cave of john the baptist

7/30/2019 Cave of John the Baptist

1/69

Jlfg xf` Okrxntxt Dku`xf` Dkt` ng Ekulr

O~ Tfnilg Mnotlg kgh Jki`t Xkol

]` elpgh xf` dku` o~ dfkgd` ng xf` }ngx` le ;>>>}f`g N &Tfnilg Mnotlg. }kt dlghpdxngm kgkdfk`lclmndkc tpu`~ le kgdn`gx kmndpcxpkc ìkngtlg xf` tclr`t le xf` fncct kgh ng xf` }khnt g`vx xlAnoopxz Xzluk# k tflx hntxkgd` eli xf` xkhnxnlgkcfli`xl}g le Jlfg xf` Okrxntx kx Kng Akni# }`tx leJ`ptkcì' Dk}cngm ngxl xf` dku`# }flt` `gxkgd` }ktfnhh`g o~ k xfnda`x le okda`g kgh xflg optf`t# N}kt dlirc`x`c~ tprnt`h xl t`` lg xf` }kcc xf` dphùntkm` le k ikg flchngm k txkee }nxf lg` ki knt`hkt ne ng rldckikxnlg# kt }`cc kt lxf` t~iolct# tpdfkt kg ki kgh k f`kh# kgh Dfntxnkg dltt`t' Nx }ktkg `vdnxngm hntdlu`~ kgh# mnu`g xfkx N }kt ng kgk`k ndfc~ kttldnkx`h }nxf Jlfg xf` Okrxntx# nxnii`hnkx`c~ lddp`h xl i` xfkx xf`t` hk}ngmt inmfxfku` tli`xfngm xl hl }nxf fnt iìl~ l u`g`kxnlg'


2/69

Ngh``h# N xflpmfx kx xf` xni` xfkx xf` d`gxkc enmpìnmfx }`cc o` kg kxxìrx xl h`rndx Jlfg xf` Okrxntxfnit`ce'

Kilgm xflt` N trla` }nxf kolpx }fkx N fkh elpgh }ktJki`t Xkol# le xf` Pgnu`tnx~ le Glxf Dklcngk kxDfkclxx`' F` `vr`tt`h kg ngx``tx ng jlngngm i` ngk xfllpmf `vdkukxnlg le xf` tnx` kgh xf` x}l le pto`dki` dl)hn`dxlt le xf` `vdkukxnlg le xf` Dku` leTpok &kex` xf` lch gki` le xf` tnx`.' &;.Xf` clgm# gkl} lda)dpx fkcc `vx`gh`h =6 e``x ngxlxf` f`kx le k ilpgxkng# }nxf k }nhxf le kolpx ;4e``x' Ckm` olpch`t }`` f`kr`h pr lg olxf tnh`t lexf` dku`t ngx`nl# kgh xfnda ck~`t le tlnc `kdf`h

kciltx xl xf` d`ncngm'

Nx tllg o`dki` lounlpt xfkx xf` dku` }kt glx tnirc~kg kokghlg`h `tùln fkrfkzkhc~ encc`h }nxf iph#tncx# ldat kgh }ktf`h)ng hònt' ]` }`` dc`kc~ngxl dkèpcc~ txkxnen`h kdfk`lclmndkc ck~`t xfkx}`` pgkionmplptc~ hkx`h o~ hntd`x` ck~`t lerlxx`~'

]` o`mkg tdpxngnzngm xf` ck~`t dclt`c~# kgh }`

pxncnz`h xf` ckx`tx tdn`gxnend rld`hp`t xl x`tx xfìkx`nkc kt nx ì`m`h eli xf` mlpgh: eclxkxnlg kghindl)kxnekdx kgkc~tnt# m`lilrflclmndkc `vkingkxnlgle tncxt o`x}``g ecllt# {pkgxnendkxnlg kgh t`nkxnlgrld`hp`t lg xf` iktt`t le rlxx`~ pgdlu``h# kghx`txt lg xf` rcktx`# olxf khnli`xnd kt }`cc ktxflnpi)pkgnpi hkxngm' ]` }la`h `vxì`c~ tcl}c~tngd` }` hnh glx }kgx xl intt ù`g lg` tf`h leùnh`gd`' Xf` kilpgx le d`kind ikx`nkc }` `vxkdx`heli xf` mlpgh }kt lu`}f`cingm# kgh nxt epcc kghengkc rpocndkxnlg tflpch o` u`~ tnmgnendkgx elpgh`txkghngm xf` dflglclmndkc t`{p`gd` le rlxx`~x~r`t }nxfng xf` `kc~ _likg r`nlh'


3/69

Krrlvnikx`c~ 5 e``x le ikx`nkc rlunh`h k t`{p`gd``vx`ghngm eli xf` ckx` entx d`gxp~ O'D' xl xfình)t`dlgh d`gxp~ K'H' Xf`t` `kc~ _likg ck~`tdlgxkng`h `glilpt {pkgxnxn`t le tfkxx``h d`kindu`tt`ct' K u`~ ckm` rlrlxnlg le xf`t` xpg`h lpxxl o` lg`)fkghc`h jpmt# glx xf` x~r` le u`tt`c lg`}lpch `vr`dx xl engh }nxfng }kx` dntx`gt &txlkm`jkt }lpch o` ipdf il` t`gtnoc`.' ]` hnh glx enghkg~ }flc` u`tt`ct# lgc~ rlxtf`ht1 xf` rpcu`nz`hrlxtf`ht ck~ lg xf` ecll tpekd`t' Xfnt nghndkx`txfkx xf` jpmt fkh o``g ngx`gxnlgkcc~ tiktf`h' @u`gil` txnangm }kt xfkx xf` d`kind ùnh`gd` tfl}`hxfnt rkdxnd` }kt mlngm lg el kx c`ktx ;02 ~`kto`mnggngm ng xf` entx d`gxp~ K'H'xf` xni` le Jlfgxf` Okrxntx' Glg` le pt dlpch `vrckng xfnt# gl fkh

kg~lg` }` xkca`h xl ù` `gdlpgx``h kg~xfngm cna`xfnt `ct`}f``' Xf` tncx kddpipckxngm }nxfng xf` dku`hpngm xf` }ngx` ilgxft eli xf` kggpkc kngt }ktgù` ìlu`h# xf` }kcct }`` gù` `rcktx``h kghfkh)xkir`h `kxf`g ecllt }`` d`kx`h h`td`ghngmxl}kht xf` okda le xf` dku` }f`` xf` kng}kx`kddpipckx`h kt ng k rlgh' Dpcxnd txlg` oktngt }``ngdlrlkx`h }nxfng xf` ecllt xl xf` nmfx kt lg``gx``h xf` dku`# k t`n`t le txlg` dndc`t &tli`rku`h. }`` opncx lg xlr le xf` ecllt# kgh ng xf`

cl}` ecllt k rkxf}k~ olh``h o~ k l} le txlg`tlg `nxf` tnh` c`h hl}g xl}kht xf` okda le xf` dku`'


4/69

Kg nirlxkgx rn`d` le xf` rpzzc` xpg`h pr }f`g }`pgdlu``h k u`~ ckm` kgh pgptpkc txlg` dclt` xl lg`le xf` `kcn`tx `kxf`g ecllt ng xf` dku`' Xf` prr`tpekd` le xfnt txlg` }kt dku`h }nxf xf` tpga`gtfkr` le k nmfx ellx kgh c`khngm xl nx }kt k dfkgg`c`vx`ghngm eli k tikcc lpgh h`r`ttnlg xfkx }lpchfku` f`ch k jpm' Dc`kc~ xf` txlg` }kt pt`h el xf`kglngxngm le nmfx e``x }nxf tli` angh le cn{pnh#r`fkrt lnc' Xf` kglngxngm le e``x }nxf lnc nt

è``h xl ng xf` Mltr`ct# glx ng dlgg`dxnlg }nxfJlfg opx }nxf J`tpt# }flt` e``x }`` kglngx`h }nxfrèpi`h lnc o~ Ik~ Ikmhkc`g` &Jlfg ;?:;4.' Xf` ekdxxfkx lgc~ xf` nmfx e``x }`` kglngx`h lg lp txlgìptx nghndkx` nx }kt rkx le tli` dpcxnd nxpkc1lxf`}nt` xf`` tflpch kctl fku` o``g k txlg` }nxf kgnirngx le xf` cèx ellx# opx glg` }kt elpgh' Xf`hntdlu`~ le xfnt ellx)kglngxngm txlg`# dliong`h }nxfxf` ùnh`gd` xfkx xf` dku` }kt glx pt`h el kg~ angh

le hli`txnd l kmndpcxpkc kdxnunx~# tpmm`tx`h xfkxxf` dku` }kt o`ngm pt`h ng xfnt r`nlh el uknlptanght le nxpkc kdxnunxn`t# ngdcphngm }kx`rpnendkxnlg nx`t'


5/69

O`dkpt` le xf` tnz` le xf` dku` kgh xf` pgptpkc

dfkkdx` le nxt ngtxkcckxnlgt# }` o`cnù` nx }ktpt`h el mlpr nxpkct xfkx }`` rèli`h ng xfèlgx rkx le xf` dku` oèl` kgh kex` }fkx }kt iltxcna`c~ tli` x~r` le nii`tnlg rld`hp`' Kt o`tx }`dkg rpx xfngmt xlm`xf`# r`lrc` }lpch fku` mkxf``hng xf` elgx le xf` dku` kgh xf`g tli` angh led`ìlg~ }kt rèli`h# }nxf nghnunhpkct txkghngm}nxfng xf` txlg` dndc`t kgh ptngm d`kind jpmt#r`fkrt xl rlp }kx` prlg `kdf lxf` oèl`

d`ìlgnkcc~ tiktfngm xf` jpmt' Tpot`{p`gxc~# xflt`}fl }`` mkxf``h xf`` nii`t`h xfìt`cu`t }nxfngxf` }kx` elpgh g`k xf` okda le xf` dku`' Lgì`mngm# xf`n nmfx e``x }`` kglngx`h'

Xf` nxpkc nii`tnlg rld`hp`t xfkx xlla rckd` nglp dku` ng xf` `kc~ _likg r`nlh t`ì xl `tìoc`xf` okrxnti d`ìlgn`t rèli`h o~ Jlfg xf` Okrxntxkx xf` Jlhkg _nu` &Ika ;:>;;.' Kddlhngm xl xf`Mltr`c kddlpgxt# dl}ht mkxf``h xl cntx`g xl Jlfgt

x`kdfngmt# kddlirkgn`h r`fkrt }nxf ektxngm &Ika?:4. kgh t`x rk~`t &Cpa` ;;:;.' Xfnt c`h xl xf`ìnttnlg le tngt# r`fkrt }nxf }kx` o`ngm nxpkcc~trngac`h lu` xf` r`lrc`' Xfnt xlla rckd` lg xfòkga le xf` Jlhkg _nu` oèl` xf` nii`tnlg nxt`ce'Fkungm pgh`mlg` rpnendkxnlg le xf` trnnx# tl xltr`ka# r`lrc` xf`g h`td`gh`h ngxl xf` nu` ng lh`


6/69

xl rpne~ xf` ec`tf# }nxf Jlfg dkccngm lg xf` hnung`gki` kgh r`fkrt rlpngm cnokxnlgt' @i`mngm eli xf`}kx` xf`` iptx fku` o``g kg `vr`dxkxnlg xfkx xf`flc~ trnnx &xf` tfàfngkf. }lpch pcxnikx`c~ h`td`ghprlg xflt` }fl fkh o``g rpnen`h'

Xf` x}l ikng txkm`t le xfnt okrxnti d`ìlg~# }nxfkdxnunxn`t `ckxngm xl xf` ìnttnlg le tngt lg xfòkga le xf` nu` kgh kdxnunxn`t `ckxngm xl xf`rpnendkxnlg le xf` ec`tf hpngm xf` kdxpkc nii`tnlgng xf` nu`# }lpch t`ì xl o` inl`h ng xf`kdfk`lclmndkc ìkngt }` pgdlu``h eli xf` `kc~_likg r`nlh ng xf` dku` kx Tpok' Ng xf` elgx le xf`dku` k` `kxf`g ìokgai`gxt# }nxf ngtxkcckxnlgt kgh

d`ìlgnkc e`kxp`t# }f`` r`lrc` }lpch fku`mkxf``h1 kx xf` okda le xf` dku` }kt }kx` ng }fndfr`lrc` }lpch fku` nii`t`h xfìt`cu`t'

Lp entx fngx xfkx xf` dku` ik~ fku` fkh kg `kcn`fntxl~ dki` eli k m`lclmntx kgh `vr`x ng kgdn`gxrcktx`# K~`f Tfnilg' ]fnc` untnxngm xf` dku`# f`rldckni`h xfkx# okt`h lg xf` dlgtntx`gd~ le xf`rcktx`# nx iptx o` eli xf` Nlg Km`' Kx xf` xni`glg` le pt fkh ù`g dlgtnh``h tpdf k rlttnoncnx~'

Gl} nx nt dc`k xfkx rlokoc~ eli xf` gngxf xl`nmfxf d`gxpn`t O'D' xf` dku` }kt rkx le k x~r` letlrfntxndkx`h }kx` t~txì xfkx }ncc o` h`tdno`hel OK_ `kh`t ng k epxp` kxndc` o~ Xtunak Xtpa# kc`khngm `vr`x lg kgdn`gx }kx` t~txìt'

