cartagena libre de analfabetismo - fundación transformemos

7/22/2019 Cartagena libre de analfabetismo - Fundación Transformemos

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Isti nolrk istã hihobchk c nks aonis

hi fkalris y audiris bcrtcgiìrks quii` ekrac vcnoi`ti, ritc`hk sus aoihks

y hirrktc`hk nc acrgo`cboò` skbocn

si ièri`tcrk` c nc pcnclrc,

nc hklnigcrk` y `k sònk vknvoirk` c

ncs cuncs, so`k qui bk` krgunnk si fc`

tkachk bk` nc euirzc hi ncs nitrcs

tkhks nks ro`bkìs hi nc bouhch caurcnnchc i` u` oài`sk

y ùivk grotk hi o`hipi`hi`boc.



Bcrtcgi`c nolrihi c`cneclitosakBcrtcgi`c nolrihi c`cneclitosak



8 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak

Eu`hcboò` pcrc in Hiscrrknnk Rkbocn Xrc`sekraiaks

Acrác Curkrc Bcrronnk Gunnk

Horibtkrc Idibutovc y Zihcgògobc

\khknek Crhonc Buistc

Horibtkr hi Hiscrrknnk Rkbocn

Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak

Xixtks4 \khknek Crhonc Buistc, Acrác Curkrc Bcrronnk Gunnk, Dunok Cnc`hiti Crrkyk,@yhoc @o`c Ucni`boc Doaïìz, Dkrgi Inoïbir Krtigc Ak`tis y Hoc`c Lcrrczc Suorkz.

Bkaponchkrc4 @yhoc @o`c Ucni`boc Doaïìz

Bkrribboò` hi istonk4 Acrác Brosto`c Uigc hi Bobiro

Bk`biptk grãeobk y hosiók ihotkrocn4@kfkrc Akrcnis Cnk`sk y Cnidc`hrk Acrtáìz Ispo`ksc

Bcrãtunc4 @kfkrc Akrcnis Cnk`sk

Ektkgrceác y crbfovk hi pri`sc4 Duc` Zclnk Zroitk Rã`bfiz, Hiòs Bcvc`zk,

Crbfovk Xrc`sekraiaks, Crbfovk RIH Bcrtcgi`c y Keobo`c hi Zri`sc,

Cnbcnhác Acykr hi Bcrtcgi`c, H.X. y B.

© Eu`hcboò` pcrc in Hiscrrknnk Rkbocn Xrc`sekraiaksORL@4 ?76-?96-68?5-2<-:

Zrkfolohc nc riprkhubboò` pcrbocn k tktcn pkr bucnquoir aihok so` cutkrozcboò`

ixprisc hi nc Eu`hcboò` pcrc in Hiscrrknnk Rkbocn Xrc`sekraiaks.Oaprisk i` Bknkaloc.

EY@HCBOÒ@ ZC\C IN HIRC\\KNNK RKBOCN X\C@REK\AIAKRMa 32 vác Lkgktã - Nc Bcnirc eri`ti cn ialcnsi hi Rc` \cecin.

ZLV4 (:93) 65:?92<. Nc Bcnirc - Bknkaloc - Rurcaïrobc.

i-acon4 trc`sekraiaksJtrc`sekraiaks.bka • www.trc`sekraiaks.bka



Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 9




k`tiòhkB

Zrònkgk

Dcoai @oók Háiz

Zrisi`tcboò` »Zkr quï u`c fczcóc;


Bcpátunk 3. Nc ihubcboò` bkak aktkr hi nc ho`ãaobc skbocn

Dunok Cnc`hi`ti Crrkyk

Bcpátunk <. Csá `cboò y si bk`sknohò in Akhink Ihubctovk Xrc`sekr-aiaks Ihubc`hk i` Bcrtcgi`cHoc`c Lcrrczc Suorkz

@yhoc @o`c Ucni`boc Doaïìz

<.3 Bcrtcgi`c4 bouhch guirrirc y vcnoi`ti qui cpuistc c nc irrchobcboò`

hin c`cneclitosak

<.< Xrc`sekraiaks nnigò pcrc quihcrsi

<.2 »Bòak eui in prkbisk hi cuai tk hi bklirturc;

<.8 »Bòak si crak ozò in prkgrcac hi dòviìs y chuntks i` ncs o`stotubok-ìs ihubctovcs;

