cascao london resistance counter-hegemony transboundary basins
TRANSCRIPT
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RESISTANCE AND RESISTANCE AND COUNTER-HEGEMONY IN COUNTER-HEGEMONY IN
TRANSBOUNDARY RIVER BASINSTRANSBOUNDARY RIVER BASINS
III Workshop on Hydro-Hegemony12-13 May 2007
Ana Elisa Cascão
King’s College of London
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STRUCTURE OF THE PRESENTATION
1 – Initial assumptions on Hegemony and Counter-Hegemony
2 – Theorisation on Resistance and Counter-Hegemony
3 – Mechanisms of Resistance and Counter-Hegemony
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1 – INITIAL ASSUMPTIONS
Hegemony = Coercion + Consent
Consent vs. Contest
HEGEMONY Attainment, maintenance and consolidation of
the status quo
COUNTER-HEGEMONY/RESISTANCE Confrontation and/or opposition to existing
status quo and its legitimacy
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ABSTRACT MODEL OF HEGEMONY AND COUNTER-HEGEMONY
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CONSTRUCTED COMMON SENSE
Clockwise – Hegemons Clockwise – Hegemons Common-sense making and reinforcement,
through dominant hegemonic beliefs, ideas, discourse and knowledge [CONSENT]
Counter-clockwise – Non-hegemons Counter-clockwise – Non-hegemons Deconstruction of constructed common sense
(undermining legitimacy) and/or construction of alternative senses [BREAK THE CONSENT]
PLAYING WITH AMBIGUITY!?PLAYING WITH AMBIGUITY!?
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“the most potent weapon in the hands of the oppressors is the mind of the oppressed”
Stephen Bantu BikoFounder of the Black Consciousness Movement (South Africa)
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2 – RESISTANCE AND COUNTER-HEGEMONY
• Resistance – Reactive in motivation and refractory in consequence [RE-ACTIVE]
• Counter-Hegemony – more deliberate as action, and comprehensive in terms of its transformative potential [PRO-ACTIVE]
BREAKING THE CONSENT!BREAKING THE CONSENT!
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BIPOLARITY?
“Hegemony always implies resistance (…) they are a dialectic pair” (Cox)
Binary relationship? No!
...Interrelated and Dynamic Continuum...
“Strategic resistance mixes with strategic compliance” (Scott)
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INTENSITY
ACTIVITY IS ACTIVITY IS FLUIDFLUID
Reasons: organisational, opportunism, timing, pressures, threats, manipulation, ‘trans-formismo’
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A POLITICAL SPECTRUMUp in the scaleUp in the scale
• More confrontational (anti-status quo)
• More organised• More articulated• More active/activism• More challenging• More strategic/programmatic• More sustained/legitimated• More audible • More long-term targets• More transformative potential
Down the scaleDown the scale
• Legitimacy• Common sense• Sanctioned discourse• Quiescence• Compliance• Conformism• Passivity• ‘Catch-all’ arguments
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BEYOND POLARITIESBEYOND POLARITIES
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MOMENT OF COUNTER-HEGEMONY
What can be defined as the Moment of Counter Hydro-Hegemony?
Redistribution of water resources based on a truly egalitarian, rational and fair allocation? Assertion and extension of explicit water rights (for diverse users and uses)? Water classified as a public and collective asset?
OR
Erosion of the current power configuration and replacement of the current hydro-hegemon by another one, but still based on asymmetrical allocation of water resources?
IDEAL!
SHIFT
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3 – MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE AND COUNTER-HEGEMONY
1 – Violent 1 – Violent
2 – Functional2 – Functional
3 – Cooperative 3 – Cooperative
4 – Liberating4 – Liberating
See Nile case
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Thanks!