causes and precedents of wwi4 (1)
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M A I N Q U E S T I O N :
W H A T W A S T H E S O C I A L , E C O N O M I C ,P O L I T I C A L A N D C U L T U R A L I M P A C T O F
W O R L D W A R S D U R I N G T H E F I R S T H A L F O FT H E 2 0 T H C E N T U R Y ?
Unit I: The World in crisis
during the first half of the 20thcentury
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N A T I O N A L I S M
I M P E R I A L I S MA R M S R A C E
B E L L E P O Q U E
S H O R T T E R M C A U S E S
Causes and precedents of
World War I
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L A T E X I X C E N T U R Y - E A R L Y X X C E N T U R Y
Nationalism
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What is a nation?
Nowadays, the nation is a very powerful concept. However, before the French Revolution, it was
barely used.
NATION = NATURAL FEELING?
NATION = HISTORICAL CONSTRUCTION
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Different definitions of a Nation
Nation = group of people whoare citizens of a State
May be quickly changed Against Absolutism
Political
Nation = group of people whopossess the same language,history, religion, traditions, etc.
May not be quickly changed Against national division
Cultural
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Nationalism
(Cultural) Nationalism = Ideology that seeks theunity and greatness of cultural nations under asingle State
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Expressions of Nationalism
Nationalist ideology (set of ideas regardingnationalism)
Nationalist movements (political movements of
nationalist ideology) Nationalist States (States formed from nationalist
movements)
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Nationalist ideology
When? Late XVIII Century Early XIX Century What? National self-determination
Precedents: Enlightenment: natural laws, citizenship, permanent change Post-Kantian philosophers (Fichte, Schelling, Herder): idea of
self-determination
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Nationalist movements and States
Unification: Italy (1870)
Germany (1871)
Separatism (decadence of large empires) Ottoman
Austro-Hungarian
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Europe, 1850
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Nationalism as national greatness
IMPERIALISM
Militarydevelopment
Industrialdevelopment
Territorialexpansion
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L A T E X I X C E N T U R Y - E A R L Y X X C E N T U R Y
Imperialism
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World map, 1822
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World map, 1885
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World map, 1914
Source: http://www.balagan.org.uk/war/world-maps.htm
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Imperialism
Imperialism = territorial, economic, andideological rule of overseas territories or States
Key points:
Berlin Conference (1884)Scramble for Africa
Fashoda incident (1898)
Entente Cordiale (1904)
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Imperialism and World War I
Resentment of countries that had small Empires(Germany, Italy)
Imperial diplomacyEntente cordiale
(friendship between England and France)
Colonial armies fight in WWI (Australia, Canada,etc.)
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Nationalism and World War I
Nationalism was a cause of Imperialism
Nationalism caused Arms Race
Russian Pan-slavism Balkan wars (1912, 1913)
1stBalkan War (1912): Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia and
Montenegro attacked Turkey and won 2ndBalkan War (1913): Bulgaria attacked Greece and Serbia
and lost (also Romania and Turkey attacked Bulgaria)
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Web of alliances (p. 21)
Precedents: Bismarck's Realpolitik (Alliance system)
Imperial alliances
Friendships: England France (imperial powers)
France Russia (v. Germany)
Germany Austria-Hungary (defensive alliance) Russia Serbia (panslavism)
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Web of alliances
Rivalries: England v. Germany (Naval arms race,
industrialism)
France v. Germany (Franco-Prussian war) Serbia v. Austria-Hungary (Serbia)
Ottoman Empire v. Russia (Balkans)
France v. Italy (Tunisia)
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WWI alliances
Triple Entente
France
England
Russia
USA (1917)
Italy (1915)
Triple Alliance
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Italy (did notfight)
Turkey (1914)
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1914
Source: http://firstworldwar.olemarius.net/
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1915
Source: http://www.worldology.com/Europe/world_war_1_effect.htm
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Arms race/ Armed Peace
Arms race = competition among countries to achievethe best armed forces: Amount of weapons
Technology of weapons
Number and preparation of soldiers Military strategies (Schlieffen Plan -1905)
Before WWI: England, France, Germany (p. 22).
Causes: imperial rivalries and friendships
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1871-1914: Belle poque?
Yes
No large warsDevelopmentof science,
arts, andeconomyOptimism
No
ImperialismSocialinequality
Arms race/alliancesystem
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A S S A S S I N A T I O N O F A R C H D U K E F R A N ZF E R D I N A N D
SHORT TERM CAUSE OF WWI
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Precedents
Decadence of Ottoman Empire led to new Slavcountries in the Balkan Peninsula
Austro-Hungary still ruled over Bosnia
Bosnian nationalists opposed Austro-HungarianEmpire. Some of them had ties in the Serbianmilitary (they shared Pan-Slavism)
Russian people are also Slavs, and wanted accessto Mediterranean Sea, so they were allied toSerbia.
B lk
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Balkan wars
Source: m.eb.com/assembly/54541
Assassination of archduke Franz
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Assassination of archduke FranzFerdinand
- 28 June 1914Franz Ferdinand is assassinated byBosnian nationalist Gavrilo Princip
- Austria-Hungary uses this opportunity to set strict
demands to Serbiaultimatum- Germany hands blank cheque to Austria-Hungary
- Serbia rejects the ultimatum and Austria declareswar (28 July 1914)
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Premature activation of alliances
- Russia sees Austrian mobilization as a threatRussian mobilization
- Germany mobilizes against Russia and Francewar
- Germany violates Belgian neutrality (defendedby England), Schlieffen Plan
St t b ild t
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Steps to build a concept map:
1. Order the events chronologically2. Identify causes and consequences
3. Identify how the concepts are related
4. Connect them with arrows and labels that show therelation between them.
Example:Concept map/Timeline
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Industrialcapacity
Militarism(ArmsRace)
Colonies
(imperialism)
World War I
Nationalism Balkancrisis
Alliancesystem
1850 1870 1895 1914
Warplans
Concept map/Timeline
Short termcause of
Causes
Allows
Shapes
Allows
Leadsto
Activates
Allows
Causes
Leadsto
Increasethe effectof
Leadsto
Allows
Increase
Causes