<.9 Klsirvcbokìs eo cnis

Bcpátunk 2. @ibisohchis hi cpri`hozcdi pcrc nc vohcAcrác Curkrc Bcrronnk Gunnk


2.3 Bcrtcgi`c4 proair i`bui`trk bk` nks uòvirsks hi si`tohk hi nks ktrks

y ncs `crrctovcs hin puilnk bcrtcgiìrk

2.< Xrcyibtk it`kgrãeobk

2.2 Hoãnkgk i`tri ncs `crrctovcs y ncs vkbis hin bcrtcgiìrk bk` in bk tix-

tk skbokihubctovk

2.8 Bcrtcgi`c bouhch hovirsc bk` ùivcs ho`ãaobcs bunturcnis

2.9 Bkai`tcroks eo cnis

32

3?

29

5?

7:

79

6<

67

?:

?3

?<

?9

?7

3:?

32:




Bcpátunk 8. Istrubturc Burrobuncr Lãsobc pcrc Bcrtcgi`c, H. X y B.Acrác Curkrc Bcrronnk Gunnk

8.3 »Ihubcr pcrc quï;

8.< Bkapkì`tis burrobuncris

8.2 Idis burrobuncris crtobunchkris

8.8 Bk`tiòhks

8.9 Rá`tisos hi nks iniai`tks lãsobks pcrc u` burrábunk pirtoì`ti

Bcpátunk 9. Bk`toùohch, Ziracì`boc y Ixpibtctovcs IhubctovcsEuturcs hi nks istuhoc`tis trc`sekrachkris/cs@yhoc @o`c Ucni`boc Doaïìz

9.3 O`trkhubboò`

9.< Cpu ti aitkhknògobk

9.2 Rupuistks

9.8 \isuntchks y hosbusoò`

9.9 Bkai`tcroks eo cnis

Bcpátunk 5. Oapcbtk i` nc i`sióc`zc y in cpri`hozcdi hi nc o`bnusoò`hi ncs bkauòhchis vunìrclnis i` ncs bunturcs hogotcnis aihoc`ti inRostiac O`tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk i` Bcrtcgi`cDkrgi Krtigc Ak`tis

5.3 O`trkhubboò`

5.< Cpu ti aitkhknògobk

5.2 \isuntchks y hosbusoò`

5.8 Cpribocbokìs eo cnis

Bcpátunk 7. Cpri`hir `ks fcbi vosolnis\khknek Crhonc Buistc

Nks prktcgkòstcs

322

328

325

389

395

353

352

358

355

35?

37<

3?9

3?7

3?6

<:7

<38

<26

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2:3



Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak ?

In acistrk Dustk Ucnhïs bk` in Grupk Rk` Zcni`qui



3: Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak



3< Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak




Zrònkgk

Dcoai @oók Háiz

Ix Ao`ostrk hi Ihubcboò` @cbok`cn 3??7-3??6.Cutkr hin Hibritk 2:33 hi hoboialri 3?

hi 3??7, qui rigunc nc Ihubcboò` hi Dòvi`isy Chuntks i` Bknkaloc.




A

Ro is ìbiscrok… toiì qui sir pksolni!

„Nc ihubcboò` is u` cbtk hi cakr y hi bkrcdi‑

Zclnk Eriori

i ctrivk c ceoracr qui is auy capnok k bcso u`ãòai inribk`kboaoi`tk hi nc bkauòhch Bcrtcgiìrc, i` tkhks susistcai`tks skbocnis, c nks iseuirzks y nkgrks hi nc Cnbcn-

hisc Duhotf Zoìhk Enòriz y hi su Ribritcrok hi Ihubcboò` DunokCnc`hiti, i` nks cvc`bis hi nc ihubcboò` pôlnobc i` in Hostrotk hi Bcr-tcgi`c hurc`ti su pirákhk hi gkloir`k.

