CHEMISTRY PROJECT ON

Adverse Effects of Contents of Soft

Drinks

Submitted by-

Trisha Bhagawati

Class - XII-C

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Roll No. - 26

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AIM

COMPARITIVE STUDY AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF FOUR

BRANDS OF SOFT DRINKS AVAILABLE IN THE MARKET

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my Chemistry teacher, in providing a helping hand in this project. Without her valuable guidance and support this project titled “Adverse Effects of Contents of Soft Drinks” would not have been possible.

- Trisha Bhagawati

XII C

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CERTIFICATEThis is hereby to certify that, the original and genuine investigation work has been carried out to investigate the subject matter and related data collection, solely, sincerely and satisfactorily byTRISHA BHAGAWATI OF CLASS XII C, on her project titled “Adverse Effects of Contents of Soft Drinks”.

(Chemistry Teacher)

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PURPOSE

In recent days, several questions have been raised regarding the contents of soft drinks. The adverse affect of the contents of soft drinks on the health of the young has become an issue with the consumers. News reports often say that they contain harmful pesticide.

I enjoy drinking soft drinks and wanted to confirm whether the charges imposed on the various soft drink brands were true or not.

As I am in touch with qualitative analysis, and similar analysis methods, this knowledge helped me to do this project.

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CONTENTS

I. Introduction

II. Theory

III. Apparatus

IV. Chemicals Required

V. Detection of pH

VI. Test for Carbon Dioxide

VII. Test for Glucose

VIII. Test for Phosphate

IX. Test for Alcohol

X. Test for Sucrose

XI. Result

XII. Conclusion

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INTRODUCTION

After the exit of Coca-Cola and Pepsi Co. from

the Indian market in 1977, Gold Spot, Limca and

Thumbs up were launched by the Parle Group of

Companies. Since the beginning, soft drinks

business was highly profitable which lured

multinationals, namely Coca-Cola and Pepsi into

to India. Over the years they have launched

many new brands of soft drinks in the Indian

market.

It is noted that majority of people drink Sprite,

Mirinda , Limca to give them a feeling of

lightness while Pepsi, Thumbs Up, Coca-Cola

activate the pulse and brain.

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THEORYSoft drinks of different brands consist of alcohol, carbohydrates, carbon dioxide, phosphate ions, etc. These soft drinks give a feeling of warmth, lightness and have a tangy taste which is enjoyed by everyone.

Carbon dioxide is responsible for the formation of froth on shaking the bottle. The carbon dioxide gas is dissolved in water to form carbonic acid which is also responsible for the tangy taste.

Carbohydrates are the naturally occurring organic compounds and are major source of energy to our body. General formula of carbohydrates is CX (H2O)Y.

On the basis of their molecule size carbohydrates are classified as:-

Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides

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Glucose is a monosaccharide with formula C6H12O6. It occurs in free state in ripened grapes, in bones and also in many sweet fruits. It is also present in human blood to the extent of about 0.1%.

Sucrose is one of the most useful disaccharides in our daily life. It is widely distributed in nature in juices, seeds and also in flowers of many plants. The main source of sucrose is sugar cane juice which contain 15-20 % sucrose and sugar beet which has about 10-17 % sucrose. The molecular formula of sucrose is C12H22O11. It is produced by a mixture of glucose and fructose. It is non-reducing in nature whereas glucose is reducing.

Soft drinks are a bit acidic in nature and their acidity can be measured by finding their pH value. The pH values also depend upon the acidic contents such as citric acid and phosphoric acid.

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APPARATUS

Test Tube Test Tube Holder Test Tube Stand Stop Watch Beaker Burner pH Paper Tripod Stand China Dish Wire Gauge Water Bath

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CHEMICALS REQUIRED

Iodine Solution Potassium Iodine Sodium Hydroxide Fehling’s A & B Solution Lime Water Concentrated HNO3

Benedict Solution Ammonium Molybdate

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DETECTION OF pHEXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE1-2 drops of a sample of soft drink of four brands were taken in a test tube and put on the pH paper. The change in the colour of pH paper was noticed and was compared with the standard pH scale. pH

VALUE NATURE

1.COCA COLA PINK 1-2 acidic2.SPRITE ORANGE 3 acidic3.LIMCA PINK( LIGHT) 3-4 acidic4. FANTA LIGHT ORANGE 2-3 acidic

RESULT :

Soft drinks tested were acidic in nature .Different pH levels indicated that the acidic content in each brand was different from the other.

Coco cola was found to be most acidic.

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TEST FOR CARBON DIOXIDE

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCEThe bottle of each of the four soft drink was opened, the gas that escaped was immediately passed through lime water.

Change Observed

Time taken

1.COCA COLA Lime water turned milky

26.5 sec.

CO2 Present

2.SPRITE Lime water turned milky

21 sec. CO2 Present

3.LIMCA Lime water turned milky

35 sec. CO2 Present

4. FANTA Lime water turned milky

36 sec. CO2 Present

RESULTCO2 in the dissolved state was found in all the four soft drinks. CO2 is responsible for the tangy taste in soft drinks.

CHEMICAL REACTION

Ca(OH)2(s) + CO2(g) CaCO3(s) + H2O(s)

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TEST FOR GLUCOSE 1. BENIDICT’S SOLUTION TEST

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE Small samples

of each of the four soft drinks were taken in test tubes and a few drops of Benedict’s reagent were added to each.

The test tube was heated for few seconds.

