I RGB
:
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81
(8.5)I = (1/3) ( R + G + B )
:S
(9.5)S = 1 - [ min(R,G,B) / I]
}= 1 { 3*[ min(R,G,B)] / (R+G+B)
(min(R,G,B
R,G,B0.
:H
H = cos-1
(q / p) (10.5)
[ (q = 0.5 * [ (R-G) + (R-B
p = [ (R-G)2+ (R-B) * (G-B) ]1/2
:HB
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82
HB R:H 360o
240o
H 240Ho
:
r = (1/3) * (1 S) (19.5)
g = (1/3) * { 1 + S * cos (H) / cos (60o
H) } (20.5)
b = 1 ( r + g ) (21.5)
BGRbgr :
R = 31 * r , G = 31 * g , B = 31 * b (22.5)
.H
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licingSensityD
. 2550
200.
40210
2 n-1255
n.
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)(T
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I(i,j)ji0 T
1 (Io(i,j.T
:
0 I(i,j) < T
(23.5)Io(i,j) =
I(i,j) T1
44 15.5
5
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6533
7452
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7612
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1100
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1100
1100
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:-2 n
T10
0 T2T1
1
T2
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(Tn-1 (N)
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0 I(i,j) T1
T2I(i,j)T1
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.30.
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.
56.
90103x51.6.5
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T1= 4T2= 6T3= 9
5060809070
60305040603020907010
8547
94288996
9843
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86
Image Filtering
.6 1
((filtering
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)(
"[6] Jensen.
.")(
((high spatial frequency
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.
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:
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..
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111
111
111
:1.6
1819172018
1422192420
1927293223
1628303621
1826283420
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88
:
[(18x1)+(20x1)+(17x1)+(20x1)+(24x1)+(19x1)+(23x1)+(32x1)+(29x1)] / 9 = 22
.2224
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3x3
.
.
.
1.6 .1
.
.
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)(
(edge enhancement
filters).
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(3.6
)5.5
.
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.
4.6.
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90
/ )6.6(
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2426262422
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91
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 2 3 4 5
(:(8.6
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1031302427
:((10.6
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0
5
10
15
20
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35
1 2 3 4 5
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3938403922
:((13.6
((14.6
((15.6 .
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1 2 3 4 5
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05
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1 2 3 4 5
:((15.6
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94
16.6(
MSS19.617.6
5
[12]
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16.6
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18.6
LPF
19.6 HPF
((median filter
.
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96
.
.
3x3
:
:10,20,20,20,15,20,20,25,100
10 ,15 ,20 ,20 ,20 ,20 ,20 ,25 ,100 20
.
.
.6 5
1.5.6 .
.)(2.5.6
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.
)) ((
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). ( .
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6065606664-13-1
99111
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97
Image Transformation
71.
.
.
""
. .
("(theoretical transformation methods"
.
("(empirical transformation methods"
.((principal components
.7 perationsOrithmeticA2
.[[9],[14],[21
.
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98
dditionAmageI7.21.
.((vegetation indices
:
G(x,y) = F(x,y) + N(x,y) (1.7)
((x,y=(G(x,y
F(x,y)=(x,y)
N(x,y)=(x,y)
(normal(N(x,y
distribution)0
..
((x,y (F(x,y
(N(x,y .
(G2(x,y((x,y(G1(x,y
.(GSUM(x,y((x,y
51002550
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.0 255)(
:
GSUM(x,y) = [ G1(x,y) + G2(x,y) ] / 2 (2.7)
.
((a
((d :
-
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99
GSUM(x,y) = [ G1(x,y) + G2(x,y) a ] / d (3.7)
da G1(x,y)G2(x,y)
.
ubtractionSmageI7.22.
.
2550)(
.255)0255(-255
.2550
20-510255
0-255 :
GDIF= [ 255 + G1(x,y) G2(x,y) ] / 2 (4.7)
.1/da
127(GDIF(x,y
127.)1.7(
.
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100
2551501271000
1.7:
127 1.7
150100
2551501000 .1.7
.
.
ultiplicationMmageI7.23.
.
.
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101
7.4
.
.(masking
process).
7
7.
)( 7
1.10
0
.
)
(
14.410
.00
4 0
:.0
.
atioRivision orDmageI7.24.
