CCO in Context:bibliographical & archival standards

CCO Boot Camp

ALA, New Orleans, June 2006

Sherman Clarke

New York University Libraries

sherman.clarke@nyu.edu

some conceptual differences & terminology

• “what are you cataloging?”– AACR2 0.24 “cardinal principle” - the item in

hand• reproduction exception & versions

– cultural objects - the item in hand for museums, the representation of that object for visual resource collections

“work”

• FRBR Group 1 entities (work, expression, manifestation, item)

• cultural objects– the “work” is what you are cataloging before

you can catalog an image of it– Work Type - broad classification

“self-describing”

• books, serials and other printed resources• maps• videos (container)• not only self-describing but relatively permanent

“From the top of the Great Falls,

Yellowstone, 1871, TM” (used as title on Gerald Peters Gallery

page)

                                                                                                                                                

Anglo-American cataloguing rules(AACR)

• continuation of practice, maturity• rule book• description AND access: not separate nor

equivalent• data content standard

– expedites sharing of cataloging records / metadata

CCO: example of capitalization(from draft version, p. 41)

o Record for the Whole

Work Type: prayer book

Title: Prayer Book of Cardinal Albrecht of Brandenburg

o Record for the Part

Work Type: illumination

Title: Christ Led Before Pilate

classification

• FL Ptg E972 RA GH 1 (Ghent Altarpiece; from National Gallery of Art Image Database)

• 371.1 E97J 19AG1 (a)6 (Adam, from Ghent Altarpiece; from UCSD Roger)

• B390 E9755 20Ghe1B (Adam, from Ghent Altarpiece; from Bryn Mawr Image Collection)

AACR

• organization of rule book aids understanding and use– general chapter followed by format chapters

and references– access points

AACR vs CCO

• CCO covers things that AACR doesn’t address, e.g., database structure, work and image, relationships (between works, with authorities), subject headings

• CCO is “new” though it builds on legacy

Resource description and access (RDA)

• arrangement– pt. 1: resource description– pt. 2: relationships– pt. 3: access point control

• http://www.collectionscanada.ca/jsc/rdaprospectus.html

MARC

• pour anything into MARC but AACR fits best• grew up with AACR and its predecessors• data structure standard

– expedites mapping

AACR & MARC

• working together and getting tangled– data content

– data structure

– data values

• MARC alone doesn’t suffice• similarly, VRA Core needed rule book• voilà ...

Cataloging cultural objects

AACR & MARC

• headings and attributes– attributes “embedded” in MARC tagging

• AACR needs other documentation– subject headings: SCM:SH

• AACR builds headings• MARC encodes headings• separation of “bib” and authority records

AACR & LC/NAF

• AACR builds headings• MARC encodes headings• separation of “bib” and authority records

AACR & LC/NAF

• AACR2/NAF heading = Motherwell, Robert• ULAN “heading” = Motherwell, Robert

(American painter, 1915-1991)

Core 4 (XML)

<agentSet> <display>Motherwell, Robert (American painter, 1915-1991)</display> <agent>

<name type=“personal” vocab=“ULAN” refid= “500016415”>Motherwell, Robert</name>

<culture>American</culture> <dates type=“life”> <earliestDate>1915</earliestDate> <latestDate>1991</latestDate> </dates> <role vocab=“AAT” refid=“300025136”>painter (artist)</role>

</agent></agentSet>

Functional requirements for authority records(FRAR)

• built on need for headings, not how an authorized entity can be represented in different data structures

• doesn’t solve my NAF/ULAN/Core-XML dilemma

AACR & LC/NAF

• more significant use of authority information– subject hierarchies– geographic hierarchies– cultural context– subject context

AAT sample hierarchy

<houses by form: massing or shape>A-frame housesbeehive housesfoursquare housesgarrison housesI-housesranch housessaltbox housessplit-level housestower houses

TGN sample hierarchy

Names: Tombouctou (preferred, C,V,N) Timbuktu (C,V,N)

Hierarchical Position:World (facet)Africa (continent)Mali (nation)Tombouctou, Région de (region)Tombouctou (inhabited place)

NAF to SAF

• AACR-style used in SAF– headings– qualifiers– broader-term reference– relationship to topical subject headings

buildings

• generally established in SAF unless considered corporate body– churches– palazzi as venues– name change, historical subjects

other vocabularies

• AACR/MARC world expects headings– AAT facets

• noun form for subject heading• adjective for modifier

– ULAN biographical and contextual qualifiers, not just the name• qualifiers manifested as attributes in XML

AAT: terms and phrases

architecture (discipline)