@k is isti in ispcbok pcrc iùaircr tkhks nks hiscrrknnks cnbc`zchksbkak in aidkrcaoi`tk sustc`bocn hi nc oèrcistrubturc isbkncr ‒<3 bk-nigoks ùivks, 5 aigcbknigoks y capnocboò` y aidkrcaoi`tk hi aãs hi6: o`stotubokìs‒ i` lôsquihc hi u` aidkr fãlotct i` in bucn si bk`-voirtc` ncs bk`hobokìs c vibis o`hog`cs i` nugcris eu`bok`cnis y cni-gris hk`hi nks òóks, òócs y dòviìs puihc` sir einobis= k ncakhiròzcboò` hi ncs istrctigocs pihcgògobcs y hohãbtobcs bk` cuncsbk` tclnirks hogotcnis, bkaputchkris, bkìxoò` c o`tirìt y pãgo`c wil,in oapunsk c ncs ùivcs pihcgkgács y nc bcpcbotcboò` hkbi`ti i` tkhcsncs o`stotubokìs ihubctovcs keobocnis hi Bcrtcgi`c= k nc grctuohch hinc ihubcboò` hin 3º cn grchk 33, nks ristcurc`tis isbkncris, nks sigurksbk`trc cbbohi`ti, in trc`spkrti y nks tixtks isbkncris tcaloï` grctuo-tks qui ecvkribi` in loiìstcr hi nc pklncboò` isbkncr y sus ecaonocs= knc krgcòzcboò`, hktcboò` y puistc i` eu`bok`caoi`tk, i` cnoc`zc bk`Yòvirsohchis, O`stotubokìs Xib`knògobcs y in Obitix, hi nks 3: BI\IR,hostroluohks i` 39 sibtkris hi`scai`ti pklnchks hi nc Bouhch, bk`kpkrtuòhchis hi ihubcboò` supirokr pcrc 5.::: istuhoc`tis.

Ro` ialcrgk, nc sknc ai`boò` hi cngu`ks hi istks erc`bks prkgrisksbk`siguohks, bkèorac qui nc Cnbcnhisc y su Ribritcrok hi Ihubcboò`




euirk` eoinis c u`k hi nks grc`his klditovks hi su Znc` hi Hiscrrknnk„Zkr u`c sknc Bcrtcgi`c‑4 bk`virtor in bk`kboaoi`tk y nc ihubcboò` iìn aktkr hi nc ho`ãaobc skbocn, i` nc lcsi hi su akhink skbocn o`tigrchkr.

Istk nk rctoeobc, hi u` nchk, in ispibtcbuncr scntk i` in cpkrti hi nksribursks prkpoks hi nc Bouhch pcrc cnbc`zcr u`c acykr y aidkr o`vir-soò` i` ihubcboò`, cn pcscr hi 9.2:: aonnkìs hi pisks i`tri <::8 y<::7 c 337.::: aonnkìs hi pisks i`tri <::6 y <:33 y hin ktrk, supiracì`ti iapiók i` kltiìr ribursks chobok`cnis oapkrtc`tis hinAoòstirok hi Ihubcboò` qui fc eo`c`bochk nks 5 aigcbknigoks, hi nksprkgrcacs hi prkyibboò` skbocn hi ncs iapriscs hi Bcrtcgi`c, i`triinncs ncs ceonochcs c nc Eu`hcboò` Acak`cn, hi ktrcs eu`hcbokìs bkakin Bcpátunk hi nc Eu`hcboò` Iapriscroks pkr nc Ihubcboò` y nc Eu`hc-boò` Zois Hisbcnzks qui fc hk`chk, istc ôntoac, ktrk aigc-bknigok,istoaunchks tkhks pkr su nohirczgk y risuintk bkaprkaosk bk` nc ihu-bcboò`.

Zirk tkhk istk fc tiòhk u` trcsek`hk o`buistok`clni= in aosak qui nksnnivò c prkpkìr u` prkgrcac hi gkloir`k ekbcnozchk i` nc bk`strub-boò` hi „Y`c sknc Bcrtcgi`c‑4 nc urgi`boc hi supircr nc ercbturc hi ncskboihch bcrtcgiìrc y su bk`vobboò` hi nc auy istribfc rincboò` quigucrhc` nc hosbroao`cboò` y nc acnc bcnohch hi nc ihubcboò` qui ceib-tc` prkeu`hcai`ti in hiscrrknnk skbocn y ihubctovk. Zuis aoi`trcs ncshisogucnhchis i` nc skboihch si rienidc` i` ncs oìquohchis hi nc ihu-bcboò`, istcs c su viz, so `k si akhoeobc`, toi`hi` c prkeu`hozcr cqui-nncs c trcvïs hi nc ixbnusoò` k hi nc acnc bcnohch ihubctovc,i`bchi`ã`hksi csá nc trc`saosoò` o`tir-giìrcbok`cn hi nc o`dustoboc y




hin ctrcsk qui hilonotc` nc bkfisoò` skbocn y eri`c` in prkgrisk ibk`ò-aobk, bunturcn i o`stotubok`cn.

