case study and observation
TRANSCRIPT
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Educational Research: Case Study Methodology
ADES 1004
Researching Literacies and Learning
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case study
…examines the characteristics of a particular entity, phenomenon, or person
Select a unit of analysis - singularity
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Is useful for describing or answering questions about particular, localized occurrences or contexts
AND / OR
the perspectives of a participant group toward events, beliefs, or practices
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Illuminates the “invisibility of everyday life”
…by making the familiar strange, more examined, and better understood
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The critical case – You already have a theory (hypothesis) and the case with prove or disprove it
The extreme case – the elements you are looking for a pronounced and highlight the concept / hypothesis
The exemplifying case – the elements are broadly showing a theory
The longitudinal case – data over time sheds light on development of the concept
Types of Cases
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What is your Unit of Analysis?
“ A single ..................”
Family
Location
Community
Person
Organisation
What is shown by the case…?
Case Study – Your first questions
BehaviourPerceptionAttitudesBeliefs
KnowledgeProcessesLanguage
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What are you doing – the researcher?
Descriptive phase: Its construction relies heavily on “thick” verbal descriptions of a particular social context being studied
Analysis phase: Its meaning relies on your interpretations and thematic logic
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…employ expressive language and voicevoice in descriptions and explanations
…judged in terms of believability, trustworthiness, coherence, and the logic underlying researcher’s interpretations
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Participant Observation Cases
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• Issues in primary qualitative research...
b. contacting potential research participants
a. gaining entry
c. being prepared
d.d. capturing all data in the momentcapturing all data in the moment
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a. gaining entry...
may require considerable negotiation with a gatekeeper – a friend or acquaintance
access is dependent upon the researcher’s personal and professional characteristics and how others perceive the researcher
trust is earned, not given
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b. contacting participants...
• Have the consent form with synopsis ready
build trust and ensure confidentiality and anonymity
Do what you say you will - reliability
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c. be prepared
Preparation includes:
The Rationale / Validity Table (see class notes)
Consent formsObservation sheetThank You Letter
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Observer Effect
…the impact of the observer’s participation on the setting or the participants being studied
The threats to validity in qualitative studies...
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the researcher records descriptive as well as reflective notes about what one has seen, heard, experienced, and thought about a during an observation session
Teacher_Observation_Checklist
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regarding field notesfield notes…
…put aside assumptions, experience context first
…see phenomena through participants’ perspective
…write up notes immediately following an observation
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Text Based Cases
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Selecting the case the goal is to get the deepest
possible understanding of the setting being studied
Photos, descriptions, memos, field notes, videos, narratives from others
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Collecting data... KEEP IT ALL TOGETHER
observations – field notes about other people’s primary data (video or document)
official documents – govt.
photographs, recordings, emails
media reports – different sources
informal conversations - memos
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Themes As you collect data, categorise it around your objectives,
themes, sub-categories
Have some decided already But leave other so they can emerge
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The threats to validity in qualitative studies...
observer biasobserver bias…
…invalid information resulting from the perspective the researcher brings to the study and imposes upon it
Question: what are your biases regarding your topic?
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…detail is critical: topic theme on every note; leave wide margins for writing impressions; use only one side of a page of paper; draw diagram of site (if necessary)
…list key words first, then outline one’s observations
Gathering and Theme-ing data
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…keep the descriptive (context) and reflective (analysis) sections separate in your note book
…use memos to record hunches, questions, and insights after each observation – group these later
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Analyzing data…
data pieces
data categories
data patterns
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classifying the data, including categorization, coding, and grouping into thematic units
interpreting and synthesizing the organized data into general conclusions or understandings
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• Checking for Validity
a. credibility credibility or or plausibilityplausibility
b. transferabilitytransferability
c. including a methods sectionincluding a methods section
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credibility credibility or or plausibilityplausibility…to demonstrate that the study was
conducted in such a manner as to ensure that the subject was accurately identified and described
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transferabilitytransferability…to demonstrate that the results of
the study are generalizable to others in the original research context or to contexts beyond the original study
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including a methods sectionincluding a methods section…to provide an in-depth description
of the processes and methods used in the study
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• Strategies for analyzing qualitative data...
a. constant comparison methodconstant comparison method
b. negative case and discrepant data negative case and discrepant data methodsmethods
c. analytic inductionanalytic induction
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constant comparison methodconstant comparison method…compares new evidence to prior
evidence to identify similarities and differences between observations
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negative case and discrepant data negative case and discrepant data methodsmethods
…the search for contradictory, variant, or disconfirming data within the body of data collected that provides an alternative perspective on an emerging category or pattern
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analytic inductionanalytic induction…a process concerned with
developing and testing a theory in order to generalize a study’s findings
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5. Writing the research report...
Describe the setting where the data were collected
Identify characters of focus
describe the social action in which the characters are engaged
offer an interpretation of what the social action means to the characters