ALT: architectural

architecture (object genre)

if used as adjective, context needed for disambiguity

mapping

• thesaurus to thesaurus in MARC– awkward– loses hierarchy

• conflicts– LCSH: Motion picture plays (UF Screenplays)– AAT: screenplays (motion picture plays is one

of alternates)

AACR/MARC: beyond books

• bookish orientation (works best for books)• granularity expectation in opac

– opacs and indexes and finding aids and ...– web browsers don’t have such expectations

AACR/MARC: beyond books

• relation to other cataloging documentation– format guidelines (APPM, Betz, AMIM,

CONSER manual, cartographic materials manual)

– SCM:SH

MARC AMC, APPM, DACS

• archives and mss cataloging tradition– description

• quasi-self-describing, mostly verbal– closer to museum and VR than to books– finding aid as beginning of access to

collections, supplemented by interaction with archivist

– “collections” vs “groups” (CCO pt. 1, IV)

Encoded Archival Description (EAD)

• hierarchy• good for collections, not so effective for

individual mss or objects, controlled archivally

Functional requirements for bibliographic records (FRBR)

• retrospective application• provides theoretical basis for revision of

cataloging rules• assumes multiple iterations (work, expression,

manifestation, item)

FRBR may be found at:

FRBR in PDF: http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr.pdf

FRBR in HTML: http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr.htm

IFLA Cataloguing Section FRBR Review Group

http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/wgfrbr/wgfrbr.htm

iterations & relationships

• work, expression, manifestation, item• relationship of whole to whole• emphasis on WEMI rather than working together

FRVRR (pronounced “fervor”)

• functional requirements for visual resource records

• collocation as with FRBR but collocating in a different way

Sol Lewitt, new wall drawings at PaceWildenstein, New York, 1998

Rembrandt,“The three crosses”

(2nd state of 4)

Rembrandt,“The three crosses”

(4th state of 4)

                                                                        

                                                                                                

Memling pair in Berlin and Paris,joined for recent show at Frick Collection

PalladioVilla Rotunda

Jefferson’s design for the White House,based on Villa Rotunda

FRBR/FRVRR as relationship builder

• Jefferson to Palladio• preparatory study to another work• heading for work = uniform title• artwork as subject

“Portrait of Katherine [studying Rembrandt’s “Three trees”]”by Keith Shaw Williams, ca. 1948(for sale at Childs Gallery, Boston)

FRVRR

• visual resources needs are different• not so much whole to whole• work/part (altarpieces, built complexes, studies)• work/view (VR catalogers are rarely cataloging

the art work; CCO is mostly aimed at VR catalogers)

• FROR: object records in museum context, focus probably on accession (“catalog level” in CDWA)

cataloging CULTURAL objects

• context• material• genre / form• iconography• function

– curricular / educational

Wednesday, April 26The “C Word”: Is Contextualizing A Work of Art Essential to its Reception?

Can a work of art stand on its own? Is knowing the historical, cultural, political, and social background of the artwork important to deepening understanding? Dramaturgs and educational leaders present highly different views on the subject.

[from an email notice to New York Theatre Workshop subscribers, 22 April 2006]

FRBR user tasks

• find• identify: who, what, where, when

– what are you cataloging?• AACR: item in hand• CCO: object in its context

• select• obtain

FRBR & AACR/RDA

• RDA more aware of FRBR theories• RDA more based on separation of description and

access, e.g., less cataloger intervention in basic description

sharing dreams

• thesaural hierarchies– aka (Getty web interface combined with

vocabularies)• social tagging / community cataloging /

folksonomies– STEVE = http://steve.museum

Further reading:

• “Cataloguing cultural objects: new descriptive cataloguing guidelines for the cultural heritage community” by Ann Baird Whiteside, Art documentation, v. 24, no. 2 (2005), p. 16-18

• Fundamental requirements for bibliographic records (FRBR): hype or cure-all? Edited by Patrick Le Boeuf. (Haworth Information Press, 2005) (also published as Cataloging & classification quarterly, v. 39, no. 3/4)

• The future of the descriptive cataloging rules. Edited by Brian E.C. Schottlaender. (ALA, 1998)– “serials perspective” by Crystal Graham– “Archival description and new paradigms” by Steven

Hensen

Sites/projects discussed• VRA Core 4 (beta)

http://www.vraweb.org/datastandards/VRA_Core4_Welcome.html

• Getty vocabularies http://www.getty.edu/research/conducting_research/vocabularies/

• Categories for the description of works of art http://www.getty.edu/research/conducting_research/standards/cdwa/

• Morgan Library: mss and images through MARC records http://corsair.morganlibrary.org/

• National Gallery of Art library catalog http://library.nga.gov:7488/

• Plymouth State opac using WordPress http://www.plymouth.edu/library/opac/

the final version of this presentation may be found at http://artcataloging.net/alagen.html