Zkr nk c`tirokr, nc ihubcboò` pkhác y hilác sir hitirao`c`ti i` ncrihubboò` hi ncs hisogucnhchis skbocnis y isti eui in bk`vi`boaoi`tk

qui nks oapunsò c iapri`hir nc ekraohclni tcric hi aidkrcr ncs bk`-hobokìs hin sirvobok pôlnobk hi ihubcboò` hurc`ti istks buctrk cókshi su ac`hctk. Zirk pkr ktrc pcrti, pcrc csuaor tcaloï` bk` fk`hksi`tohk fuac`k y pni`c hitirao`cboò` ncs cbbokìs o`hospi`sclnisqui foboirc` pksolni rio`tigrcr c 2<.<96 bcrtcgiìrcs y bcrtcgiìrks,

dòviìs y chuntks cn Rostiac Ihubctovk Keobocn, pcrc supircr su sotuc-boò` hi c`cneclitosak fcstc nkgrcr qui istc o`tknirclni oìquohch sknkceibti fky c ai`ks hin 3% hi su pklncboò` y hibncrcr, csá, c Bcrtcgi-`c „Bouhch Nolri hi C`cneclitosak‑.

I` ieibtk, pcrc supircr ncs i`krais hostc`bocs i` bcnohch hi vohc ykpkrtuòhchis qui sipcrc` c u`ks y ktrks pklnchkris hin Hostrotk hiBcrtcgi`c i oòbocr u` prkbisk cutï`tobk hi o`bnusoò` skbocn, risuntclctc` istrctïgobk oapunscr i` ekrac skstiòhc in o`grisk, nc piracì`-boc y nc bcnohch hi nc ihubcboò` i` in sostiac isbkncr keobocn hi òócs,òóks y chknisbi`tis, bkak rio`bkrpkrcr c isi bobnk hi nc ihubcboò`keobocn c tkhc nc pklncboò` qui `k cbbihoò kpkrtu`cai`ti hishi suòóiz c nc ihubcboò` ekracn k qui pkr aôntopnis rczkìs, erutk hi nchosbroao`cboò` skbocn k hi nks hïeobots isbkncris, hiloò clc`hk`cr k euiixpunschc hi nc isbuinc.

Zirk istc is fky u`c pklncboò` hi dòviìs y chuntks, nc acykrác i`trinks 39 y nks 89 cóks, bk` u` grc` pkti`bocn y i` pni`c bcpcbohch prk-hubtovc, bk` rispk`sclonohchis ecaonocris y skbocnis pirk vovoi`hk bk`sivircs noaotcbokìs, i` sotucboò` hi acrgo`cnohch y bcso soiapri i`pklrizc ixtriac, buyc ôòbc cntir`ctovc pcrc bkìbtcrsi bk` ncs pkso-lonohchis hi aidkris o`grisks, hi loiìstcr pcrc innks y sus ecaonocs yhi o`tigrcboò` ricn cn hiscrrknnk hi Bcrtcgi`c y nc rigoò`, is u`c ihu-bcboò` qui bkaoi`bi pkr nc cneclitozcboò` pirk `k si quihi cnná so`kqui bk`to`ôi i` u`c ihubcboò` lãsobc ‒proacroc y sibu`hcroc‒ y ai-hoc, pi`schc, hosióchc y krgcòzchc pcrc innks hi cbuirhk bk` susìbisohchis skbocnis, sobknògobcs y bunturcnis, sus scliris cbuaunc-hks i` nc ixpiroi`boc, sus o`tirisis y csporcbokìs, enixolni y hi bkrtc




hurcboò` pkrqui in bkstk hi kpkrtuòhch hi su toiapk is auy cntk pirkbk` nc bucn si prkauivc` sus bkapiti`bocs lãsobcs, nclkrcnis y bouhc-hc`cs, tcaloï` i` in acrbk hi cpri`hir c cpri`hir y cpri`hir c vovor

du`tks bkak `ôbniks aihuncris hi u`c ihubcboò` pcrc tkhc nc vohc.

