categorical syllogism by lory
TRANSCRIPT
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CATEGORICAL
SYLLOGISMCHAPTER 11
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CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM
TERMS
GENERAL RULES
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TERMS
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THE TERMS OF CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM
MAJOR TERM
MINOR TERM
MIDDLE TERM
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THE TERMS OF CATEGORICALSYLLOGISM
MAJOR TERM
PREDICATE OF THECONCLUSION AND IS
FOUND IN THE MAJOR
PREMISE.
MINOR TERM
SUBJECT OF THECONCLUSION AND IS
FOUND IN THE MINOR
PREMISE.
MIDDLE T
FOUND IN THEPREMISES BUT
THE CONCLUS
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EXAMPLE 1:
MAJOR PREMISE: ALL MENARE RATIONAL BEINGS.
MINOR PREMISE: BUT FRANCISIS A MAN.
CONCLUSION: THEREFORE FRANCISIS A RATIONAL BEING.
O MAJOR TERM
O MINOR TERM
O MIDDLE TERM
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EXAMPLE 2:
MAJOR PREMISE: SINCE BIRDSARE FEATHERED CREATURES.
MINOR PREMISE: AND MAYASARE BIRDS,
CONCLUSION: THEREFORE MAYASARE FEATHERED CREATURES.
O MAJOR TERM
O MINOR TERM
O MIDDLE TERM
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THE 10 GENERAL RULESOF CATEGORICAL
SYLLOGISM
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THE 10 GENERAL RULES OFCATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM
RULE 1:
THERE MUST BE ONLY THREE TERMS INTHE SYLLOGISM: MAJOR TERM,MINOR TERM, MIDDLE TERM
FALLACY
THE VIOLATION OF RULE 1
EXAMPLE:CATRHYMES WITH FAT
BUTYOUARE A MEMBER OF THE CLUB CAT
THEREFOREYOU ARE FAT
O MAJOR TERM
O MINOR TERM
O MIDDLE TERM
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THE 10 GENERAL RULES OFCATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM
RULE 2:
THE THREE TERMS SHOULD BE ARRANGED
IN THE FOLLOWING MANNER:
o MAJOR TERM IS THE PREDICATE OF THECONCLUSION & IS FOUND IN THE MAJOR
PREMISE
o THE MINOR TERM IS THE SUBJECT OF
THE CONCLUSION AND IS FOUND IN THEMINOR PREMISE
o THE MIDDLE TERM IS FOUND IN THE TWOPREMISES BUT NOT IN THE CONCLUSION
EXAMPLE:THE SICK MAN NEEDS AN OPERATION
BUT TONSILLECTOMYIS AN OPERATION
THEREFORE THE SICK MAN NEEDS TONSILLECTO
O MAJOR TERM
O MINOR TERM
O MIDDLE TERM
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THE 10 GENERAL RULES OFCATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM
RULE :
THE MAJOR AND MINOR TERMS SHOULDONLY BE UNIVERSAL IN THECONCLUSION IF THEY ARE UNIVERSALIN THE PREMISES.
ILLICIT PROCESS
THE VIOLATION RULE .
EXAMPLE:(MAJOR TERM)
EVERY SKYSCRAPERIS A BUILDING;
BUT NO BUNGALOWIS A SKYSCRAPER;
THEREFORE NO BUNGALOW IS A BUILDING.
O MAJOR TERM
O MINOR TERM
O MIDDLE TERM
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THE 10 GENERAL RULES OFCATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM
EXAMPLE:
!MINOR TERM"
EVERY CIRCLEIS A SPHERE#
BUT EVERY CIRCLEIS A FIGURE#
THEREFORE EVERY FIGUREIS A SPHERE.
O MAJOR TERM
O MINOR TERM
O MIDDLE TERM
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THE 10 GENERAL RULES OFCATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM
RULE $:
THE MIDDLE TERM MUST BE UNIVERSALAT LEAST ONCE.
FALLACY OF UNDISTRIBUTEDMIDDLE
THE VIOLATION RULE $.
EXAMPLE:ALL WHALES ARE SEA CREATURES;
BUT SOME SEA CREATURES ARE SHARKS;
THEREFORE SOME SHARKSARE WHALES.
