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  • 7/27/2019 Case Studies UNDP: SHIDHULAI SWANIRVAR SANGSTHA, Bangladesh

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    Equator Initiative Case StudiesLocal sustainable development solutions for people, nature, and resilient communities

    Bangladesh

    SHIDHULAISWANIRVAR SANGSTHA

    Empowered live

    Resilient nation

    Empowered live

    Resilient nation

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    UNDP EQUATOR INITIATIVE CASE STUDY SERIES

    Local and indigenous communities across the world are advancing innovative sustainable development solutions that wo

    or people and or nature. Few publications or case studies tell the ull story o how such initiatives evolve, the breadth

    their impacts, or how they change over time. Fewer still have undertaken to tell these stories with community practition

    themselves guiding the narrative.

    To mark its 10-year anniversary, the Equator Initiative aims to ll this gap. The ollowing case study is one in a growing ser

    that details the work o Equator Prize winners vetted and peer-reviewed best practices in community-based environmenconservation and sustainable livelihoods. These cases are intended to inspire the policy dialogue needed to take local succ

    to scale, to improve the global knowledge base on local environment and development solutions, and to serve as models

    replication. Case studies are best viewed and understood with reerence to The Power o Local Action: Lessons rom 10 Years

    the Equator Prize, a compendium o lessons learned and policy guidance that draws rom the case material.

    Click on the map to visit the Equator Initiatives searchable case study database.

    Editors

    Editor-in-Chie: Joseph CorcoranManaging Editor: Oliver Hughes

    Contributing Editors: Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Erin Lewis, Whitney Wilding

    Contributing Writers

    Edayatu Abieodun Lamptey, Erin Atwell, Toni Blackman, Jonathan Clay, Joseph Corcoran, Larissa Currado, Sarah Gordon, Oliver Hughe

    Wen-Juan Jiang, Sonal Kanabar, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Rachael Lader, Patrick Lee, Erin Lewis, Jona Liebl, Mengning Ma,

    Mary McGraw, Gabriele Orlandi, Juliana Quaresma, Peter Schecter, Martin Sommerschuh, Whitney Wilding, Luna Wu

    Design

    Oliver Hughes, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Amy Korngiebel, Kimberly Koserowski, Erin Lewis, John Mulqueen, Lorena de la Pa

    Brandon Payne, Mariajos Satizbal G.

    Acknowledgements

    The Equator Initiative acknowledges with gratitude Shidhulai Swanirvar Sangstha, and in particular the guidance and inputs

    Mohammed Rezwan, Executive Director. All photo credits courtesy o Shidhulai Swanirvar Sangstha. Maps courtesy o CIA World Factbo

    and Wikipedia.

    Suggested Citation

    United Nations Development Programme. 2012. Shidhulai Swanirvar Sangstha, Bangladesh. Equator Initiative Case Study Series. New Yo

    NY.

    http://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/index.php?option=com_winners&view=casestudysearch&Itemid=858http://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdf
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    PROJECT SUMMARYIn the low-lying northwestern region o Bangladesh, amosaic o wetland ponds and waterways make travelextremely dicult, particularly during the monsoon seasonwhen extensive ooding occurs. To address this challenge,Shidhulai Swanirvar Sangstha operates a eet o 54 solar-powered boats to deliver services that range rom schoolsto agricultural extension centers. The vessels are able tonavigate waterways and pull up alongside villages thatwould otherwise be too isolated to receive such support.

    O Shidhulais eet, 20 boats are outtted as oating

    schools that move along the wetland canals rom villageto village holding three classes per day or children inriverbank communities. Ten library boats are tted withbooks, computers, printers, and mobile phones. Five healthclinic boats bring ree healthcare to more than 300 peopleper day, while ve agricultural extension boats train armersin sustainable arming methods.