Xf`` nt k rlocì f``# fl}ù`# xfkx nt hneendpcxxl kgt}`: ]fkx }lpch k }kx` t~txì le tpdfx`dfglclmndkc tlrfntxndkxnlg o` hlngm tl ek k}k~eli kg~ Nlg Km` dnx~ l uncckm`< Xf` dclt`txt`xxcì`gx eli xf` Nlg Km` nt ng ekdx kx Tpok# opxxf` hntxkgd` ngulcu`h kgh xf` ekdx xfkx xf`` }ktkc`kh~ kg kopghkgd` le trngmt kgh }kx` t~txìtxf`` }lpch t`ì xl ika` pgg`d`ttk~ kg khhnxnlgkc}kx` t~txì tpdf kt lpt' Tngd` xf`` }kt glt`xxcì`gx tplpghngm lp dku`# gl }kt nx tnxpkx`h


7/69

g`vx xl kg~ ikjl lkh# nx nt hneendpcx xl h`xìng`}fkx nx }kt pt`h el' Nx }kt glx pt`h el nnmkxnlgrprlt`t tngd` xf`` nt gl ùnh`gd` le }kx`)cnexngmhùnd`t kx xf` dku`' Nx nt kctl pgcna`c~ xl fku` o``gpt`h el }kx`ngm kgnikct tngd` xf`~ dlpch glx fkuìkgkm`h xl h`td`gh xf` tx``r ;6 tx`rt ngxl xf` dku`}nxflpx o`kangm xf`n c`mt'

Ne xf` rprlt` le xf` dku` }kt tnirc~ xl rlunh`hngangm }kx` el xf` lddktnlgkc rkttò~# xf`g kipdf tikcc` dntx`g }lpch fku` tpeend`h' Lg`rlttnoncnx~ nt xfkx nx tù`h kt k ikjl tlpd` elhngangm }kx` el xf` Jphkfnx` txkx` khingntxkxltopx lgc~ kx xni`t le dntnt' Tpdf k `tùln }nxf k

}kx`)dlcc`dxngm t~txì kclgm k ukcc`~ ik~ ù`g fkuò``g è``h xl ng xf` Lch X`txki`gxkt mo~i &tngmpck mon.# }fndf fku` o``g xkgtckx`h ngxf` rktx kt hnxdf`t l rllct' ? Angmt 4:;5;= ika`t nx dc`k xfkx xf` mo~i }`` e`kxp`ttnxpkx`h ng ukcc`~ ckghtdkr`t kgh xfkx xf`~ }``tlpd`t le }kx` xfkx }`` xkrr`h }f`g }kx` }kttdkd`' Tpdf ngtxkcckxnlgt }lpch fku` ikh` `vd`cc`gxrllct el okxfngm kx xni`t }f`g }kx` }kt rc`gxnepc'

Lp dku` kctl fkh k ckx` fntxl~# kex` xf` xni` leJlfg xf` Okrxntx' ]f`g xf` dku` }kt krrk`gxc~kokghlg`h kex` xf` `kc~ _likg r`nlh# nx dlgxngp`hxl opnch pr tncx tl xfkx ng xf` O~zkgxng` r`nlhtli`lg` txkghngm ng xf` dku` dlpch kciltx `kdf xf`d`ncngm' Kgh xfnt ongmt pt xl xf` txkxcngm hk}ngmtdfnt`c`h ngxl xf` lch Nlg Km` rcktx` lg xf` }kcct'

Xf` hk}ngmt k` {pnx` ckm` &xf` ikg nt kolpx ?'0e``x fnmf.' Hp` xl xf` fkh dì`gx)cna` dlgtntx`gd~le xf` rcktx`# xf` r`tlg }fl lnmngkcc~ ikh` xf`


8/69

hk}ngmt iptx fku` pt`h k dfnt`c &}fndf nt kctlnghndkx`h o~ xf` o`kat kgh ekdxp`t le xf` cng`t.'

Xf` ikng hk}ngm nt le k tf`rf`h)cna` enmp` tfl}g}nxf prknt`h kit# k ckm` f`kh }nxf `~`t mlpm`h lpx&rlokoc~ o~ tli` ndlgldcktx. kgh }nxf k dlla`htxkee `txngm kmkngtx fnt cèx fkgh' Xf` enmp` }`ktk fkn~ mki`gx &nghndkx`h o~ k t`n`t le 4? hlxt.#}fndf ìnght pt xfkx Jlfg xf` Okrxntx nt tknh xlfku` }lg kg lpx` mki`gx le dki`ct fkn kgh k

c`kxf` mnhc` &Ika ;:5.' G`vx xl fni lg fnt cèxnt k tdfìkxnd `r`t`gxkxnlg le k u`tt`c lg kxnrlh# l k ckio' Ne ngh``h xfnt nt k `r`t`gxkxnlgle k ckio nx ik~ o` cnga`h xl Jlfg ;:45# ng }fndf xfÒkrxntx rldcknit J`tpt xf` ckio le Mlh' O`cl} xf`hk}ngm le xf` enmp` nt kg lukc flc`# }fndf cna`c~dlgxkng`h tli` `cnd &r`fkrt k engm` olg` l krn`d` le dclxf.# }nxf ikat kclgm xf` `hm`tnghndkxngm xfkx }n` g`xxngm }kt fkii``h lu` nx xl

a``r xf` `cnd ng rckd`'


9/69

Lxf` hk}ngmt kctl krr`k xl o` dlgg`dx`h xl xfÒ~zkgxng` xkhnxnlg le Jlfg xf` Okrxntx' Dpx ngxl xf`}kcc lrrltnx` xf` ikng enmp` nt k hk}ngm le k f`kh1xfnt rlokoc~ t~iolcnz`t xf` h`dkrnxkxnlg le xfÒkrxntx kx Ikdfk`pt# l fnt `cnd f`kh' Kddlhngm xlxf` Mltr`ct# F`lhnkt kgh Tkcli` hìkgh`h eli F`lhKgxnrkt xf` f`kh le Jlfg lg k rckxx`' Xf`` k`gpi`lpt `cnd f`kht tknh xl o` xfkx le Jlfg ngdfpdf`t klpgh xf` I`hnx`kg`kg kgh xf` G`k @ktx'Lg k g`ko~ }kcc nt k cne`)tnz` hk}ngm le kg

prknt`h ki xfkx nt rlokoc~ k `ghnxnlg le xf``cnd ki le xf` Okrxntx' @kc~ dfpdf tlpd`t `ckx`fl} kx xf` xni` le Jpcnkg xf` Krltxkx` &d' 454 K'H'.#xf` xlio le Jlfg xf` Okrxntx kx Tòktx` &Tkiknk. }ktola`g ngxl kgh h`t`dkx`h o~ rkmkgt kgh fnt olg`ttdkxx``h' Fl}ù`# d`xkng untnxngm rncmnit elixf` Ilgktx`~ le Tx' Rfncnr ng J`ptkcì tku`h fnt`cnd ki l fkgh eli h`txpdxnlg' K tprò mnch`h`cnd ki le Jlfg xf` Okrxntx nt a`rx ng xf` Xlrakrn

Rkckd` ng Ntxkgopc ng Xpa`~' Xf` hk}ngm ng lp dkuìk~ o` le xfnt `cnd ki'


10/69

Lxf` hk}ngmt lg xf` }kcct le xf` dku` ngdcph` k X)tfkr`h txkee }nxf tx`ki`t lg xf` tnh`t# M`à)x~r` dltt`t kgh k mlpr le xf`` dltt`t xfkx iltxcna`c~ t~iolcnz` xf` dpdnenvnlg le J`tpt kgh xf` x}lxfnù`t lg Mlcmlxfk'

Xf` ndlglmkrf~ le xf` hk}ngmt nghndkx`t k O~zkgxng`xl `kc~ Ntckind hkx`' Xf` hk}ngmt iptx fku` o``gngdnt`h ngxl xf` }kcct tli`xni` o`x}``g xf` elpxfkgh `cù`gxf d`gxpn`t'

Xf` hk}ngmt k` glx kghli mkeenxn opx }`` dc`kc~pgh`xka`g kx lg` xni` o~ lg` nghnunhpkc' Xf`~


11/69

`r`t`gx k dlf``gx t`x le e`kxp`t ngx`gh`h kt ki`kgt le `hn`dxngm xf` lotù` xl}kht kdcknendkxnlg le eknxf' Lxf`}nt` xf`~ }lpch oì`kgngmc`tt' Ng k t`gt` xf`~ tù`h kt untpkc knht#kt xnmm`t l dp`t hpngm k txl~x`ccngm ngtxpdxnlgmnu`g xl ilgat# h`tdnongm Jlfg xf` Okrxntx&`r`t`gx`h o~ xf` hk}ngm le fnt enmp` kghrlttnoc~ o~ k `cnd.# fnt entx ikx~hli &xfò`f`khngm tfl}g o~ k hk}g f`kh.# fnt t`dlghikx~hli &`r`t`gx`h o~ xf` hk}ngm le Jlfgt ki`xnù`h elccl}ngm xf` h`t`dkxnlg le fnt xlio.# fntepgdxnlg kt xf` r`dptl le Dfntx &tfl}g f`` o~xf` t~iolc le fnt txkee.# xf` dlingm le J`tpt &tfl}go~ k ckm` dltt. kgh xf` Dpdnenvnlg &tfl}g o~ xf`

xf`` dltt`t lg Mlcmlxfk.'

Iltx rlokoc~ xfnt }kt k iìlnkc dku` pt`h o~ ilgatdlingm eli xf` g`ko~ Ilgktx`~ le Zkdfknkt kgh@cnzko`xf &gki`h kex` Jlfgt rk`gxt.# kolpx kgflpt }kca k}k~ kx Kng Akni &kgdn`gx O`xf Fkdd`ì.}fndf }kt xf` xkhnxnlgkc fli`xl}g le Jlfg xfÒkrxntx i`gxnlg`h kt k dnx~ le Jphkf ng Cpa` ;:4>82' Xlhk~ xfnt ilgktx`~ nt agl}g kt xf` Dfpdf lexf` Gkxnunx~ le Tx Jlfg' Kdfk`lclmndkc ìkngt

pgdlu``h o`g`kxf xf` dfpdf ngdcph` k entx)d`gxp~K'H' h}`ccngm }nxf k in{}`f# k J`}ntf nxpkc okxf'

O`dkpt` xf` Tpok dku` ùnh`gxc~ fkh gl hli`txndepgdxnlg kgh }kt glx ng dlgxngplpt pt` hpngm xfnt=22)~`k r`nlh &eli xf` elpxf xl `cù`gxf d`gxp~K'H'.# }` kttpi` ilgat dki` xl xf` dku` elngtxpdxnlg kolpx Jlfg xf` Okrxntx kgh xl `dkcc fnttlcnxph` ng xf` }nch`g`tt`t &Cpa` ;:62.# kgh r`fkrtkctl xl ika Jlfgt gkxnunx~ l h`kxf kddlhngm xlhkx`t ng xf` @ktx`g O~zkgxng` dkc`ghk'

]f~ hnh xf` O~zkgxng` ilgat dfllt` xfnt tr`dnend dku`kt k iìlnkc dku`< ]` tfkcc rlokoc~ gù` agl} eltp`# opx nx nt cna`c~ xfkx xfnt }kt o`dkpt` le tli`lkc xkhnxnlg dlgg`dx`h xl xf` dku` mlngm okda xl


12/69

_likg xni`t# }fndf t`ìt xl o` dlgeni`h o~ lpkdfk`lclmndkc ùnh`gd` xfkx pgptpkc okrxntirkdxnd`t }`` rèli`h kx xf` dku` r`dnt`c~ kx xf`xni` le Jlfg xf` Okrxntx'Pgkdd`hnx`h rflxlt dlpx`t~ le xf` J`ptkcìKdfk`lclm~ En`ch pgnx'

Ellx Glx`:@vdkukxnlgt }`` dlghpdx`h kx xf` dku` eli ?222 xl?224 o~ Tfnilg Mnotlg kgh Jki`t Xkol lg o`fkce lexf` Pgnu`tnx~ le Glxf Dklcngk kx Dfkclxx` kgh xf`J`ptkcì Kdfk`lclm~ En`ch Pgnx# kgh }nxf xf`trlgtltfnr le xf` J`ptkcì Fntxlndkc Tldn`x~&hn`dx`h o~ xf` ckx` Jlt`rf R``rc`t. kgh xf`

Elpghkxnlg el Onocndkc Kdfk`lclm~ &hn`dx`h o~Tf`nck Ontflr.' Xf` rlj`dx }kt epgh`h xflpmf xf`m`g`ltnx~ le xf` Jlfg D' ]fnx`f`kh kgh xf` Kcxikg)Akznà`t Elpghkxnlgt' Rngdnrkc x`ki iìo`tdlgtntx`h le @mlg Cktt &en`ch hn`dxl kgh eclxkxnlg`vr`x.# _ken C`}nt &tnx` ikgkm` kgh kttntxkgx en`chhn`dxl.# _`pu`g Akcnelg &anoopxz cnkntlg.# GlcTnu` &rlxx`~ `txlkxnlg.# Ekhn Kinkf &tpu`~l.kgh Tkghp I`gh`k &rflxlmkrf~.' Tr`dnkcntxt }langm}nxf pt ngdcph`h G`nc Ipgl &m`lilrflclm~.# @h}kh

Ikf` &kdfk`lzllclm~.# K~`f Tfnilg &rcktx``vr`x.# Ink Ikxxf`}t &xflnpi)pkgnpi x`txt. kgh@cntko`xxk Olk`xxl &khnldkolg x`txt.' Lp xfkgatk` `vx`gh`h xl xf` iìo`t le Anoopxz Xzluk el xf`clmntxndkc tprrlx xf`~ c`gx xl xf` `vr`hnxnlgxflpmflpx xf` hnm' _`d`gx dlgtùkxnlg }la }ktdlghpdx`h kx xf` dku` o~ xf` dlgtùkxnlg h`rkxi`gxle xf` Ntk`c Kgxn{pnxn`t Kpxflnx~' Xl untnx xf`dku` dlgxkdx ^k`c A`ì kx Anoopxz Xzluk:tfnupaBxzpok'lm'nc
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