.((ratioing
:
((spectral reflectance curves-1
.
.-2
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102
1
2 ((B.2.7
(A).
.
.
1=180
2=75 =180/75 =2.40
1=90
2=37
=90/37 =2.43
.
.(1(0.412
((180-75=105
.((90-37=53
BA
21:2.7
-
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103
. 7
5
.
3.7.57
.[[14754.7
7)(
.5 .
5.7
.
..
.:1:21:31:42:32:43:4
((false color
:
.
[5[14:3.7
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104
[7[14:4.7
:5.7 [7[145
-
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105
73. ransformTatiosRomplexC
.4.2.7
(normalized difference
vegetation index, NDVI).
:57
NDVI = (B7 B5) / (B7 + B5) (5.7)
.75B7B5
:
((5.7 :[(B7-B5) / (B7 + B5)] +1 -1NDVI =
/ (B7 + B5)] -1= [(B7 B5 + B7 + B5)
(6.7)= [2*B7/(B7 + B5)] -1
soil adjusted vegetation index
(SAVI)
SAVI = [ (B7 B5) / (B7 + B5 + 0.5) ] * 1.5 (7.7)
74. snalysiAomponentsCrincipalP
.
.[,[25][14], [21
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106
:
*
.
*
.
.
(
.)
((scatter graph
(diagonal line)
6.7
.
.
.
.
.
6.7
y2y1
:
y1 = a11x1+ a12x2
8.7)y2 = a21x1 + a22x2
.((x1, x2
(y1, y2) .
-
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107
x2
y2 y1
2
x1
1
21:6.7
a22a21a12a11 :
.-1
2-
(xi))((yi)
.)21i(
.((y2((y1-3
.
MSS
.TM
-
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-
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109
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
0 2 4 6
B1
-
B2
-
17.7
:((2
(DN (B1)DN (B2)(Xi M1)(Xi M2
122-1.5-1.5
2430.5-0.5
3541.50.5
4551.51.5
534-0.50.5
623-1.5-0.5
M1= 3.5M2= 3.5
.8.7
-
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110
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 2 4 6
B1 -
B2
-
28.7
(variance-covarience matrix (V :
V = {(Xi M) * (Xi M)T} / (N 1) (9.7)
N :
V = {(Xi M) * (Xi M)T} (10.7)
:V1
-1-2
V1= { [ -2 -0.33] + [-1 -1.33] +-1.33-0.33
21
+[2 -0.33][ 1 -1.33] +
-0.33-1.33
-11
}/6[1 1.67] + [-1 1.67]
1.671.67
2 0
=
0 1.223
-
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111
:V2
1.9 1.1
V2 =
1.1 1.1
R2R1
:
:
1 r12
R =
1r21
rij = Vij/ (Vii - Vjj)1/2
j =1,2i = 1,2
:
01
R1 =
0 1
1 0
R2 =
0.76 1
)
)
.
0.76
-
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112
. .
.
)
(
.
G
)(YX
:
Y = G X (11.7)
G
)
(eigen values)(i
:Vx(eigen vectors)(gi(
::
Vx- I = 0 (12.7)
I i
gi:
(13.7)[ Vx iI ] gi = 0
(14.7)G = [ g1 g2 g3 gnb]T
V2
.
1.9 1.10
= 01.101.10 -
- 2.0 + 0.88 = 02
:
-
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113
= 2.67 ; 2 = 0.331
:
2.67
=
0.33
:((5.71
g111.10 2.67 1.10
= 0
g211.10 1.10 2.67
:
= 0-0.77 g11 + 1.10 g21
1.10 g11 - 1.57 g21 = 0
g11 = 1.43 g21
. : g112 + g21
2 = 1
:
0.82
=g10.57
:
T
0.82 -0.57
G =
0.820.57
:
Y = G X
:
x10.82 0.57y1
=
y2 -0.57 0.82 x2
-
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-
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115
-1
.
.
2-
.
3
.
.
49.7
TM 12.711.710.7.[[12
. 10.7
9.7
.
.
TM4:9.7
[ [12
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116
:10.7 [[ 12
:11.7
[12]
:12.7 [ [12
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117
.
.7 5
.1.5.7
2.5.7
3.5.7
:CBA4.5.7
ABC
- BA
.
