causes of deterioration in buildings latest

8/11/2019 Causes of Deterioration in Buildings Latest

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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGNCAUSES OF DETERIORATIONCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGNCAUSES OF DETERIORATIONIN BUILDINGSByDr.Abdul-Mohsen Al-Hammad

COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGNOUTLINEINTRODUCTION

THE SYSTEMATIC APPROACH FOR THE DIAGNOSISOF A BUILDING DEFECT

CAUSES OF DETERIORATION IN BUILDINGSIN GENERAL

DETAILED CAUSES OF DETERIORATIN IN BUILDINGSWITH EXAMPLES


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGNINTRODUCTIONCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGNINTRODUCTIONProper building maintenance should be considered during:

* Planning* Design* Construction, and* Maintenance stagesDuring maintenance stage, effective building maintenancerequires:

The correct diagnosis of defect, and implementation of thecorrect remedial measures all based on sound technicalknowledge, otherwise waste of capital resources have to bedone again.

COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGNREPAIRS WITHOUT DIAGNOSES


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGNTHE SYSTEMATIC APPROACH FOR THE DIAGNOSISOF A BUILDING DEFECT 1/2COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGNTHE SYSTEMATIC APPROACH FOR THE DIAGNOSISOF A BUILDING DEFECT 1/21.Problem Definition2.Field Survey and Inspectiona.Visual Inspection, includes:Taken PhotosLooking for similar defect in the same areab.Field Measurement, includes:Written record about the sizes and dimensionsof the defectSamples of the defected material and itsadjacent area are takenCOLLEGE OF

ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGNTHE SYSTEMATIC APPROACH FOR THE DIAGNOSISOF A BUILDING DEFECT 2/23. Laboratory Testing of Field SamplesRequires Test for:StrengthChemical and physical properties of the field samplesOther tests relevant to the defect condition4. Examine the AS-Built Design DrawingsObtain information relevant to the defect area5. Analysis and DiscussionCompare the Lab. And field study results with theinformation

obtained from the As-built drawings then after that,

6. Conclusion can be withdrawn


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGNCAUSES OF DETERIORATION IN BUILDINGSIN GENERALCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGNCAUSES OF DETERIORATION IN BUILDINGSIN GENERALThe primary source and causes of deterioration and decayin structures and buildings can be listed as follows:

1.Human 8. Faulty Construction2.Chemical 9. Faulty Materials

3. Atmospheric 10. Faulty System4.Structural 11. Faulty Systems5. Moisture 12. Cleaning6.Fire 13. Vandalism7.Faulty DesignCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGNCAUSES OF DETERIORATIONIN BUILDINGS

1. HUMAN


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN1. HumanCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN1. Human-Failure to clean and carry out routine maintenance-Ignorance of the causes of deterioration and decay-Poor planning for proper maintenance-Failure to promote awareness of maintenance needs by all

who use the buildings.-Adopting a negative attitude of waiting until emergencymeasures are required.

COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGNCAUSES OF DETERIORATIONIN BUILDINGS2.CHEMICAL


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN2. ChemicalCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN2. Chemical-Interaction of certain cleaning agents with materials and/orcomponents causing disintegration, softening ordiscoloration.

-Promoting Corrosion

-Interaction of certain dissimilar materials in close contactwith one another in a corrosion environment.

COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN2.CHEMICAL-1-Discoloration-Concrete ages


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN2.CHEMICAL 3-Alkali Aggregate ReactionCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN2.CHEMICAL 3-Alkali Aggregate ReactionCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGNCAUSES OF DETERIORATIONIN BUILDINGS3.ATMOSPHERIC


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN3. AtmosphericCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN3. Atmospheric-Reaction of the structure, external fabric, finishes andcladdings to the atmospheric elements such as:

WindRainSunFrost and snow for cold weatherPollution in the atmosphere-Reaction of the building to the penetration of the aboveatmospheric elements.

COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN3-ATMOSPHERIC 1.D-Cracking frost cycles


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN3-ATMOSPHERIC 2-ClimateCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN3-ATMOSPHERIC 2-ClimateCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN3-ATMOSPHERIC 3-Clay Brickwork frostcycles-Salt reaction


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN3-ATMOSPHERIC 4-Clay Natural Stone frost cycles-Salt reaction-pollutionCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN3-ATMOSPHERIC 4-Clay Natural Stone frost cycles-Salt reaction-pollutionCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGNCAUSES OF DETERIORATIONIN BUILDINGS4.STRUCTURAL


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN4. StructuralCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN4. Structural-Reaction of the structural elements to settlement, moisture,shrinkage and thermal movements.