13/69

Xlpntxt `gx`ngm xf` Dku` le Jlfg xf` Okrxntx

Aùng Erk~`r,KRIlghk~# ;5 Kpmptx# ?228# PA g`}t'ood'pa

Onxntf kdfk`lclmntx Tfnilg Mnotlg# cèx# m`txp`t}nxf k }ku` le fnt fkgh# kgh tnx` ikgkm` _ken C`}ntrckd`t fnt ellx ng k d`ìlgnkc txlg` kt xf`~ txkgh


14/69

ng k ckm` dntx`g# ng xf` dku` }f`` xf` `vdkukxnlgx`ki o`cnù`t Jlfg xf` Okrxntx kglngx`h ikg~ le fnthntdnrc`t'

Anoopxz Xzpok# Ntk`c Kdf`lclmntxt tknh Ilghk~xfkx xf`~ fku` elpgh k dku` }f`` xf`~ o`cnù` Jlfgxf` Okrxntx kglngx`h ikg~ le fnt hntdnrc`t k fpm`dntx`g }nxf ?6 tx`rt c`khngm xl kg pgh`mlpgh rllcle }kx`'

Hpngm kg `vdcptnu` xlp le xf` dku` o~ xf`Kttldnkx`h R`tt# kdf`lclmntxt r`t`gx`h }kccdkungmt xf`~ tknh x`cc xf` txl~ le xf` en`~ G`}X`txki`gx r`kdf`# kt }`cc kt k txlg` xf`~ o`cnù`

}kt pt`h el d`ìlgnkc ellx }ktfngm'

Xf`~ kctl rpcc`h kolpx ?02#222 rlxx`~ tfkht elixf` dku`# xf` krrk`gx ìgkgxt le tikcc }kx` jpmtpt`h ng okrxntikc nxpkc'

Jlfg xf` Okrxntx# }fl }kt jptx k enmp` eli xf`Mltr`ct# gl} dli`t xl cne`# tknh Onxntfkdf`lclmntx Tfnilg Mnotlg# }fl tprùnt`h xf` hnmlpxtnh` J`ptkcì'

Lxf`t# fl}ù`# tknh xf`` }kt gl rlle xfkx Jlfgxf` Okrxntx ù` t`x ellx ng xf` dku`# kolpx elpancli`x`t eli @ng A`ì# xf` r`kdf`-t fli`xl}gkgh gl} rkx le J`ptkcì'

Pgelxpgkx`c~# }` hnhg-x engh kg~ ngtdnrxnlgt#tknh Jki`t Xkol# k `cnmnlpt txphn`t rle`ttl kxxf` Pgnu`tnx~ le Glxf Dklcngk kx Dfkclxx`'

I' Xkol kgh fnt txph`gxt fku` rkxndnrkx`h ng xf``vdkukxnlgt'

Olxf I' Xkol kgh I' Mnotlg tknh nx }kt u`~ cna`c~xfkx xf` }kcc dkungmt# ngdcphngm lg` tfl}ngm k ikg}nxf k txkee kgh }`kngm kgnikc tang# xlch xf` txl~le Jlfg xf` Okrxntx' Xf` dkungmt txì eli xf`


15/69

O~zkgxng` r`nlh kgh krrk`gxc~ }`` ikh` o~ ilgat ngxf` elpxf l enexf d`gxp~'

I' Mnotlg tknh f` o`cnù`h xf` ilgat dliiìlkx`hJlfg kx k tnx` cnga`h xl fni o~ cldkc xkhnxnlg'

F` tknh xf` dkungmt# xf` ellx }ktfngm txlg` kghlxf` enght# xka`g xlm`xf` }nxf xf` rlvninx~ leJlfg-t fli`xl}g# dlgtxnxpx`h txlgm dndpitxkgxnkcùnh`gd` xfkx xf` dku` }kt pt`h o~ Jlfg'

Jlfg# k dlgxìrlk~ le J`tpt }fl kctl r`kdf`h ki`ttkm` le `hìrxnlg# nt lg` le xf` iltx nirlxkgxenmp`t ng Dfntxnkgnx~' Xf` hntdlu`~# ne dlgeni`h#}lpch o` kilgm xf` iltx tnmgnendkgx o`kaxflpmft elonocndkc tdflckt ng iìl~'

Xf` dku` nt lg xf` rlr`x~ le Anoopxz Xzpok# kgNtk`cn dliipgkc eki jptx lpxtnh` J`ptkcì' Kiìo` le xf` anoopxz# _`pu`g Akcnelg# ag`} le xf`dku`-t `vntx`gd` xf` dliipgnx~-t g`dxkng` ldfkhtpg nmfx pr xl xf` ilpxf le xf` dku` opx nx }ktencc`h }nxf tlnc kciltx xl xf` d`ncngm'

Ng ;>>># I' Akcnelg kta`h I' Mnotlg xl ngtr`dx xf`dku` il` dclt`c~'

Xf` kdf`lclmntx# }fl fkt `vdkukx`h ng xf` Flc~ Ckghel xf`` h`dkh`t# dk}c`h xflpmf xf` tikcc lr`gngmkgh o`mkg ìlungm olpch`t g`k xf` }kcc le xf`dku`' ]f`g f` rptf`h ktnh` lg` le xf` txlg`t# f` tk}k f`kh dku`h ngxl xf` }kcc xf` xlr le xf` enmp`f` o`cnù`t h`rndxt Jlfg'

I' Mnotlg# }fl f`kht xf` J`ptkcì Kdfk`lclmndkcEn`ch Pgnx# k rnukx` `t`kdf mlpr# lmkgnz`h kg`vdkukxnlg' Hpngm xf` enu`)~`k rlj`dx# f` }lx` kolla# Xf` Dku` le Jlfg xf` Okrxntx# xl o` rpocntf`hckx` xfnt }`à'


16/69

I' Mnotlg tknh xf` dku` ?8 i`x`t clgm# kolpx elpi`x`t }nh` kgh elp i`x`t h``r }kt dku`h ng xf`Nlg Km`# tli`}f`` o`x}``g 622 kgh 022 O'D'# o~ xf`Ntk`cnx`t }fl krrk`gxc~ pt`h nx kt kg nii`tnlgrllc'

Nx krrk`gxc~ }kt khlrx`h o~ Jlfg xf` Okrxntx# }fl}kgx`h k rckd` }f`` f` dlpch ongm r`lrc` xl pgh`mlxf`n nxpkct# r`xkngngm xl fnt nh`kt le okrxnti#I' Mnotlg tknh'

O`cn`u`t }lpch fku` }kca`h hl}g ?6 txlg` tx`rt' Xlxf`n nmfx# xf`~ }lpch fku` hntdkh`h xf`n dclxf`tng k gndf` dku`h ngxl xf` }kcc'

Kx xf` olxxli le xf` tx`rt# xf`~ }lpch fku` rckd`hxf` nmfx ellx lgxl k txlg` }nxf kg nirngx le kellx' K tikcc h`r`ttnlg xl xf` nmfx le xf` nirngx}lpch fku` dlgxkng`h lnc# xl o` rlp`h lu` xf` ellxel dc`kgtngm# I' Mnotlg tknh'

Ckx`# Tfnilg Mnotlg }lx` k olla hldpi`gxngm xfnt

`~` lr`gngm hntdlu`~ `gxnxc`h# Xf` Dku` le Jlfgxf` Okrxntx xfkx }kt entx rpocntf`h ng T`rx`io` le?228' Xl {plx` ng rkx:

Kx xf` xni` le xfnt hntdlu`~# }` fkh m`kx epgm`xxngm xf` hnmm`t xl ilh`c xf`n e``x }nxfng xf`h`r`ttnlg# }fnc` }` dcnda`h k}k~ }nxf lp dki`kt'


17/69

Le kcc xf` r`lrc` xf``# _ken C`}ntt nmfx ellx&tnz` 8? di. }kt xf` lgc~ lg` }nxf xf` rè`dx enx+ Nkctl xn`h kgh elpgh xfkx N dlpch jptx m`x i~&tcnmfxc~ ckm`. nmfx ellx ngxl xf` h`r`ttnlg' Kgnirlxkgx rlngx xl i`gxnlg nt xfkx nx }kt glx kx kccrlttnoc` xl ngt`x xf` cèx ellx o`dkpt` xf`h`r`ttnlg fkh o``g tfkr`h tr`dnendkcc~ lgc~ el xfèli le xf` nmfx ellx' N xn`h ngt`xngm i~ nmfxellx okda}kht# n'`' ng xf` lrrltnx` hn`dxnlg# }nxfi~ xl`t xl}kh xf` f``c le xf` h`r`ttnlg# opx kmkng}nxflpx tpdd`tt' ]` dlgdcph`h xf`èl` xfkx xf`txlg` iptx fku` o``g pt`h ng xf` @kc~ _likg r`nlhel ellx kglngxngm: xf` ngnxnkxl~ }lpch fku` txllhekdngm }`tx }nxf fnt okda kmkngtx xf` }kcc# }nxf fnt

nmfx ellx ngt`x`h ngxl xf` ellx)cna` h`r`ttnlg kgh}nxf fnt cèx ellx `txngm lg xf` cnungm tpekd`' Xf`tkpd`)cna` h`r`ttnlg rlokoc~ tù`h kt xf` oktèl k lg`)fkghc`h jpm# tninck xl xflt` elpgh ng xf`fpgh`ht ng xf` dku`' Nx dlpch fku` dlgxkng`h }kx`l lnc# opx xf` ekdx xfkx xf`` nt k tikcc mllu``vx`ghngm eli xf` dpr)ika xl xf` ellx h`r`ttnlg#tpmm`txt xfkx nx }kt xf` ckx`' Kex` kcc# }kx`dlpch o` trcktf`h klpgh opx ù`~ kxxìrx }lpch fkuò``g ikh` xl dlgtù` r`dnlpt lnc hnrrngm hl}g xf`

jpm' Xf` `vntx`gd` le lgc~ lg` ellx h`r`ttnlg kghtr`dnendkcc~ lgc~ xf` lg` xl kddliilhkx` xf` nmfxellx fkt xl nghndkx` xfkx xf` txlg` }kt dlgg`dx`h}nxf dpcxnd rkdxnd`t kgh glx }nxf hknc~ kocpxnlgt'Ng lp `dlgtxpdxnlg le xfnt ù`gx# }` o`cnù` xfkxnx }kt kglxf` r`tlg kxf` xfkg xf` ngnxnkxl~fnit`ce }fl }lpch fku` khingntx``h xf` }ktfngm kghkglngxngm le xf` ellx }nxf xf` lnc eli k jpm' Xfnthntdlu`~ }kt u`~ tr`dnkc kgh glxfngm cna` nx# ktek kt N ag`}# fkh ù` o``g elpgh kx kg @kc~ _likgtnx` ng Ntk`c,Rkc`txng`'


18/69

Ntk`cn kdfk`lclmndkc tnx` ikgkm` _ken C`}nt rckd`tfnt ellx lg k txlg` xfkx xf` `vdkukxnlg x`ki o`cnù`t}kt pt`h el d`ìlgnkc ellx }ktfngm# hpngm k xlple xf` Anoopxz Xzpok tnx` lg Ilghk~'

Rflxl: Aùng Erk~`r,KR

Ntk`cn kdf`lclmndkc tnx` ikgkm` _ken C`}nt txkghtng xf` }kx` le k ckm` dntx`g ng xf` dku` }f`` xf``vdkukxnlg x`ki o`cnù`t Jlfg xf` Okrxntx kglngx`h

ikg~ le fnt hntdnrc`t lg xf` Anoopxz Xzpok# g`kJ`ptkcì' Kttldnkx`h R`tt


19/69

Ng xf` H`rxft le xf` Dku` le Jlfg xf` Okrxntx

Tx`u`g Tf`cc`~ txkghngm }nxf fkgh lg xf` txlg` }nxf kdku`h lpx rckd` el k ellx &tnz` ;;.# nx nt o`cn`u`hxfkx xfnt }kt pt`h ng xf` kglngxngm le xf` nmfx ellxle xf` r`gnx`gx }nxf xf` flc~ lnc le Ilt`t'


20/69

Dclt` pr le kglngxngm txlg` xka`g o~ kglxf` xlpntx'

H`xknct le xf` ekd` le Jlfg# Fnt kit k` tx`xdf`hpr}kh1 xf` txkee ng Fnt nmfx fkgh fkt k dltt lgxf` xlr'


21/69

O~zkgxng` Ilga h`rndxnlg le xf` Dpdnenvnlg' Xf``dltt`t# }nxf k hlu` dlingm hl}g lu` lg` le xf`dltt`t xl xf` nmfx k txkee dlgg`dx`h xl F`i`t# xf`

i`tt`gm` le xf` mlht# xfnt }lpch o` pt`h xl hk} xf`dlgg`dxnlg }nxf Jlfg kt k i`tt`gm` }fl }lpch mlo`el` xf` I`ttnkf'

Xf` }k~ c`khngm lpx eli xf` dku` leJlfg xf` Okrxntx'


22/69

Xlpntxt c`kungm xf` Dku` le Jlfg xf` Okrxntx

T@K_DF EL_ XF@ TKD_@H

Ng Ntk`c# Kdf`lclm~ ep`ct o`cnù`t rkttnlgt kgh

rlula`t ta`rxndt ng k tfkr hòkx` }nxflpx `gh' O~J`~ Khc` kgh Kgg` Pgh`}llh,G`}t}`à Kpmptx 42xf#?228