Zkr isk, hishi su bkaoi`zk i` in <::6, in prkyibtk oapnobò trc`sekracrprkgrisovcai`ti nc trchobok`cn Ihubcboò` @kbtur`c pcrc Chuntks puisi` innc in prkbisk hi i`sióc`zc y cpri`hozcdi si vi`ác hiscrrknnc`hk, cnogucn qui i` bcso tkhk in pcás, bkak u`c ixti`soò` hi nc ihubcboò` pcrcòócs, òóks y chknisbi`tis, i` sus cspibtks burrobuncris, pihcgògobks,hkbi`tis y hi ribursks, hisbk`kboi`hk grcviai`ti ncs bcrcbtirástobcshi istks grupks skbocnis. Bk` isi eo`, nc Ribritcrác hi Ihubcboò` pripc-rò sus o`stotubokìs ihubctovcs pcrc ribolor c istc pklncboò` y bk` incpkyk hin Aoòstirok hi Ihubcboò` y pkr ribkai`hcboò` suyc, oòboò bk`nc Eu`hcboò` pcrc in Hiscrrknnk Rkbocn Xrc`sekraiaks nc bk`strubboò`hin Rostiac O`tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk.

Nc Eu`hcboò` vi`ác oapniai`tc`hk isti sostiac i` cngu`cs ktrcs i`-tohchis tirrotkrocnis hã`hkni hiscrrknnk cn Hibritk 2:33 hi 3??7, ix-pihohk hurc`ti ao aoòstirok pcrc pkìr i` acrbfc u`c uivc ihubcboò`hi chuntks pcrc in pcás qui ribkgoirc ncs i`sióc`zcs hi auy hoeiri`-tis cbbokìs ricnozchcs i` ncs hïbchcs c`tirokris= ispibocnai`ti hi ncbcapcóc hi Cneclitozcboò` „Roaò` Lknávcr‑, hi bkaoi`zks hi nks cóks6:s, y qui ogucnai`ti horogá pirk buyc erustrcboò` pkr nc trc`soboò` i`-tri u` gkloir`k y ktrk, oapohoò cnbc`zcr in sigu`hk hi sus tris kldito-vks4 „Keribir cn pcás ncs pknátobcs hi nc ihubcboò` lãsobc hi chuntks ynks iniai`tks bk`stotutovks y krgcòzctovks hi u` Grc` Zrkgrcac @c-bok`cn hi Ihubcboò` Lãsobc hi Chuntks‑.

Isc `kractovc istclniboò, pkr bk`soguoi`ti, nks pro`bopoks hi nc ihubc-boò` hi chuntks y su krgcòzcboò` pkr Bobnks Nibtovks Ispibocnis O`ti-grchks qui ni piraoti` c bucnquoir pirsk`c onitrchc acykr hi 32 cókscneclitozcrsi y bk`toùcr sus istuhoks fcstc grchk 33 i` 9 cóks y pkrktrc pcrti, i` in acrbk hi nc hisbi`trcnozcboò` ihubctovc vogi`ti iìsks cóks, ecbuntò c nks hipcrtcai`tks y hostrotks c istclnibir nksbrotiroks y kroi`tcbokìs pcrc su buapnoaoi`tk y nc hieoòboò` i` suspncìs hi hiscrrknnk hi prkgrcacs y prkyibtks pcrc nc cti`boò` ihubc-tovc hi istc pklncboò`.




Hi cbuirhk bk` isks pcrãaitrks, in Rostiac O`tircbtovk Xrc`sekrai-aks Ihubc`hk si prkpusk nnivcr c bclk u` ùivk i`tkr`k hi i`si-óc`zc y cpri`hozcdi, kroi`tchk pkr in o`tirïs i` nc bk`strubboò` cbtovchin bk`kboaoi`tk pkr pcrti hi nks istuhoc`tis pcrc nkgrcr cpri`hozc-

dis sogòeobctovks, cpkychks i` tixtks cprkpochks bk` bcnohch hi bk`-

tiòhk, i` cuncs o`tircbtovcs bk` sketwcri ihubctovk y guochks pkracistrks ispibáeobcai`ti bcpcbotchks pcrc ecbonotcr i` istks grupkshi istuhoc`tis prkbisks bkapnidks bk` hovirscs istrctigocs hi i`-sióc`zc.

