cce up social science

7/31/2019 CCE UP Social Science

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r_fma

VI - VIII

cUthf


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STATE COUNCIL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING, CHENNAI-6

2012FG jiyt

aFe,khy fa Muh g Wtd, brid-6

nkyhthsf

iz aFe(l),khy fa Muh g Wtd,

brid-600 006

iz aFe(Uthf),khy fa Muh g Wtd,

brid-600 006

xUizghs

cj nguha,khy fa Muh g Wtd,

brid-600 006

yhaf

KJiy iuahs,khtl Ma f kW g Wtd,

FUf, ehfgod khtl

Kjt(bgh),khtl Ma f kW g Wtd,

fiu, jUk khtl

iuahs,khtl Ma f kW g Wtd,

bgdhJh, Utzhkiy khtl

iuahs,khtl Ma f kW g Wtd,U_ ef, U khtl

iuahs,khtl Ma f kW g Wtd,

nj%, fahFk khtliuahs,khtl Ma f kW g Wtd,nfhj, y khtl

gljh MamuR nkiy g,

UfUfh, jrh khtl


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iii

aFe,khy fa Muh g Wtd,

brid - 600 006.

jukhd f neha jHf mu y K Kaahf KgUt f Kiw

bjhl kW KGikahd kL tU fahL Kj (2012-2013) jHf midJ

gfY xW Kj vlh tFtiu eilKiwgLjgl csJ.

ah Kj Kiwahf KgUt fKiwia a kL Kiwia

jHfnk mKfgLJwJ. j bgUjJl bjhl kW KGik kL Kiwfhd

tfhL ifnaL, KgUt fKiwfhd tfhL beKiwf, a kL

Kiwia bragLJtjfhd midJ ghl Ma ifnaLfis khy fa

Muh g Wtd, totikJsJ.

tha ifnaLf, ghl khztfis kL br braghLfis Ro

fhLwd. braghLf ifnao sfgLtnjhL, khztflKs wfis

KGikahf jumsL brtJ vthbwd MaUF tfhLwJ. j_y khztD

bghJs xUw kLkyhJ gKfwfS btbfhzugL. ifnaL,

khzt jwfis milahsfL gUtnjhW, ML KGtJ bjhlJ

KGikahf kL bra MaUF cWJizahf fwJ.

a kLKiwdh, khzt f braghLf, f iz

braghLf, cleyf, nahf fiy, edlijf, edy, tha wf vd

midJ TWfS klgLwd. thW kLtjdh khzt MSik

tsia KGikahf maKowJ. nkY, khWwdhf fw a kWntfF Vg kLtjfhd bejikfS sfgLwd.

fhynjhW fwKiwf bragL tU khwfisaLJ jnghJ kL

KiwY a khw mKfgLjgLsJ. khw Mafis CFgnjhL

khztfis nkgL kH br.

Maf, ifnaoYs fUJfis KGikahf cthbfhL tFgiw

bragLJj ntL. mnghJjh sjiyKiwdiu MSikftfshf

jdif cilatfshf tUfhyij totikgtfshf cUthf aY.

ah Kndw ehF RtfSFns cUthwJ vgjid fUbfhLxnth MaU braglntL vgJ midt mththf csJ. vdnt

Maf, jfSF mfgl bghWid mfiwlD bghWzlD

bragLjntLbkd iHnw.


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iv

1. r_f ma Ma ifnaL mKf 1

2. tsu kL braghLf mltiz 10

6M tF

3. tsu kL braghLf 24

4. dhjh ltiu 39

5. kh bjhFj dhjh 40

7M tF


7. dhjh ltiu 58

8. kh bjhFj dhjh 58

8M tF


10. dhjh ltiu 80

11. kh bjhFj dhjh 80

12. braghLfis ll kh braghLf 82

13. edlij kW kzj w 115

14. ghlbghU g mltiz (Syllabus) 121


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khztf jh thG RWw NHiy JbfhL kwtfnshLizJ thH fWbfhs cj ghlkhf r_f ma ghl mikJsJ.

1. ehL Ugjf tif xbthU khztiu wj FokfdhfcUthFtJ

2. muayik rlij kJ, VW, mj yafis nfhghLfisnghwbrtJ.

3. a iwahik, xWik, xUikghL Kjat nkikia czJnghwbrtJ.

4. khzt xbthUtiu mLjt cikia kJ elgtfshf khWtJ.5. khzt midtiu jj bghWfis czJ elgtuhf cUthFtJ

itJ Fnfhfjh kw ghlfis fgjF r_f maiyfgjF cs ntWghil bjthf btfhLwd. vdnt, r_f

ma fF Mafsha eh, ekJ fj braghLf xbthiwnkfl Fnfhfis mila cj tif cUthf ntoa bghWcnsh.

nkY, el xgilfgl khztf xbthUtU nkflFnfhfis neh eilnghLwhfsh? vd eh mJ bfhs `kLgagLwJ. kL vgJ bjhl kL (tsu kL) kW KGikahd kL(bjhFj kL) vd U tifgL vgJ eh mjnj.

khzt xU fUij fWbfhoUF nghnj, mt nkbfhS fwbragho xbthU goiyia, TjhJ, kLtnj (bjhl) tsuklhF.

bjhFj ko, ghlbghU rhj kW ghl iz braghLfmidJ TjhF cgLjgL klgLwd. vdnt, bjhlahdKG ko khzt mrh y, grh y kW wrh y MamidJ TWfS bjhlahf kL bragLwd.

ghl bghU rhj ko xbthU gUt WY 60kbgfSF nj eilbgW. jfhd dh totik kW tF thahdkh dhjhf ifnao izfgLsd. nkY ghlbghU rhjklhdJ fw nehffshd mj, j, gagLJj kW w bgw vwmogil mikfgLsJ. jnfg xbthU gUtF tF thahfnjf eilbgW.


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ghl izbraghLf ga tuf, MaUfhd bghJ ifnaobfhLfgLsd.

r_f ma fj ekJ xbthU braghL fl nehffSxiwahtJ ugFkhW ghJbfhs ntoaJ ekJ bghWghF.

jfhy ff, flj fhy ff bjhl / is vgijJbfhs.

ekJ ghuga gghLf f bjhikahdit vgij czj.

neiwa r_f eltoiff, Wngh iy. iwa r_ftHff khw tuyh vgij czj.

r_fwfshd jkJ fUij bjthf btgLJj, wfUJfis nfl, w czfis j, wnuhL eytFkL xJnghj, atF JrnyhL kW Tw - nghwtiwtsj.

ey kdghikfis (, neik, thik, fhy jtwhik, kj,vnyhlJ mfhl nghwtiw) tsj.

fhy jfsJ thifia vthW mikJbfhtJ vgijgoJ, nfL mDgt Y mJ bfhs.

Ugjf, KGikahd MSik gfis tsJ bfhs.

khtU cyF Vg, khtU njitfis vthW brJ bfhtJ(vbghU fd) vw kdghikia tsj.

X neufis Kiwahf gagL jdF wUF gagLtif kh mikj.

jh wj kiz, khyij kW njrij nej

gdhLzit kj kW tsj. jh thG gF r_f NH kW fyhrhu dfis MuhJ/

J bfhs.

ciH nkikia czJ mj jJtij Jbfhs

jh kL jid RnshU eyKl thH jdh awijbra ntL vd cW bfhs.

gntW bkh, rka, eif, bfhl kfsh tHfgl caj fyfyhrhuid eh bgWnsh vw czit bgW tsj.

midJ kjf tghL jyf kW tghL KiwfnghwtF kgF vzij tsj.

d, gh, bkh, kj kW uha ntWghLfis flJ eh vnyhUa vw czit tsj.

thif vgJ mtut if vw jJtij czj.

jh thG gF cstfnshL kw khztfnshL R_fkhdcwit ngQj.

aifia neF gFtij bgWj bjhiynehF ghitiatsj.


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jkF F ilna cs cwit J, F jkh vjF neuhjtz elj.

xU TWF (fact) njitahd rhWfis (evidences) uLj.

ilF rhWf cik jikia(validity) fLzj.

cikahd rhWf mogil jftfis jUj.

aif tsfis fdkhf - RWw NH khRglhjthW

gagLJj. aif brtfshd MW, kiy, V, jhtuf, tdyFf,

cdf nghwtgh gW bfhL, ghJfhJ ngQj.

khW vr ga zit tsj

ma kdghik, kjnea , Muh kdghF, UJ MtMatiw tsj,

bghJ brhJfis guhkj kW tKiwia blhj.

jeg nkik kW FG braf Kjat Fgoahfmjdh ehL nknkY cau Kay, rhf Mtd brj.

ehLfhf / CUfhf ciHf, njit VgLnghJ ehil ghJfhfnghl jahuh Uj.

bgf faF Gfhdtiw ifLj. - it nghwnehf TWf xiwahtJ cslajhf xbthU braghLmikj ntL.

jnghija ghll khzt ika mQFKiw mikJsJ khztnuFl xU bghU / fUJga mit `cUthbfhs cjtnj MagahF.

nkFj nehfij mila bghJghll jfY, ifnaoY

nghJkhd braghLf totikfgLsd. bfhLfgLsbraghLfmidij X Ma bra ntL vw flhaiy. itmidJ kL nehffhfnt bfhLfgliy. tW ytiwMa jkJ ``fw fj mDgtfSF gagL bfhsyh. itju Ma ntW y (khztfSF Vw) braghLfis totikJbfhsyh. Mdh

vgnj ekJ yF.

ifnao cs braghLf Kj tF thahf fgLsd.wF ghljf xbthU jiy G bfhLfgLs tsu

braghLfS mjid bjhlJ TLj braghLfS bfhLfgLsd.mit tsu kL m (Formative Assessment) FA (a) tsu kL-M (FormativeAssessement) FA (b) vW tifgLjgLsd.

khztf FA(a)braghil brnghJ, xbthU khztU btntWgf/ f/Kofis tHfyh. (v.fh) cyftiugl, VnjD xU ittzL fhl - vw braghoF xbthU khztU btbtW fistzL fhLt.


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Mdh, FA(b) braghoF xnu g/Ko/jh rahdjhfUfKo. (v.fh.) ahF mUnf, a bgUfl mikJs`-ehil tzL fhl vw braghoF khztf yifiajukw fis tzoUjh m~J jtwhdjhL myth? ifnaobraghLf Fiwthfnt bfhLfgLsd. Maf ghljf cs

tif braghLfis gagLbfhsyh. Wnj(Slip Test) el

khztfis klyh, vLJfhL1. W eljgl ghlgF Ka fUJfis bjhFf.2. bfhLfgl a tiugl M{, fndh, Muh, bl Ma

lfis Ff.

xbthU braghL jah braghlh (j) myJ FG braghlh (FG)myJ tF cs midtU nrJ br braghlh (tF) vd,tFgiwF eilbgW braghlh (c), tFgiwF bt eilbgWbraghlh (bt) vd mjF njitahd fhy ms ( - lf) kWmbraghnlhL bjhlila fUJ, jf lbgW gf Kja tufmilFD bfhLfgLsd.

KGikahd kW bjhl ko xbthU khztiu fw cW brajahbraghL mtakhwJ. tFgiw khztf vif Fiwthf

UFnghJ braghL Vilajhf mik. braghil mikFnghJMa xbthU khztlY ftd brY, fw bjh

eilbgWwjh vgjid cW brj ntL. jah bragho _yeilbgW fwyhdJ, beL ehfSF iyJ F. nkY, fwbghUSilajhf UF.

khztfis Ut bfhl iz FGthf (Peer Group) JbraghLfis bra brhyyh. mthnw mFG jiy klyh.

tFgiw khztf vif mfkhf UFnghJ Makhztfis IJ myJ mjF nkgl W FGfshf J fwbraghil mikfyh. W FGfshf fgLtjh xbthU FGdUFfw fj JizfUf, ltr nghwit csdth vd cWbrj

ntL. braghonghJ tFgiw nkyhik eKiw mika MaTLj ftd brYJj mtakhwJ. nkY xbthU khztUila gfl bgWkhW Ma CfgLJj mta.

ghll cs y wfis jah braghL, iz braghLkW FG braghL _ykhf elj ayhjbghGJ, tF cs midJ


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5

khztfis xnu FGthfbfhL tF KGikfhd braghLfis brJfhl brhyyh. (v.fh ) fsgaz, dho-dh, fyJiuahl

tsu kL (m) ) [FA (a)]-fhd braghLfis fhQ tKiw _ykL bra ntL .

1 0 f eWKGik, Ja,bj, Ez

kW gilghw.

89 eW KGik, bj

6 7 Ufu KGikahd


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eif HF tif Ma eltoif mikJl TlhJ vgftdkhf Uf ntL.

Kdnu TaJnghW, xUgUt vjid braghLfis ehkhztfSF bfhLJ kL brUjhY, FA(a) FA(b)

ehFkhf vL braghLfis g brjh nghJkhdJ. (Ma Udh

vyh braghLf kil g brJ bfhsyh.).

braghLfis nj brnghJ khWwdhsfis bkJthffnghiu eh kd bfhs ntL.

jf kW ifnao bfhLfgLs braghLf nkTa UnfhghLfSF bghUjkhf yho, Ma jkJ khztfSnfgbraghLfis kh mikJ bfhsyh myJ a braghLfistotikJ bfhsyh.

njbjLfgL braghLf, xnu xU ghlnyh (tuyhW, a, Foika,bghUshjhu) xnu jiynyh (Lesson - 1) mikJLj TlhJ. khwhf,

vyhghlfis cslajhf, gyjugl jiyfis bfhljhfUj mta.

mJnghnw, njbjLfgL braghLf xnu tifia rhjjhf yhkgtifgljhf (fij, ghl, fUJgl, ehlf, tiugl fhynfhLnghwitahf) UgJ mta.

bfhLfgLs braghLf, khztf ghlbghUis ff, mtffFnghnj kl, KGikahf brUjh CFf, brajtUjh Fiw fw mikF nehY cUthfgLsd.

X Ma jkJ khztf vif, mtf fF w kWd nghwtiw fUbfhL ifnao cs braghLfisnjbjLJ, ghlnjhL izJ, mtf ghlbghU bjF gagLbfhsyh.

bfhLfgLs braghLfisjh X Ma jkJ khztfSFmf ntL vw flha iy. Ma jhnk tiwl wj /vikahd / gaDs braghil totikJ ghlbghUis khztfJbfhs cjtyh. Mdh

. vdnt,

MajgLJj, fw, tYl, wtsj, kl Ma midJgoiyfY braghLfis mikJ khztfisfw KG


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xW, jkJ khztfsh FGthfjh bra aY vwh, Makhbfhsyh. FG braghL vd tifgLjgl braghil, MaUdh j braghlhf kh bfhsyh. c braghil bt braghlhf, bt braghil c braghlhf kh bfhsyh. xbthUbraghoF xJfgl fhy msit Maf jj NHYF Vg Tonah,Fiwnjh zJbfhsyh. Mdh braghL bfhLF Kng fhy msitflha zJ bfhtJ eyJ.

Kj xbthU ghlF bfhLfgLs braghLfis Mavait, Xus fodkhdit, fodkhdit vd tifgL bfhsyh. fwfjnghJ Kj va braghLfis khztfSF tHfyh. mtiwKoj khztfSF Xus fodkhd braghLfis tHfyh. Ugoiyfis KojtfSF fodkhd braghLfis tHfyh. Mdh,midJ khztfS xbthU ghljiyY ff ntoa FiwjgrwfisahtJ bgUgJ mta.

bjhl kL, khztf Kndwij xbthU goiyY

fgnjhL kL mtf fwij tYl, jtwhf J bfhlijUj bra gagLjntL. iyba bjhl klh ga yhknghL. vdnt, kil ntfkhf fngh, ruhrahf fngh, bkJthffnghiu milahs fhz gagLjyh. Fiw eltoifnjitgLnthUbfyh mjid flha ml ntoa bghWMaUilanj. vdnt, Fiw eltoif,

K bfhLj braghilna L mtfSF bfhLfyh.

bfhLj braghLfis vikgL bfhLfyh.

njitgo a, va braghLfis mikJ juyh.

vnghbjyh neu ilwnjh, mnghbjyh Ma bkJthffnghUF neuoahf cjtyh.

ntfkhf fnghiu bkJthf fnghUF cjt brayh (iz fw)

FGfshf J FGjiyt nkghit Fiw eltoifvLfyh.

vgoahD el xgilfgl khztf midtU xbthUghlY (Lesson) eh vghF Fiwj ms wfisnaD bgwbrtJ ekF ehnk VgLbfhS X cdj rth.

ghlbghU fj iy ekJ tF cs khWwdhsiu ehftd bfhs ntoa bghW cnsh. mtf iynfw(wiknfw) braghLfis mtfSF tHf ntL. vdnt, xU braghilkhztfSF eh tHFnghJ mjid khWwdhsfsh bra aYkh vdJ, bra ayho mtf iynfg bragho khw brantL myJ mjF izahd ntbwhU braghil totikJ mtfSFju ntoaJ mta. vLJfhlhf, xU isahL nH bfhLfgLsJ.