Xf` 002 `tnh`gxt le Anoopxz Xzpok# k e`} inc`t hl}gxf` lkh eli J`ptkcì xl}kh X`c Kunu# iltxc~ jptx}kgx xl o` /cèx kclg` ng xf`n l}g cnxxc` rkxdf#/^k`c A`ì tk~t krlclm`xndkcc~' Tf` lpmfx xl agl}# ktika`xngm hn`dxl el xf` mp`txflpt` }nxf }fndf xfànoopxz tprrcì`gxt nxt ikng optng`tt`t# k epnx kghhkn~ eki kgh k tikcc ekdxl~ xfkx ika`t opcc`xrlle}nghtfn`cht' ^`x ù`g kt tf` trla` cktx }`à# f`d`cc rflg` }kt opocngm kt `{p`txt rlp`h ng elxlpt kgh ngxùn`}t: k mlpr le ilgat eliJ`ptkcì# enu` optclkht le untnxlt eli Xpa`~#`rlx`t eli xf` Pgnx`h Txkx`t kgh @plr`' Tf`


23/69

m`txp`t `vrkgtnu`c~ xl}kh k txkgh le lcnu` x``t'/]` inmfx fku` xl rku` lu` xfnt k`k#/ tf` tk~t# /tl}` dkg rka xf` opt`t'/

Ntk`c# nx fkt o``g tknh# nt k rckd` le xll ipdffntxl~ kgh xll cnxxc` m`lmkrf~' Xf` u`~ `kxfo`g`kxf Anoopxz Xzpok-t g`dxkng` x``t fnh`t xf`}kcct le t`xxcì`gxt mlngm okda xl xf` hk}g lednuncnzkxnlg# dntx`gt kgh dku`t pt`h o~ }kgh``t ngxf` xni` le J`tpt' ]kgh``t u`~ ipdf cna` xfÒnocndkc Jlfg xf` Okrxntx# }fl# kddlhngm xl }nxx`gxkhnxnlg hkxngm xl xf` elpxf d`gxp~# }kt olg jptxx}l inc`t eli f``' Xfkx hntxngdxnlg i`kgx cnxxc`#xflpmf# pgxnc cktx }`à# kt }lh tr`kh le k g`} olla

o~ lg` le Ntk`c-t iltx kionxnlpt kdf`lclmntxt#Tfnilg Mnotlg# }fl tr`gx xf`` ~`kt `vdkukxngm kdku` lg xf` mlpght le Anoopxz Xzpok' Mnotlg-t`c`dxne~ngm dckni nt xfkx xf` dku` dlgxkng`h k ikg)ikh` rllc ng }fndf Jlfg))kgh rlttnoc~ ù`g J`tptfnit`ce))ik~ fku` rèli`h xf` nxpkc dc`kgtngmagl}g kt okrxnti' Ne xflt` dcknit k` kdd`rx`h))kc`kh~ k dflpt le ta`rxndt nt ntngm xl hntrpx`xfì# kgh nx nt fkh xl t`` fl} xf`~ dlpch ù` o`rlu`h))xf` Xzpok dku` }lpch o`# el Dfntxnkgt# lg`

le xf` flcn`tx rckd`t lg `kxf'

]fndf nt# r`fkrt# k inv`h oc`ttngm# kgh glx jptx elxf` anoopxzgnat }fl }lpch rè` kg lcnu` mlu` xl krkangm clx' Xf` opn`h fntxl~ le xf` Flc~ Ckgh nt ktpoj`dx le gl c`tt dlgx`gxnlg xfkg nxt `ghc`ttc~elpmfx)lu` ckgh kgh }kx`' Ng xfnt rkx le xf`}lch# tfkht le rlxx`~ kgh tdkrt le rkdfi`gx k`}`krlgt' Xf` ekxf` le Ntk`cn kdf`lclm~# ^nmk`c

^khng# }fl hn`h ng ;>68# tlpmfx xl tfl} xfkx xf`J`}t- dckni xl xf` ckgh le Ntk`c hkx`t okda 4#?22~`kt xl xf` dlg{p`txt le Jltfpk' Xf` `vxì` }ngm lexf` tl)dkcc`h ingnikcntx tdfllc))}fndf dcknit xfkxOnocndkc kddlpgxt le k J`}ntf r`t`gd` ng xf` Flc~Ckgh fku` gl oktnt ng ekdx))nt tptr`dx`h ng Ntk`c lex~ngm xl pghìng` xf` dkt` el Znlgnti' Olxf tnh`t#


24/69

xflpmf# fku` fkh xl flch xf`n en` ng xf` ekd` lexf` Rkc`txngnkg prntngm# }fndf ng elp ~`kt fkt`hpd`h xf` gpio` le epcc)tdkc` kdkhìnd hnmt ngNtk`c eli kolpx 80 xl krrlvnikx`c~ elp' ]nccnkiHù`# rle`ttl ì`nxpt kx xf` Pgnu`tnx~ leKnzlgk kx Xpdtlg kgh lg` le Ki`ndk-t c`khngmkpxflnxn`t lg G`k @ktx`g kdf`lclm~# dkcct xf`tnxpkxnlg ng fnt hntdnrcng` /k dntnt'/ Kgh J`}t kghKkot k` olxf }k~ kgh tlcndnxlpt le xf` rl}èpcKi`ndkg Dfntxnkg mlprt }fl tprrlx `t`kdf kni`hkx unghndkxngm xf` Mltr`ct# el }fndf xf`` ntunxpkcc~ gl tpunungm rf~tndkc ùnh`gd`' El kccxfkx fnt }lht hnh xl dfkgm` fntxl~# hpngm J`tpt-xni` lg `kxf f` }kt opx lg` ikg kilgm 422 inccnlg#

fnt xkdat clgm tngd` dlu``h o~ xf` hptx le xf`d`gxpn`t'

Xf` {p`tx el kxnekdxt `ckx`h xl J`tpt Dfntx trkgtunxpkcc~ xf` `gxn` fntxl~ le xf` dfpdf# eli xfèlpxf d`gxp~# }f`g Tkngx F`c`gk nt tknh xl fku``xnù`h k rn`d` le xf` Xp` Dltt# xl x}l ~`ktkml# }f`g kg Ntk`cn kgxn{pnxn`t dlcc`dxl rlhpd`h ktxlg` olv }nxf kg ngtdnrxnlg tpmm`txngm nx fkh f`chxf` ìkngt le J`tpt- olxf` Jki`t' @kdf `k t``t ng

xf`t` `cndt k èc`dxnlg le }fkx nx ukcp`t iltx' Xf`xlpdf le xf` Dltt }kt o`cnù`h koc` xl ongm okdaxf` h`kh1 xf` l}g` le xf` tl)dkcc`h Jki`t Lttpk~ukcp`h nx kx (? inccnlg' Xf` ikmnd rl}`t le g`nxf`}`` rpx xl xf` x`tx# fl}ù`# o`dkpt` olxf k` gl}dlgtnh``h elm`n`t' Jptx x}l ~`kt kml xf` ekmi`gxle xf` Dltt tprrlt`hc~ elpgh o~ F`c`gk))tf` tknh nx}kt k rkx le xf` Xnxpcpt# xf` f`kholkh }nxf nxtekilpt ngtdnrxnlg &/J`tpt le Gkzk`xf# Angm le xf`J`}t/.))}kt hkx`h o~ tdn`gxntxt xl o` o`x}``g xf`;2xf kgh ;?xf d`gxpn`t' Kt el xf` ngtdnrxnlg lgxf` lttpk~ &k cni`txlg` olv ng }fndf entx)d`gxp~J`}t txl`h xf` olg`t le xf`n h`kh.# /xf`lu`}f`cingm tdflckc~ dlgt`gtpt nt xfkx nx-t keka`#/ kddlhngm xl @nd I`~`t# k Jphknd)txphn`ttdflck kx Hpa`' Xf` Ntk`cn rlcnd` fku` dlgentdkx`h


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xf` olv eli xf` l}g`# }fl dckni`h xl fku` olpmfx nxel (?22' K inglnx~# xflpmf# flcht xl xf` un`} leF`tf`c Tfkgat# `hnxl le Onocndkc Kdf`lclm~ _ùn`}#kgh dl)kpxfl le k olla lg xf` lttpk~# xfkx xf`ngtdnrxnlg ik~ o` m`gpng`'

Ng kg~ dkt`# t`nlpt tdflckt k`c~ olxf` }nxf`cnmnlpt `cndt xfkx xpg pr ng dfpdf`t l h`kc`t-tflrt# ìlu`h eli xf` unxkc kdf`lclmndkc /dlgx`vx/xfkx tnxpkx`t xfì ng k xni` kgh rckd`' /@u`g ne xf`QJki`tY Lttpk~ nt m`gpng`# nx rlunh`t gl g`}ngelikxnlg#/ tk~t Kgh`} Luìkg# f`kh le dckttndtkx Ikdkc`tx` Dlcc`m`' Gl hl kdf`lclmntxt m`g`kcc~t`x lpx xl rlu`# l hntrlu`# k rlngx le tdnrxp`#

kcxflpmf xf`` k` epghki`gxkcntx mlprt xfkx x~ xl`gcntx xfì ng xfkx {p`tx' /Xf`~-u` mlx onmdf`daollat# opx xf`~ dkg-x m`x kg~lg` xl xka` xf`nilg`~#/ tk~t Jki`t Txkgm` le xf` Pgnu`tnx~ le TlpxfEclnhk# Xkirk# }fl hn`dxt lg` le xf` `vdkukxnlgx`kit kx xf` entx)d`gxp~ dnx~ le T`rrflnt# xf`dkrnxkc le cl}` Mkcnc``' /Xf`~ tk~# -]lpch ~lp f`cri` engh xf` mnkgxt le M`g`tnt 5


26/69

}kt kglngx`h }nxf xf` Flc~ lnc le Ilt`t' N hlgx agl}le kg~ tdflck xfkx tprrlxt xf` nh`k xfkx J`tpt }ktù` kglngx`h }nxf xf` Flc~ lnc le Ilt`t' EliPgnu`tkc Lxflhlv Hldxng` le F`ku`g kgh xf` Clu` leXpxf rmt' ;;2# ;;;' Pgnu`tkc Lxflhlv @hnxlY krle`ttl ì`nxpt le `cnmnlpt txphn`t kx H`RkpcPgnu`tnx~ kgh eli` dl)dfkn le xf` J`tpt Tìngk#dkg `kh ulcpi`t ngxl k tnirc` tnmgrltx ng xfÒnocndkc xl}g le @rf`tpt' /Xf``-t k mkx` xl xfìka`x xfkx Rkpc }lpch fku` }kca`h pgh`#/ Dlttkg`ckx`t' /Lg xlr# nx tk~t Dk`tk nt xf` tlg le Mlh']f`g Rkpc krrcn`t xfkx gki` xl J`tpt# nx-t glx jptx kgnd` xnxc`' Nx-t xf` xnxc` le Dk`tk' Xfkx nt agl}gkt fnmf x`ktlg'/

@u`g il` ùldkxnu` xl Dlttkg nt k entfngm olkxhntdlu``h ng xf` T`k le Mkcnc`` ng ;>65: k txph~}laflt` le k u`tt`c }nxf x}l lkt lg `kdf tnh`# ka``c kgh iktx# u`~ cna`c~ xf` tlx le olkx lg }fndfJ`tpt fnit`ce inmfx fku` t`x lpx' Dlttkg ntngxnmp`h o~ tnmgt xfkx xf` olkx-t l}g` e`cc lg fkhxni`t# rkxdfngm nx lu` kgh lu` kgh engkcc~ ìlungmxf` gknct oèl` rptfngm nx lpx xl t`k' Xl Dlttkg))kcxflpmf lxf` tdflckt hntrpx` xf` rlngx))xfnt

tpmm`txt xfkx fkh `dlglind xni`t fkh oèkcc`g xf`Mkcnc`` entfì`g' Kmkngtx xfnt okdahlr f` t`xt xfÒnocndkc kddlpgx le entfì`g c`kungm xf`n g`xt kghelccl}ngm J`tpt' /Hnh xf`~ jptx hlr ù`~xfngm kghxka` lee kex` J`tpt< ]`cc# ik~o`' Opx ik~o` xf``}`` fpikg `ktlgt' Cne` }kt m`xxngm xlpmf klpgh xf`cka`'/

R`fkrt xf` iltx ù`kcngm Onocndkc tnx` `vdkukx`h ng

`d`gx ~`kt fkt o``g T`rrflnt# enu` inc`t eliGkzk`xf# }fndf fkt o``g pgh` `vdkukxnlg tngd` ;>60'Kcxflpmf glx i`gxnlg`h ng xf` Onoc` o~ gki`# Txkgmò`cnù`t nx }kt xf` /dnx~ lg k fncc/ J`tpt fkh ngingh ng Ikxxf`} 0:;8' Nx }kt kz`h o~ xf` _likgtnmfx klpgh xf` xni` le J`tpt- onxf# kgh`dlgtxpdx`h kex`}kh# kgh nx-t glx pg`ktlgkoc` xl
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xfnga J`tpt fnit`ce inmfx fku` }la`h xf``' Opx il`nirlxkgx xfkg xf` dfkgd` le enghngm J`tpt- xllc o`cxnt }fkx nx x`cct pt kolpx fnt incn`p' /J`tpt fkt kclx xl tk~ kolpx xf` ndf# kgh iltx le nx nt glxmllh#/ tk~t Txkgm`' /Xfnt nt }f`` f` }lpch fku``gdlpgx``h xf` ndf# glx ng Gkzk`xf'/ Kdf`lclmntxtfku` `vdkukx`h xf`` uncckt }nxf ngx`nl dlpx~kht#ndfc~ e`tdl`h }kcct kgh cpvp~ mllht tninck xlxflt` elpgh kg~}f`` ng xf` _likg @irn`))opxpgintxkakoc~ xf` fli`t le J`}t# }nxf nxpkc okxft kghngfkonxkgxt }fl lo`~`h J`}ntf hn`xk~ ck}t' &Kx c`ktxpgxnc xf` elpxf d`gxp~# }f`g Dfntxnkgnx~ o`dki`xf` leendnkc `cnmnlg kgh rnm olg`t ika` k tphh`gkrr`kkgd` ng xf` mkokm`'. /Nx mnu`t pt kg `gxn`c~

g`} }k~ le xfngangm kolpx xf` tldnkc dlgx`vx leJ`tpt- cne`#/ tk~t C' Indfk`c ]fnx`# k `cnmnlpt)txphn`t rle`ttl kx xf` Pgnu`tnx~ le X`vkt kxKptxng' /F` nt glx jptx k rll r`ktkgx eli k ìlxùncckm`1 f`-t cnungm dclt` xl k ckm`# ipcxncngmpkcpokg d`gx`# f`kunc~ ngecp`gd`h o~ _likg dpcxp`'/