- .CB
5.5.7
A
B
B1
B2
BA
B2B1B2B1
.BA-
-
A
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.-
-
.
403020
202010
706080
805060
353028
262530
346
235
542
453
212
244
215
342
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118
Image Classification
81.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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119
.
.8 2
ignatureSpectralS
.
1.8
C,B,A 3,2,1)(
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B
A
321
:1.8
CA1
3CB2
BA
.
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-
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121
lassificationCupervisedS83.
.
. .((training sites
.
.
.
.
.((thematic map
.
lassifierCistanceDinimumM8.31.
)(.
.
.
.B2B1
c3c2c1
a.3.8
(c1, c2, c3)..
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-
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123
B1:4.8
B2:5.8
V
W
:6.8
:
B1(
(:V(7,5)W(0,2) :B2
:
B1B2
x158
x221
x325
125
274
042
128
156
215
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:
x1 V =[(7-5)2+ (5-8)
2]1/2
=(13)1/2
x1
W=[(0-5)2
+ (2-8)2
]1/2
=(61)1/2
x1 V.
(V=[(7-2x22+ (5-1)
2]1/2
=(41)1/2
(W=[(0-2x22+ (2-1)
1/2 =(5)
1/2
Wx2
(V=[(7-2x32+ (5-5)
2]1/2
=(25)1/2
x3
W=[(7-2)2 + (2-5)2]1/2=(34)1/2
Vx3 .
.
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lassifierCarallelepipedP
.
.
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c3
a1
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B1
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B2B19.88.8
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-
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.
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B2=(6 + 7 + 8)/3=7
:B1
VV
VVV
VVVVV
VVV
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.8.33 Maximum Likelihood Classification
.
.
.
.
:.Bay's rule
:C
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C = C1, C2, C3, . . . , Cnc (2.8)
nc xpixel
( )x
x
Ci
:
P( Ci| x ) (3.8)
.i= 1, 2, 3, .. nc ( P( Ci| x
.( P( Ci| xx
:
Cix# 1j( P( Ci| x ) > P( Cj| x
P( Ci| x )
(P( Ci: Ci)
( P( x) x Ci
:
(4.8)P( x ) = P( x | Ci) * P( Ci)
i nc1
P( x )
.(P( C2| x( :P( C1| x
i= 1, 2, ., nc(:P( x | Ci
)(
:
P( x | Ci) = {1/ [ (2)1/2
i] } ex[ - (x - i)2/ (2 i
2)] (5.8)
:i iCi
Ci .
:nb
(6.8)P( x| Ci) = {1/ [ (2)nb/2
(|Vi|)1/2
ex[ -0.5(x - i)TVi
-1(x - i)]
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131
.B2
boao.
.ba
.
ao
bo
. .
ao bo
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.b2a2
.
.
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ba2a3B2
b1
b3b2a1
ao
B1
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132
lassificationCssessment ofAAccuracy85.
.
(
) .
(
)
.
"classification
"error matrix""contingency table
).""reference data(
.
:((U((W((V
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((28, 15, 20
. (:(15, 14, 5, 1, 1, 1
)(
commission error (:(1, 1, 14, 1, 15, 5
((t.omission error
:
28 + 15 + 20 ) / 100 = 63% (10.8)(t =
((t
.
((producer's accuracy((user's accuracy :
=)(
.
=)(
.
:
-=1
(11.8)
-=1
VWU
V2814155751%
W11552129%
U1120229%
303040100
7%50%50%
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134
(kappa coefficient (k
)(((beyond chance agreement
.((expected disagreement
.
:[[25],[26
N xij
ij xi+ =xij
j x+j =xij
:
(12.8)/ [ ( N2- xi+x+i]k = [N xii - xi+x+i]
0k k=1
.
[[27
k = 0.75 . 0.4k
.
[14], [25]-[27].
.
.
.[ENVI[14[ERDAS[14],[23
.
.[:[14],[17],[21],[28
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86.
.1.6.8
:B2B12.6.8
B2B1
:
U .V
.((2,1((1,1)(1,2
:3.6.8
-
.
- .
-
.
.-
4.6.8
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B
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.
.
869
673
752
469
658
597
UUU
UVV
ABC
A4243
B54512
C3932
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136
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