    KEY FACTS

    EQUATOR PRIZE WINNER: 2006

    FOUNDED: 1998

    LOCATION: Chalan Beel region, Bangladesh

    BENEFICIARIES: 90,000 families

    BIODIVERSITY: extensive wetlands

    3

    SHIDHULAI SWANIRVAR SANGSTHABangladesh

    TABLE OF CONTENTS

    Background and Context 4

    Key Activities and Innovations 6

    Biodiversity Impacts 8

    Socioeconomic Impacts 8

    Policy Impacts 9

    Sustainability 10

    Replication 11

    Partners 11

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    During its annual monsoon season, one-third o Bangladesh is

    ubmerged beneath oodwaters. A warming climate has increased

    he extent o this ooding in recent years. A low-lying coastal

    ation, the country constitutes the lower riparian o the Ganges,

    rahmaputra and Meghna river system, orming the largest delta in

    he world. Over 92 percent o the annual runof generated in this

    atchment area ows through the country. In extreme oods, such

    s in 2007, up to two-thirds o the country can be covered, causing

    estruction o villages and displacement o their populations.

    angladeshs demographic problems it has the highest population

    ensity in the world, at 948 people per square kilometre orce many

    o live in remote rural areas, where the efects o ooding are worst.

    With the aim o mitigating the impacts o oods on rural communities,

    hidhulai Swanirvar Sangstha has pioneered innovations to bring

    ervices and electricity to the inhabitants o the Natore, Pabna and

    irajganj districts in the Chalan Beel region, north-west Bangladesh.

    hidhulai operates a 54-vessel eet o oating schools, libraries,

    ealth clinics and training centres, equipped with wireless internet

    ccess, serving close to 90,000 amilies. The boats are outtted with

    olar panels that power computers, lights and medical equipment.

    The challenges acing ood-prone rural communities

    he Chalan Beel region is an extensive lowland area in the lower

    Atrai basin, consisting o a number o static wetland ponds, orbeels, connected by a series o waterways. In the monsoon months

    ate June-September) the beel area expands to orm a vast body

    water; this ooding poses a challenge to economic and human

    evelopment within the region. Local communities live along

    he canals, relying primarily on agriculture or their income and

    ood supply. This is supplemented by shing, as armers typically

    nly produce one crop a year and harvests are threatened by

    npredictable water level rises. Boats are the only means o

    ransport, while the villages have no mains electricity or telephone

    nes. Sanitation is very basic, and water is taken rom wells or the

    rivers. Although children are entitled to ree education, it has b

    dicult or teachers to remain in the region and or children to r

    school buildings regularly. This has resulted in a high school dro

    rate and widespread illiteracy. Cultural norms restrict the movem

    o girls, meaning many o them do not attend school at all

    primary school completion rate or girls is less than 40 percent (

    the Children, 2010), while the average age o marriage or ema

    14.76 years (Bangladesh Household Survey, 2004).

    Some socioeconomic challenges are linked to unsustainable ar

    methods. Agricultural runof has taken its toll on the health o

    rivers, while the rivers in turn make it dicult to reach armers

    inormation about environmentally sustainable arming methFish numbers have declined due to cropland runof contamin

    resulting rom the use o pesticides beyond the nece

    application rates. This has a negative efect on the livelih

    and ood security o thousands o households. In a country w

    one-third o the population is under 15 years o age, this imp

    heavily on child health, compounded by a lack o access to he

    care acilities or health workers. Some 50 percent o children u

    ve are malnourished, and the inant mortality rate is 41 death

    1,000 live births. Finally, while many in Bangladesh have bene

    rom micro-credit schemes, the local populations o the Ch

    Beel region are too poor and geographically remote to access t

    schemes.

    From obstacles to opportunity

    While still a student architect, Mohammed Rezwan ounded Shid

    Swanirvar Sangstha in 1998 as a means o transorming the reg

    waterways rom obstacles to human development into pathway

    education, inormation and technology. Shidhulais objectives a

    provide education in ood-prone areas through oating schools

    libraries; to increase agricultural productivity through sustain

    arming practices that protect the rivers and the environment

    to bring health services and environmentally sound technologi

    Background and Context

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    marginalised communities. Signicantly, Shidhulai has also allowed

    ocal communities to adapt to increased climate change-induced

    ooding and unpredictable rainall patterns. Its successul model

    as been nationally and internationally recognised, winning the

    United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Sasakawa Prize, the

    United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Equator Prize, and

    n Ashden Award or Sustainable Energy in recent years.

    The management structure consists o a General Council, w

    meets annually and approves audits, budgets, and project plan

    and an Executive Committee, comprised o nine members,

    meets regularly to approve specic projects. The initiativ

    otherwise driven by a small central staf and volunteer labour

    the rural communities it serves.