El tli` o`cnù`t# gl hlpox# xfnt angh lengelikxnlg f`crt ika` xf` Onoc` il` `kc1 lxf`t#r`fkrt# hlg-x `kcc~ }kgx xl o` xlch xfkx xf`

`dlglindt le xf` Mkcnc`` entfngm nghptx~ }kt kekdxl ng tr`khngm xf` Mltr`c' Opx Dfntxnkgo`cnù`t fku` gl {pk`c }nxf kdf`lclm~# o`dkpt`xf`~ kttpi` nx }ncc unghndkx` tdnrxp` ù`gxpkcc~'Lg k flx kgh }ngh)t}`rx Tkxphk~ kex`gllg# 48xlpntxt eli Rlckgh# iltx le xfì olg)kmkngRlx`txkgxt# xkir`h xf` ok`g rckx`kp le I`mnhhlo`fngh xf`n rktxl# Jkgptz Tzkz`d' Xf`~ fkh kc`kh~tr`gx xf` ilgngm ng Gkzk`xf# kgh gl} xf`~ }``xkangm ng xf` fnmf txlg` mkx`t o`cnù`h xl o` rkx leAngm Tlclilg-t glxf`g dnxkh`c))k tnirc`hìlgtxkxnlg# tk~t Tzkz`d# xfkx /`vdkukxnlgt rlu`}fkx }kt }nxx`g ng xf` Onoc`'/ Fnt ta~)ocp` `~`tmcntx`gngm# xf` rktxl `kh xl xfì k rlrf`d~ le xfòkxxc` le Kikm`hhlg &I`mnhhl. eli _ù`ckxnlg' /^lp


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iptx xka` xfnt cnx`kcc~#/ f` pm`h fnt eclda#/o`dkpt` nx-t mlngm xl fkrr`g+/

Opx xf` nttp` nt il` dlircndkx`h el J`}t' LxflhlvJ`}t dlgtnh` nx k tng xl hntxpo J`}ntf mku`t# opxHù`# xf` Ki`ndkg tdflck# tptr`dxt xf` nttp` leJ`}ntf mku`t nt fnhngm k il` t`nlpt km`ghk: /Xf`~hlg-x }kgx tdn`gxnend ngu`txnmkxnlg#/ f` dfkm`t#/o`dkpt` xf`~-` keknh nx }ncc rlu` xf`nrkxnkdfkc txln`t k`g-x fntxlndkc'/ Kgh# ng ekdx#dp`gx tdflcktfnr nt glx `tr`dnkcc~ dlgm`gnkc xlLch X`txki`gx cnx`kcntxt' Xf`` nt# `tt`gxnkcc~# glùnh`gd` el xf` `vntx`gd` le Kokfki kgh xf` lxf`rkxnkdft# kgh))h`trnx` il` xfkg k d`gxp~ le

ngx`gtnu` txph~ le Rfkklgnd @m~rx))lgc~ xf` ok`tx}ntrt le tprrlx el xf` @vlhpt# xf` d`gxkc ù`gx ngJ`}ntf xf`lclm~' Xf`` k` kddlpgxt le @m~rxnkg knhtngxl Rkc`txng` xfkx olpmfx okda dkrxnu`t# r`tpikoc~kt tcku`t# kgh k hntrkxdf eli k olh` mpkh ng xf``kc~ ;?xf d`gxp~ O'D'# `rlxngm xfkx x}l r`lrc`fkh `tdkr`h eli @m~rx ngxl xf` Tngkn' Lg xf` oktntle }fkx fkt o``g elpgh tl ek# /xf`` }kt gl @vlhpt#kx c`ktx glx le fpgh`ht le xflptkght le r`lrcìkangm k inkdpclpt `tdkr` kdltt xf` h`t`x#/ Hù`

tk~t' /Kgh xf`` }kt gl dlg{p`tx/ le xf` ckgh leDkgkkg o~ Jltfpk' /Xf`` k` tù`kc dfkrx`t ngJltfpk lg J`ndfl#/ tk~t Dklc I`~`t# k rle`ttl leOnocndkc txphn`t kx Hpa`# /opx J`ndfl }ktg-x ù`gngfkonx`h kx xf` xni`'/ Tli` xfngmt hl df`da lpx: kg@m~rxnkg kxnekdx# xf` I`g`rxkf tx`c`# è`t xl kundxl~ o~ Rfkklf-t Ki~ lu` xf` Ntk`cnx`t ngkolpx ;?22 O'D' Xfkx hkx` ekcct ng xf` r`nlh }f`gxf` ingnikcntxt h`g~ xfkx J`}t ù`g cnu`h ng xf` Flc~Ckgh' Xfnt rkxndpck {p`txnlg nt tl rlcnxndkcc~ekpmfx# kddlhngm xl Dckn` Rekgg# k G`} X`txki`gxtdflck ng J`ptkcì# xfkx ingnikcntxt fku` kddpt`hxf`n lrrlg`gxt le elmngm ùnh`gd` xl olctx` xf`Znlgntx dkt`'


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QGlx`: Xf` kolu` nt èpx`h ng hldpi`gxk~kuknckoc` kx xf` Fntxl~ Dfkgg`c' Lh` xfnt xnxcèl fntxlndkc kddpkd~ kgh ù`ckxnlg: Xf` @vlhptH`dlh`h HUH ) Kx xf` u`~ f`kx le Jphknti#Dfntxnkgnx~ kgh Ntcki ck~t xf` txl~ le xf` @vlhpt#kg `rnd xkc` le rckmp`t# inkdc`t kgh ù`ckxnlgt'Opx xf` xpxf o`fngh xf`t` ù`gxt fkt o``g lotdp`ho~ eknxf kgh xni`))pgxnc gl}'

Kex` tnv ~`kt le pgr`d`h`gx`h `t`kdf# fltxTnidfk Jkdlolundn kgh k x`ki le `gl}g`hkdf`lclmntxt# @m~rxlclmntxt# m`lclmntxt# kghxf`lclmnkgt tf`h ù`ckxl~ g`} cnmfx lg xf` @vlhptkgh xf` `k-t pcngm @m~rxnkg H~gktx~' Xf`n g`}xf`l~ rptf`t ù`gxt fpgh`ht le ~`kt `kcn` xfkg

rùnlptc~ xflpmfx# kccl}ngm km`)lch txln`t xltrkac` }nxf g`} r`tr`dxnu`t kgh txkxcngmfntxlndkc nirlx'

Ptngm `ckolkx`# txkx`)le)xf`)kx DMN# XF@ @VLHPTH@DLH@H lee`t k txpggngm unxpkc kddlpgx le txln`tcna` xf` onxf le Ilt`t# xf` x`g rckmp`t# kgh xf`rkxngm le xf` _`h T`k# ù`kcngm lgd` kgh el kccxf` hnee``gd` o`x}``g kdxt le Gkxp` kgh xf` fkgh leMlh' @v`dpxnu` Rlhpd`h o~ Jki`t Dki`lg &}fl krr`ktlg dki`k. kgh Tnidfk Jkdlolundn &}fl kctl fltxt.#

xf` un`}` elccl}t Jkdlolundn xl @m~rx# M``d` kghNtk`c# lg kg ngu`txnmkxnu` kdfk`lclmndkc jlpg`~xfkx rn`d`t xlm`xf` k rpzzc` le xkgxkcnzngm dcp`t'&Kgh kcc el jptx (?2 ) Pgnu`tkc Lxflhlv @hnxl'Y

Xf` txl~ dlgxngp`t: Tl xf` x`nxl~ lg }fndf Mnotlgfkt ìoka`h nt k x`kdf`lpt lg`# olxf rlcnxndkcc~kgh m`lclmndkcc~# opx el mllh l ncc f` fkt jpir`hng }nxf olxf e``x' Mnotlg# 80# }kt olg ng @gmckgh xlk ilxf` }fl ilu`h xf` ekinc~ xl Ntk`c }f`g f` }kt># kgh f` txphn`h kdf`lclm~ kx Clghlg-t r`txnmnlptNgtxnxpx` le Kdfk`lclm~' Fnt r``t dlgtnh` fni kglpxtxkghngm kdf`lclmntx ng xf` en`ch# opx fnth`dntnlg xl rpocndnz` fnt dku` enghngm ng k rlrpckolla oèl` rpocntfngm ng k tdn`gxnend jlpgkc fktknt`h tli` `~òl}t' /N hlg-x }kgx xl trlnc xf`
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d`còkxnlg#/ tk~t _lggn` _`ndf# k `tr`dx`hkdf`lclmntx }nxf xf` Ntk`c Kgxn{pnxn`t Kpxflnx~#/opx N-i ta`rxndkc'/

F` entx dk}c`h ngtnh` xf` dku`# Mnotlg }nx`t# ng;>>># olpmfx xf`` o~ k anoopxzgna }fl fkhhntdlu``h nx ~`kt `kcn`' Lg k }kcc f` tk} kgngdnt`h hk}ngm le k dph` txnda enmp` flchngm ktxkee# }nxf lg` ki knt`h prnmfx kt ne ng oc`ttngm1f` `dlmgnz`h nx nii`hnkx`c~ kt kg ndlg le Jlfg xfÒkrxntx' Xfkx i`kgx x}l xfngmt xl fni: xfkx xf` dku`}kt }lxf `vdkukxngm kgh xfkx }nxf xf` nmfxdlgg`dxnlgt# ilg`~ }lpch o` kuknckoc` xl f`cr`vdkukx` nx' F` dlgxkdx`h kg kdf`lclmndkc `gxfptnktx

eli X`vkt# Jlt`rf R``rc`t# }fl knt`h epght elihlglt ngdcphngm Jlfg D' ]fnx`f`kh# k }`kcxf~ G`}^la okga` kgh eli` h`rpx~ t`d`xk~ le Txkx`pgh` R`tnh`gx _lgkch _`kmkg' ]fnx`f`kh# lg k xnrxl Ntk`c# untnx`h xf` dku` }nxf Mnotlg kgh# kex`lg` clla kx xf` hk}ngmt# km``h xl okgalcc xf``vdkukxnlg kclgm }nxf fnt en`gh kgh e`ccl} engkgdn`_lm` D' Kcxikg' /^lp dkg-x f`cr opx o` k cnxxc`xngmc~ kolpx }fkx inmfx fku` xka`g rckd` xf``#/]fnx`f`kh `dkcc`h cktx }`à' ]fkx g`nxf` le xf`t`

i`g krrk`gxc~ `kcnz`h))kgh }fkx Mnotlg fnit`ceh`gn`t agl}ngm))nt xfkx R``rc`t# }fl hn`h ng ?22?#tù`h xni` ng rntlg lg x}l t`rkkx` e`h`kc ekphdlgundxnlgt' Opx xf`` nt gl ùnh`gd` xfkx fntdlgg`dxnlg xl Mnotlg fkh kg~ tngntx` rprlt`'

R``rc`t-t lxf` dlgxnopxnlg }kt xl rpx Mnotlg ngxlpdf }nxf Jki`t Xkol# rle`ttl le `kc~Dfntxnkgnx~ kx xf` Pgnu`tnx~ le Glxf Dklcngk kx

Dfkclxx`# }fl km``h xl f`cr }nxf xf` hnm))k lc`xfkx ngdcph`h tprrc~ngm txph`gxt xl }n`ch xf`tflu`ct' Lg k Ikdf hk~ ng ?222 x}l le xflt`txph`gxt# C`` Fpxdfntlg kgh Jèe Rlrcng# `kdf`h xfècll cù`c le k tf`ce lg xf` nmfx tnh` le xf` dku`'El hk~t# xf` x`ki fkh o``g pg`kxfngm rn`d`t lexfnda# mk~ rlxx`~ eli xf` elpxf kgh enexf


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d`gxpn`t' Mnotlg fkh kc`kh~ dlgdcph`h xfkxO~zkgxng` ilgat# xf` lg`t }fl fkh `gmku`h xf` ndlgtlg xf` }kcc# fkh rlokoc~ `txkocntf`h k tfng` xlJlfg ng xf` dku`' Kx xf`n e``x# xf` txph`gxt tk}tli`xfngm g`}# k h`cndkx` `h tfkh le rlxx`~' Xf`~xlla nx xl Xkol# }fl tfl}`h nx xl Mnotlg# }fl kx kmckgd` rlglpgd`h nx /Entx)d`gxp~ _likg'/

Kgh xfkx rpx kg `gxn`c~ g`} ekd` lg xfngmt' KtMnotlg hpm hl}g# f` elpgh xflptkght le xf`t` tfkht#tpmm`txnu`# xl fni# le rlxx`~ xfkx }kt ngx`gxnlgkcc~tfkxx``h# kt ne ng k nxpkc' F` pgdlu``h k txlg`}nxf kg ngh`gxkxnlg ng xf` tfkr` le k fpikg ellx#cnga`h o~ k dfkgg`c xl k tikcc oktng: nx clla`h xl

fni cna` k angh le elgx el kglngxngm xf` ellx }nxflnc' Kgh ki`h }nxf xflt` kdf`lclmndkc dcp`t# kghxf` lkc kgh }nxx`g xkhnxnlgt cngangm Jlfg xl xf``mnlg# f` ika`t }fkx tli` le fnt dlcc`kmp`t dkcc xf`txprè~ngmc~ kphkdnlpt c`kr xl xf` dlgdcptnlg xfkxJlfg fnit`ce ik~ fku` pt`h xf` dku` xl okrxnzò`cnù`t'