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:

MafSF cj neh ifnao xbthU jiyFkhd(Lesson wise) fhyg mltiz bfhLfgLsJ. Mdh, Mafmtut NHYnfg fhyg mltizia cUth bfhsyh. mjidna

gwyh. Mdh, fhyg mltiz ghl elJj ewW. vdnt,nk mfhf gia ghitl tUnghJ, mtut if jiyik Mauhxj mfgl fhyg mltiz UgJ mta. mjgo ghlfSbraghLfS eilbgWtJ mta.

:

xbthU ghl KoY xU khzt mUfntoa / idbfhs ntoa Fiwjgr fw wf goa bfhLfgLsJ.khztf tiw kLnk fw ntL vgJ j bghUsy khwhf,

tiwahtJ xbthU khztU fUf ntL vgnj bghU. Mdh,

vgJ eh mjnj.

:

r_f maiy bghUjko, khztf ghlbghUis JbfhtnjhL, mjid jkJ thifnahL, NHnyhL, iwa fnthLbjhlgLJ wid tsf ntoaJ ekJ jiyaha flikahF. jifa

eltoif kLjh ghl KaJtij khztfSF kwtfSFczjKo vg eh bjthf Uj ntL.

r_f ma ghl wj Kiw m~jhtJ, mJ vj nehffhfffgLwnjh mj nehfij khztf milaToa tif

ffgoUjh, iwa r_furidfns yhk nghUF vgij ehczuntL.

ekJ ghl bghU xbthU fUij (concept) khzt thnthL,(Fghf mtdJ kdghikia nkgLJtjhf) FLgnjhL, r_fnjhL,RWw NHnyhL izJ ff jnghJ ekF th RjjuKmikJsJ. vdnt, xbthU braghL khzt m bgUfF,

edlijF cjtToajhf mikj ntL.

braghLf, braghLfhf vW mikahk, bghU bghjjhfuridfis milahs fhQ fhufshf, mitfSF fis jU

wnfhfshf miktJ mta. jid vgo brtJ vw vz xUyUF bjahUfyh. mjfhf xU y vLJfhLf.

1. tuyh kdf rhjidfis goaLnghJ, rhjidahsfjhtuyh id TugLwhf vgij vLJ TWtnjhL, ``tuyh

lbgw ntLbk, vbdd rhjidfis fjU?vd nfL khzt vG kdghikia jo vGgyh.


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2. khztf tuyhW ffSF fhynfhL tiunghJ jkJ jijKndw, jkJ Kndw FJ xU fhynfhL tiua khztUFcjtyh.

3. kdf trht tiugl tiunghJ, khztj jiyKiw gatiugl tiua cjtyh.

4. fljfhy ff xbthwid g, khzt gYnghJ, mtUJkhzt fWbfhl "ghl" (tha wf)vd? vd dtyh.

5. jfhy ffS fljfhy fit idLtJ vJ? vd vGj NHnyhLizJ fjh tUfhy rKjha kj khfnshL fG vgJz.

ifnao bfhLfgLs braghLf tifF xwhf vLJ,

thd Kiw bragho nehf, njitgL bghUf, fhy ms, mjgoiyf, khzt braghil br j, Ma kL br KiwKja tuf bfhLfgLsd. Ma mtiw goJghJ mjgonamtif braghLfis lL bragL kL brayh.

kw ghlfisl r_f ma ghljh ebd fUJfis

khztf fWbfhs mf th csJ. ifnaoY vLJfhofhfebd fUJf mla mltiz xW bfhLfgLsJ. mtiwnghWghlfis fFnghnj, vbfyh thUwnjh mbfyh bghUjkhdmwbefUJfis khzt thtna jUj f wj cahF.

r_f ma ghlij fF nghJ, khztf ifidbraf


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10

FA(a)/(b)

1. FLgKrKjhaK

FLg cWd bga vGJj FA(a) 148 FLg gl xLj( FLg ghJfh) FA(a) 148 ( j bjU

jFLg, TL FLg)

(cgahsh, bjhyhs)FA(a) 150 ( j bjU

kW FLg cWdf b(ghuah ghl) FA(a) 150 vf FLg

(TL FLg, jFLg)FA(a) 148,150 (ekF nji

bt khyUJ bgWgit( FLg /r_f

( jRWyh jyf)FLg tiugl

2. rKjhaKg

( tF gFcs f Wtdf bgaf)

FA(a) j FLgYnsh bga v

( FHijfKndw TLj gFtgJ g, r_f, FLg)

FA(a) ( j bjUjFLg, TL FLg)

(ntWikxWik)

FA(a) 156 (FLgmtf bjhf)

(g tsrKjha gF)

FA(a) ( gnglf)

(g tsF)FA(a)

(ghuah ghl jf csJ)FA(a) 155

1. NaFLgK

nfhsuf brW ghitl FA(a) (mkhthir,bgsz VgL

nfhf glfis uLj FA(a) ( br jhbgsz rhj gl, brfi


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1. NaFLgK

Na FLg FA(a) (u,gf VgL Na FLgngh eoJ fhLj FA(a) ( tot kW

(Snlh xU nfhiy)

FA(a)

( u thid cWneh FbgGJj)

FA(a ( NaFLg jf

( nfhfbgaf) FA(a) (nfhf(nfhfS( Na FLg

Jiz nfhfS)x

thd njhW neu(

ru, vff ff)1.

bghUshjhu

X mKf

FLg khj, tUltUkhd bryl jahj

FA(a) tf Jiw rhnjh goa)

(khzt bry) FA(a) X ML tUkhd)(aha yfil

kW w filf)FA(a) (rijia c

bghUf, thF bghUf)( mah br) FA(a) jeo

(rij fh , cgahs, (cgahs, tf,

Efnth)FA(a) (FLg mltiz

( rKjhaFKakhdtf cgahsfns,tffns)

FA(a) (bghUshjhu zf gl, jf

khj tUkhd fdij nktf, kUJt kW rhu f

(rKjhaF ftffns!, cgahsfns!


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1.tuyhWFKgl fhy

(fbtLf,id df ghJ)

FA(a) 175 ( Mkj th

(f gaghL) FA(a) 177 ( rhj brf)

(mfth bjhlilait)

FA(a) 174 ( L yFf kMkj ed

( Mkj rfufL ojjfhd fhuz) FA(a) 177 ( mUfhaf bmif jahj)(ffhy fUf

ilf bgw lfisghitL FbgGJj)

FA(a) 177 ( giHa a fk kh)

FA(a) 181 ( j thj gF)

( ghlgFKa jftf)

2. J btehff

( ehfff VMwfiu njhd)

FA(a) 181 ( khzt C /fhuz)

( efu vgJlL mikgJ) FA(a) 182 ( bgUFs khztf C Fs( mUfhaf) FA(a) 183 ( bghJ folf

tiugl Ka lfisFj

FA(a) 189 ( J khzt L)

( J bt efuC/ef mik)

(khztf fd

2. J btehff

( Ujh)

( L fl cj( khzt CUbrY bghUf, btUtU bghUf

( if bjhf( J

khztUF bjj isahL


17/128

13

2. J btehff

( mfy9 a

cilf)( J bt kf

( J bt kfmJ nghd efu/

( jdJ C( Ka lfis3 gil jHf Itif yf FA(a) ( rf fhy fl

(_ntjf ku, , bfho)

FA(a) ( VnjD _dr giff W gF)

( jnghJ ehbfhlhL Hhf) kiajUwdth

FA(a) ( brj ehbl

(Itif yfrhJ)

FA(a) ( fgJghL, vL bjhif f

( _nt

bfho, jiyefu, JiwKf)(ahndh mur ahnd ( jDila C

ah? ah? Ml gF vd mj( bj

_ntjf M gFia (i

ghl bjhlila fh glbrJ tFgiw gagLJj


18/128

14

FA a)/(b)

1

tl amuRf(2)

nrU thHyh a 213 M mikgjfhd ngbfhLfgl

lfis tiugl Fj mitjnghJs khyf bgafisgoaLf

b 213 ufhuf

3.vGJfis KiwgL ilfh

b 213 ufhuf rhjid

4.eh ah b 213 ghyff5. b 214 f

nghuhl6.kd tiuglF F vGJf a 214

tl a muRf7. b 215 tl a

ufhuflUtrf

2 jfhzmuRf

1.tiugl Ka efufisFj

b 216223

C viy nf

2.idthw nrhjid b 216-223 uhokhzt

sF trht gl3. jfhz kdffiy fol Xa

a 216 bAhrhy

4. vf kd kungwjJ

a 216 j

5. wj kd a 216 rhSa fol6. jfhz muR

a 216 Fltiu nfh

ahjtfuhou Tlf gf


19/128

15

bAhrhyfhfa

trht gljfhz m

3 bjamuRf

a tiugl Kaefufis Fj

b 237 gyt bga kW w bga

fiy, fol fiy a 226-242 nru,nrhH,ghoanru, nrhH, ghoa

Ca 226-242 th Rth

isahlhf fWbfh b 226-242 khkyuehj jahj a 226-241 Ciu M

ghoaEhY MaU b 226-242miHj jahj a 226-242 nru,nrhH fhy

a nfhf ja C nfh

ekJ guhga a kw

xUikghL

1 mjmik kW

y eff

a 213s gs jhF b 250 ka tsj

bkhuh a 251 vkiy a 252 yeLf-vkiy

tiugl FjfUJ tiugl

2 nkgukhbfhoUF

y nfhs

nkgu

cd ij a 260 fhyiyy njhw a 264 ghiw ij

bllh a 264 MW mj y

fly-ynjhw

a 265 MW goa it

gahWf nrfj a 266 fl ma miy-go

D gahW y njhwf

nkgu


20/128

16

ekJ ehL fif e - nj a e

(a) 280 cyf m

ah Ulij mJ

njrg ghlf (a) 280 khzt

Lf jft uLj

eh xU mikruhdh(a) 280

a unjrfis Fj.mil ehLf

nja d(a) 280

jiytf ga br bjhF (a) 280 nj

kw

nja xUik

2amuayikw TWf

mogil cikfmogil flikf

(a) 284 muay

muayikig

cUthatf

(a) 282 muayik

mogil cikf (a) 285 mua za rig ctiu FG cWd

bghJ brhJ (a) 288mngfh (a) 283-284 kjrhg

kjfSileg g bryhikfhd f


21/128

17

FA(a)/(b)

1 bkhfyhaftUif

a249-262

xsuf mfhuK th

bkhfyhaf trhtb

249-262

bkhfyha fhyb

249-262a tiugl xsuf n

cyf mraf glf kWFf

b 257a tiugl mg ngFj

jh{kAha 257 ICT

bkhfyha kdf

bkhfyha fhy yafb 253 ekJ ehil ghJfh

MW g

"bkhfyha nguuF fhuzf"

a 253-262

ghg Kj xsuftiu Ml kdf cUtglfis uo glbjhFjahj

a

2. kuhafth thif tuyhW

a 275 uhQt uf g

ka khymikruit l bgWsmikrf bgafis

mtfsJ Jiwfis goaLf.

a 275 khztfSfijfis TWj

kuha fhy Kaffis fhynfho FLf.

a 275

a tiu glgFfis Fj

th ngu


22/128

18

3 InuhaftUif

cyf tiugl Inuhghflij tzLj ( ygl jfcjl)

b 282 InuahF ilntjlfis cyf t

Inuhgh cs ehLfbgafis FLf.(yjf cjl)

b 274 rhbkh thnfhlf

a fltia fLojtf bgaf kW fLojlf

b 274 a tj Inuhafjiyikl

ahF Kj Kjflt fLojt ah vd mJ mtfLoj tia cyf tiugl Ff.

a 277tf bra tj tzf FJ

nghRaf, Mnyaf,buRfhuf tfjyfis a wg ytiugl Fj

b 283ehlhf yhk, vNHgoUjh e tzf, jgbtg ivd fgidahf ngRj

cf khtl csnfhilf ga jftf kWMnyaf nfhilf ga jftf

4 MybuRMf ngho

(fehlfnghf)

fehlf nghfeilbgw lfis a tiuglFf.

b ng

MnyafSF, buRfhufSF

ilna cw Kiw

a 283-289fehlf ngh

ytiugl fUJshngh a 287

nghf ffuil M Kiw eik/ik a 283-289

My buR clgoiff b 283-289

fehlf ngh Mnyafbt bgwjF fhuzf

a 283-289

ah Mnyaf nt%wfhuzf

a 283-289


23/128

19

FA(a)/(b)

1 tsMjhufStiffS

aif kWkjdh VgLjgl tsMjhuf

a 3001. yf cUthF j2. fhwhiy cs lf

1. fhwhiy

2. yf cUthF j

a vbz cg

flf thahfo, RWyhbrY K ftf ntoait(dhjh bfhLfgLsJ)

a 294 Dbgnuh J nghdh vdt

cyf tiuglvbz cg br

lfis Fj

b 294 , r, vl ehfSF gageltoiffis khztf nk

ah, bejyhJehLf fhwhiy glf

a ah cs mQFj

ts Mjhuf Kyf

Mw/ vbz tsf cs JJf ayhj tsf

fhzgL lfcy

taf gutf2 tsMjhufS

bghUshjhueltoiffS

jf bfhLfglbrKiw 1

b 306 IJ tifahd eoJfhLj

IJ tifahd bjhiyfSF glf uLj

a 302-303 gF mU

bjhrhiy / t / Rufbjh eilbgW lmiHJ brYj

tsj ehLf kLnk_W, ehF kW Ijh iybjhf tsJsd. jfhdfhuzfis thj

a - VnjD xU bjh czfis, gfis jikfis tF khzt


24/128

20

cyf tiugltsw ehLfis Fj

a 300

VnjD xU Kj iy bjh-

3 Kjiybjh /Kj

iy bjhtiff

jf csbrKiw g -1

b 312 khztfmyJ khtl mU thG

mif jahJ rkj

cy cs ehnlhof, lkW yFf bgaf

b 308 ICT cythG lf kW thGjftfis izajsbrJ mif jahJ rk

fhLf gafis g izajsUJ gwf brJtF fyJiuahLj

a 309ehnlho thif

1.Mfhf 2. mjkh #huth

a -cy cs ojsftrf, cg jsf

jf csbrKiw g IV

b -

4 Kj iybjh iy/Ruf bjh

jfcs brKiw g I

b 320 Pick andRuf bjh tiff

ekJkhy fhzgL fkf

a 315-317 c o vbdd fk bghUfsvgij goaLj

Ruf bjh tiff glfa 314 cnyhfKsi

vbghU fkfkhy cs

cnyhfKsit, cnyhfkwit,vbghU fkf

b 315-317 xU eh rhu i

L braghLf elFfhLjRuf bjh a 314

cyf tiugl UjhJfhzgL lf

b 316


25/128

21

1.vbghUfkfis ghJfhj2.vbghU ga gLjhj xU L,bjhrhiy xU eh vthWbragL

a -

1

njaxUikghL

a tiugl

khyf kW a unjrfmt jiy efufis Fj(y tiugljf cjl)

b - c

Hhfis g tF fy

a muRmYtyf bkhf

b - bjahMyaf glfis glbjhF jahJ WF

a tghLjyf, gghL kW ghugabjhlghd glf

a 322,323 VnjD xU ttghL jyfSF miH

nja xUikghilghF fhuf

a 324 kj ezf

ah ntWikxWik

a 324,325 nja xUikghlfis uLj

nja xUikghLbjhlghd nff

b 321-325

c mUfhikcs uhk /efu kf r_f,bghUshjhu, f kW RfhjhuFJ jft uLj

a -

a -2 r_f

bghUshjhuuridf

jfbfhLfgLs braghL v.4

a 335 vGjik

kf bjhif bgUftukh? rhgkh?

a 333 kf bjhif bto

FHij bjxf muR nkbfhl elt

oF tbghUf iynawij


26/128

22

(VnjD xW)1. vGjik2. tWik3. iyth4. kf bjhif bgU

khztUF

bgk g khzt jdcs gJ Lf gojtjft ulj

vGjvbfhS uidf.