-Reaction of the structural elements to the change of loadingpatterns.

-Natural aging of the structural elements

-Reaction to the corrosive elements in the atmosphere

-Deterioration due to inadequate inspecting andmaintenance

COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN4.STRUCTURAL 1.Cracks Types-in brick and block work


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN4.STRUCTURAL 2.Internal wall settlement of the floorCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN4.STRUCTURAL 2.Internal wall settlement of the floorCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN4.STRUCTURAL 3-External wall-Diagonal Cracks-


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGNCAUSES OF DETERIORATIONIN BUILDINGS5.MOISTURECOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGNCAUSES OF DETERIORATIONIN BUILDINGS5.MOISTURECOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN5. Moisture-Penetration of the external fabric of claddings, or throughground floor constructions giving to dampness which maycreate a suitable condition for fungi growth and attack.

-Excessive moisture in the internal atmosphere which maylead to excessive condensation and corrosion.

-Irrigation-Faculty Plumbing


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN5.MOISTURE 1-Dampness on Ceilings-Roof leaks-COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN5.MOISTURE 1-Dampness on Ceilings-Roof leaks-COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN5.MOISTURE 2-Efflorescence-Leaks through cracks-


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN5.MOISTURE 3-External Finishing-Plastering on under burnt bricks-COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN5.MOISTURE 3-External Finishing-Plastering on under burnt bricks-COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN5.MOISTURE 4-External Finishing-presence of moisture in between-


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN5.MOISTURE 5-External Finishing-presence of moisture in between-COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN5.MOISTURE 5-External Finishing-presence of moisture in between-COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN5.MOISTURE 6-External Finishing-presence of moisture in between-


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN5.MOISTURE 7-External Finishing-Leaks of plumbing in bathrooms-COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN5.MOISTURE 7-External Finishing-Leaks of plumbing in bathrooms-COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN5.MOISTURE 8-External Finishing-Leaks of plumbing in bathrooms-Enlarged


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN5.MOISTURE 9-External Finishing-IrrigationCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN5.MOISTURE 9-External Finishing-IrrigationCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN5.MOISTURE 10-External Finishing-Irrigation


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN5.MOISTURE 11-External Finishing-Irrigation -COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN5.MOISTURE 11-External Finishing-Irrigation -COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGNCAUSES OF DETERIORATIONIN BUILDINGS

6. FIRE


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGNAftermath of a fire many possibilities may occur.6. FireCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGNAftermath of a fire many possibilities may occur.6. Fire--Need for replacement of materials directly effected by the fire

-Damage can be done by the fire fighters in their efforts tocontrol the fire

-Water used during the fire fighting can not only damage butalso set up deteriorating in materials not directly involved.

-The heat and the combination of heat and water can lead tothe swelling, distortion, spilling and cracking of nearbymaterials and components.

COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN

CAUSES OF DETERIORATIONIN BUILDINGS7.FAULTY DESIGN


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN7. Faulty DesignCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN7. Faulty Design-Poor detailing at the design stage including:-Insufficient allowance for expansion or contraction-Absence of weathering-Incorrectly placed damp proof courses-Poor jointing between different materials or components-Poor specification

-Lack of adequate consideration of future maintenanceproblems-Inadequate provisions for access to carry out maintenanceactivities.

COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN7.FAULTY DESIGN 1-Wall cracks-Poor detailing-strong bond vertical crack-


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN7.FAULTY DESIGN 2-Wall cracks-Poor detailing-weak bond diagonal stepped crack-COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN7.FAULTY DESIGN 2-Wall cracks-Poor detailing-weak bond diagonal stepped crack-COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN7.FAULTY DESIGN 3-Wall cracks-Vertical crack-cavity clay brick work-restrained by columns


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN7.FAULTY DESIGN 4-Wall cracks-Poor detailing-Parapets cracking-Extreme weatherCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN7.FAULTY DESIGN 4-Wall cracks-Poor detailing-Parapets cracking-Extreme weatherCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN7.FAULTY DESIGN 5-Wall cracks-Poor detailing-Diagonal crack-Expansion and shrinkage


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN7.FAULTY DESIGN 6-Clay tiles-Poor detailing-No allowance for E&C-COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN7.FAULTY DESIGN 6-Clay tiles-Poor detailing-No allowance for E&C-COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN7.FAULTY DESIGN 7-External wall -Poor detailing-Spilling of brickwork cladding-compression of theconcrete wall