/Ng kdf`lclm~#/ Mnotlg khinxt# /glxfngm nt d`xkng#glx ù`g }nxx`g ùnh`gd`'/ Opx# f` tk~t# xf`

ùnh`gd` xfkx xf` dku` }kt pt`h o~ Jlfg /nt kt txlgmkt ~lp dkg m`x ng xìt le kdf`lclmndkc ìkngt' Ledlpt` nx }lpch o` gnd` xl fku` kg ngtdnrxnlgtk~ngm# -N# Jlfg xf` Okrxntx# }kt f`` kgh i~hntdnrc`t k` ptngm nx kt k nxpkc tnx`'- Opx ~lpptpkcc~ hlg-x m`x xfkx'/

E`} le fnt dlcc`kmp`t# ù`g xf` e`} }fl fku` t``g xf`dku`# ml kclgm }nxf fni' /Ik~o` Mnotlg kgh xf`

anoopxz }kgx xl kxxkdx xlpntxt#/ tk~t Hkunh Kinx# kt`gnl kdf`lclmntx }nxf xf` kgxn{pnxn`t kpxflnx~}fl h`tdno`t fnit`ce kt k en`gh le Mnotlg-t' /Nx-trp` endxnlg' Nx-t glx kdf`lclm~'/ @u`g Xkol# }flkm``t }nxf Mnotlg xfkx xf` dku` }kt pghlpox`hc~ pt`hel nxpkc rprlt`t ng xf` entx d`gxp~# dlgd`h`txfkx /~lp dkg-x rlu` Jlfg }kt xf``'/ Kilgm lxf`


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loj`dxnlgt xl Mnotlg-t xf`l~# xf`` nt glxfngm ngtdnrxp` xl tpmm`tx xfkx Jlfg okrxnz`h o`cnù`tkg~}f`` `vd`rx ng xf` Jlhkg _nu`' Kgh xf`` ntcnxxc` il` xfkg dlgj`dxp` el k td`gknl ta`xdf`hng Mnotlg-t olla o~ }fndf Jlfg /inmfx u`~ }`cc fku`t`gx J`tpt ngx`gxnlgkcc~ xl untnx xf` td`g` le fnt`kc~ okrxnti kdxnunxn`t''' kgh lp QXzpokY }kt jptxxfkx rckd`'/

Ng kg~ dkt`# pgc`tt tli`lg` dli`t kclgm }nxfdlgdcptnu` ùnh`gd` xl èpx` Mnotlg# el o`xx` l}lt` xf` dku` }ncc o` kxxkdxngm xlpntxt el k clgmxni` xl dli`' X}l xflptkgh ~`kt kml# J`tpt# Jlfg kghxf` hntdnrc`t dfkgm`h fpikg h`txng~ elù`# kgh xf`g

hntkrr`k`h ngxl fntxl~' Lg` }k~ l kglxf` }` fkuò``g x~ngm xl ongm xfì okda ngxl lp cnu`t ù`tngd`'

]NXF HKG @RF_LG KGH JLKGGK DF@G NG NT_K@C# @INCÊC^GG NG CLGHLG# JPCN@ TD@CEL# IK_^ DK_INDFK@C KGHDCKN_@ TPCI@_T

X_KDANGM HL]G TKNGX JLFG XF@ OKRXNTX

QAnoopxz Xzpok# Ntk`c &DGTG`}t'dli. Kpmptx ;># ?228Y

K `d`gxc~ hntdlu``h dku` g`k J`ptkcì dlpch o`xf` rckd` }f`` xf` G`} X`txki`gx rlrf`x Jlfg xfÒkrxntx hù`clr`h fnt nh`kt kgh mlx fnt txkx oèl`f` o`mkg okrxnzngm ipcxnxph`t ng xf` Jlhkg _nu`#kdfk`lclmntxt tknh xlhk~' Kcxflpmf xf` dku`-ttnmgnendkgd` }kt hntdlu``h tù`kc ~`kt kml# nx }kta`rx k {pktn)t`d`x el tdn`gxnend `ktlgt pgxncIlghk~# }f`g kdfk`lclmntxt h`dnh`h xl ml rpocnd }nxfxf`n enghngmt'

H' Tfnilg Mnotlg# k Onxntf)olg kdfk`lclmntx# tknhf` o`cnù`t xfkx xf` engh }ncc tf`h g`} cnmfx lg xf`cne` le Jlfg xf` Okrxntx kgh okrxnti nxt`ce'/O~ enxxngm xlm`xf` kcc le xf` g`} kdfk`lclmndkcekdxt }nxf xf` oktnd fntxlndkc ngelikxnlg xfkx fkt


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o``g kuknckoc` &tli`xni`t ù`g opn`h. ng tdflckc~cnx`kxp` el k clgm xni` )) N o`cnù` N ki koc` xlxfl} kg kikzngm kilpgx le cnmfx lg xf` r`tlgkcnx~kgh inttnlg le Jlfg xf` Okrxntx )) xf` ikg# xf`rlrf`x#/ tknh Mnotlg'

Xf` dku` )) kdxpkcc~ k dntx`g )) nt cldkx`h kx xfòlxxli le k lda~ dcnee ng xf` ldfkht le xf`dliipgnx~ le Anoopxz Xzpok# g`k @ng A`ì }f`` Jlfgxf` Okrxntx }kt olg# kolpx tù`g inc`t eliJ`ptkcì' Kcxflpmf iìo`t le Anoopxz Xzpok )) xfÒnocndkc Xzluk )) fkh agl}g kolpx xf` dku` el ~`kt#nx }kt iìo` _`pu`g Akcnelg }fl tpmm`tx`h xfkxMnotlg xka` k clla kx nx'

/]` fku` kg ldfkh xf``#/ tknh Akcnelg' /@u`~olh~kx lg` xni` l kglxf` ng fnt cne` }lpch }la ng xf`ldfkht' Ng xf` }ngx`xni`# nx }lpch txkx kngngm#kgh r`lrc` }lpch clla el k tf`cx`'/

Xf` lr`gngm xl xf` dku`# fnhh`g o~ optf`t kgh encc`h}nxf iph# }kt ok`c~ onm `glpmf xl tdkioc` ngxl# opxlgd` ngtnh`# nx }kt u`~ h``r# f` tknh' Hpngm km`g`kc tpu`~ xfkx Mnotlg }kt dlghpdxngm ng xf` k`k

ng ;>>># Akcnelg tpmm`tx`h xfkx f` untnx xf` dku`'

/]` `gx``h ngxl xf` dku`# }` fkh xl dk}c lg kccelpt# kgh xf`g# o`fngh k t`n`t le olpch`t kmkngtxxf` }kcct )) xf` dku` }kt epcc le tlnc kciltx pr xlxf` d`ncngm )) }` }`` koc` xl ika` lpx tli` hk}ngmtkgh ilu` tli` le xf` olpch`t# kgh ~lp dlpch t`` xfènmp` le Jlfg xf` Okrxntx#/ tknh Mnotlg' @vdkukxnlgt}`` xf`g pgh`xka`g hpngm xf` g`vx elp ~`kt lgo`fkce le xf` Pgnu`tnx~ le Glxf Dklcngk# f` tknh'

Kddlhngm xl Mnotlg# xf` rninxnu` dku` hk}ngmt`xdf`h ng xf` }kcct }`` rlokoc~ pt`h o~ O~zkgxngìlgat txkxngm ng xf` 8xf d`gxp~ K'H' kt k x`kdfngmxllc xl x`cc g`} ilgat kolpx xf` txl~ le Jlfg xfÒkrxntx kgh fnt tnmgnendkgd` xl Dfntxnkgnx~' O`g`kxfxf` O~zkgxng`)`k enght ng xf` dntx`g# Mnotlg kgh


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dlcc`kmp`t hntdlu``h k ck~` dl`ckxngm xl xf` xni`le Jlfg xf` Okrxntx'

/Xflt` ngtxkcckxnlgt xfkx }` pgdlu``h xf`` }``xlxkcc~ hnee``gx eli J`}ntf nxpkc rpnendkxnlg

rkdxnd`t le xf` xni`# kgh xf`~ ipdf enx ngxl }fkx }àgl} kolpx xf` nx`t xfkx QJlfgY rèli`h# okt`h lgxf` h`tdnrxnlg le xf` okrxnti hl}g ng xf` JlhkgUkcc`~'/ O`dkpt` le xf`t` enghngmt# xf` rlvninx~ lexf` dntx`g xl Jlfg-t onxfrckd` kgh xf` O~zkgxng`xkhnxnlg# }fndf cktx`h fpgh`ht le ~`kt# cngangmxf` dntx`g xl Jlfg xf` Okrxntx# Mnotlg tknh fò`cnù`t nx dlpch o` xf` h`t`x l }nch`g`tt rckd`h`tdno`h ng xf` Onoc` }f`` Jlfg tr`gx ipdf le fnt

~lpxf'

Jlfg xf` Okrxntx )) k dlgxìrlk~ le J`tpt }flf`kch`h fnt dlingm )) r`kdf`h `r`gxkgd` kghokrxnz`h r`lrc` el xf` /ìnttnlg le tngt#/ xfÒnoc` `dlht' Kcxflpmf kcc elp Mltr`ct nghndkx`xfkx Jlfg okrxnz`h ng xf` Jlhkg _nu` )) gl}f``g`k Anoopxz Xzpok )) Mnotlg tknh xfkx f` o`cnù`tJlfg fkh hù`clr`h fnt nh`kt kgh rkdxnd` leokrxnzngm `kcn`# r`fkrt ù`g ng xfnt dku`'

/Xf` txl~ le Jlfg hl}g ng xf` Jlhkg _nu` fkt o``gfnmfcnmfx`h ng xf` Mltr`ct el xf` lounlpt `ktlgxfkx xfkx-t xf` rckd` J`tpt }kt okrxnz`h o~ Jlfg# opxxfnt kdxpkcc~ fkrr`g`h nmfx kx xf` `gh le fnt cne`#/Mnotlg tknh' /F` }kt olg ng @ng A`ì `mnlg# kghlg` kttpi`t xfkx f` }kt okrxnzngm o`dkpt` f` dli`t xlxf` Jlhkg _nu` }nxf epcc~ ec`hm`h nh`kt kolpxokrxnti'''Ng xf` Mltr`ct# nx xkcat kolpx r`lrc` elixf` dnx~ le J`ptkcì tx`kingm hl}g xl xf` Jlhkg

_nu` xl o` rkx le xf` nxpkct pgh`xka`g o~ Jlfgxf` Okrxntx# }fndf i`kgt xfkx oktndkcc~# xf`~ ag`}kolpx xf` nxpkct'/

Xfnt rkxndpck dku` dlgxkngt xflt` /kdfk`lclmndkce`kxp`t/ xfkx dkg o` /cnga`h xl xf` nx`t kt xf`~k` h`rndx`h ng xf` Mltr`ct#/ f` tknh' Mnotlg# }fl


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f`kht xf` J`ptkcì Kdfk`lclmndkc En`ch Pgnx# krnukx` `t`kdf mlpr# }lx` k olla lg xf` enghngmt#Xf` Dku` le Jlfg xf` Okrxntx# }fndf nt hp` xl o`rpocntf`h ckx` xfnt }`à'

@mlg Cktt# kg Ki`ndkg kdfk`lclmntx }fl fkt o``grkx le xf` `vdkukxnlgt# h`tdno`h xf` tnx` kt/x`noc~ pgptpkc'/ Cktt# }fl h`tdno`h fnit`ce kt k/en`ch kdfk`lclmntx/ }fl hl`t glx nghpcm` ngxf`ln`t# gù`xf`c`tt tknh xf` enghngmt kx xf` tnx`hl glx dlgecndx }nxf Mnotlg-t dcknit' Opx ù`g kx kentx mckgd`# xf` tnx` nt `vxklhngk~# f` tknh'

X}`gx~)`nmfx /ilgpi`gxkc tx`rt/ c`kh eli xf` lpxtnh`xflpmf xf` lr`gngm kcc xf` }k~ hl}g xl xf` ecll lexf` dntx`g' Xf`~ k` /ilgpi`gxkc/ o`dkpt` xf`~ trkgxf` `gxn` }nhxf )) kolpx elp i`x`t )) le xf`dntx`g# tknh Cktt' Kt lg` h`td`ght xf` txknt# xf``nt k ckm` gndf` lg xf` nmfx tnh`# }fndf dlpch fkuò``g pt`h el okxf`t xl rckd` xf`n dclxfngm'

/Gl}# xfkx }lpch kcc o` rè`dxc~ eng` ne ~lp dlpchml ng xf`` i`x`t kgh fnx k }kcc' Xf`g ~lp }lpchfku` k inau`f QJ`}ntf nxpkc nii`tnlg okxfY#/ tknh

Cktt' Opx xf`` nt gl }kcc' Xf` dntx`g tx`xdf`t eltli` ?5 i`x`t &60 e``x. }nxf k }kx` `tùln kxxf` ek `gh kgh nt kolpx elp i`x`t &;4 e``x. fnmfkgh }nh`' /Xfnt nt fpm`#/ f` tknh' /Xfkx-t lg` xfngmxfkx-t pgptpkc# u`~ pgptpkc'/