27/128

23

FA(a) & FA(b)

FA(a) &FA(b)


28/128

24

I.

1. FA(a)

(j, c, 5, 148)2. (FLg ghJfh) FA(a)

(FG, c, 10, 148)3. (cgahsh, bjhyhs, bjhL brnth) FA(b)

(FG, c, 10, 1 504. (ghuah ghl) FA(a)

(j, c, 5, 150)

5. (TL FLg, jFLg) FA(a)

(FG, c, 10, 148-1 50)

I.

FA(a)

khzt FLg ifglij xo cw Kiwfis vG tUj. (j, bt,1 thu)

FA (a)khzt bjUYs j FLgf vjid? TL FLg vjid?

vgij goaLj, jdJFLg vtifia rhjJ vd mjfhdfhuzij vGJj. (j, bt, 1 thu, 148)

FA(a)

khzt C/bjU kf vbdd bjhf brwhf vgijflJ jft nrfj. (j, bt, 1 thu, 148)

``vf FLg vw jiy bghkyhl _y FLg wigTWj. (FG, c, 20 )

khzt jkJ C/khtl cgahfhj Mdh f njitgL bghUfvdbdd? mit vj C/khtl/khyUJ bgwgLwJ vgJ FJjft uLj. (j, bt, 1 thu, 149)

FA(a)

FLg vgJ eth Mjhu vgjid czJ ehlf xiwtFgiw eoj. (FG, c, 10 , 148)


29/128

25

FA(a)

khztf jf khtlYs RWyh jyf glfis uoglbjhF jahj. (j, bt, 1 thu)

(Family tree) FA(a)

khzt FLg kW cwdfis glJl tirgLJj myJ

gut mltizahf FLg tiuglij tiuj. (Family tree) (j, bt, 1 thu, 150)

rKjha mogil myF FLg .

gy r_ff xnwhL xW rhJ, nrJ thtJ rKjha.

C, tl, khtl, khy, ehL vd rKjha tilwJ.

xUtUbfhUt cj brJ thtjh e, m tsUwJ.

FLg cWdf vif FLgJF FLg ntWgLwJ.

g Jg Ma czfis xUtUbfhUt gJ bfhL nrJthG kf FG r_f vdgL.

rKjha, r_f - it uLnk xnwhL xW izj TL thifmikfshF.

FLg vgJ eth Mjhu.

I.

1.

( tF gF cs f Wtdf bgafFA(a)

(j, c, 5, 158)2. ( FHijf Kndw TLj gF tgJ g, r_f,

FLg FA(a)(FG, c, 10, 1 58)

3. (ntWik xWik) FA(a)(FG, c, 10, 1 58)

4. (g ts rKjha gF) FA(a)(FG, c, 10, 1 58)

5. g tsF) FA(a)(FG, c, 10, 1 58)

6. FA(a) (ghuah ghl jf csJ(j, c, 5, 155)


30/128

26

II

FA(a)

khzt, j FLgYs cWdf bgafis goaLj. (j, c,

5 l)

FA(a)

khzt j bjU cs Lf vif kW bjU cs FLgcWdf vifia fl kh got uj. (10 Lf)(j, bt, 1 thu)

t.vFLg cWdf vif

bgatf(bga) taJ atf (bga) taJ

1

1 12 23 34 4

2

1 12 23 34 4

FA (a)

khztf ehj, khj j, thu jf btahd ebd fijfisgoJ tUj. mtiw tFgiw TWj. (j, c, 5 l)

FA (a)

khztf W W FGfshfnth / jahfnth fhQ ntiyfisbrj. (j / FG, 5/10 )

1. g tshfij Rj brj2. yfij Rj brj tFgiwia Rj brj3. fUgyifia Rj brj4. bgh bkhfis vGJj5. Figfis mfWj

FA(a)

khztf j eo _y fhiy vGjJ Kj u gLifFbrYtiu cs cs ffis eoJ fhLj. (j, c, 10 , 154)

FA(a)

tF rf khzt egfis goaLj. (j, c, 5 , 154)

FA(a)

khztf gntW khy kf thif Kiw ga glfis uonrfJ glbjhF xid jahj. (j, bt, 1 thu, 155)


31/128

27

FA(a)

g khztf Mw ntoa flikf, rKjha khztf Mwntoa flikf vbdd vgJ g tFgiw fyJiuahl fJj.(FG, c, 20 , 154)

rKjha midJ KndwfSF mogilahd KjL f.

FHijf tUfhy rKjha Fokf.

g xbthU braY rKjha vghfis iwnt jUtjhmikwJ.

g rKjha isy.

g khztf xGF Kiwia filof ntL.

I

1. fhsuf brW ghitl FA(a)(tF, bt, 1 eh, )

2. nfhf glfis uLj FA(a)(j, bt, 5eh, )

3. Na FLg FA(a)(j, bt, 5eh, )

4. (Snlh X nfhsy - FA (a) (j, c, 3 l)5. ( u thid cW neh FbgGJj) FA(a)

(j, bt, 5eh, )6. ( nfhf bgaf) FA(b)

(j, c, 20 l)

II

milbgo -1 , bkGFt- 1, W gJ 1, ugfToa bghUf (KfghF fzho/t fhj)

milbgoia vLJ bfhL U gFfshf J bfhSj.bgo xU gF bkGFtia (Na) bghUJf. kW gF W gugf Toa t fhjij xLf myJ KfghF fzhoiabghUJf. btr myJ xahdJ fhj myJ fzho nk GJ


32/128

28

ugJ mil kw gF Gtij ghfyh. njngh Na xru nkgL nk GwJ vgij khzt j.(FG, c, 20 )

khztf mkhthir, bgsz vthW VgLwJ vgij JbfhSneh VJthf, jftfis uo bralkhf jahf brJ rkj.(khztf, jfnyh, brjhfnyh, thu jfnyh jftfis uorkj).(FG/j , bt, 1 thu)

: FA(b)

: cyf cUil kh(Globe), bkGFt / lh

cyf cUil khia vLJ bfhf. v bkGFia mj (Fnsh)Kghf W itf. bkGFia Na vd bfhf. btr gL lij(cyf cUil) gf vd, btr glhj l u vd mJ bfhf. cyfcUil btr gL gF cs ehLfis, glhj gF cs

ehLfis cW neh tU mltizia brj. (j, c, 15 ,158)

t.v btr gL gF ehLf(gf) btr glhj gF ehLf (u)

: FA(a)

: cyf cUil kh(Globe), MuR gH

khztf cyf cUil khia bfhL tot vthW mjm mikJ (23E)csJ vgij mj

MuR / M gHfis bfhL tot JUt gF mikJsj g, eL gF vthW mikJsJ (Geoid) vgijJbfhSj. (j, c, 20, 158)

: Models FA(a) :

: fk, fhj, shl M gh (Plaster of paris)khztfl tz fk, fhj T, shl M gh bfhL

khia brJ rkf brj. (j, bt, 3 ehf, 160):

khztf, Na FLg cstiw mJ, njitahd jftfisuo, bralkhf jahJ rkj. (glfis, jftfis khztfbrjhfnyh, jfnyh uo bralij nkbfhs brJ kLbrj). (j/FG, bt, 1 thu, 160)

FA(a)

khztf, Na FLg cs nfhf glij uo glbjhFjahj. (j / FG, bt, 1 thu, 161)


33/128

29

: Pick and Speak FA(a)

: a bgo (Box) / 1, glf/thijf vGa milfNa FLg cs nfhf kW Jiznfhf Mat

bga/glf xoa JL oid milbgo nghl brj. khztfisjjahf miHJ glf/bgaf vGjgl JL oid vLf brJ,mit ga fUJfis cldoahfnth myJ XU ehfnyh jah brJ

tFgiw TWj. (j, c, 3 , 162)

: FA(a)khztf Na FLgYs nfhf, Jiznfhfshf, jhnd

gnfW eoj. (j, c, 5 , 162-164)

: Scrab book preparation FA(a)khztf Na FLgYs nfhf Jiznfhf nghwtiw

ga jftfis uo JQF br jf jahJ rkj. (j, 1 thu,162 - 164)

: FA(a)khztf yh thd njhW neuij cWneh xU thufhd

neuij mJ tU mltiz goaL tFgiw TWj. (j, bt,1 thu, 164)

t.v eh khiy neuKj ehSF ulh ehSF

ilna cs fhy ilbt

1 PhW

2 f3 brth

4 j

5 ahH

6 bt

7 r

: FA(a)

khztf mlYs ght ml, nfhf, Jiznfhf, Na,

vff, ff, theru tiw ga brfis uo xgil jah

brJ rkj. (j, bt, 165-167)


34/128

30

f DDF nfhf uhf xU.

nfhf xnu iy Ugiy.

btW ffsh j, bt, brth, ahH, r Ma IJ nfhfis

kLnk ghf Ko. j, bt Ma nfhf Na cjaF rW K Na kiwj

ygL.

bjhLthd mUnf fhiy Na cjaF K bt nfhfhzgL. ijna obt vW miHg.

brth, ahH, r Mait Hnyh, jiyF nknyh, nknyh bj

nkUJ Hnf neh RHwJ. mjdh Na H njhnk kiwtJ ngh njhWwJ.

fhW klyK, U Ugjh cdf thH KowJ.

thd kly Na FLgij ju Fs nfhf, theru, v

eru MaitfS csd.

I.

1. FLg khj, tUl tUkhd bryl jahj FA(a)

(j, bt, 30eh, )

2. ( khzt bry)

FA(a)

(j, bt, 3eh, )

3. (aha yfil kW w filf) FA(a)

(j, bt, 1 thu)

4. ( mah br) FA(a)

(j, bt, 1 thu)

5. (cgahs, tf, Efnth) FA(a)

(FG, c, 10, )

6. (rKjhaF Kakhdtf cgahsnu, tfnu) FA(a)

(FG, c, 10, )


35/128

31

II

FA(a)

1: FA(a)

(Ma _W Jiwf cnshiu goaLgo khztfl TWj) (j,

c, 10 , 170)

2 FA(a)

Ma, khztf jkJ jij myJ jh XuhL tUkhdij

(#dt Kj org Koa) fzL 12 khj tUkhdij To 12M tFJ

fzL brj. (j, bt, 1 eh, 170)

FA(a)

khztf 6 ng bfhl 5 FGfshf J C rijia cWneh

jft uo goal. goal fl uL dhf nffgl ntL.

(FG, bt, 1 eh, 170)

FA(a)

khztf MW ng bfhl FGfshf J Ut cgahsfshf

Ut tffshf Ut bghU thFgtfshf eoj. (FG, cns, 30

, 170)

FA(a)

khzt j oYs FLg milia vjbfyh gagLjyh vWgoaLj. (j, c, 15 , 171)

FA(a)

khztf yf brW mkahbr ga jffis goJ,

brjhf, bjhiyfh bgW brf _yK mkah br gl xo

jftfis vGJj. (j, bt, 1 thu, 171)


36/128

32

FA(a)

xU khj j bgnwh tUkhdK bry mJ tu bry l

jahj. (j, bt, 1 eh, 171)

FA(a)

rKjhaF f Kakhdtf cgahsfns! tffns! vwjiy FGthj brj. (FG, bt, 20, 170)

kj mogil njitf cz, cil, ciw MF.

ntshik eho KJbfYghF.

bghUfis cg brnth cgahs. bghUfis th gtgidahs. bghUfis th gagLJgt Efnth.

cHtf, bjhyhsf, gahsf Mnah gfh eho tUkhdijbgUFwd. ij ehL tUth vnwh.

jahf xUtUF kL ilF tUkhd jeg tUkhd vdgL. midtU mogil njitfis bgWtJ g MF.

cg, Ef, g vgJ bghUshjhu mogilf.

thFtJ gJ eilbgW l rij.

bghUfis th gJ thg.

I

1. (fbtLf, id df ghJ) FA(a)

(j, bt, 3eh, )2. (f gaghL) FA(a)

(j, c, 10, )3. (mfth bjhlilait) FA(a)

(FG, bt, 3eh, )4. ( Mkj rfu fL ojjfhd fhuz) FA(a)

(j, c, 10, )5. (ffhy fUf ilj lfis ghitL FbgGJj) FA(a)

(tF, bt, 3eh, )6. FA(b)

(j, c, 10, )

II

: FA (a)

`M kj V xnu gF iyahf thHhk l bgaJ thjh

vgjfhd fhuzf g fyJiuahLj (FG, c, 20, 174)


37/128

33

: FA (a)

khztf brjh bttj bjhbghU M myJ gHfhy

ehzaf, iyf nghwt jftfis uo tFiw mJ g TWj.

(FG, bt, 1 thu, 174)

: FA (a)

khztf jf o tsfgL yFf vbdd? mtiw

ghJfhf vbdd Kaf nkbfhs ntL vgJ g goa jahj.

Mkj czfhf ntilahodh ed fhy kj

yFfis neJ thwh vgij czJ ghJfhj. (j, c, 5, 176)

: FA (a)

Mkj edfhy kj tfSilna fhQ ntWghLfis Fghf

cz, cil, thGl, jft bjhl g eoJ fhLj. (FG, c, 15, 176): FA (a)

khztf ca mDk bgW khtlYs mUfhafJF brW(fsgaz) ghitL mif jahJ gHfhy df wfis mj.(FG, bt, 1eh)

: FA (a)

khztf giHa ffhy kW a ffhy fUf khia fkbfhL jahJ mjF tz o tFgiw fhF itj.(j, bt, 1 thu, 176-177)

FA(b)

: FA(b)

jehL mua tiugl Mkj thj gFfis FJfhLj. khztf brhj khtl Mkhj thj gFf VnjD

U mlij tz Lj. (j, c, 15 , 176)

: FA(b)

khztf U FGfshf J ghl bfhLfgLs Ka fhyf,Ka lf, Ka jftfis goJ tUj nkY tFgiw dhodh

fJj. (FG, c, 30 )

ekF Kd thj kf ga jftfis MjhufSl bjhFJ fhytirgo TWtJ tuyhW MF.

tuyhid tuyhW fhy, tuyhWF Kija fhy vd uL tifahffyh.

yaf, tuyhW Ff, fbtLf br glaf XiyRtofnghwit vGJ tkhd Mjhuf MF.


38/128

34

Mkj gagLa ffUfis bfhL ffhyij giHa ffhy,a ffhy vd ulhf fyh.

M kj K ffis gagL beUig clhdh.

aif ghUJ jid ghJfhJ bfhs, iy, jiH, ,kugilf, yFf njh Matiw Milahf gagLdh.

M kj fuL Kulhd ff, kuisf vYf, yFf bfhfKjatiw fUfshf gagLdh.

kj Kj gHa yF eh.

a ffhy Ka khw cz cg MF.

kj Kj Kj gagLa cnyhf br MF.

a ffhy fUf ilJs lf, Ubent, jhFo,Jnfhil, U, nry.

Udh fUf brj fhy U fhy MF.

I.