    The question is Where will 20 to 30 million climate refuges go?Already 948 people are livin

    per square kilometer in Bangladesh, and northern parts will be flooded in future Therefore, th

    floating community concept is an appropriate solution for Bangladesh.

    Mohammed Rezwan, Founder and CEO of Shidhulai Swanirvar Sangstha

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    6

    Key Activities and Innovations

    hidhulais work has been ounded on its innovatory use o boats.

    he rst school boat was designed in 2002, and the current eet

    54 vessels house schools, libraries, training centres, and health

    linics. All o these boats are solar-powered and equipped with

    ommunications technology. The boats have been designed to

    djust to any equipment conguration as well as to protect the

    lectronics rom inclement weather, even during the height o the

    monsoon. Flat plank oors allow the boats to manoeuvre through

    he ooded areas. Electrical equipment such as laptops, computers

    nd multimedia projectors are used or educational purposes on

    he school and training boats, and are powered by onboard solar

    hotovoltaic (PV) modules. When the boats are docked, these solar

    modules ace south, towards sunlight. Typically, boats have enough

    nergy capacity or 2-3 additional days without recharging. With

    e-chargeable batteries to store electricity, the boats provide an

    ndependent AC electricity supply system which can be used during

    ay and night. Boats have PV-powered lighting, as well as mobile

    hone service rom two national networks. High-speed USB data

    ards provide connection to the internet.

    The SuryaHurricane lantern

    he onboard PV energy supply can also be used to re-charge solar

    anterns, produced and sold to community members by Shidhulai.

    he SuryaHurricane lantern is an innovative low-cost solar lanternmade rom recycled parts o conventional kerosene hurricane

    anterns. Women can bring used kerosene lanterns to Shidhulai,

    where the wick and burner is replaced with a bulb, and two six-

    olt sealed lead batteries are placed inside the oil reservoir. The

    pening o the reservoir is used as a re-charging socket. Shidhulai

    as also developed a portable solar home system, consisting o re-

    hargeable batteries, wall and table LED lamps, wiring and xtures.

    he installation and maintenance o these solar systems on house

    oats is carried out by Shidhulai engineers.

    Floating schools

    Twenty school boats constitute the greatest part o Shidh

    work, bringing primary school education to marginalized

    communities. Moving rom village to village, the boats co

    students directly rom the riverbanks at various locations. At

    nal stop the class is given, beore the students are returned to

    villages. Three classes are taught each day, six days a week. Each

    has a classroom to accommodate 30 students, an internet-lin

    laptop or computer, a library, and other electronic resources. S

    power enables schools to provide late evening classes to chil

    who work during the day. Ater classes, many students take h

    their recharged SuryaHurricane lanterns to provide light in

    homes at night; students achieving high exam results are eligib

    receive SuryaHurricane lanterns as scholarship prizes. The sch

    provide basic primary education up to Grade IV. Shidhulai has

    introduced the rst river-based environmental curriculum in

    country that encourages children to protect the environment

    conserve water sources. The boats also host meetings or a

    each month on child and womens rights, health education,

    micro-enterprise development.

    Improving child and adult literacy

    Library boats provide the acilities o a standing library: around 1books, 2-4 computers with internet access, printers, and m

    phones. Children, youths, senior citizens, and particularly wo

    are encouraged to learn computer skills, and gain inormatio

    job opportunities, exam results, and government processes

    services. Late-evening literacy classes are arranged on these b

    or schoolchildrens parents. O the ten library boats, two are

    tiered boats with on-board classrooms, libraries, training sp

    and solar lamp re-charging acilities. This allows children to at

    lessons on the lower deck while their parents receive sustain

    arming training on the upper deck.

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    Mobile health clinics

    With doctors and paramedics on board, ve health clinic boats

    rovide ree medication and basic healthcare to more than 300

    eople each day. Shidhulai also provides emergency relie services,

    with two boats bringing solar power to communities who have

    ufered rom ooding, while ten urther boats are used or travelling

    etween the project sites.

    nnovative communication strategies

    ive training boats provide on-board training sessions and evening

    resentations to inorm armers about sustainable arming

    echniques. These sessions also provide inormation on afordable

    enewable energy technologies developed by Shidhulai, such

    s the paddle pump and solar lantern. Each village receives two

    isits a month or three months, with thirty armers trained during

    ach session. Shidhulai staf use laptops, multimedia equipment,

    ducational presentations and databases to raise awareness o

    trategies or agricultural sustainability. Presentations use locally-

    eveloped content, including web tutorials, animations and

    ocumentaries. During the day, the boats host onboard training

    rograms or armers, while in the evenings educational programs

    re arranged on large screens on the riverbanks, allowing villagers to

    ee rom their houses. On average, 300 people attend each evening

    how. Farmers also receive inormation on commodity and arm

    nput prices, and are able to use the boats email and mobile phone

    ervices.