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN7.FAULTY DESIGN 8-Slab with Walls-Poor detailing-Random cracks near walls-COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN7.FAULTY DESIGN 8-Slab with Walls-Poor detailing-Random cracks near walls-COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN7.FAULTY DESIGN 9-Wall cracks-Poor detailing-Horizontal cracks -No allowance for E&C-


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN7.FAULTY DESIGN 10-Plumbing design-Direct to the wall-COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN7.FAULTY DESIGN 10-Plumbing design-Direct to the wall-COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN7.FAULTY DESIGN 11-A/C unit on the roof-Without proper design for drainage-


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN7.FAULTY DESIGN 12-A/C unit on the roof-Without proper design for drainage--COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN7.FAULTY DESIGN 12-A/C unit on the roof-Without proper design for drainage--COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN7.FAULTY DESIGN 13-A/C unit on the roof-Without proper design for drainage-


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGNCAUSES OF DETERIORATIONCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGNCAUSES OF DETERIORATIONIN BUILDINGS8.FAULTY CONSTRUCTION

COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN8. Faulty Construction-Lack of supervision during construction period-Failure to understand or follow exactly the specification

and/or drawings-Failure to replace defective work-Failure of Designer/Architect/or Engineer monitor works

in progress-Lack of skilled labor-Over emphasis or need for quantity rather than quality-Failure to fully appreciate the consequences of shady or

poor and/or materials


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN8.FAULTY CONSTRUCTION 1-Crazing-A pattern of fine shallow random cracks-Spreadingdry cement on concrete or wetting dry concrete forfinishingCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN8.FAULTY CONSTRUCTION 1-Crazing-A pattern of fine shallow random cracks-Spreadingdry cement on concrete or wetting dry concrete forfinishingCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN8.FAULTY CONSTRUCTION 2-Crazing-Enlarged-Spreading dry cement on concrete or wetting dryconcrete for finishing


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN8.FAULTY CONSTRUCTION 3-Plastic Cracking-Occurs while concrete in plastic state-rapid loss ofwater or settlement of aggregatesCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN8.FAULTY CONSTRUCTION 3-Plastic Cracking-Occurs while concrete in plastic state-rapid loss ofwater or settlement of aggregatesCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN8.FAULTY CONSTRUCTION -4-Plastic Cracking-Enlarged-rapid loss of water or settlement ofaggregates


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN8.FAULTY CONSTRUCTION -5-Honey combing-Improper consolidation of concrete by vibrationCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN8.FAULTY CONSTRUCTION -5-Honey combing-Improper consolidation of concrete by vibrationCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN8.FAULTY CONSTRUCTION -6-Honey combing-Improper consolidation of concrete by vibration


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN8.FAULTY CONSTRUCTION -7-Honey combing-Sand streak-loss of cement grout from the formCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN8.FAULTY CONSTRUCTION -7-Honey combing-Sand streak-loss of cement grout from the formCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN8.FAULTY CONSTRUCTION -8-Sticking to formsDamage caused during stripping of formwork from concrete


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN8.FAULTY CONSTRUCTION -9-Cold jointsDue to pouring concrete in different timesCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN8.FAULTY CONSTRUCTION -9-Cold jointsDue to pouring concrete in different timesCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN8.FAULTY CONSTRUCTION -10-Floors tilesWorkmanship-base concrete-grading of aggregate


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN8 8.FAULTY CONSTRUCTION -11-Floors tilesWorkmanship-base concrete-grading of aggregateCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN8 8.FAULTY CONSTRUCTION -11-Floors tilesWorkmanship-base concrete-grading of aggregateCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN8.FAULTY CONSTRUCTION -12-CorrosionWorkmanship-inadequate concrete cover


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN8.FAULTY CONSTRUCTION -13-CorrosionWorkmanship-inadequate concrete coverCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN8.FAULTY CONSTRUCTION -13-CorrosionWorkmanship-inadequate concrete coverCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN8.FAULTY CONSTRUCTION -14-CorrosionWorkmanship-inadequate concrete cover


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN8.FAULTY CONSTRUCTION -15-CorrosionWorkmanship-inadequate concrete coverCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN8.FAULTY CONSTRUCTION -15-CorrosionWorkmanship-inadequate concrete coverCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN8.FAULTY CONSTRUCTION -16-PlasterworkWorkmanship-plasterwork on dense concrete


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN8.FAULTY CONSTRUCTION -17-External FinishingWorkmanship-Cracking of the base wall or shrinkage of the plasterCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN8.FAULTY CONSTRUCTION -17-External FinishingWorkmanship-Cracking of the base wall or shrinkage of the plasterCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN8.FAULTY CONSTRUCTION -18-External FinishingWorkmanship-Cracking of the base wall or shrinkage of the plaster