1. ( ehfff V Mwfiu njhd) FA(a)(FG, c, 10, )

2. ( efu vgJ lL mikgJ) FA(a)(FG, bt, 3 ehf)

3. ( mUfhaf) FA(a)(tF, bt, 1 eh)

4. FA(b)(j, c, 10, )

II

FA(a)

bkhfrjhnuh vwh LfhL nkL vW bghU. khzt C/ef

bgaUfhd fhuzij bgnahfl nfL bjJ vG tUj.

(FG, bt, 1 thu, 181)

: FA(a)xU KGjhis brFJ th ulhf J lJ w bgUFs

wgrfis xw xwhf vGJj. tyJ w khzt C Fs

mrfis xL brJ vGJj. j CYs Fsij vgobayh bra

ntL vd vGJj. (j/FG, c, 15 , 182)


39/128

35

: Local Visit & FA(a)

khzt C cs bghJfllfis ghitL mitf ahuh vgo

guhkfggLwd vw tuij uLj. mt guhkig nkgLj

vbdd brayh vgij thJ vGJj. (FG, c/bt, 183)

: FA(a)

J bt fhzgl Lf wgrfis, khzt likl

xL brJ xU mltiz jahj. uo vj L wjJ? fhuz vd

vd TWj. (j, c, 15 , 183)

: FA(a)

J bt efu mikig khzt j C/efu mikl xL brJ

mltiz jah brj. vbjj tif jdJ C/efu mikig nkgLj

ntL vgij FG fyJiuaho g brj. (FG, c, 30, 183)

: FA(a)

Augh efu mikUj Lf wgrfis xU Kiw goJghJ

khzt fl U fd il xU KG jh glkhf tiuJ, xbthU

miw bgaiu vG xgil brj. (j, c, 10 , 183)

: FA(a)

khzt C jiytuhf Ujh C rhiyfS, bjUfS vgo UF

vd fgid brJ xU fLiu tiuj. (j, c, 30 )

: FA(a)

xU il KGikahf fo Kof vbjj bjhyhsf gagLwhf

vd goaLj. (FG/j, c, 15 , 182-183)

: FA(a)

jf gf 185 cs gf glfis cWghj. mit ga

brfis L xU Kiw goj. gf jkF TW jftf (J btkf) g vGJj, (FG, c, 15, 15)

: FA(a)

J rkbt ehff fhy HfUj ifbjhfis goaLj.

tW W tHf cs ifbjhfis milahs fhQj. it ju


40/128

36

khztUF bjj ifbjhfis goaLj. mtW jkF ojkhd

ifbjhf ahit vd vGJj. mjfhd fhuzij jUj.

(j, c, 15, 186)

& FA(a)

J bt FHijf isahL bghUf bra gagl bghUf g

mtW W gagLjgL bghUf vbdd vgJ g jkF bjj

isahLf g mtW jkF oj isahLfis goaLj

nkY, isaho eikfis tj. (FG, bt, 1 thu, 186)

: FA(a)

jf gf 185 cs glfis cWghj. mfy xbthWF

bgaLj. tW W Mfsh magL mfyf, bgfsh

magLgit kW UtuhY magLgit vit vd goaLj (j, c /

bt, 15 )

3: FA(a)

Jbt ehff fhy gagLjgl Kiuf glfis

cWghj. mit vgobagobayh vjfhf gagLjgoUF vd,

jnghJ Kiuf vjfhf gagLjgLwd vd, FG thJ

mif jah brj. (FG, c / bt, 15 186)

: FA(a)

a kf ghuga cilf g mt wgrf FJ

jftfis uo xU xgil jah brj (FG, c, 15 )

: FA(a)

khztf jfSF bjj fiyf g FG fyJiuaho xU goajah brj. mtW jkF oj fiyf kW jh ff U fiyf gF jUj. FG, c / bt, 15 187)

: FA(a)

J bt kf iftz fiyfis g jf goJ ghj.

fk/ikjhkh jh U bghUf khifs brJ vLJ tUj. (j,

bt, 5 ehf. 187)


41/128

37

: FA(a)

J bt kf tza bjtf kW bghUf W tzfgL

bjtf kW bghUf g, kj ezf ga khztf fUJfis

bjhFJ jUj. (FG, c, 15 , 187)

: FA(a)

J bt kf rlyfSl ijj bghUf, mjfhd fhuzf, W

rlyfSl vfgL/ijfgL bghUf mj cbghU g bgatfl

nfL vG tUj, ijj ewh? vj ewh? RW NHiy ghfhj Kiw

ntW VnjD clh vd thJ xU mif jah brj. (FG, bt, 2 ehf, 187)

:

jkJ RW tlhu mJ nghd / kf bjhif FiwJ nghd C/efu

VnjD Ujh, mffhd fhuzfis bgatfl nfL

vG tUj.(j, bt, 5ehf, 187)

: FA(a),

khzt jdJ C rF RWNH nfil KiwgLj ca

mYtyUF xU fh kD jah brj. (j, c, 15)

FA(b)

22 FA(b)

a wt ytiu gl grh gh 5 efis bkhfrjhnuh

rhFjhnuh, fgf kW nyhjh nghw efufis Fj. mitf

jnghJ vj eho/khy csd vW F jUj. (j, c, 10, 182)

J bt ehff a ehff bjhlf MF

Augh vw J bkh brhYF ijl efu vgJ bghU Jbt ehff efu oghLf bkhfrjhnuh, Augh, rhFjhnuh,

fgf nyhj nghw lf fblLfgLsd.

J bt kf wj ehff Kiwia bgUFs, folf, efumik, MKiw, ghjhs rhfil, gaghL ma, thif KiwMat _y mayh

Jbt kf vGJKiw u vGJKiw MF


42/128

38

Jbt kf bluhnfhlh (TERRACOTTA)vdgL RLk ghlbrt wik ftf

Jbt kfSF Fiuia g bjahJ.

I.1. Itif yf FA(a)

(j, bt, 1 thu, )2. ( eh bfhlhL Hhf) kia jUwdth FA(a)

(FG, c, 10, )3. ( Itif yf rhJ) FA(b)

(j, c, 1 , )

IIFA(a)

FA(a)

rf fhy fl thg jHf wJ sd vgJ FJFG fyJiuahLj. (FG, c, 20 , 195)

FA(a)

khztf VnjD U bkhf bttU dr giffUJ WgFfis bjhFJ bkh vGJ tot g TWj. (j, bt, 3 ehf)

FA(a)

vw ghliy irl ghLj. nkY njrg ghlfis ghLj. (j, c, 5 , 189)

FA(b)

filnaG tsf bgaf, gJghL f bgaf, vLbjhiff bgaf Matiw vGJj. (j, c, 20 , 193)

FA (a)

vw jiy FWehlf jahJ eoj.(c, FG, 30 , 192)

FA (a)

khztf jhf tF gF (jf C) gilfhy vj nguu

UjJ vW, C w g jft uo tFgiw gj. (j, c,

3 ehf)

ICT FA(a)

khztf gil jHf ga fhbzh fh glfis izajsUJ gwf brJ, tFgiw bjh Egij (f, LCD)gagL mij midJ khztfS ghJ fyJiuahl. (j, c, 15 )


43/128

39

FA(b)

FA(b)

nru, nrhH, ghoa kdf d, bfho, JiwKf, jiyefuMat mltiz jahj. (j, c, 20 , 192)

FA(b)

bja ygl nru, nrhH, ghoa kdf M gFiatz o kj. (j, c, 10 )

gil jHf _ntjf nru, nrhH, ghoa kdf Mld. tuyhW fhyF Kd FkKidF bjnf cs Jkh fl gF xU bgU

ygughf UjJ. Jnt Fk fl vW miHfglJ

kJiu ghoa kd jiyik ytf To j M ela wgh efTl vW bga bgwJ.

Kj rf, ilrf, filrf vd _W tif rff bragld

by_ vD Fud bgauh by_ah fl vW bga bgwJ

F, Kiy, kUj, bej, ghiy vW yij IJ aif fshf rf fhy

ytf jd tUzhuk mogil, wdhnyna ntWik ghuhL iy rf fhy iy

filbaG tsf, gh, X, fh, e, v, ngf, M Mnah Mt.

(June September)

1 2 (1) 2 (2) 2 (1) 1 (2) 1 (5) 2 (1) 2(2) 1 (5) 1 (6) 32

2 2 (1) 1 (2) 2 (1) 2 (2) 1 (5) 2 (1) 3 (2) 1 (5) 28

3 1 (1) 1 (2) 1 (1) 1 (5) 1 (1) 10

4 1 (1) 1 (2) 1 (5) 1 (1) 1 (1) 10

6 10 5 6 6 15 6 10 10 6 80


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40

: milF ( ) kbg = 60 milF btna dhf

tuyhW - 40% mj - 25%

a - 35% j - 35%

Foika - 12.5% Ms - 30%

bghUshjhu 12.5% Mw - 10%

. w ta dh 30%

F. FW a dh 35%

f. fLiu dh 35%

(

fhy: 1.30 kbgf: 60

I. 10x1=10

1. bjhiy neh kLnk ygL nfh

m) j M) nud ) ahH

2. tUkhd yhjt njitia iwntWtJ.

m) cg M) Ef ) g

3. rij bghUf mfkhf FbghJ iy

m) mfkhF M) Fiw ) khwhJ4. rKjha cUthj ga tuf tUtdt vJ rahdJ?

m) rKjha - FLg - jeg - r_f

M) jeg - FLg - r_f - rKjha

) FLg - rKjha - jeg - r_f

5. xU o jhjh, gho, mgh, mkh U FHijf csd, mJ xU

m) a kW j FLg M) bga kW TL FLg ) a kW

TLFLg

6. rfu fLofgl fhy

m) giHaffhy M) a ffhy ) br fhy7. tuyhW fhyij tuyhWF Kgl fhyij f cj Mjhuf

m) ffUf M) ijf ) vGJ Mjhuf

8. c C mfthuh brbghGJ vYdh Md ifo fyh Md

mth nghw mikila xU fU iljJ vwh, mJ vfhyij

rhjjhf UF.

m) giHaffhy M) a ffhy ) br fhy


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41

9. jfhy khoLfis Jbt LfUJ ntWgL fhLtJ

m) rika miw M) #d ) Fayiw

10. Jbt kf kWth eif bfhoUjd vw TWF tYnrgJ

m) mtf t tghL M) mfsfnshL wjtiu ijj )

jhol Toa Rzhf iy

II 5x1=5

11. ahnfhil fhy v mnkfhF gUt

12. ru Naid R tUjh mJ vd miHf goUF.

13. xU FLg jij khj - %, 5000


46/128

42

35.bghUshjhu ts - F vHJf

36.r_f, rKjha xLf.

37.l nfhfSF th nfhfSF cs ntWghLfis vGJf

6x1=6

38.1) nyhjh 2) J 3) ry{ 4) bkhfrjhnuh 5) kakiy 6)tfhs Flh

FA(a) & FA(b)

FA(a) &FA(b)


47/128

43

I. : 212-214)

FA(a)

a tiugl M{, ehsjh, fndh{ gj f, bl nfhdh Ma

lfis FJ mit jnghJ vbgauh miHfgLwJ vgij mit

cs khyf bgafis vGJj

FA(a)nrU thHyh, U na

FA(b)

(j, c, 05 )

FA(b)

(j, c, 05 )

FA (b)

(j, c 05 )

FA(b)

(FG, c, 10 )

FA(b)

(j, c, 10 )

II.

FA(a)

Mia mikgjfhd nghuhl vw g aikahj bria

sF tif (FGthf) Cik ehlfkhf/ehlfkhf khztf eoJfhLj.

(FG, c, 10 , 205)

FA(a)

ufhuf Fj brfis fijahf vG tF TWj (nj nghW

kw kud Fj brfis FG FGthf Tw brj. (FG, c, 10 , 205)

FA(b)

xU jhid brFJ th ulhf koJ lJw ufhu ku

mur bgafis xw xwhf vG xbthUt rhjidfismtutUF nenu tyJw vG xgilj (nj nghW kw ku murf

rhjidfis FG J goal brayh)

(FG, c, 10 , 206)


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44

FA(a)

khztfis 4 FGthf J xbthU FGit ghy ku xU mur

bgaiu njbjLf brj. njbjLj mur L mtfis rjh

vd brfis brhth vd vGj brj. vGa jtuyhiw FG jiytnuh,

myJ FG cWd xbthUtU WW gFfshfnth tF ngr brj.

(FG, c, 30 , 206)

FA(b)

ghyf FJ fhynfhL jah brj. (F: ..865-998 vw fhy

ilbtF `tikaw kdf vd Fj) (j, c, 10 , 206)

fhy nfhil gagL fhQ dhfSF ilaf brj.

1. l fhy M brj ghy ah? mt vjid MLf M brjh?

2. Fiwj fhy M brj ghy ah? mt vjid MLf M

brjh?

3. ghy ku vjid MLfhy tl ahit M brjJ?

FA(a)

fndh{ gFfhf _W murfilna nghuhl vw g cs

beia bt bfhzu xU Xuf ehlffhd ciuahl (FGthf) jahJtF goJ fhLj. (FG, c, 30 , 206)

FA(a)

ilfhy tl a murf cUtglf mukidf, folf,

gf, nfhf Kjat glfis uo glbjhF jahj.

xbthU glij g W F vGJj. (j, bt, 1 thu, 205-210)

FA(b)

(j, c, 30, 205-210)


49/128

45

FA(a)

ufhufSF iu brY j M mikj mur trf g sf

xU fUJgl tiuj. (j, c, 15, 205-206)

:

1. uhruf Na Fy myJ ruFy t tjtf.2. ghy kuig bjhlat nfhghy (..765-769).3. brsfh kdf f Kakhd kd uh{ brsfh

Mth.4. uhruf Jkjij ngh tsjd.5. tf fhy yaf fAd vGa uh#ju, b#anjt

jnfhj, nrhknjt fjhrj rhfu Mad wghd gilfMF.

6. nfhdh cs NanfhY, mkiy flgLs thuh

nfhY uhru fhy folfiyF wj vLJfhLf.

I. :

: FA(b)

a tiugl Ka efufis Fj (j, c, 5 )

FA(b)

( j, c, 5 )

: FA(a)

jfhz kdf fhyij nrj, fol fiy, Xa bjhlghd

glfis uo gl bjhF xiw brj. (j, c, 5 ): FA(a) vf kd kung wjJ (FG, c 10 )

: FA(a)

jfhz f wj kd vW khzt fUJgtiu th Rtbuhoxiw jah brj. (FG, c, 10 )

FA(a)kd/jf/jf Ma/mfhy fol Kja jiyig g y

jftfis Tw brj. (FG, c, 5 )

II.FA (a)

khztf jf C myJ khtl viyfis fhL gl tiuJvG tUj (FG, bt, 1 eh)

FA (a)

khzt j jij, jij jij (mjhtJ jhjh) thW tirgL 3myJ 5 jiyKiwf bgafis bjhFJ goaLj.(j, bt, 1 eh)


50/128

46

FA(a)

bAhrhs tr kdf fhy Ka ffis sF fhynfhLtiuj (j, c, 10 lf, g. 215)

FA(a)

a y tiugl jfhzij 6 Kj 8M whL tiu Mbrj muRfis btntW tzfis o milahs fhQj. (j, c,10 , g. 216)

FA(a)rhSa kdf fll fiyia sF glfis jff kW

izajsUJ bgW glbjhFjahj

FA(a)

VnjD xU Filtiu nfhYF (khkyu) miHJ brWghlYs Filtiu nfhYl xLj, jft uLj, bjhFj. (FG,bt, 2 ehf, 217-18)

FA(b)

el Kofgl ghl gF dho dh el kbg tHFj.(tF, c, 15 , 218-220)

: FA(a)

uhou Tlf gf g kwjffUJ jftfis uoxgil brj. (j, bt, 2 ehf, 219)

FA(a)

(FG, c, 5 , 220)

FA(a)

fhfaf fhya kdf fhy nfhL tiuj (FG, c, 10 e, 220)

FA(a)ahjt kdf g trht gl tiuj (j, c, 10 , 222)

FA (b)

(j, c, 15, 218 -222)

:

1. ah bjF gFahdJ myJ vd

miHfgLwJ.