    Training boat presentations also provide an opportunity or

    ormation o Water User Associations (WUAs). Around ty arm

    are grouped into these associations, which help armers ide

    their agrarian needs and understand related environmental iss

    Members attend monthly meetings where Shidhulai agricul

    ocers and technicians discuss ideas and identiy the

    techniques and strategies or specic problems.

    Floating organic gardens

    Shidhulai has also developed oating gardens, or FloodC

    which are used to promote the adoption o sustainable agricul

    practices. Although oating gardens are common to ood-p

    areas o Bangladesh, Shidhulais model is more durable and rob

    and is able to support layers o soil as well as people and ca

    FloodChars also allow or rigorous testing and analysis o soil

    in on-board laboratories. The labs conduct soil analysis and pro

    armers with recommendations or soil improvements and

    conservation. Samples received rom armers are routinely anal

    to determine their texture. Soil laboratories also provide testin

    plant tissue, water quality, pesticides, and hazardous waste.

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    Impacts

    BIODIVERSITY IMPACTS

    hidhulai has been able to conduct annual surveys to measure

    ts impacts on communities environmental practices, as well

    s socioeconomic improvements. Consultants, academics, and

    cientists rom research institutes and universities are engaged in

    hese impact assessments. Among the trends monitored are school

    enrollment and dropout rates, pesticide sale records, numbers o

    people receiving SuryaHurricane lanterns, kerosene sales, additional

    ncome generated by using SuryaHurricane lanterns, numbers o

    participants at training sessions and using the libraries, numbers o

    books borrowed, numbers o youth learning how to use a computer,

    nd numbers o patients treated on the health clinic boats. Thisongoing monitoring has helped to build the evidence base or

    hidhulais work, including the benets or local biological diversity

    nd resilience to environmental threats.

    mproved river health

    Pesticide use has increased considerably in Bangladesh in the past

    hree decades. In the Chalan Beel region, overuse o pesticide has

    had harmul efects on river biodiversity. Shidhulais training boats

    have trained armers on mechanical means o controlling the spread

    o harmul insects. As a result, they have reduced pesticide usage by

    65%. Improvements in water quality have also ollowed training on

    establishing tree and grass lter strips at the riverbanks, which haslowed soil erosion and ltered polluted agricultural runof.

    Reduced uel use

    Promotion o renewable energy sources has had wide environmental

    benets. The introduction o afordable solar lanterns has reduced

    ommunities reliance on kerosene. Assuming typical use o three

    tres o kerosene per week, it is estimated that each SuryaHurricane

    amp saves about 156 litres o kerosene per year. The total annual

    aving rom the 5,000 solar lamps produced so ar is thereore

    around 780,000 litres o kerosene. This translates to an estim

    CO2

    emission reduction o 2,028 tonnes per year.

    Community-based adaptation to climate change

    Shidhulais work in environmental sustainability has prov

    test case or community-based adaptation to climate chang

    Bangladesh. With rising sea levels expected to result in 20 t

    million internally displaced climate reugees, strategies or l

    alongside and benetting rom waterways play a crucial ro

    supporting local livelihoods. In particular, Shidhulais mode

    delivering mobile public services to marginalised communities

    maintaining oating crop beds or agricultural production provided case studies or adaptation in Bangladesh.

    SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS

    Shidhulais work has had substantial economic and social imp

    on the impoverished communities o the Chalan Beel region. T

    have been principally through delivery o services educa

    health and communication inrastructure and empowering

    armers to increase agricultural productivity.