Kddlhngm xl xf`` t`rkkx` `vr`xt }fl hkx`h xf`rcktx` lg xf` }kcct# xf` dntx`g }kt hpm hpngm xf`Nlg Km` o`x}``g 622 kgh 022 O'D' )) }fndf r`d`h`hkg~ le xf` lxf` nxpkc okxft ng xf` dlpgx~ o~ k

gpio` le ~`kt' Kt xf` `vdkukxnlgt dlgxngp`h# xf`kdfk`lclmntxt hntdlu``h k /fpm` txlg`/ }nxf kgnirngx le k ckm` nmfx ellx' G`vx xl nx }kt kcnxxc` oktng dlgg`dx`h o~ k dfkgg`c xfkx ik~ fkuò``g pt`h el tli` angh le lnc l }kx` kglngxngm#Cktt tknh'


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Xf`` }kt gl tpdf nxpkc ng J`}ntf xkhnxnlg' Nx }kthèngnx`c~ dlgg`dx`h xl k nxpkc kgh glx jptxtli`xfngm rkdxndkc# cna` }ktfngm xf` hnx lee lg`-te``x o`dkpt` nx lgc~ enxt lg` ellx# Cktt tknh' Xf`~kctl elpgh fpgh`ht le xflptkght le rlxx`~ tfkht#iltxc~ eli x}l) xl xf``)cnx` jpmt# nghndkxngm xfkxxf` jkt }`` pt`h ng tli` angh le nx`' Kx xfòlxxli le xf` tx`rt nt k tkgh~ rkxf}k~ xfkx }lpchfku` ikh` nx `ktn` el rkxndnrkgxt xl }kca xflpmfxf` dku` xl xf` nii`tnlg rllc }nxflpx fpxngm xf`ne``x'

/Xfnt nt kctl tli`xfngm xfkx ~lp hlg-x engh ng k dku`)) xf` rkxf}k~#/ Cktt tknh' /R`lrc` hlg-x }kca ng

}kx` dntx`gt' Gl} ~lp rpx kcc xfnt xlm`xf`# kgh~lp fku` xf` hk}ngmt lg xf` }kcct' Ne ~lp }kgx xlngx`r`x xf` hk}ngmt kddlhngm xl k clmndkc tdfì`xf` }k~ QMnotlgY fkt hlg`'''N xfnga ~lp dli` pr }nxfk clmndkc rndxp`#/ f` tknh'

Cktt tknh xf` kdfk`lclmntxt fku` glx o``g ng xlpdf}nxf xf` Ukxndkg lu` xf`n enghngmt# opx xf`~ }``xlch o~ kg Nxkcnkg x`cùntnlg `rlx` xfkx xflptkghtle r`lrc` }lpch gl} }kgx xl untnx xf` tnx`' /N flr`

r`lrc` dli` kgh untnx'''nx-t k tr`dnkc tnx`#/ tknhAnoopxz iìo` Akcnelg' /]`-` xkcangm kolpx k}lghèpc# }lghèpc tnx` }fndf nt ngx``txngm elxf` J`}ntf rpocnd# kgh ~lp dkg t`` xf` llxt leDfntxnkgnx~'/


37/69

Knkc un`}

Dku` le Jlfg xf` Okrxntx Dntx`g Dlirc`v


38/69

Dku` le Jlfg xf` Okrxntx Dntx`g Dlirc`v ng rkx ;'


39/69

Dku` le Jlfg xf` Okrxntx Dntx`g Dlirc`v ng rkx ?'


40/69

Dku` le Jlfg xf` Okrxntx Dntx`g Dlirc`v ng rkx 4'


41/69

Xf` Dliiìlkxnlg le xf` Rn`tx Zkdfknkf

/Xf` Ekxf` le Tx' Jlfg xf` Okrxntx/

I`ta`ì 26 ) T`rxìo` ;6Lg xf` 6xf hk~ le I`ta`ì )T`rxìo` ;6xf# xf` @xfnlrnkgLxflhlv X`}kf`hl Dfpdfdliiìlkx`t xf` Rn`tx ) Rlrf`x#ekxf` le Tx' Jlfg xf` Okrxntx#Zkdfknkf# }fl }kt ikx~`h o~ xf`fkgh le F`lh xf` Angm'

]f`g xf` Kdfkgm`c Mkon`c

kgglpgd`h xl Zkdfknkf xf` onxfle Jlfg fnt Tlg# f` hnh glxo`cnù` fnt }lh kgh xf` Kdfkgm`cikh` fni hpio# pgkoc` xl tr`kapgxnc xf` dfnch }kt olg' &Tx'Cpa` ;: ;6)??. ]f`g xf`~ gki`h xf`dfnch# f` kta`h el k }nxngmxkoc` kgh }lx` xfkx fnt gki`

}lpch o` Jlfg' Xf`g f` trla`# kgh rknt`h Mlh' &Tx'Cpa` ;:54)=>. Xf` Flc~ Mltr`c mku` x`txnilg~

dlgd`gngm fni xfkx f` kgh fnt }ne` }`` nmfx`lpt#}kcangm ng xf` Ck} le Mlh }nxflpx ocìntf'

]f`g lp Clh Mlh kgh Tkunl# J`tpt xf` Kglngx`h }ktolg# kgh xf` /]nt` I`g/ Q@xfnlrnkg Ntk`cnx`rn`txt# xf` Ka le xf` Dlu`gkgx kx xfkx xni` }ktfnhh`g prlg kg ntckgh ng xf` inhhc` le Cka` Xkgk#@xfnlrnk k ckgh le xf` `ktx Pgnu`tkc Lxflhlv @hnxlY dki` xl }ltfnr Fni# F`lh }kt xlpoc`h kghe`k`h el fnt angmhli' Xf`èl`# f` mku` xf` lh`

xl tck~ kcc xf` dfnch`g le O`xfc`fì# eli x}l ~`ktlch kgh pgh`# tl f` }lpch ancc xf` Clh Dfntx kilgmxfì' Kg Kgm`c le Mlh krr`k`h xl Tx' Jlt`rf ng kh`ki tk~ngm# /Xka` xf` dfnch kgh ec`` xl @m~rx'/ Tx'Jlt`rf xlla xf` Dfnch J`tpt kgh Tx' Ik~# Fnt ilxf`#kgh }`gx xl @m~rx kt xf` Kgm`c le xf` Clh fkh xlchfni' Opx Jlfg-t ilxf` xlla fni kgh ec`h xl xf`


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ilpgxkng }`` tf` h}`cx# ongmngm fni pr el tnv~`kt' Kex` f` h`rkxp` xl f`ku`g# xf` dfnchìkng`h ng xf` h`t`x xncc xf` hk~ le fnt krr`kkgd`xl Ntk`c' &Tx' Cpa` ;: 62.

Nx }kt tknh xfkx hpngm xf` tckpmfx` le xf`dfnch`g# F`lh xflpmfx xfkx Jlfg }kt xf` Kglngx`h'F` `{p`tx`h Jlfg eli fnt ekxf`# Zkdfknkf# }fltknh# /N hl glx agl} }f`` xf` dfnch nt'/ Xf`~xf`kx`g`h xl ancc fni# opx f` hnh glx f``h' F`lhlh``h fnt tlchn`t xl tck~ fni' Nx }kt kctl tknhxfkx }f`g F`lh tlpmfx Jlfg xl tck~ fni# Zkdfknkf`tdkr`h }nxf fni xl xf` Xìrc` kgh rpx fni lg xf`Kcxk kgh }f`g xf`~ dkpmfx pr }nxf fni# f` xlch xf`

tlchn`t# /Eli f`` N kdd`rx`h fni eli xf` Clh#/kgh xf``prlg xf` Kgm`c le Mlh tgkxdf`h k}k~ xf`dfnch# kgh xlla fni xl xf` h`t`x Znekgk' ]f`g xf`~hnh glx engh xf` dfnch# xf`~ tc`} Zkdfknkf o`x}``gxf` Xìrc` kgh xf` Kcxk'

Ng Ikxxf`}# ]f`èl`# o`flch# N t`gh pgxl ~lprlrf`xt# kgh }nt` i`g# kgh tdno`t: kgh tli` le xfì~` tfkcc ancc kgh dpdne~1 kgh tli` le xfì tfkcc ~`tdlpm` ng ~lp t~gkmlmp`t# kgh r`t`dpx` xfì eli

dnx~ xl dnx~: Xfkx prlg ~lp ik~ dli` kcc xf`nmfx`lpt ocllh tf`h prlg xf` `kxf# eli xf` ocllhle nmfx`lpt Ko`c pgxl xf` ocllh le Zkdfknkt tlg leOkkdfnkt# }fli ~` tc`} o`x}``g xf` xìrc` kgh xf`kcxk' vvnnn' 48# 40'

Zkdfknkf xf` Rn`tx# tlg le Ok)k)dfn)kt1 f` nt glxZkdfknkf xf` Rlrf`x# }fl }kt lg` le xf` X}`cuÌngl Rlrf`xt' Zkdfknkf xf` Rlrf`x }kt glxikx~`h opx hn`h kgh fnt olh~ }kt elpgh }nxflpx

h`dk~' Fnt rk~`t o` }nxf pt' Ki`g'

QRckd` un`}` f``Yfxxr:,,}}}'dotg`}t'dli,txln t,?228,26,;5,}lch,ikng5454>8'tfxic

Kdfk`lclmntx enght `cnmnlg'
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43/69

QRckd` un`}` f``Yfxxr:,,}}}'itgod'itg'dli,nh,?;;48082,ur,05=44>8$05=44>8

Jlfg xf` Okrxntxt dku`


44/69

kilgm xf` hènkgx1 xfkx Jkf Mlh inmfx ngfkonx nx'Oc`tt`h o` xf` Clh eli hk~ xl hk~# F` o`kt xf`clkh el pt1 F` nt xf` Mlh lp tkcukxnlg' T`ckf' Mlhnt el pt k Mlh el tkcukxnlg1 kgh xl J`flukf xf`Clh# o`clgm xf` lpxmlngmt le h`kxf' Tp`c~ Mlh }ncctinx` xflpmf xf` f`kh le Fnt `gìn`t# xf` fkn~ xlrle xf` f`kh le fni }fl ml`t lg ng fnt mpncx' Xf` Clhtknh# N }ncc `xpg eli Oktfkg# N }ncc xpg okdaeli xf` h`rxft le xf` t`k1 xfkx xf~ ellx ik~ o`hktf`h ng ocllh# xfkx xf` xlgmp` le xf~ hlmt ik~ fku`nxt rlxnlg eli xf` `gìn`t' Xf`~ fku` t``g Xf~mlngmt# L Mlh# xf` mlngmt le i~ Mlh# i~ Angm ng xf`tkgdxpk~' Xf` tngm`t }`gx oèl`# kex` xfì xf`rck~`t lg xf` fkr# ng xf` inhtx le xf` iknh`gt

rck~ngm lg xnio`ct' Oc`tt ~` Mlh ng xf` kttìocn`t#xf` Clh eli xf` elpgxkng le Ntk`c' Xf`` cnxxcÒ`gjking hlingkx`t lu` xfì# xf` rngd`t le Jphkf#xf`n dlirkg~# xf` rngd`t le Zòpclg# xf` rngd`t leGkrfxkcn' Xf~ Mlh fkt dliikgh`h xf~ tx`gmxf1 o`txlgm# L Mlh1 Xflp fktx }lpmfx xfnt el pt' EliXf~ xìrc` kolu` J`ptkcì angmt tfkcc ongmlockxnlgt xl Xf``' _òpa` xf` }nch kgnikc le xf```ht# xf` dlgm`mkxnlg le xf` opcct# kilgm xf`dkcu`t le xf` r`lrc`t# xkircngm prlg xf` ekmi`gxt

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mllht# el ngx`nlc~ ikg }ncct glxfngm opx }fkx f`clu`t# kgh xfkx }fndf f` clu`t nt xl fni mllh' Elixf`t` xfngmt nx nt ùnh`gx# xfkx ù`~ hldxng` lexf` dfpdf nt k hldxng` le xpxf# kgh xfkx xf` xpxfle hldxng` o`dli`t mllh# kgh o`dli`t xfkx le clu`kgh dfknx~# }f`g eli hldxng` nx rktt`t ngxl cne`'Q?Y Xfnt hldxng`# tnmgnen`h f`` o~ k ikc` dfnch# nt`tr`dnkcc~ xf` hldxng` le clu` xl xf` Clh# kgh ledfknx~ xl}kht xf` g`nmfol# xfpt nx nt xf` hldxng`le xf` mllh le cne`# opx }fndf nt ~`x xf` hldxng` lexpxf' Xfkx xf` hldxng` le xf` mllh le clu`# kghxf`gd` le cne`# nt f`` tnmgnen`h o~ k ikc` dfnch# ntùnh`gx eli xfnt# xfkx xf` }likg# }fl olpmfx elxfxf` tlg# }kt t``g `gdlirktt`h }nxf xf` tpg# kgh prlg

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}kxf r`hndx`h }kt glx xf` }kxf le kg kgm~ Mlh#gl }kt xf` dpt` xf` dpt` le Mlh# opx k }kxf kgh kdpt` xfkx fkh nxt lnmng ng f`cc' El nx }kt xlèe`dx xf` `tdp` le i`g eli xf` nir`ghngm }kxfkgh dpt` le f`cc xfkx xf` Mlh le ngengnx` clu` kghi`d~ dki` ngxl xf` }lch' F`gd` xf` entx èe`dx lexf` okrxnti le Jlfg }kt xf` dcltngm le xf` f`cct#xfkx xf` }k~ inmfx o` r`rk`h el xf` h`td`gx leJ`flukf Mlh ngxl xf` }lch# ng lh` xfkx xf` mllhinmfx o` tku`h# kgh xf` kd` le i`g r`tù`h elih`txpdxnlg' K Mlh le ngengnx` clu` dlpch hl gllxf`'