2. thjh rhSaf jiyefukh saJ.

3. euktk ulh nf J gilbaLJ, nfia bfhwh.


51/128

47

4. fhy nkiy rhSa kuig bjhla mur ulh ijygh Mth.

5. bt iH rhSaf jiyefukhF.

6. InAhny, vd wfgLwJ.

7. v~glh Fif nfhiyfo Kojtf uhouTlf.

8. njt nfhil ahjtfsh flglJ.

I. :

: FA(b)

a tiugl Ka efufis Fj (j, c, 10 )

FA(a)bja nguuRf fiy kW folfiy (j, c, 1 thu)

: FA(a)

gyt / nrhH / ghoa bjhlghd lf (tF, bt, 1 eh): FA(b)kdfsJ bgaiu mtfsJ w bganuhL izj (FG, c 5 )

: FA(a)

gyt / nrhH / ghoa vw jiy (FG, bt, 2 ehf)

II.FA (b)

khztf, gyt fhy kdf bga kW mtf w bgafgoa jahJ tFgiw TWj. (j eg, c, 10 , 225-227)

FA (b)

nru, nrhH, ghoaf jiyefu, JiwKf, d, wj mur bgamltizahf jahJ tF tHFj. (j , c, 10 )

FA (a)

th Rth glij W mil xo, mtiu ga jftfis uo

W F vGJj. (j ,bt, 2 ehf, 226)FA (a)

fLkhd nfhf, Filtiu nfhf mikJs lf bgaiuTw brJ kbg tHFj.(j, c, 10 , 238)


52/128

48

FA (a)

nrhHfhy Flnthiy KiwnahL jfhy csh njjiy xL

fyJiuahl fJj. (FG, c, 10 , 231)

FA (a)

jeho cs Ka nfhf glfis uo, mnfhf ahuh

vnghJ flglJ vgJ ga F jahj. (FG, bt, 3 ehf)FA (a)

khztf mtf C cs nfhf vj tifia rhjJ vd,

mit ahuh, vnghJ flglJ vgJ g jft uLj.

(j, bt, 3 ehf, 226)

FA (a)

gyt fhy fiy, fll fiy wfis ma khkyuF

fsgaz brW mif jahj. (tF, bt, 1 eh)

FA (a)

khztfl mtf C myJ khtl gila kdf (nru,

nrhH, ghoa, gyt) ahUila MF cgl gFbad nfL jft

uLgo TWj. (j, btna, 1 eh)

:

1. Kjyh euktk, khky vd thjh bfhlh vd

miHfglh. t Kjyh knfutk kf Mth.

2. khkyu cs xiwf ujf kW fh ifyhrehj nfh

gyt fhy fll fiyF wj vLJfhLf MF.

3. uh#uh#nrhH ..1010 M ML jrh utu nfhiy

fodh. tUF KKo nrhH, b#abfhlh vw w bgafS

cL.

4. fif bfhl nrhHu uhn#u nrhHdh cUthfglJ.

5. iwa fehlf irF nrhH fhyjh lglJ.

6. uhkhaz, gUUKiwf, ehyhu augj Kjad

nrhHfhyjh bjhFfglJ.

7. Uthrf khfthrfuh awglJ.

8. ghoaf Filtiunfhfis cUthFt w bgUjd.


53/128

49

I. :

FA (a)

yh{ bAuh bfhyhl fUia ga jftfis uo mJ vthW bgUbto bfhifia nrhjidl gagLwJ vgij tJ vG rkj.(FG, c, 1 thu, 245)

FA(a) csikig kh brJ 3 mLFfis sFj. (FG, 247)

tz gl t (Red), y (Blue) , gir (Green).js , fk nghJkhd ms

gf 247- bfhLJsgo, csik 3 mLFfisbfhLsJ. Kj js fk vLJ t tzis fyJ

nghJkhd ms nrJ W cUil brJ bfhs.J fkQl gG w tzis fyJ, J Cjilahf brJ Kj iy brj cUilia vLJ jil itJ cUilahfr bra.

J fkQl gir, gG, t w tzis fyJjilahf brJ, ulh iy brj cUilia eL itJcUilahf brj.

xUeh fJ mij tFgiwF bfhL tJ cUilahf csJvW mij ulhf bto 3 w cs mLFfshd XL, ftr kWfUtij sFj.

FA (a)

cy VjhtJ gJ s gsjhFfis mJ cyf tiuglFj. (j, bt, 1 thu, 251)

nkhuh gl tiuj (j, c, 10, 251)FA (a)

vkiy cth VgL eik ikfis thj.(j, bt, 1 thu, 252)

II.

FA(a)

jLf viyfis cyf tiugl tiuJ, eh thG njh-Mnua jLF kL tz Lj. (j, c, 10 , 245)

FA (a)

kakiy tUlF 5.. msF caJ bfhnl brtij nrhjid_y mj.

: kumil (Card Board) 30 br.x 15 br. 1, WW ffkW gir. jhtuf


54/128

50

kumil (Card Board) nk gF girjl mjnk WWff, W jhtuf nghwtiw gu y njhw ngh cUth, gftho

U iffsh ne v ir mGj bfhLF nghJ mil eLgFcaJ tis ngh fhzgL. nj nghW jLf efthYmGjjhY a ynjhwf myJ jnghJs y njhwf khwfVgLwd. JnghW kakiy caJ bfhnl tUwJ vgij tj.

(FG, c, 2 ehf, 246)FA(a)

y eLf vthW VgLwJ, vkiy tiff, gutf teik ikf Matiw glJl mif jahJ xgilj. (j, bt, 4ehf, 250 - 254)

FA(a)

cy vkiyf VgL VnjD IJ lfis cyf tiugl Fj.(j, c, 10, 253)

FA(a) af rfis sf, jFj fUJ gl tiuJ bjhFj. (FG,

c, 10, 246) :

1. ghah vw nuf brhYF vyh yK (All Earth ) vW bghU.2. bga jL J 1/5 gF nkguig cslf

ToajhF.3. 4. nknyhL (Crust) vd miHfgLwJ.5. naho kiyahf ef VgLtjh ko kiyf cUthwJ. c.

kakiy.6. y eLf vgJ nknyho Obud fG mirj myJ eLFj

MF.7. y mkh (nkhuh) vw fUia bfhL yeLf

mtiyf g bragLwJ.8. y eLfij kL bra l msnfh gagLjgLwJ. j myF

0 Kj 9 tiu MF.9. Ath Ys nkhdnyhth cynyna fbga bragL vkiy MF.10.wj vkiy FWF vLJfhL, jeho fbgw Utzhkiy

FW kW Muunjr gdfh FW.

I. :

FA(a)

cd ij ga glbjhF xW jah brj.

(j, bt, 2 ehf, 260)


55/128


56/128

52

FA (a)

goa itj iy VgL ynjhwfis khf brJ fho, sfjUj. (j/FG, btna, 1 thu, 262 - 263)

glf (ynjhw glf) mla milf (myJ)brhf vGa fhj RUf, xU milbgo khztfl, fl mj brayh VgL ynjhwglfis

milf xonah myJ ynjhwf bgafis fhj RU vGnahmil bgo nghl brhYj, mUJ VjhtJ xU mil (myJ) fhjRUis vLJ bfhL 2 myJ 3 eh fJ vLfgl jiyig g ngRj.(j, c, 3 , 263-264)

(Scrab Book Preparation) FA (a)fl miy goaitj iy VgL ynjhwfis flJ mjF

Vwh ngh jftfis, glfis uo JQF jfkhf xgilj brj myJgl tiuj. (j, c, 1 thu, 264-265)

3D FA (a)gahW mj iy VgL ynjhwf khfis (Models) brJ

xgilj.

xbthU khztU gah flj kW goa itjyh cUthF ynjhwga jftfis uo ngRj. (j, c, 15 , 265-267)

FA(a) nkguig ghF fhuf vit vd goaL, mtwh cUthfgL

ynjhw glfis mijg XU tf uo vG xgilj. (j, bt, 1 thu)

FA (b)

1. flfiuia RY mJ, fl goa itgt.2. flfiu btw nk, bjhlahf mfgl xGFs ynjhwkhf

cst.3. miyfsh mfgL brFjhd ghiw fliy neh mikUgt.4. bjhlahd miyf _y cUthFgt.5. efU gghiwahf Ugt.6. JUt unjrf guj ms gJfshf cst.7. gbjLjdh ehfh nghw mik Ugt.8. gahdh mJ, MHgLjgL cUthwt.

1. miyf2. tisFlh

3. Xf4. Fif5. gahWf

6. flgahW7. r8. U-tot gsjhF

fhdh njhW ynjhwf ga brf kW glfis uoJQFjf jahj. (j, bt, 1 thu)


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FA(b) nkguig ghF fhufis, mitfsh njhW

ynjhwfis goaLj. (j, c, 15 )

(Cross words-fun with fuzzle) FA (b)

(j, c, 5 ): fl mltizia jFj brhfis bfhL uf.

A. :

1. ghiwJffshf s VgL njhw (3)2. nrifah ghgil jhJ (4)3. iw ru tot kzFW (4)B :

4. U Fiff xW nrtJ (6)5. gah Jf, nrW fyitah njhWtJ (5)6. caukhd Mwfiu go (3)

C :7. kiy gF VgL ij (1)8. c gofkhjiy thW miHg (6)

D :

9. l ghiwf vdgLtJ (5)

:

1. ghiwf cilj myJ ijtilj vgij ghiw ij vnwh.

2. my kiH cyf mrakhd jh{kAh cs ryit ffis ghwJ.vdnt a muR jh{kAhiy Rs njh bjhrhiyfis jilbrJsJ. bjhrhiyfsh my kiH VgLwJ.

3. MW, fliy milnghJ KfJthu gF to tliy goaitwJ. J bllh vW miHfgLwJ.

4. fif M s 2510 .. J ah nja Mwhf mfgLsJ.5. cy l flfiu mbkfhYs . ulhtJ bga

flfiu bridYs .


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54

6. kiyaothugF gJff Ftjh cUthF gahWfkiyaothugahWf MF.

7. ghiytd NH fhdh mfgL, l kiybjhlnghy fhzgLkiynjhwnk MF.

8. fhsh nghw njhwkF ghiwf vd miHfL.9. iw ru tot kz FWf vd miHfgLwJ.

10. ghiytdF mUfhikYs gFf goUF EakzJff MF.

I. :

FA(a)

fif e - nja e (FG, c, 20 )FA(a)

ehLgW ga ghl vGJj. (j, c, 10 ): FA(a)

eh X mikruhdh (j, c, 5 )FA(a)

(j, bt, 1 thu)FA(a)

ekJ ehL ghuga (j, bt, 1 thu)

II.FA(b)

cyf mua ygl ah Ulij mJ tz Lj.

(j, c, 5 lf, 272)FA(a)

khzt jdJ bjU cs 10 FLgfis ga jftfisfzbfL _y uo tu brhYj. (j / FG, bt, 1 thu) goaUJkhzt mJ bfhlit g bjhFJ vGJj.

FA(b)a mua tiugl a khyf, a unjrfis Fj.

(j, c, 10 , 272)

FA(a)ah FoaurhdJ Kj W tiu M brj FoauR jiytfis

ga FfSl Toa br bjhF / JQF jf jahj. (j, bt, 2ehf, 273)


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55

FA(a)a eho izyh nja df ga JQFjf xwid

jahj. (j, bt, 1 thu, 275)

FA(a)

mU cs kwF fsgazkhf mif xgilj. (tF , bt,1 eh, 274)

FA(a)khztf W W FGfshf J, nja xUikghil tsF jkhf

gntW khyf fyhrhu, gghoid eoJ fhLj.(FG, c, 20 , 277)

:

1. bt M ah MwhtJ lij bgWsJ.2. kf bjhif mogil ah dhF mLjhf ulhtJ

lYsJ.

3. ah tlnf kakiy, Hnf tfhsFlh, bjnf a bgUfl,nknf mufl Matwh NHgLsJ.

4. ah y viy s 15,200 ..5. 1950 M ML #dt 26 M nj ah FoauR ehlhdJ. a FoauR 28

khyfis 7 a unjrfis cilaJ.6. FoauR jiytnu a eho jiyt Mth.7. a ehlhSkw nyhrgh, uh{argh vw U mitfis bfhlJ.8. ah cs midJ kwfSF jiyikahdJ crkw.

ah 21 cakwf csd.9. ehLgiz ghl MF ms 52 dho.

10. 1896 bfhfjh eilbgw a nja fhu kheho ehLgKj Kiwahf ghlglJ.11. ekJ nja yF ; njagwit k; nja ky jhkiu, nja ku

Myku.12. vgj bghU thikna btY J ekJ nja

d FfgLsJ.

I. :

FA(a)ekJ mwhl th `mogil cikf kWfgLtij mtiw bgWtKiwfis g khztf FGfshf J fyJiuahLj. (mogilcikf kWfgL nghJ kw bryyh vw fUJ MauhkhztfSF tWjgl ntL). (FG, c, 5 , 284)

FA(a)

mogil flikfis ikakhf bfhL ehlf jahj. tFgiweoJ fhLj. (FG, c, FGF 5)


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56

FA(a)ah muayik rlij cUtha jiytf glfis xo

mjdUnf mtfsJ gfig ga Fid vGj brj. (j, bt, 3ehf g: 282)

FA(a)

khztf uL FGfshf J gokw Ky midJ FokfS

jkFa mogil cikfis mDgwd vW X m, mDgfiyvW knwh m thj brj. (FG, c, 20 285

FA(a)

bghJ brhJfis ghJfhf khztf nkbfhS eltoiffmyJ tKiwfis nkfhQ gl vGJj. (j, c, 10, 288)

FA(a)

a rl tiu FG jiytuhd lhl mngfh ga jftfis yf,

brjhf, bjhiyfh _y uo vGJj. (j, bt, 3 ehf 283)

II.

FA(a)

a muayik rl waf ga xgil jah brj (j,bt, 3 eh 282)

FA(a)a mua mik Kfiuia izajsUJ gwf brJ,

goJghJ 5 dhf jah brj. (j, bt, 3 ehf g: 283)

FA(b)

a mua za rig jiytf kW cWdf bga goaiy jf,izajs MatUJ uLj. (j, bt, 3 eh 281 - 282)


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57

FA(a)

tiu FG cWdf ga jftfis uo xgilj (j, bt, 3

ehf, 281 -282)

FA(a)

iwa fhyfl kj ahghubghUshf khwgLwh. mtdJ ciHRulgLwJ vw TWF khzt ghj /nfl/mDgj fit TWj. (j, c,

khztUF 3 l, 284)

FA(b)

khztUF bjj kjrhgw ehLf bgafis TWj. (j, c, 5 )

FA(a)

kjfSilna cs xWikfis goaLj. (FG , c 10 )

FA(a)

khzt jtabjhj g bryhj njhHf bga goaiy jahj;

mjfhd fhuzij mj; fF ah bghW bgnwhuh? FHijah kwtuh? vd

fyJiuahl brj. (FG, c, 10 )

:

1. e a ehL 1947 M ML MfL 15 M eh Ljiy bgwJ.

2. 1950 M ML rdt 26 M eh a muayik rl eilKiwF

bfhLtuglJ.3. lhl. mngf a mua mik rl Mth.

4. a mu nja FnfhfS xW kjrhik MF.

5. ghuhSkw muRKiwia bghW muR myJ fhbd muR vW miHg.

6. a muayik rl rh, kj, dghd, gonjh, brhJilik Ma

ntWgho 18 taJ ua midtU njj thff cW bragLsJ.

7. ekJ mogil flikfS xW nja bfho kW nja dfSF k

mj.

8. ekJ mogil flikfS f KakhdJ 6 Kj 14 taJ tiu cs midJ

FHijfS f bgWtjfhd thig VgL jUj.