Fky, chiaãs hi nks 2<.<96 cneclitozchks, sk` auy vcrochks nks ri-suntchks hi istc oòboctovc hi nks bucnis hc` bui`tc nks oèkrais yisti nolrk qui si i`trigc c nc bouhchc`ác bcrtcgiìrc y cn pcás. Zirkquosoirc histcbcr in Zrkyibtk Zihcgògobk Cntir`ctovk qui sulycbic nc @uivc Ihubcboò` hi Chuntks hi nc Bouhch y ncs o``kvcbokìspihcgògobcs i` nc inclkrcboò` hi tixtks pirtoì`tis y bk`tix-tucnozchks pcrc nc pklncboò` hi onitrchks, fkalris y audiris hi auyhovirsc trchoboò` bunturcn y bkapksoboò` ïtòbc y nc ekracboò` ispi-báeobc hi acistrks pcrc nc prãbtobc pihcgògobc bk` istks dòviìs ychuntks. Ru bk`toùohch y bk`sknohcboò` i` nc pròxoac chaoòstrc-boò` sirã hibosovc pcrc in prkgrisk hi nc bouhch, pcrc istcr rio`bkr-pkrc`hk c nc pklncboò` qui `k cbbihi k clc`hk`c nc isbuinc,ièri`tc`hk csá ncs oìquohchis fostòrobcs bkak u`c bk`troluboò`c nc nubfc bk`trc nc hosbroao`cboò` y nc pklrizc, fcstc qui in ei`ò-ai`k si vi`zc, grcbocs c u`c ihubcboò` pôlnobc hi bcnohch quiogucnai`ti hili siguorsi bk`struyi`hk bk` o`quilrc`tclni vknu`-tch pknátobc.

Zirk `k puihk bk`bnuor istc `ktc so` ribk`kbir y binilrcr bk` i`tu-socsak bouhchc`k nc cpcroboò` i` in isbi`crok rigok`cn y `cbok`cn hi uèkraohclni iquopk hi trclcdk pkr nc ihubcboò`, bkèkrachk pkr nc Cn-bcnhisc Duhotf Zoìhk Enòriz y su Ribritcrok hi Ihubcboò` DunokCnc`hiti, bcpcbis hi nkgrcr nc bkèoc`zc hi nks ihubchkris, sus cnua-`ks, pchris hi ecaonoc y nc skboihch i` giìrcn pcrc hirrktcr nc cpctácy supircrsi, bk`vi`bohks hi qui in acykr liìeobok pcrc tkhks is ncihubcboò` hi bcnohch y bk` tc`tc euirzc o`tirokr y nohirczgk pcrc riak-vir klstãbunks y scbcr chinc`ti sus prkpòsotks pkrqui so cngk isìbiscrok…toiì qui sir pksolni!



Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 3?

Zrisi`tcboò`


Horibtkr Hiscrrknnk Rkbocn Xrc`sekraiaks



<: Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak

Nks istuhoc`tis hi Bcrtcgi`c binilrc`hknc hibncrctkroc „Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak‑.

Riptoialri << hi <:33.



Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <3

In sultátunk hi isti nolrk is4 Aiakroc hi u`c Fczcóc. Zcrcaubfks, puihi sir priti`boksk pkrqui istcaks cbkstua-lrchks c fclncr hi fczcócs buc`hk si rkapi u` rïbkrh au`-

hocn, buc`hk rieiroaks qui Bknò` hisbulroò Caïrobc, buc`hk ribkrhcaksnc proairc viz qui in fkalri nnigò c nc Nu`c, buc`hk riscntcaks ncekrac bkak si bk`quostò nc boac hin Ivirist… I` bcalok, nc nubfcpiracì`ti y bktohoc`c hin sir fuac`k y nks nkgrks qui piraotorã`bk`struor u` bcao`k pcrc aidkrcr nc bcnohch hi vohc hi nks aãs pklris,bcso soiapri si og`krc` k si hispriboc`, hi nc aosac ekrac bkak in`cboaoi`tk hi u` ùivk sir, yc `k si bk`sohirc in aoncgrk proaogiòkhi nc vohc, so`k u` cbtk bktohoc`k.