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN8.FAULTY CONSTRUCTION -19-Internal FinishingWorkmanship-Ceramic tiles, loss of adhesion-inadequate space fixingCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN8.FAULTY CONSTRUCTION -19-Internal FinishingWorkmanship-Ceramic tiles, loss of adhesion-inadequate space fixingCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN8.FAULTY CONSTRUCTION -20-Roofs Blisteringoccurs between layers of felts due to water vapor underneath


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN7/8.FAULTY DESIGN/CONSTRUCTION 1-Floordeflection :Cracks at the wall bottom due to floor deflectionCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN7/8.FAULTY DESIGN/CONSTRUCTION 1-Floordeflection :Cracks at the wall bottom due to floor deflectionCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN7/8.FAULTY DESIGN/CONSTRUCTION 2-InternalFinishing :plaster Cracks due to shrinkage-base wall movement-use of different materials


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN7/8.FAULTY DESIGN/CONSTRUCTION 3-Internalwall finishing:Blistering due to dampness-chemical-water vaporCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN7/8.FAULTY DESIGN/CONSTRUCTION 3-Internalwall finishing:Blistering due to dampness-chemical-water vaporCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN7/8.FAULTY DESIGN/CONSTRUCTION 4-CeilingFinishing: Flaking-dampness-chemical-incompatibility of the paintwith that of the ceiling


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN7/8.FAULTY DESIGN/CONSTRUCTION 5-Plumbingleaks at joints: Due to use of different metals-expansion from hot waterCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN7/8.FAULTY DESIGN/CONSTRUCTION 5-Plumbingleaks at joints: Due to use of different metals-expansion from hot waterCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGNCAUSES OF DETERIORATIONIN BUILDINGS

9.FAULTY MATERIALS and10.FAULTY COMPONENTS


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN9. Faulty MaterialsCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN9. Faulty Materials-Failure of client, builder, designer or architect to rejectsub-standard materials.

-In adequate inspection of materials by supplier or receiver

-Inadequate storage facilities on site

-Inadequate/or inconsistent mixing of materials on site

10. Faulty ComponentsSimilar condition to those given above for faulty material canlead to deterioration and decay of the fabric, services orfinishes of the structure of building.

COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN9.FAULTY MATERIALS -1-Popouts

Due to expansion of soft aggregate or present of glass in the aggregate


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN9.FAULTY MATERIALS -2-PopoutsDue to expansion of soft aggregate or present of glass in the aggregateCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN9.FAULTY MATERIALS -2-PopoutsDue to expansion of soft aggregate or present of glass in the aggregateCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN10.FAULTY COMPONENTS -1-ServicesFailure of insulation-Overheating/overload


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGNCAUSES OF DETERIORATIONIN BUILDINGS11.FAULTY SYSTEMSCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGNCAUSES OF DETERIORATIONIN BUILDINGS11.FAULTY SYSTEMSCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN11. Faculty Systems-Inadequate knowledge on the part of the designer orarchitect leading to an unsatisfactory design, detail ofsystem.

-Inability of the installer to follow the specification and/ordrawings

-Inadequate testing of the system before commissioned

-Failure of owner to follow maintenance instructionsprovided by manufacturer or designer.

-Inability of the owner to operate the system as instructed.


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGNCAUSES OF DETERIORATIONCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGNCAUSES OF DETERIORATIONIN BUILDINGS12.CLEANING

COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN12. Cleaning-Failure to carry out routing cleaning operations

-Use of incorrect cleaning materials and/or techniques

-Inadequate supervision of cleaners to ensure that cleaningis thorough

-Failure of owner to tenant to provide sufficient space,enough time or the correct equipment and materials forcleaning operations

-Failure to employ specialists for cleaning special fittingsand equipment.


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN12. CLEANING -1-CleaningUse of unsuitable detergentCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN12. CLEANING -1-CleaningUse of unsuitable detergentCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGNCAUSES OF DETERIORATIONIN BUILDINGS13.VANDALISIM


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COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN13. VandalismCOLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN13. Vandalism-Lack of security

-Failure to promote awareness among occupants of theconsequences of vandalism

-Incorrect selection of materials and finishes in circulationareas which are prone to vandalism

-Failure to maintain or repair areas of damage by vandalsthus encouraging more vandalism.

COLLEGE OFENVIRONMENTAL DESIGNIt is impossible to control all the above factorsduring design, construction andoccupations stages of buildings.However, considering these factors andminimizing their effect will definitelyreduce the amount and need formaintenance.

Conclusion


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