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58

(Blue Print)

1 6 (1) 1 (2) 1 (1) 2* (2) 1 (5) 1 (2) 1* (5) 6 (1) 22

2 3 (1) 3 (2) 1 (5) 1 (1) 15

3 1 (1) 1 (2) 5 (1) 1* (2) 1 (1)2 (2)

1*

2 (5)

1*6*

Choice23

10 4 6 6 10 2 6 10 6 60

10 2 6 2+3* 3 2 3+1* 2+2* 6+6* 48

:(Objective tpye Question)

(Short Question)

(Detailed Question)

* Choice Questions

(

(SA)

fhy: 1.30 k kbgf: 60

I. 7x1=7

1. whLfSF ilgl fhynk ilfhy vdgLwJ.

(m) 8-18 M) 1-8 ) 18-ffhy

2. Ugh MyakhdJ nfhiy ngh flgLsJ.

(m)ifyhrehj M)uftu )bAhrhnytu)

3. Kjyh euktk glbga MF.

(m) thjh bfhlh M) b#abfhlh ) flhubfhlh)

4. ghah bga jLfshf cilfgLsJ.

(m) 7 M) 6 ) 10


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59

5. flfiuf vjDl bjhlilait?

(m) MWf M) gahWf )miyf

6. nja ghl tnj khjuij aat

(m) g ru rl M) uueh jhT )#tAyh neU

7. cy ah gugs__________bga ehL.

(m) ulhtJ (M) IjhtJ () VHhtJ)

II. 7x1=7

8. ehsjh gfiyfHfij Jjt_____________

9. Kfhy nkiy rhSaf f wj mur___________

10. Uthrfij aat__________

11. vkiy vgJ xU __________ MF

12. ghiwf cilfgLtJ kW ijfgLtJkhd brafshdJ

____________ vd miHfgLwJ.

13.a eho jiyt __________ Mth.14.ah crkw mikJs l___________.

III. 4x1= 4

15. bkfj - Ughit

16. mua za rig - nuf vGjhs

17. k krhnuh - Kjfhy nkiy rhSa

18. Mlh - 9 org 1946

- Mfh

x2= 16

19.ah Mbrj uhruf VnjD ehF tifd bgafis

FLf.

20.jfhzij tl ahUJ vit wd?

21. nrhHf thff FJ vGJf.

22.gytf thff FJ vGJf.

23.yeLffis ghF rfis TWf.

24.thiy ij FJ W F vGJf.25.l kzLf vwh vd?

26.vkiyf tiff ahit?

27.ah miklij vGJf.

28.ekJ ehLg TW brf ahit?

29.ah xU kjrhik ehL vd V TWnwh?

30.ekJ nja ky TW br ahJ?


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4x5= 20

31.uhruf gntW Jiwf Ma gfid t.

32.nrhHf thf mikid sFf.

33.ghiw ij tiffis T VnjD xwid cjhuzJl sFf.

34.nyhrgh g vGJf.

35. mLFfis T VnjD xiw sFf.36.iwahik wig TWf?

6x1= 6

37. (a) a tiugl fhQ lfis Ff.

bl, m{, ehsjh, khkyu, jrh, m#jh

(myJ)

(b) cyf tiugl fltiw tz Ff.

(i) g beU tisa gF

(ii) bfah vkiy(iii) ghu f

(iv) ahkh

I


65/128

61

FA(a) & FA(b)

FA(a) &FA(b)

I.

FA(a)jh{kAh cyf mraf xwhf fUjgLtjfhd fhuzfis

MuhJ Ugf ms fLiu xW vGJj (j, c, 20 l, g 257)

FA(a)

Kfyha nguuR ailjjF fhuzf vw jiy W FG

fyJiuahl brj (FG, c, 10 , 262)

FA(a)

cyf mraf glfS brfS. (j, bt, 3 eh, 258-260)

FA(a)Kfyha nguuR g br uo gl xo FngL jahj (j /FG ,

bt, 5 eh, 247-262)

FA(a)

ghg Kj xsuftiu blia Ml kdf cUt glfistirahf xo gl bjhF xiw uo jah brj. (j, bt, 5ehf)myJ

FA(b)Kfyha murf trht goa jahJ FG gj (j, c, 30 ,

247-262)


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62

FA(a)Kfyha kd vtnuD xUtiu njbjLJ mtuJ fhy eilbgw Ka

ffSF fhynfhL xW jah brj (j, c, 30 , 247-262)FA(a)

Kfyha fhy yaK gilghsfS vw jiy RHyiljahj. (j, c, 30 , 253-255)

II.

FA(b)

fhQ Ffis goJ mjfhd brhfis fLoJ bfhLfgl

fl tlLj. (j, c, 30 , 265-273)

1. bkhfyha kd ( nja mur)2. bh cUtha fll3. mguh uJ bragl t

4.

mghr vGa Eh5. uhkhaz kW kfhghuij ghuf bkh bkh bgajt6. #Ah tHF Kiw7. jh{kAhiy foa 8. h#Ah foa kN9. ghg JU bkh vGa Eh10. mg njhWj bjf kj11. mg mukid mikJs l.12. A]kh njhfofgl l13. mg mitia myfj ir Ph

bA m J y g ah nlh #] kh

h m R yh

# f nr I

m m bg R ndh

jh bg gh M jh v uh

gh g nrh g f gh dh zh

c m r

K r yh nj

l F m g eh kh c g


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63

FA(a)

Kfyha nguuR ga br izajsUJ gwf brJ FWjfL

jah brj (j /FG , bt, 5 ehf, 247-262)

FA(a)xsuf mfhuK th juK vw jiy FW ehlf

jahJ tF eoj. (FG, c, 15 )

FA(b)

a tiugl mg nguu viyfis Fj. mJ jnghija

ytugo vbjj ehLf kW khyfis cslajhf UwJ vd F

vGJj. (j, c, 10 , 252)

FA(b)

a tiugl xsuf nguu viyfis Fj. mJ jnghija

ytugo vbjj ehLf kW khyfis cslajhf UwJ vd F

vGJj. (j, c, 10 , 259)

FA(b)

a tiugl mg nguu viyia xU tzY, xsuf

nguu viyia ntW tzY FJ U nguuRfis xl. (j, c,

10 , 254 & 259)

:

1. ..1526 M ML Vu 21 M eh tuyhW ff ghg nghuhnyhoF, ghgUF ilna eilbgwJ.

2. vw Eh JU bkh ghguh vGjglJ.3. A]kh vw brhYF mZlkhd vW bghU. t ghg kfdhth.4. #yhY KfkJ mg ..1542 M ML etg 23M eh

mkunfhil wjh. jkJ 14 M ta nguuruhf ..1556gjnawh. t ahit Mbrj jiywj kd.

5. kW vw Ehf mghryh vGjglit.6. yh kjrhik myJ kj rjikia mogilahf bfhl

kj . mg ij cUthdh.7. ilfhy ahit M brj Kjbg mu #Ah. t kd

#Ah kid Mth.8. jh{kAh Ah#Ahdh flglJ. J aKdh efiu Muh

csJ. Ah#Ah kid Kjh idthf foa jh{kAh Rkh 20yr bry 22 MLfhy fod ciHgh flglJ.

9. xsuf Kfyha tr fil nguur Mth.10.t K myhjtf J b#ah tia tjh.


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64

FA(b)

kuha mitUj mikrf bgaf kW mtfsJ Jiwf g

goaLj. (j, c, 15 )

FA(a)

ekJ ehil vflUJ ghJfhj (jkJ C / khtlij nrj)

uhQt uf gfig g , khztf jkF bjjij Ugf ms

fLiuahf vGJj (j, bt, 1 thu)

FA(a)

khztf jkJ W ta mtfsJ bgnwh myJ bgatfl nflj

u fijfis rf khztfSF TWj.

(j, c, 3 , 265 )

FA(a)

. khztf, th thif tuyh eilbgw VnjD xU W

gFid eoJ fhl (FG , c , 5, 265-268)

FA(b)

a tiugl kuha nguu viyfis Fj. mJ jnghija

ytugo vbjj khyfis cslajhf UwJ vd F vGJj. (j,

c, 10, 271)

FA (b)

kuha th thif tuyh Ka ffis fhynfhL tiuJ

m Fj. (j, c, 10 , 265-272)


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65

FA (b)

Ma fhQ FWbfGJfis khztfl bfhLJ ug brj.

br k iy v th

j u #h

m Z l u jh yh gh

l a { uh a R

fh th Z

_ wh gh g bfh

I

1. xsufgh th thW miHfglh2. th thf3. ..1761

II.

1. .. 16652. th nguuR3. ujk mikr

III. 1. thia mlf xsufdh mDggl jfhz MSe2. th jhah bga

IV.

1. kuhaf mUj ngh Kiw

:

1. kAhuhZou kiygFf thj kf kuhaf vdmiHfgld.

2.

bfhyh nghKiw vgJ Kiwrhuh nghKiw MF.3. th vW vW miHfglh.4. 1674 M ML th rug vw glij No bfhlh, th

nguuR Rauh{a vd miHfglJ.5. Zth vw brhYF ujk mikr vW bghU. mZlujh vgJ

th k rigF bga.6. ehh nfhDh itu kW kyhrdij ghufF bfhL

brwh.


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66

I.

FA(b)

cyf tiugl Inuhah flij tzL fhLj. (j, c, 5 )

FA(b)Inuhgh fl cs ehLf bgafis ytiugl jf (atlas)

cj bfhL vGJj (j, c, 10)

FA(b)

a flt fLoghsf bgafis fLoj lfis

goaLj (j, c, 10)

FA(b)

ahF Kj Kj flt fLojt ah vd mJ mt

fLoj tia cyf tiugl Fj (j, c, 10)

FA(b)nghRaf, Mnyaf kW buRfhuf tfjyfis

a w t ytiugl FJfhLj. (j, c, 10 )

FA(a)

ah Mnyaf nfhilf ga brfis uLj myJ

mtut khtl cs nfhilf ga jftfis uLj. (FG, bt, 1

thu)

II.

FA(b)Inuha ehLfSF ahF ilna tf vj _W Ka

tjlf _y eilbgwJ vd vGJj. m_W tjlfis cyf

tiugl FJ fhLj. fhlho neh vj tjl csJ

vgij FJ fhLj (j, c, 10 )

FA(a)fnfhil kd rhbkhid, thnfhlfhkh Kj Kj

rjnghJ vd fUF vgij fgid brJ FG X ciuahl

fJj. (FG, c, 10 , 274-275)

FA(b)

ahF tf a tj Inuhafis fhytir Kiw vG

mtf a jiyiklfis goaLj (j, c, 10 , 274-277)

v.fh.

nghRf - nghRa - nfhth


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67

Inuhgh fl mua ytiugl ahF tf bra tj

ehLfis btntW tzf FJfhLj. mt mikl fl

tfF vgo cjaJ vd sFj. (j, c, 10 )

FA(a)

e ehL gfg ehlhf myhk, viyfis ehLfsh NHgoUjh eeho bjhf, tf, jgbtg iy vthW UF vd fgidahf

ngRj. (j, c, 5 )

:

1. nghRa khY thnfhlfhkh edif Kidia flJ KjKj

nfhnfhL flfiuia tjiljh.

2. nghRaf il, lhk, ggh, yif, rhbr, g, A] nghw

gFfis ifgd.

3. ..1640 M ML j #h{ nfhil flglJ.4. ghonr buRfhuf jiyiklkhf mikUUjJ.

5. .. 1742M ML ons ghonr ftduhf gjnawh.

I.

FA (b)

fehlf nghf fj gFfis a tiugl khztf Fj.

mit jnghija ytugo vbjj khtlf csd vd vGJj. (j, c,10)

MnyafSF buRfhufSF ilna ya gifik cz

FJ xgil jahj. (j, bt, 1 thu)

ah sh ngh fj Kiw kW isf g fyJiuahl. (FG,

c, 10, 285)

uil M Kiw eik, ik g gokw el mif rkj.

(FG, c, 10 , 287-288)

Mnya btfhd fhuzf g fyJiuahl brJ mif

rkj. (FG, c, 10 , 287-288)


72/128

68

. FA(a)

My -uR clgoiff FJ fhynfhL tiuj. (j, c, 10 ,

281 - 284)

FA(a)

Mnya Mf ah vgo iy bgwJ vgJ FJ thjbrj (FG, c, 10 , 284-287)

II.

FA (a)

ngh njitah? vw jiyig khztfl bfhLJ fUJfis Tw

brj. xbthUtU j fUJfis g bra thgj (tF, c, 10 ,

284-287)

FA(a)fehlf nghfis sf fUJgl tiuj.

(FG, c, 10 , 284-287)

FA (a)

fehlf nghf ff FJ fl mltizia uj

:

1. .. 1740 Kj 1763 tiu Mnya, buRfhuf ilna 3

nghf eilbgwd. it fehlf eilbgwjh fehlf nghf vW

miHfgld.

2. Kj fehlf myh ng clgoifgo 1748 KotiljJ.

3. ..1748 ulhtJ fehlf ngh bjhlaJ.

4. uhg is Mfho u vd bgUiknahL miHfglh.

5. uh{ c-bjhyh 146 Mnya ngh ufis nghiffshf iwoj

f ffjh Uliw vd miHfgLwJ.6. iAj m 1722M ML xU rhjhuz ViH FLg wjh. j fod

ciHgh ikN muruhdh. t xU wj th.

7. ..1765 tfhs ftduhf uhg is bghWngwh.

8. vw ia cUth fbg Caf kW mtf

jitfSF cjdh.


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69

9. ..1772 M ML tfhs My Ha Wtd neuo

M bfhLtuglJ.

I.

: FA(a)

jf gf.299 cs dhbjhFfhd ilfis Fj

(j , c, 10 lf, g. 239)

: FA(b)

cyf tiugl viz cg br lfis Fj. (j, c, 10, 239)

: FA(a)aif kW braif ts Mjhufis tifgL glbjhF jahj

(FG, bt,1 thu, g. 299)

: FA(a)

fhwhiykh jahj (FG, bt,1 thu, g. 298)

II.

FA(a)

yf cUthF Kiw ga tufis uo xgil jahj (j ,bt,1 thu, g. )

FA(a)

ah fhwhiyf cs lf ga brf kW glfis uoxgil brj (j , bt,1 thu, g. )

FA(a)

vbz cg br ehLfis flf thahf goaLj(j,bt,1 thu, g. )

FA(a)

gJ MLf bgnuh J nghdh vdthF vgJ g fgidfLiu tiuj. (j , bt,1 thu, g. )

FA(a)

, r, vbz tsfis l ehfSF gagLj vbdd

eltoiffis khztf nkbfht vd fyJiuahomif jahj (FG,

c, 10 l, g. 323)


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70

FA(b)

ah cs mQ iyafis tiugl Fj. mit cskhyfis goaLj (j , c,10 l, g. )

FA(a)ts Mjhufis ghJfhjY, RWwikia ghJfhjY.

(FG, c, 10 l, g. )

FA(a)yf, r, Na Mw, viz tsf

(FG, c, 10 ,g. 323)

F A(b) cs Jf Toa tsf, Jf ayhj tsf Matiw

goaLj (j, c 5 lf, g. )

: F A(b)

ah yf fhzgL lfis ygljf cjl flJ,a ytiugl Fj

FA (b)

cy cs yf taf gutfis, cyf tiugl Fj.(j, c, 5 lf, g. 292 )

:

1. Jf ayhj ts Mjhuf twToa ts Mjhuf vd

miHfgLwJ.

2. cnyhf fkf, cnyhfkw fkf kW vbghU fkf

vW eh gagLJ tsf tifgLjgLsd.

3. jeho cs bent gG yf mfkhf btovLfgLwJ.

4. vbz gof ygFfY, fl gFfY fhzgLwd.

ah fbga vD vbz ta flgF

mikJsJ.

5. dh cs aho M FWnf cs KgsjhF miz

cy fbga r iya mikJsJ.

6. cy mf ms Na Mwiy cgbr ehL b#k MF.

7. cy fbga fhwhiy Wtd jeho fahFk khtl

Muthbkh vDl csJ.


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71

I.