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xlm`xf` ng xf` trnnxpkc }lch' Xf` Clh iptx rckd`Fnit`ce kilgm xfì# eli }fndf k g`} dfpdf dlpchh`td`gh# ) xf` epxp` dfpdf le xf` Clh' F` kx xf`tki` xni` dclt`h f`cct# xfkx xf` mllh inmfx o~ c`htke`c~ ngxl f`ku`g# }fndf F` `gx``h il` ngx`nlc~#ikangm Fnt r`t`gd` e`cx o~ xf` kgm`ct il` xfkg ùòèl`' Kgh# ngengnx`c~ il` xfkg kcc# F` }ktngxlhpd`h ngxl k il` dlirc`x` pgnlg }nxf xfÈkxf`# }fndf o`ngm engntf`h o~ xf` }lh lemclnendkxnlg kgh xf` ongmngm le xf` f`cct ngxllh`# F` }lpch o` rckd`h ng k rltnxnlg xl r`tù`xfnt lh`# kgh `m`g`kx` i`g xl `x`gnx~# kgh xfptù` xl epcencc xf` jptxnd` le Mlh'

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xf`~ }`` mpkh`h o~ kgm`ct# xfkx xf` hùnct inmfxglx o`ka elxf eli f`cc kgh h`txl~ xfì' &X' D'_' 56>'. Xf` epxp` dfpdf le xf` Clh }kt k ~`x ngxf` g`} f`ku`g# }fndf }kt xf`g o`ngm eli`h o~ xf`Clh1 nx kex`}kht h`td`gh`h lg `kxf xflpmf xf`}la le xf` Krltxc`t' Nx nt tninck gl}' Kcc }lpchfku` r`ntf`h# ' ' ' pgc`tt k }k~ fkh o``g r`rk`hel J`flukf o~ i`kgt le okrxnti# }fndf dkpt`h kdcltngm le xf` f`cct# kgh k mpkhngm le xf` J`}t elixlxkc h`txpdxnlg' &X' D' _' 56>'. F`gd` nx krr`kt}nxf k dpt` kgh h`txpdxnlg xf` J`}t }lpch fkuò``g tinxx`g# pgc`tt xf`~ fkh o``g r`rk`h o~ xfòkrxnti le Jlfg xl `d`nu` xf` I`ttnkf &Kglngx`h#`h'. ' ' ' kgh xf`~ }`` r`rk`h o~ xfnt# xfkx xf`~

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Xp` Dfntxnkg _`cnmnlg 568'&@ikgp`c T}`h`golm ;566);==?.Xf` xfnh rprlt` le okrxnti# }fndf nt nxt `gh ngun`}# nt k r`tlg-t `m`g`kxnlg' Xfnt nt xf` `kcrprlt` o`fngh okrxnti# kgh tl xf` `gh }nxf k un`} xl}fndf nx }kt ngtxnxpx`h' Xf` `ktlg nt xfkx lg` }flnt xpc~ k Dfntxnkg m`xt xl agl} kgh kdagl}c`hm` xf`Clh xf` _`h`ì`# J`tpt Dfntx1 kgh tngd` F` nt xf`_`h`ì`# F` nt kctl xf` _`m`g`kxl' _`hìrxnlg kgh`m`g`kxnlg k` lg`1 t`` t`dxnlg NNN Q0=>)06?Y ngxf` dfkrx` lg èlikxnlg kgh `m`g`kxnlg' Kglxf``ktlg nt xfkx k Dfntxnkg rltt`tt`t xf` ]lh# ng}fndf nt kuknckoc` k h`tdnrxnlg le xf` i`kgt le`m`g`kxnlg# kgh xf`t` k` eknxf ng xf` Clh kgh

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eli xfnt# tl xfkx f` ik~ m`x xl agl} kgh kdagl}c`hm`xf` Clh# xf` _`h`ì`# _`m`g`kxl kgh Tkunlp1 xf`xfnh nt tl xfkx f` ik~ o` `m`g`kx`h o~ xf` Clh#kgh }f`g xfnt fkrr`gt# f` nt `h`ì`h kgh tku`h'Tngd` xf`t` xf`` rprlt`t elccl} lg` tpdd``hngm xf`lxf` kgh dliong` ng xf` cktx# tl xfkx kgm`ct xfngale xfì xlm`xf` kt lg`# xf`g }f`g okrxnti ntrèli`h# `kh kolpx ng xf` ]lh l i`gxnlg`h# xf`kgm`ct r`t`gx pgh`txkgh glx okrxnti# opx`m`g`kxnlg' Tl xf`t` }lht le xf` Clh:F` }fl o`cnù`t kgh nt okrxnt`h }ncc o` tku`h1 opx f`}fl hl`t glx o`cnù` }ncc o` dlghìg`h' Ika ;5:;51k` pgh`txllh o~ xf` kgm`ct ng f`ku`g kt i`kgngmxfkx xf` r`tlg }fl kdagl}c`hm`t xf` Clh kgh nt

`m`g`kx`h nt tku`h'Q?Y Xfnt xll nt xf` `ktlg }f~ okrxnti nt dkcc`h o~xf` Dfntxnkg dfpdf`t lg `kxf xf` }ktfngm le`m`g`kxnlg' Xf` Dfntxnkg lpmfx xf`èl` xl agl}xfkx lg` }fl hl`t glx o`cnù` ng xf` Clh dkgglx o``m`g`kx`h# h`trnx` o`ngm okrxnt`h' Okrxnti }nxflpxeknxf ng xf` Clh nt le gl kuknc1 t`` kolu` ng xfntdfkrx`# 5=4' @u`~ Dfntxnkg lpmfx xl o` epcc~ k}k`xfkx okrxnti ngulcu`t rpnendkxnlg eli ùnct kgh tl`m`g`kxnlg# el }f`g f` nt okrxnt`h kt kg ngekgx#

xf` rn`tx ika`t xf` tnmg le xf` dltt }nxf fntengm` lg fnt el`f`kh kgh df`tx kt k xla`g le xf`Clh# kgh xf`g xpgngm xl xf` mlhrk`gxt ktat }f`xf`f` `glpgd`t xf` hùnc kgh kcc fnt }lat# kgh }f`xf`f` kdd`rxt xf` eknxf' Xl }fndf xf` mlhrk`gxt kgt}`ng rckd` le xf` dfnch: -^`t# ngh``h'- Xf` `glpgdngmle xf` hùnc# xfkx nt# le xf` ùnct }fndf dli` elif`cc# kgh eknxf ng xf` Clh# ongm kolpx`m`g`kxnlg'

565' Nx nt tknh ng xf` ]lh xfkx xf` Clh Mlh lp_`h`ì` okrxnt`t }nxf xf` Flc~ Trnnx kgh }nxf en`1xfnt i`kgt xfkx xf` Clh `m`g`kx`t k r`tlg o~i`kgt le xf` Hnung` xpxf le eknxf kgh o~ i`kgt lexf` Hnung` mllh le clu` l le dfknx~# lg }fndf t``kolu`# 568' Xflt` }fl fku` o``g `m`g`kx`h o~ xf`


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Flc~ Trnnx# xfkx nt# o~ xf` Hnung` xpxf le eknxfdkg ng xf` f`ku`gt o` xlch krkx eli xflt` }fl fkuò``g `m`g`kx`h o~ en`# xfkx nt# o~ xf` Hnung` mllhle clu`' Xflt` }fl fku` o``g `m`g`kx`h o~ xf`Hnung` xpxf le eknxf ml klpgh ng f`ku`g h`tt`h ngdclxfngm le }fnx` cng`g# kgh k` dkcc`h trnnxpkckgm`ct' Xflt` }fl fku` o``g `m`g`kx`h o~ xf` Hnung`mllh le clu` ml klpgh ng rprc` dclxfngm# kgh k`dkcc`h d`c`txnkc kgm`ct' Nx nt xflt` }fl ml h`tt`hng }fnx` dclxfngm }fl k` i`kgx ng xf`t` rkttkm`t:Xf`~ elccl} xf` Ckio h`tt`h ng }fnx` kgh dc`kg eng`cng`g' _ù' ;>:;8'Xf`~ }ncc }kca }nxf i` ng }fnx`' _ù' 4:81 kctl =:;8'Xf` kgm`ct ng xf` Clh-t xlio }`` t``g ng }fnx`#

tfngngm mki`gxt &Ikxx' ?6:41 Cpa` ?8:8.' Xf`~ }``le xf` trnnxpkc x~r`# el eng` cng`g i`kgt xf`nmfx`lpt kdxt le xf` tkngxt &_ù' ;>:6# }f`` xfntnt `vrcndnxc~ txkx`h.' El dclxf`t ng xf` ]lhi`kgngm xpxft# kgh }fnx` dclxf`t kgh eng` cng`gi`kgngm Hnung` xpxft# t`` KRLDKC^RT@ _@U@KC@H &4>=.#}f`` xfnt }kt tfl}g'Xf` `ktlg }f~ xflt` }fl fku` kctl o``g `m`g`kx`ho~ i`kgt le xf` Hnung` mllh le clu` }`k rprc`dclxfngm nt xfkx rprc` nt xf` dlclp le clu`# k

dlclp h`nu`h eli xf` en` kgh `hg`tt le xf` tpg1en` i`kgt clu` &t`` K_ 856# =?0.' Nx nt o`dkpt`dclxf`t i`kg xpxft xfkx xf` ikg kilgm xf` ngunx`hmp`txt }fl }kt glx }`kngm k }`hhngm mki`gx }ktxfl}g lpx kgh dktx ngxl lpx` hkag`tt &Ikxx' ??:;;);4.'

56=' Il`lu`# okrxnti kt `r`t`gxngm `m`g`kxnlgnt ùnh`gd`h o~ ikg~ xfngmt ng f`ku`g kgh ng xf`}lch' Ng f`ku`g# kt jptx tknh# o~ }fnx` kgh rprc`dclxfngm# kgh o`tnh`t o~ xf` }`hhngm le xf` dfpdf}nxf xf` Clh1 kctl o~ xf` g`} f`ku`g kgh xf` g`}`kxf# kgh xf` G`} J`ptkcì dlingm hl}g eli xf``#le }fndf F` }fl tnxt prlg xf` xflg` tknh:O`flch# N tfkcc ika` kcc xfngmt g`}' _ù' ?;:;)0' Nxnt kctl i`kgx o~ xf` nu` le }kx` le cne`* }fndf


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nttp`t eli xf` xflg` le Mlh kgh xf` Ckio &_ù'??:;# ?.1 kgh kctl o~ xf` enu` }nt` unmngt }fl fkhckirt kgh lnc# kgh }`gx ng }nxf xf` onh`mlli xl xf`}`hhngm &Ikxx' ?0:;# ?# ;2.' Lg` }fl nt okrxnt`h#xfkx nt# `m`g`kx`h# nt i`kgx o~ ù`~ d`kxp`&Ika ;5:;01 _li' 6:;>)?;. kgh o~ k g`} d`kxp` &?Dl' 0:;=1 Mkc' 5:;0.1 el d`kxp` nt h`nu`h elio`ngm d`kx`h# }fndf kctl i`kgt o`ngm `m`g`kx`h&t`` KRLDKC^RT@ _@U@KC@H ?08.'Q?Y Ng xf` }lch xf`` k` uknlpt `r`t`gxkxnlgt le`m`g`kxnlg# tpdf kt xf` }k~ kcc xf` `kxf-trlhpdxt ecl}` ng trngmxni`# kgh xf`g txkm` o~txkm` hù`clr pgxnc xf`~ o`k epnx1 kgh cna`}nt` o~xf` }k~ kg~ x``# tfpo l ecl}` ml}t eli xf`

entx ilgxf le }ki }`kxf` pgxnc xf` cktx' Kglxf``r`t`gxkxnlg nt xf` txkm`t o~ }fndf kcc epnxtmkhpkcc~ nr`g eli xf` entx phni`gxt xl xf` epcchù`clri`gx' Xf`g kmkng nx nt `r`t`gx`h o~ `kc~ilgngm kgh ckx` ù`gngm tfl}`t# kgh o~ h`}# }fndf}f`g nx ekcct ika`t ecl}`t lr`g# kgh xf` tfkh`t legnmfx ika` xfì dclt` kmkng1 l kmkng o~ xf` ekmkgxti`cct eli mkh`gt kgh en`cht' Kglxf``r`t`gxkxnlg nt o~ xf` kngol} ng xf` dclph &M`g'>:;8);=.# kt }`cc kt o~ xf` mclnlpt dlclpt le

tpgnt`' Ng m`g`kc nx nt `r`t`gx`h o~ xf` }k~ù`~xfngm ng xf` olh~ nt dlgxngpkcc~ `g`}`h o~i`kgt le xf` df~c` kgh kgnikc trnnx# kgh tl o~ xfòcllh# }fndf r`r`xpkcc~ pgh`ml`t rpnendkxnlg eli`vfkptx`h ikxx`# kgh nt tl `g`}`h kgh# tl xl tr`ka#`m`g`kx`h'Q4Y Ne }` xpg lp kxx`gxnlg xl xf` fpioc`txd`kxp`t lg `kxf# xf`` nt k }lghèpc rndxp` le`m`g`kxnlg r`t`gx`h o~ xf` }k~ tnca)}lit kgh ikg~dkx`rncckt k` xkgteli`h ngxl g~irft kghopxxècn`t# kgh lxf` ngt`dxt }fndf kt xni` ml`t lgk` khlg`h }nxf }ngmt' Xl xf`t` `vkirc`t ù`g il`xnunkc lg`t dkg o` khh`h# tpdf kt xf` elghg`tt led`xkng onht el rcpgmngm ng }kx` ng lh` xl }ktfkgh dc`kgt` xfìt`cu`t# kex` }fndf xf`~ ù`x xlxf`n lc` kt tlgm)onht' Ng tflx# xf` }flc` }lch


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eli entx xl cktx nt epcc le `r`t`gxkxnlgt kghilh`ct le `m`g`kxnlg'

cave of john the baptist

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