    Education

    To date, Shidhulai has reached 90,000 amilies in the Chalanregion. Its twenty school boats currently serve around 1

    students, with the library boats accessed by 15,000 people a

    The boat school model also allows children who work during

    day, and otherwise would be unable to attend school, to stud

    evening classes. Students can borrow school books rom the b

    on-board libraries, which has helped to improve exam results

    enable some to apply or higher education. Literacy rates

    improved, as children are now able to attend school consiste

    Childrens enrollment in education has increased by 40%, while

    dropout ratio has been reduced by 45%.

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    Health, sanitation, and gender equality

    n Bangladesh, religion and culture typically restricts the mobility

    o girls and women. The unique approach o Shidhulais project

    addresses these barriers. Boats provide exibility and reach villagers

    hat, or logistical, social, or cultural reasons, could not otherwise

    access a permanent institution. Girls and women take ull advantage

    o the education and inormation acilities delivered to their

    doorsteps. Female educational enrollment has increased, as theproximity o the acilities allays the concerns o girls parents and

    guardians. The health clinic boats provide sessions to raise health

    awareness on issues such as sanitation, HIV/AIDS, unintended

    pregnancies, reproductive rights and early marriage issues. On

    average, 300 patients per day are served by the ve oating health

    clinics. Sanitary latrine usage has increased by 80%, while early

    marriage rates have allen by 75%.

    Agricultural productivity

    Due to adoption o new techniques, agricultural productivity

    has increased by 70%. On-board training sessions and evening

    presentations, assisted by Shidhulais staf and technologies, haveencouraged armers to cultivate a variety o crops outside the normal

    growing season. Up to 300 villagers can view evening inormation

    essions. The annual income o participating armers has increased

    by an average o 55% since the introduction o Shidhulais training

    essions. In addition, FloodChars ensure the availability o vegetables

    during the monsoon. Shidhulai helps armers to develop these

    oating gardens, which can be docked alongside riverbank villages.

    Farmers can cultivate vegetables by adding straw and rice stubble

    o the oating beds, and once the oodwater recedes, armers carry

    he oating beds to higher grounds or use as organic ertilizer.

    Improved social resilience

    Finally, while Shidhulais work has not led to inrastruc

    investment on the part o the government in the Chalan Beel re

    they have helped to mitigate the impact o weather condit

    Thousands o landless armers no longer have to leave their vil

    in search o work during the monsoon season: innovations

    training have resulted in a more diversied agricultural output

    is sustained year-round, while savings rom increased incomes an alternative to emigration or employment. Households

    better diets, access to renewable energy, and their children

    access to schools.

    POLICY IMPACTS

    Shidhulai began discussions with the Bangladesh governme

    2007 over the replication o the initiatives work, when representa

    met with government ocials in Dhaka at a celebration o

    award o the UNEP Sasakawa Prize. These government g

    included the heads o various departments, including the Min

    or Education. Productive discussions have been put on hold sthat time, however, as changes in the government disrupted

    communication. During a recent parliament, MPs discussed brin

    government support to the boat schools, as well as the need

    more boat schools in the ood-prone areas across the countr

    the local level, Shidhulai works closely with district governm

    departments, including the Department o Agricultural Exten

    This typically has involved scientists and outreach ocers prov

    agricultural training or armers.

    9

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    10

    Sustainability and Replication

    SUSTAINABILITYMuch o Shidhulais work is unded by various international

    rganizations through multi-year grant agreements, but the initiative

    as also explored ways to generate income rom its technological

    nnovations that would cover the operational costs o their schools,

    braries, training boats and health clinics.

    Securing the initiatives fnancial uture

    One source o unding has been the SuryaHurricane lanterns, which

    re sold at a concessional price below that o comparable schemes.

    Women bring their used kerosene lanterns to the boats and pay USD.75 or conversion to solar power; alternatively, they are able to

    urchase new lanterns or USD 4.20. These lanterns can be recharged

    wice a week on the boats at USD 0.073 each time. Fity percent o

    his income is directed towards Shidhulai operational costs and

    xpansion, while the rest is reinvested in the boat schools, libraries,

    nd healthcare support. It is hoped that with increased revenue rom

    he SuryaHurricane lantern sales, the boat schools and libraries will

    e ully unded within the next three years.