FA(b)

jf cs brKiw gia khztf vGJj. (j , c, 10 , 304 )

FA(a)

cy _W, ehF kW Ijh iy bghUshjhu eltoiff

tsw tlhuf kL mf fhzgLwd V? (FG, c, 10 , 304)

F A(a)

cyf mua tiugl tsw ehLfis Fj. (j , c,10 )

F A(a)

IJ tifahd bjhfSF glf uo glbjhF jahJ, mit

xnwhblhW vthW bjhl bfhLsd vd tj. (j , bt, 1 thu, 3)

F A(a)

khztf VnjD xU Kjiy bjh rhj brfis uo xgilmifahf jah brj. (FG, /j , bt,1 thu, 304 )

II.

FA(a)

IJ tifahd bjh iyfis eoJfhl (FG, c,10 , g.300-301 )

(khztfis 5 FGfshf J xbthU FGF 1 bjhtifia bfhLJ

eoJ fhl brj)

FA(a)

gF mU cs trha/bjhrhiy/t/Ruf nghw VnjD xUbjh eilbgW lF fsgaz nkbfhL mF eilbgW ffis

cWneh mif jahJ xgilj. (j , bt, 2 ehf)

FA(a)

VnjD xU bjh


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72

5. muR kW jah Jiwf khF w bfhltf

gahsf vdgLwd.

6. ulh iy bjhfsha bjhrhiyf cg g


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73

ICT) FA (a)

cy ehnlho kf thG lf kW thG Kiwf ga brfis

izajsUJ gwf brJ mif jahJ xgilj. (j, bt, 1

thu)

F A(a)

khztf mtutUF oj ehnlho kf nghW eoJ fhLj (j,

c, 5 , 311)

F A(a)

cy cs ojsf, ed bjh Eg trf, cg

jsf nghw tuf mogil brfis uo khztf xgilj.

(j , bt,1 thu, g. )

:

1. aifia rhJ bragL bjhf Kjik bjhf vdgL.2. ntilahLj, oj, fheil nkj Mait Kjiy

bjhf vd tifgLjgLsd.

3. cy fbga cehL o V nlhnyrh MF.

4. uhg ehnlhof ah uh#jh khy fhzgLwhf.

5. oj ju KJ Fj, fy kW flehfis

ntilahLj nghw bjhfS flf eilbgW bjhf MF.

6. uZah, fdlh, mbkfh nghw ehLf fhLf mfkhf

fhzgLwd.

I

II.

FA(b)

(j, c 10 lf, g. 319 )

FA(a)

khztf ekJ khy fhzgL fkf goaiy jahj (j ,bt,1 thu, 319)

FA(a)

khztf Ruf bjh tiff glfis uo gl bjhF brj.(j, bt,1 thu, g. 319)


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74

F A(a)

vbghUf, fkf tiw vgo ghJfhfyh vw jiyfyJiuahl nkbfhs (FG, c, 10 , 319 )

FA(b)cyf tiugl UjhJ cs lfis Fj.(j , c, 10 , 319): FA(b)

vbghU gagLjhj xU L , bjhrhiy xU eh vthW bragL(FG, c, 10 )

III.

FA(a)

cy fhzgL Ruf bjh tiffis flJ glfis uo

milf xo a bgo nghLj. khztfis xbthUtuhf miHJ xU

milia vLf brh m tU jiyig myJ glij ga brfis

XU ehf uo tubrhYj tFgiw xbthU khztid ngr

brhYj. (j , c, 5 , 319)

FA(b)

fltiw cnyhfKsit ,cnyhfkwit, vbghU vit vd d

fL khztf goaLj (U, jfu, jf, mYa, Rzh, njha,

yf, fjf, ikfh, aif th, bgnuha, Mbglh) (j , c, 10 ,

312-313)

F A(a)

j o cs bghUf vitbait fk bghUfsh bragLsd

vd khzt goaLj (j, c, 10)

:

1. Fth vdgL btobaLj Kiw Rzhf nghw fol

bghUfis nkguUJ vLF KiwahF.

2. (Rigs) vdgL xUtif nkil vbz zWf UJ

JisJ, vbz vLf gagLjgLwJ.


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75

3. nkdil, nAkil, liu, nkhid Mait U jhJ

tiffshF.

4. br gotf bknfh, rhah, kW njhndah Ma

ehLf mfkhf fhzgLwJ.

5. ghi[ mY jhJ MF. J nu, #ikfh, Mnuah Ma

ehLf fhzgLwJ.6. jf xU iyaj cnyhf. fhu vD brh jf

Jhajikia ma gagLjgLwJ.

7. fjf yjo RufKiw _y btobaLfgLwJ. J bt kr

w ilwJ.

8. ikfh fU wKila fk. J ah, ehhnt, nu nghw

ehLf ilwJ.

9. Mbglh wj bt RuffUJ bto vLfgLwJ. J

v ofhJ.

I.

FA(a)ah ntWik xWik cs ehL vgij MuhJ mif jah

brj. (j, bt, 2 ehf, 323)

FA(b)a tiugl khyfis a unjrfis Fj (j, c,

10 l).

FA(b)a mu mYtyf bkhfis goaLj (j , bt, 1 eh, 323)

FA(b)nja xUikghL bjhlghd dhodh elJj (tF, c,10 , 322- 323)

FA(a)nja xUikghil ghF fhu FJ thj brj (FG, c, 10

, 322- 323)

FA(a)a tghLjyf, gghL kW ghuga bjhlghd glf (j ,

bt, 3ehf, 15 )


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76

II.

FA(a)kj neaij tsF fUij tWJ ehlfij khztf eoJ

fhl (FG, c, FGF 5 )FA(a)

khztf jf C / o eilbgW Hhf g fyJiuahl

brj. mit vthW r_f cwit tswd vd goaLj. (FG, c, 10)

bjah cs fbgw Myaf glfis uo glbjhF

jahj. (j, bt, 3 ehf)

FA(a)VnjD xU tuyhW w f nfhYF brW mj tuyhW FJ

br uo mif jahj. (j, bt, 1 thu)FA(a)

nja xUikghL rhj fijfis uLj. (j/FG, bt, 3 ehf, 320-321)

FA(a)nja xUikghil tsF ghlfis (kh, ghlf,

ehLwghlf, jughlf) uo ghLj (j / FG, bt, 3 ehf)

FA(a)kj ezf fUij tWJ xU ehlfij khztf eoJ fhl

(FG, c, FGF 5 )

:

1. gy df mUfhafkhf ah njhwkwJ. ah Rkh

845 bkhf ngrgLwd.

2. 22 bkhf a muayik rl mffgLsJ.

3. ntjf, uhkhaz, kfhghuj, gftij, a, Fuh kW UFw

nghwit afilna f bgWsd.

4. ght, uhket, UZzb#a, Jfhi# kWk kfurfuh

5. u#h, jbt,


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77

8. fehlf ir, Jjh ir, guj, Fo, fj, k, Xo nghw

fiyf f wj iy nghwgL tUwd.

9. etg 19 nja xUikghL d.

10. a iwahik, rkarhik, rkjk nghwit nja xUikghil

tswd.

I.

FA(a)khzt j mUfhik cs uhkF brW kf r_f bghUshjhu

f kW Rfhjhu FJ dhgoa jah brJ, br uo, tFgiw

thj. (FG, bt & c, 1 thu)

FA(a)FHij bjhyhs uridia xf khzt TW Mnyhridf (FG,

c, 10)

FA(a)brjh, thu, khj jf tU enjh ga brfis uLj

(FG, bt & c, 1 thu)

FA(a)fll ntiy eilbgW lF brW mF g M/bg

Mnahfl ne fhz brj. (v.fh)

i) mtf ntiy?ii) d Tahf vts bfhLwhf?

iii) TahdJ d/thu/khj tHfgLwjh?

iv) MfSF bgfSF r rkkhf T tHfgLwjh?

fsg _y uoa brfis bfhL Ca Vw wf g tFgiw

fyJiuahLj. (FG, bt & c, 1 thu)

FA(a)kf bjhif bgUf eho bghUshjhu tsF tukh? rhgkh?

gokw elJj, (FG, c, 10 )

II.

FA(a)

vGjikfhd fhuzfis goaLj. (j, c, 5 , 327)


82/128


83/128

79

FA(a)

khzt j o _W khjfSfhd kif bghUfiygoaiy j bgnwhlUJ bgW iy Vw wfid xLj . (j,bt, 3 khj, 331)

FA(a)vGjikah xUt mil Jgf FJ sf

vGjyhjt ngh eoJfhLj. (j, c, 3l , 332)

:

1. 1948-49M ML gfiyfHf khaFG jhbkh _y f fgJ vwfUij tWaJ.

2. 1968 M ML ehL KGtJ xnu khahd f Kiw ( 10+2+3)mKfgL csJ.

3. midtUF f ( SSA) vw l jeho fwghf bragLtUwJ.

4. brlg 8 M nj cyf vGj dkhf mfgLsJ.5. bjhrhiyf g 14taF cgltf FHij bjhyhsf

Mthf.6. 1978 M Mil bgf Mlhf Ia ehL rig mUjJ.7. 1929 M ML rhujh rl awgL FHij Ukz jil braglJ.8. bjho FHijl (1992) bg FHijfis R bfhiy UJ

ghJfhwJ.9. a murhf nja uhkw ntiyth ldgo.10. NREP 1980 mf gr ntiy th kfSF ilf ttFjJ

murhf bghJ nahf Kiw (PDS) _y kfSF njitahd bghUfahakhd iy ilf eltoif vLJ tUwJ.


84/128

80

1 tuyhW 4 (1) 1 (2) - 3 (1) 1 (2) 1(5) 2 (1) 1 (2) -

- 1(5) 25

2 a 5 (1) 1 (2) - 1 (1) 1 (2) 1(5) 3(1) 1 (2) -

- 1(5) 25

3 Foika 2 (1) 1 (2) - - - 1(5) 1(1) - -

- - 10

bkhj 11 (1) 3(2) - 4(1) 2 (2) 3(5) 6 (1) 2 (2) -

- 2(5) 60

:

. w ta dh 21x1=21F. FWa dh 7x2=14f. fLiu dh 5x5=25

mil FpLF bfhLfglit dhf kbgf.

mil FpLF btna UgJ dhf vif.

(SA)

8x1=8

1. bh Kndho vd miHfgLgtm. mg M. ckh . h#fh

2. My Ha fbg bjhlfgl MLm. ..1600 M. ..1644 . ..1664

3. uj clgoif, ahUF thF ilna VglJ?m. uh#h b#a M. mrfh . brlfh

4. nja f bfhif vj ML mKfgLjglJ?m. 1968 M. 1986 . 1996


85/128

81

5. ekJ khy bto vLfgL yfm. gG yf M. Muir . uhig

6. bjhrhiyf tsaila cj nritm. nkj M. nghFtuJ . ntilahLj

7. cz bgUks fhzgL lm. flL M. flr . bgUfl F

8. tl k gofnshL fhzgL fkm. jf M. U . yf

II. 8x1=89. ulh ghg ngh mguh njhfofglt .

10. kuhaf ngh Kiwia gdhf11. nghRaf nfhthit RjhlUJ ifgdhf12.a r_f mik .mogilahf bfhlJ13. nja xUikghL d .14. nua xU ..fk MF

15. _wh iy bjh


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82

33.ah My Ha fbg tsia t?34.kf bjhif bgUffhd fhuzfis goaLf?35.kjf bghUshjhu eltoiff tiffis sFf?

VI 10x1=10

36. a) 1. nfhth 2. ntYh 3. kNgod 4. br 5. nfhbfhlh

b) cyf tiugl fl lfis Fl1. l(br) 2. u kiy 3. Kig (vbz zWf)4. gh#yr 5. uh kiy bjhl

khztf br tsu braghLfis [FA(a)] Ma kL brJkbgf tHFtjF VJthf fhQ sf Ffis (descriptiveindicators) kd bfhL kbgf tHFj ntL.

1. gnf - Participation

2. jh bjhlfhw - InitiativeI3.


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83

FG khztgf 2 ghlbghU fUJ bj. 3. khztgw ntoa ebd . 4. wiu kF g. 5. goal j

bgnahfis, bgnwhiu kf, ghJfhf ntL vd czj. FLg xU nfh vd rhUjny w vd czj

xL goaiy xgiljKfiu TsJ nghW

fhuz fhaJl j, Ra z, jft bjhl w, FGnthLizJ nghj Kjad (TWfis Ma cWneh, mj mogilYfhQ TWfSF Vg kL brayh)

:

: 7.

: Foika.

:ekJ ehL.

:ah mil ehLf

: cUil (Globe) a Jizfl kW mUYs

ehLf g cWneh mj.

: FG braghL kW tFgiw braghL: FGF 3 Kj 5 l: cyf cUil, jhf kW vGJnfh

:

khztfis trngh FGfshf j

xbthU FGF xU cyf cUilia bfhLj

(ayiyna nj ghl cs FG braghLfis FGF

xwhf bfhLj)

flf bgafis vGj brj

a eho viyfis vGj brj

ahF ehF irfY cs ehLf bgafis goal

brj

tW rh mik cs ehLf bgafis monfhol brj

ah Ul w g vGj brj

: Kfiu TsJ nghW

: mif xgilj


88/128

84

:

ah Ul w g czj Ma fl cs bga ehLf ah ulhtJ l csJ vd

mj

njr J gW ghrK bfhs:

cWnehF w, ytiuglij J sF w, xL brJ

KobtLF w.

:

1. ehLf bgafis bjJbfhSj.

2. a Jiz fl vj fl mikJsJ? vW mUj.

3. mj viyf kW bgafis mUj.

4.j wid gagL ntW flfis g m Uj.5. cUilia ifahS w

:

: 6.

: tuyhW.

: Jbt ehff.

: J rkbt ehff w

: J rkbt ehff ga brfis mJ bfhSj.mfhy thif KiwnahL jfhy thifKiwia xl. ekJ ehff f bjhik thjJ vd czj.

: j braghL kW bt braghL

: 1 -2 thu

: giHa ehjf, gila a tuyhW f, iza

(Internet), jhf kW vGJnfh

:

bragho nehf FJ K m brj khztf g kW mUYs yfij gagLj mDk bgw g myJ mUYs izajs ikafSl bjhl VgLJj. bgnwhl bragho nehf FJ mtf khztfSF vgo

tfhlyh vd vLJ Tw. khztf vjifa brfis ul ntL (bgUFs, efu mik, bjU

mik, L mik, cilf, mfyf, Kiuf) vd Tw uoa glf kW brfis vgo xl, vGj ntLbkd tfhl. vj ehSF bjhFig xgilf ntLbkd mWJj.


89/128

85

:

eilKiwYs ehff th vijbayh khw ntL vd mj jkJ C bghJFsij khRglhjthW ghJfhf mj. jh thG o cs Fiwfis flJ rbra t fhQj. o mUYs rhfilia gaDilajhf khw J fhz

. : Kfiu TsJ nghW

: JQF jfij xgilj

:

U bghUfis xLj, wj TWfis nghw, wyhjij vgorbrtJ vd J fhz. bjhlila jftfis uLj, mtiwtir gLJj, uidfSF a fhz.

1. brf ms (vif) 2. brf ghlbjhl

3. tirgLJj.1. ghljf ju ntW jffUJ bjhFUjh mjf tu

FLj.2. brfis (glfnshL) bjthf bjhFj.

: 6.

: Foika.

: rKjhaK g.: khztf rKjha flikf

:1. khzt jdJ kW j FLgjh egfis mj.

2. rf egf egfis mj.

3. jh kF bgnah Ut egfis mj.

4. xL brj.

: jeg braghL kW btbraghL.

: 2 ehf.

: jhf vGJnfh.

:

1. khztfis j FLgYs cWdf eFzfis goal

brj.

2. tF cs rf khztf egfis vGj brj.


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86

3. khztl jdJ mil Lf tF VnjD 2 bgnahf

egfis, mtf MW flikfis uLj.

4. uoa brfis bjhFJ vG xgilj.

5. jh tsJbfhs ntoa egf FJ vGJj.

:nehf TWfis milj.

: Kfiu TaJnghW

: mifia xgilj

: jidjhnd czj, xL brj, iw Fiwfis mJ

rbrtJ vgo vd j.