1.COCA COLA REDDISH COLOURPRECIPITATE

GLUCOSE IS PRESENT

2.SPRITE REDDISH COLOURPRECIPITATE

GLUCOSE ISPRESENT

3.LIMCA REDDISH COLOURPRECIPITATE

GLUCOSE ISPRESENT

4. FANTA REDDISH COLOURPRECIPITATE

GLUCOSE ISPRESENT

RESULTAll the four samples contain glucose.

CHEMICAL REACTION –

2 CuSO4.5H2O + C6H12O6 C6H12O7 + Cu2O + 2H2SO4 + 8 H2O

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2. FEHLING’S SOLUTION TEST

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE Small samples

of soft drinks of the four brands were taken in test tubes and a few drops of Fehling’s A solution and Fehling’s B solution were added to each of them in equal amounts.

The test tubes were heated in water bath for 10 minutes.

1.COCA COLA Reddish brown precipitate

Glucose present

2.SPRITE Reddish brown precipitate

Glucose present

3.LIMCA Reddish brown precipitate

Glucose present

4. FANTA Reddish brown precipitate

Glucose present

RESULTAll the four samples contain glucose.

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CHEMICAL REACTION

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TEST FOR PHOSPHATEEXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Small samples of each of the four brands of soft drinks were taken in separate test tubes and Ammonium Molybdate followed by concentrated Nitric Acid (HNO3) was added to it.

The solution was heated

1.COCA COLA Canary yellow precipitate

Phosphate present

2.SPRITE Canary yellow precipitate

Phosphate present

3.LIMCA Canary yellow precipitate

Phosphate present

4. FANTA Canary yellow precipitate

Phosphate present

RESULT: All the four soft drinks contain phosphate.

CHEMICAL REACTION NaHPO4 + 12(NH4)2MoO4 + 21HNO3 + H2

(NH4)3PO4.12MoO3+ 21HN4NO3 + 12H2O + Na

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TEST FOR ALCOHOL

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCESmall samples of each of the four brands of soft drinks were taken in separate test tubes and Iodine followed by Potassium Iodide and Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution was added to each test tube. The test tubes were heated in hot water bath for 30 minutes.

1.COCA COLA Yellow precipitate Alcohol present2.SPRITE Yellow precipitate Alcohol present3.LIMCA Yellow precipitate Alcohol present4. FANTA Yellow precipitate Alcohol present

RESULT: Traces of alcohol present in each of the four soft drinks.

CHEMICAL REACTION CH3CH2OH + 4I2 + 6NaOH CHI3 + HCOONa + 5NaI + 5H2O

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TEST FOR SUCROSE

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE5 ml samples of each brand of soft drinks were taken in separate china dishes and were heated very strongly

1.COCA COLA Black residue Sucrose present2.SPRITE Black residue Sucrose present3.LIMCA Black residue Sucrose present4. FANTA Black residue Sucrose present

RESULT

The four brands of soft drinks contain sucrose but the amount

of sucrose varies in each.

CHEMICAL REACTION

C12H22O11 12 C+ 11 H2O

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RESULTAfter conducting several tests, it was concluded that the different brands of soft drinks namely:1. Coca Cola2. Sprite3. Limca4. Fanta

contain glucose, alcohol, sucrose, phosphate and carbon dioxide.

All soft drinks are acidic in nature.

On comparing the pH value of different brands Coca Cola is the most acidic and Limca is least acidic of all the four brands taken.

CARBON DIOXIDEAmong the four samples of soft drinks taken, Sprite has the maximum

amount of dissolved carbon dioxide and Fanta has the minimum amount of dissolved carbon dioxide.

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CONCLUSION

Adverse Effects of Contents of Soft

Drinks

GLUCOSE/SUCROSE

While sugar itself does not cause diabetes, high sugar intake raises blood glucose levels, which can lead to a variety of health problems including diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease and stroke.

High sugar content in soft drinks leads to weight gain.

The high amount of sugar consumed through soft drinks lead to the development of bacteria that attack the teeth thus aggravating dental problems.

PHOSPHATE

High level of phosphorus in soft drinks can be especially hazardous because the kidneys are less able to excrete excess phosphorus, causing depletion of vital calcium. Excess phosphorus is therefore, one of the major contributing factors to the development of osteoarthritis.

Phosphoric acid in soft drinks easily dissolves tooth enamel.

The phosphoric acid and carbon dioxide combination makes soft drinks highly acidic. This reacts with the acids already present in the stomach to create a more acidic environment.

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The phosphoric acid in soft drinks reacts with the hydrochloric acid in the stomach, causing indigestion, gas and bloating.

ALCOHOL

Trace of alcohol found in soft drinks would not have any noticeable affect on health

pH OF SOFT DRINKS

The pH of soft drink ranges from 2.5-3.4 which generates a highly acidic environment in the stomach. Throughout the digestive system, that starts from the mouth and ends up at the anus (liver, gallbladder and pancreas play the role of accessory organs) only the stomach can resist an acidic environment up to pH 2.0. But before the acidity of soft drink reaches the stomach it passes through all the other organs involved in the digestive system thus causing an abnormal acidic environment. Hence the linings of the mouth, pharynx and oesophagus are highly sensitive to acids.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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1. Comprehensive Experimental Chemistry By V K Ahluwalia, Sudha Raghav, Sudha Raghav

2. www.google.com

3. www.wikipedia.org

4. http://www.chem.sc.edu/analytical/chem321l/labs/expt8.pdf

5. http://www.wnho.net/soft_drinks_hard_facts.pdf

6. http://www.ffcr.or.jp/zaidan/FFCRHOME.nsf/

7bd44c20b0dc562649256502001b65e9/916cae3da5a8a11b492

56f320018877f/$FILE/D282.pdf

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