    here are also opportunities or uture expansion within Bangladesh

    or both solar home systems and solar lanterns. Roughly ten million

    eople in Bangladesh live without access to electricity, with relatively

    ttle chance o gaining access to grid power in the near uture.According to a World Bank market survey, there is an existing market

    ize o 0.5 million households or installing solar home systems on a

    ee-or-service basis, at a minimum cost o USD 200. These market

    pportunities lie in remote rural areas, river or ofshore islands, in

    ouseholds that currently use kerosene lamps, and areas that are

    eparated rom the national grid by natural barriers.

    he potential market or the SuryaHurricane lantern is estimated at

    6 percent o the countrys population: more than 90 million people.

    hidhulais marketing strategy has ocussed on raising awareness

    o the project through news reports in the national press. At

    community level, Shidhulai advertises SuryaHurricane lantern

    organising demonstration meetings in marketplaces, schools,

    courtyards in villages. It distributes posters, leaets, and broch

    and uses specic village marketing plans. A more ambit

    marketing strategy or the solar lantern is being developed w

    partner agency, using a website, visits by journalists to project

    and promotional materials. The aim is to encourage oundation

    banks to commit to supporting the SuryaHurricane program.

    enterprise was a winner o the 2009 SEED Awards, in recogn

    o its potential or delivering triple-win economic, social,

    environmental benets in rural Bangladesh.

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    1111

    REPLICATION

    here is great potential or scaling up Shidhulai Swanirvar Sangsthas

    work within Bangladesh. To date, Shidhulai has been the only

    evelopment program to have shown the potential to reach the

    housands o ood-prone villages that are only accessible by boats.

    s the boats, educational materials, technology and strategies have

    lready been developed by Shidhulai, only unding is needed to

    cale up or replicate the project. The model can be replicated notnly in any river-based community, but aspects o it solar lamps,

    olar Home Systems, locally developed educational content, and

    loodChars are applicable anywhere.

    hidhulais oating education model has been replicated by local

    rganizations in Bangladesh. These have included Care Bangladesh/

    rameenphone, Peoples Oriented Program Implementation,

    ubarno Foundation, and Grambangla Unneyon Committee.

    hidhulai has held meetings with these partners to aid with replication

    forts. Replication o the project has also been encouraged in India

    n collaboration with UNICEF.

    n 2009, Shidhulai hosted site visits or the Open University UK.

    esearchers conducted studies on Shidhulais oating education

    ystem or their English in Action (EiA) project in Bangladesh, a

    project o the Bangladesh Government, Open University UK,

    Trust and UKs Department or International Development.

    long-term aims o the project are to launch solar-powered b

    in Bangladesh that target developing riverside residents En

    language skills.

    PARTNERS

    Upazila Krishi Oces (sub-district oces) have provided tech

    support to the project since 2003, although currently there i

    agreement between Shidhulai and these oces.

    Daridra Bimochon Sangstha is a community-based organiza

    bringing together large networks o volunteers. DBS has ass

    Shidhulai with its volunteer groups to conduct water qu

    monitoring since 2003, although this partnership agreem

    also lapsed in 2010. Finally, since 2002 Shidhulai has encoura

    the development o Water User Associations, Farmers Stee

    Committees, Grassroots Extension Delivery Teams, and a Farm

    Association in Flood-Prone Areas as community networks

    knowledge-exchange and peer-to-peer learning in north-Bangladesh, helping to extend the lessons o Shidhulais sustain

    agricultural training to as wide a rural audience as possible.

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    FURTHER REFERENCE

    Mahmud, A. 2006. Shidhulai Swanirvar Sangsth: Bringing Inormation Technology to Rural Bangaldesh by Boat. Council on Library an

    ormation Resources http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub136/pub136.pd

    Rezwan, A. H. M. and Alam, M. S. Reaching Wider Audiences Through Mobile Units on Boats: Educating Rural Farmers on Water Qualityht

    www.col.org/pc3/Papers/PDFs/Rezwan_AHM.pd

    Shidhulai Swanirvar Sangsth website http://www.shidhulai.org/

    Equator Initiative

    Environment and Energy GroupUnited Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

    304 East 45th Street, 6th Floor

    New York, NY 10017

    Tel: +1 646 781-4023

    www.equatorinitiative.org

    The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the UNs global development network, advocating or change and

    necting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better lie.

    The Equator Initiative brings together the United Nations, governments, civil society, businesses and grassroots organizati

    o recognize and advance local sustainable development solutions or people, nature and resilient communities.

    2012 by Equator Initiative

    All rights reserved

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