:

1. khzt jkJ egfis czJ bfhl j.

2. rf khztf egfis Jbfhl j.

3. mt kF bgnahfl khztiu ftj gf

4. xL brj j.

5. jh tsJbfhs ntoa egf.

:

: 7

: tuyhW

: bja muRf

: nrhHfhy MKiw:1. nrhHfhy MKiw (thf ) g mj.

2. jfhy jHf MKiwnahL (thf fnshL) xl.

3. nrhHfhy bjhL jfhytiu bjhlU thf fismJ nghWj.

4. nrhHfhy njj Kiwl jfhy njj Kiwia xl.

: FG kW tFgiw braghL.: jft ul 1 thu, fyJiuahl 10 l, tF tHf 5

l.: Kdnu ulgl, nrhHfhy MKiw kW njj Kiw

ga jftf, mij rhj JQFf, jffvGJtjF jhf kW vGJnfh.

:

1. khztfis W FGfshf j.2. midJ FGfSF xnu jiyig bfhLgijl xbthU FGF,

mnj ghl cs btntW jiyfis tHFj. (r_f bghUshjhu iy,folfiy gf, Xaf, ir)

3. xbthU jiyY ul ntoa fUJfis khzt thtna

tutiHj.


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87

4. jiyig xoa tufis (MKiw) khztf ul fhy mtfhr

bfhLj.

5. tF khzf FG FGthf mkJ fyJiuahl brj.

6. FGjiyt Ka fUJfis FbgLj.

:nehf TWfis milj.

:FGjiyt Ka fUJfis thtna tHF. mfUJfmla jhis Mal xgilj.

: Kfiu TaJnghW

: jdif, Ia j, dh nfl, fUJ gkhw,

kwt fUij kj, jkJ jtwhd fUij UbfhSj.

:

1. kwt fUij cWnfl

2. jiyig xoa fUJfis TWj

3. jh TW fU bj (vLJ fhLfSl TWj)4. mif bghUsik

5. tF tHa j

: .

: 7.

: tuyhW

: bja muRf.

:gytfhy fiyf.:1. gyt fhy fiyf kW fol fiyf g mj.

2. mtW W eilna ubgWs fiyf g

mj

3. mit cs lfis g mj.

4. jfhy fiyf gytfhy fiyf jhf g czj.

5. a fiyf bjhikia czj.

: KG kW tFgiw braghL.

: 20 lf.

: jh, vGJnfh, fUgyif, Rzfo Kjad:

1. khztfis A, B, C, D vd trngh FGfshf j.2. dho dh ga fis (tKiwfis) sFj.3. dhfis bjthf TWj.4. khztfSF aiyba dhit U TWj.


92/128

88

5. rahd ilia fUgyif ilajt vGJj.6. kbgiz ca FGF tHFj.7. dho-dh Koit khzt tht tutiHj.

: nehf TWfis milj.

:gojij thtahf vGJtahf id Tj,

bjhlgLJj, bjthf vGJj kW ngRj, KGikahd g mj.

: Kfiu TaJnghW

: jdif, Ia j, dh nfl, fUJ gkhw,kwt fUij kj, jkJ jtwhd fUij Ubfhs.

:

1. mf rahd gfis tHa FG.2. rahd gfis tHf, vLj Ka.3. ng bj.4. giy rahf vGJj.5. bghUjkhd w fUJfSl bjhlgLJj.

: .

: 7.

: tuyhW

: bja muRf.

: Kjyh uh#uh# nrhH.:1. eoj t ghlbghUis (uh# uh# rhjidf) fw

kW fj.2. ghl bghU TW ebdia czj. (ehofhf

ciHjh tuyh jlgfyh.

: FG kW tFgiw braghL.: FGF 5-8 lf.

: kd l, uh#uh# vW vGjgl brhmil, mil- th.:

1. khztfis FGfshf j.

2. xbthU FGF btntW murf, (uh#uh#, uhn#u,

FnyhJf nghW) bgafis tHFj

3. khztf ghunfw ciuahl vGj cjj.

4. myJ a fijia cUthf cjj.

5. fUF Vg khztfns eoj.6. xU khztnu KG ghlbghUSF eojiyl kwtfS gF bgWj.

: nehf TWfis milj.

: kw khzt K eoj, ciuahl vGa jhfis xgilj.

: Kfiu TaJnghW


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89

: bragL w (performing skill), ghlnghUSnfw clyir,

Kfghtid, ghLj, jhsnfwthW eldkhLj.

:

1. Fu ts, Kfghtid, cl mirf.

2. ghunjhL x nghj.

3. ghlbghUis fw kW bt bfhzj.4. ciuahl vGJj / eofhd bghUfis uLj / brj / y

cUthFj / NHiy gagL bfhs.

5. kwtfSl nrJ brj, bghW czj, ftdJl brj.

: .

: 6.

: a.

: RHW R tU .

: Na jRH.

:1. u gf njhW j g mj.

2.jhnd xU braiy brJ cikia j

3. RHyhlh vd fG vd J vGJj.: FG kW tFgiw braghL.

: FGF 5 lf.: gJ, bkGFt, jh, vGJnfh Kjad.

:


2. FGF xU gJ kW bkGFt bfhLj.

3. gij nkir J itJ mjdUnf xU bkGFtia VWj.

4. x gL gF gf vd kWgf u vd mj.

5. njnghW gF gyhf cUilia gagLJj.

: nehf TWfis milj.: tF tht tHFj nkY mif xgilj.

: Kfiu TaJnghW

: bragL w, nrhjj, CJ fj.

:

1. brKiw g


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90

3. s brhY j / vGJ j.

4. brKiw gF njitahd cgfuzfis jah brj / bfhzj.

5. gilghw jid ( RHyiy vwh vd fG).

: (FWehlf).

: 7.

: tuyhW.

: tla muRf uhr uf.

: fndh{ gFfhf _W murfilna nghuhl.: 1. ghlbghU bj.

2. ghlbghU TW tha ghlij czj.3. ciuahl vGJj kW ngRj.4. fUij eoj _y btbfhzj.

: FG kW tFgiw braghL.: 15 lf.

: kd l, kd bga vGa milf, mil f.:

1. It bfhl FGfshf j.

2. xbthU FGF btntW jiy bfhLj (mnj

ghl).

3. jiyig goJ ghf brj.

4. khztf ghj/nfl ehlffis id Tw brj.

5. cil, bghU, fhF KaJt bfhLf njitiy.

6. _W kdf mKf - gif cz nghLj,

JUa ahit ifgw vd ghlbghUis yfhfshf j.

7. ciuahl vG tu brJ, Ma mij r ghj.

8. X neu eoJ ghJ, kWeh eoJ fhl brj.

: nehf TWfis milj.

:ehlf eoj kW ciuahl vGa jhf.

: Kfiu TaJnghW

: Jik idj, ghu VW eoj FGdnuhL izJ

nghj, fUJF bratot jUj.

:

1. Kfghtid, clyir, ngR bjh.

2. ghlbghU bj.

3. ehlf czJ be mj.

4. FG cWdfnshL, nrJ gahW g.

5. ciuahl vGJj/ngRj/d x vGj, trd vLJ bfhLj.


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91

: .

: 6.

: tuyhW.

: tuyhWF Kgl fhy.

:ffhy fUf.:

1. giHa ffhy fUfSF, a ffhy fUfSFilna cs ntWghLfis mj.

2. kj ehff ts bjhlf iyia czj.3. jfhy fUfis ffhy fUfSl xL ghj.: FG kW tFgiw braghL.: xU thu.

: ff, fk, fhj, milf, kuisf nghwit.:

1. It bfhl FGfshf j.2. giHa ffhy fUf gf g dj.

3. a ffhy fUf gf g dj.

4. Utif fUfSF ilnas ntWghLfis

khztf j.

5. Utif fUf glfis khztf cW ghj

(jf, izajs tUJ glij uLj)

6. Utif fUfis bra njitahd bghUf g

FG thj.

7. _ybghUfis uLj.8. kh fUfis brj.

9. jfhy fUfis ffhy fUfSl xL TWj

: nehf TWfis milj.

: fUfis tF fhgLJj kW tht tHFj

: Kfiu TaJnghW

: cWnehf, Cjj, cUtf brj, _ybghUfis

njbjLj, Cjij brato btbfhzj, gilghw Kjad.

:

1. khf vif kW khf tot. 2. sf mj j3. ghlbghUSl izj. 4. fwiy thFj. (jfhy fUfSl

xLngRj) 5. fUfis fh gLJ ghF.


96/128

92

: .

: 8.

: a.

: ts MjhufS mj tiffS.

: f ayh ts Mjhuf.:

1. Jf ayh ts g mj.

2. mtiw goaLj.

3. mtiw vgo gagLJtJ vd j.

4. fis njLj.

5. tUfhy rjdUfhf ts Mjhufis ghJfhgJ

FJ cW brj.

: FG kW tFgiw braghL.

: FGF 5 l.

: jhf kW vGJnfh.

:


2. Jf ayhj ts Mjhufis goal brj.

3. FGF xU W jiy bfhLJ tu uo tubrj

4. vGa fUJfis FG thj, Uj brj

KG tF ngRj.

: nehf TWfis milj.

: ngRj kW fUJf mla jhis xgilj.

: Kfiu TaJnghW

: jdif, dh vGj, Ia j, fUJ gkhw,

kwt fUij kj, jkJ jtwhd fUij U bfhSj, fUJfis

tirgLJj, tHFj

:

1. jiynfw fUJf.

2. fUJf bjhl kW ts.

3. jfhy ffis bjhlgLJj.


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93

4. FG gahWj.

5. jhnkbfhs nghF eltoif g FLj.

:

: 8.

: Foika.

: r_f bghUshjhu uidf.

: kf bjhif bgUf.:1. kjts bghU j.2. kf bjhifF bghUshjhu tsF cs bjhlig

j.3. kf bjhifial kj tsnk Ka vd czj.4. khzt j Mw / wid nkgLj Ka brj.: FG kW tFgiw braghL.

: 20 lf.: jhf kW vGJnfh.

:

1. gokw jiyig mKf brj.

2. kfbjhif bgUf bghUshjhu rhg MtJ vgo

vd tu MtJ vgo vd XU vLJfhLfSl

sFj.

3. kjts vwh mtl ijJ lF Mw, w,

r vd sFj.

4. khztfis U FGfshf J mtf Ujiyig mj.

5. jahF neu xJFj.

6. gokw eLtuhf ghl Manuh myJ khztnuh UJ

bragLj, gokw fis sFj.

7. khztf jf fUJfis tW vjud

fUJfis kWJ thLj kW TWj.

: nehf TWfis milj.

: tht thLj, jf fUJf mla jhfis xgilj,

gokw thlhnjh gokw ga mifia vG xgilj.: Kfiu TaJ nghW

: RUf brh sfitj, cW nfl, fhuz fha

bjhl, rhWfis Kitj, nfnghi jgh


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94

3. Ia ngRj.4. ghlbghU bj.5. jh nkbfhs nghF eltoif cW.

bra : ICT

tF : 7.ghl : a

ghljiy : kh bfhoUF ynfhs nkgu

ghlbghU : nkguig ghF fhufS ynjhwfS.

nehf : nkguig ghF fhufsh VgL ynjhwglfis brfis gwf brJ mtiwFWjfo g brJ gl effshf (Photo) vLJ bjhFj

bratif : j kW bt braghL.

fhy : xU thu.

njit : f ika mKf, jh, bg kW vGJnfh.

bragLJKiw

: f ikaF brW tiyjs ghljiynfgnjLjs njo mtiw gwf brj.www.ask.com./www.vickypedia.com./www.britanica.com./www.google.com-etc.nkfl tiyjsf / njLjyf ygunjhwfis vLJfhlhf V shaped valley; Glacier-Circque;Desert feature, mushroom rock, etc., Matiw

f il brJ jftfis uLj.fw is : nehf TWfis milj

tHF Kiw : jftfSl Toa glf.

Fiweltoif

: Kfiu TaJnghW.

btgLwf

: fia aFj, tiyjs njLj, glfisbrfis uLj, tirgL bjhFj.

:

khzt


99/128

95

:

: 7

tuyhW

: jfhz muRf

: njtia Ml ahjtf

: ahjt kdf kut tiugl tiuj

kdfSilahd cwKiwia mj

mtf M brj fhy msfis xl

khzt j jiyKiw ga tiugl tiuj

j _jhija g mj

: jah kW bt braghL

: 1 eh

: jhf, bg, mgh

: ku bgaiu jiyghf vGJj

bfhLfgl kut tj kdf bgafis

FJ bfhSj

mtf kdf bgafis fhytir

mLFj

mtfSilnaahd cwKiwia mJ bfhSj

kdf rnfhju, rnfhjf bgafis

FJ bfhSj

jhjh kf ngu cwKiwia brFJ

nfho Fj (nkUJ Hhf Fj).

rnfhju rnfhjf cw Kiwia gLif

nfho Fj

gLif nfho rnfhju rnfhju rnfhjf

bgafis vGJ nghJ _jt bgaiu lJw

Xu bjhl tirahf tyJ w neh efj

tf bgf bga tUkhdh mbgaiu ntW

w ikah vGJj


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96

vLJfhlhf

njtia Ml ahjtf kut tiugl

Ijh ykh (..1175-1190)

b#ughyh (..1191-1210)

fdh (..1210-1247)

UZzh (..1247-1260) kfhnjth (..1200 1271)

uhkrunjth (..1271-1309)

fdh kW UZzh tfSilna cs cw jhjh ngu cwthF

UZzh kfh njth _j rnfhuj

F kdfSl wj bgf bga bfhLfglhjjh ntW w ik

gagliy

j tiuglij itJ khztfis fl dhfSF ilaf

brayh. mtfisna dhf nff brayh.

1. nkfl ku Kj mur ah? kW W mur ah?2. mf MLf M brj kd ah?

3. f FWa fhynk M brj kd ah?

4. ykhF fdhFilna cs cw ahJ?

nkfl tiuglij khahf bfhL khztf jiyKiw tiuglij

tiua brayh.

: nehf TWfis milj

: tiugl, dhf kW ilf mla jhf

: Kfiu TaJ nghW

: fUJF Vw tiugl tiuj, tiuglij sFj

(interpretation) gilghw, cwKiw mj, jufis

nrfj mtiw tirgLJj

: tufis ul vLJ bfhl Ka

cwKiwia Jbfhl j


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97

mgh kf cwF brFJ nfhL tiuj

rnfhju cwKiwF gLif nfhL tiuj

tiugl bfhL mikfgl dhf mjfhdilf

: : 7

tuyhW: bkhfyhaf tUif: mg kW xsuf nguuR xL: mg nguu viyfis ygl Fj

xsuf nguu viyfis ygl Fj

U nguuRf gugsit xl

nguuRFgl jnghija ehLf kW khyfbgafis mj

: jah kW tFgiw braghL

: 20 l: a wt yglf, bg, mgh, tzbgf,nguu viyfis fhL yglf

: a ygl mg nguu viyfisrhjhuz bg bfhL tiuj

ntW tz bgyh K tiuj viyf nknfhL tiuj

njnghW Kj rhjhuz bgyh xsufnguu viyia rahf tiuJ mj nk ntWtz Lj

U nguuRf gugs vJ bgaJ vd fj. ygl jf cj bfhL mg kW

xsuf nguuRF cgl jnghija ehLf kWkhyf bgafis vGJj

: nehf TWfis milj: btntW tzf viyf Ffgl ygl

nguuRFgl jnghija ehLf kW khyfbga goa

: nkTjthW bra ayhjtf OHP (xF)jh ah wt ygl tiuJ nguuRf

viyfis Ffyh. X xF jh U nguuRf viyfis tiua

ayhjtf jj jh nguuRf viyfistiuJ xwnk xiw bghU ghJnguuRf guig xL brayh.


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mnjnghW viyf Ffgl xF jhisa mua ygl J itJ mnguuRFcgoUF jnghija ehL kW khyfisgoalyh.

: ygl viyfis Fj, UntW nguuRfSFbtntW tz Lj, xL brj, sFj

: 1. khzt

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