O MAJOR TERM
O MINOR TERM
O MIDDLE TERM
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THE 10 GENERAL RULES OFCATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM
RULE %:
IF TWO PREMISES ARE AFFIRMATIVE, THE
CONCLUSION MUST BE AFFIRMATIVE.
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RULE % !EXAMPLE"
INVALID:
(A) OPERAS ARE CULTURALPRESENTATIONS#
(A) BUT CARMEN IS AN OPERA#
(N)THEREFORE CARMEN IS NOT ACULTURAL PRESENTATION.
THIS SYLLOGISM IS INVALID
VALID:(A=N) MACHINES DIFFER FROMANIMALS;
(A) BUT IBM COMPUTERS AREMACHINES;
(N) THEREFORE IBM COMPUTERS ARENOT MACHINES.
THIS SYLLOGISM IS VALID
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THE 10 GENERAL RULES OFCATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM
RULE :
IF ONE PREMISE IS AFFIRMATIVEAND THE OTHER
IS NEGATIVE, THE CONCLUSION MUST BE
NEGATIVE.
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RULE !EXAMPLE"
INVALID:
(A) ANGELS ARE SPIRITS#
(N) BUT MONUMENTS OF STONE ARENOT ANGELS
(A)THEREFORE MONUMENTS OFSTONE ARE SPIRITS
THIS SYLLOGISM IS INVALID
VALID:(A) SCHOLARS ARE ELIGIBLE FOR MEMBERSHIP;
(N) BUT ELENA IS NOT A SCHOLAR;
(A=N) THEREFORE ELENE IS INELIGIBLE CLUB MEMBERSHIP.
THIS SYLLOGISM IS VALID
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THE 10 GENERAL RULES OFCATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM
RULE ':
THE CONCLUSION IS INVALID WHENEVER THE
PREMISES ARE BOTH NEGATIVE AND NOT
EUIVALENTLY AFFIRMATIVE.
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RULE '!EXAMPLE"
INVALID:
(N) NO MILLIONAIRE IS PEASANT#
(N) BUT NO PEASANT IS A CULTUREDMAN#
(N)THEREFORE NO CULTURED MAN ISA PEASANT.
THIS SYLLOGISM IS INVALID
VALID:(N=A) NO FILIPINOS ARE NOTELIGIBLE;
(N) BUT LIM CHUA IS NOT A FILIPINO;
(A=N) THEREFORE LIM CHUA ISINELIGIBLE.
THIS SYLLOGISM IS VALID
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THE 10 GENERAL RULES OFCATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM
RULE (:
ONE PREMISE AT LEAST MUST BE UNIVERSAL.
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RULE (!EXAMPLE"
INVALID:
(I) SOME POLICEMEN ARE CROO)S#
(I) BUT SOME POLICEMEN AREHONEST#
(I) THEREFORE SOME HONESTPOLICEMEN ARE CROO)S.
THIS SYLLOGISM IS INVALID
VALID:(A) ALL BABIES ARE HUMAN BEINGS;
(A) BUT MICHAEL IS BABY;
(A) THEREFORE MICHAEL IS A HUMAN
THIS SYLLOGISM IS VALID
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THE 10 GENERAL RULES OFCATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM
RULE *:
IF ONE PREMISE IS PARTICULAR, THE CONCLUSIONMUST BE PARTICULAR.
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RULE *!EXAMPLE"
INVALID:
(I) SOME FIGURES AREPARALLELOGRAMS#
(E) BUT ELECTRICITY IS NOT A FIGURE#
(E)THEREFORE ELECTRICITY IS NOT APARALLELOGRAM.
VALID:(A) MAOISTS ARE COMMUNISTS;
(O) BUT NOT ALL COMMUNISTS LIVE IN CHI
(A) THEREFORE ALL THOSE WHO LIVE IN CHIMAOISTS.
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THE 10 GENERAL RULES OFCATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM
RULE 10:
THE SUBJECT OF THE CONCLUSION MUST BE FOUNDIN THE MINOR PREMISE.
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RULE 10!EXAMPLE"
INVALID:
(I) ALL MEN ARE MORTAL#
(E) BUT FERDINAND IS A MAN#
(E)THEREFORE BENIGNO IS A MORTAL.