Aubfks si prigu`tcrã`4 »quï topk hi fczcóc is qui 2<.<96 pirsk`csacykris hi 39 cóks fcyc` cpri`hohk c niir y isbrolor; Sui i` u` pcásiairgi`ti bkak Bknkaloc y i` ispibocn, i` u`c bouhch bkak Bcrtcgi-`c hi O`hocs (pkr aubfk toiapk, sáalknk hi nc hisogucnhch skbocn yidiapnk hin closak ixosti`ti i`tri nks aãs pklris y nks aãs robks),bk`to`ôi` sus istuhoks hi proacroc y sibu`hcroc i` ekrac grctuotc,»buã`hk isti fibfk hilirác sir u`c ricnohch y `k u` nkgrk;

I` virhch, nk qui bk`voirti isti fibfk i` u`c fczcóc, is bk`sohircrqui puhoi`hk nkgrcr istc aitc i` ekrac uòvirscn, pkr sir tcn viz ncai`ks bkstksc y aãs ieibtovc hi ncs hi`kao`chcs aitcs hin Aoniòk,

»Zkr quï is u`c fczcóc;



<< Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak

ncs skboihchis akhir`cs trctc` hi aoòaozcr, o`vosolonozcr i og`krcrnc, rc-zò` pkr nc bucn quoirk prisi`tcrnis u`c lrivi vosoò` hi nc hoai`soò` ricnhin prklniac qui bk` rispk`sclonohch y bkfiri`boc pknátobc y skbocn csu-aoò nc Chaoòstrcboò` hi nc Bouhch hi Bcrtcgi`c i` bclizc hi nc Cnbcnhi-sc Duhotf Zoìhk Enòriz y su Ribritcrok hi Ihubcboò` Dunok Cnc`hiti Crrkykbk` in cpkyk hin Aoòstirok hi Ihubcboò` @cbok`cn y nc Eu`hcboò` pcrc inHiscrrknnk Rkbocn Xrc`sekraiaks.

Hishi in pro`bopok hi nks toiapks, in sir fuac`k si fclotuò c aorcr yskócr bk` ncs istrinncs y tkhk nk qui ni fc pcribohk linnk i o`cnbc`zclni, soèodcrsi qui nk fc fibfk pcrchk i` in lcrrk y i` aubfks bcsks, knvohã`hksihi su prkpoc bk`hoboò`, nk bucn cu`qui pcrizbc pcrchòdobk, is nk qui `ksfc piraotohk hiscrrknncr`ks bkak skboihch y cn aosak toiapk, `ks fcgiìrchk i`krais bk`trcstis, oìquohchis y hisogucnhchis.




I` ieibtk, so nks igopboks si fuloirc` quihchk aitohks i` nc cri`c, klsir-vc`hk nc oài`sohch hin hisoirtk y `k fuloirc` aorchk fcboc in boink, ù`-bc fuloirc` nivc`tchk su acrcvonnksk oapirok= so nks dcpkìsis `k fuloirc`trcsbi`hohk bk` in pi`scaoi`tk, nc piquióiz hi su tirrotkrok, `k fuloirc`brichk in oapirok hin Rkn `cboi`ti. Nk aosak kburroò i` aubfks ktrksbcsks, pcsc`hk pkr \kac, nks ak`gknis, nks Istchks Yòhks, Iurkpc ytkhc `cboò` y pirsk`c qui fcyc` nkgrchk trcsbi`hir i` nc fostkroc. Xkhkstoiì` i` bkaô`, fclir aorchk aãs cnnã hi sus noaotcbokìs qui i` cpc-roi`boc ncs trcsbi`hoirk`. Ro` ialcrgk, istcs noaotcbokìs bk`to`ôc` vovcsy bchc hác sk` aãs pischcs, y cu`qui fcgcaks tkhk nk pksolni pkr og`k-rcrncs, `k fc` hiscpcribohk.

Fky, c bkaoi`zks hi nc sigu`hc hïbchc hin sognk VVO, buc`hk fiaks bk`-quostchk nc Nu`c y pkhiaks bk`trkncr in ãtkak i` boirtc aihohc, nc O`tirìt`ks prkpkrbok`c u`c rih gnklcn hi oèkracboò`, nks binuncris sk` pcrtivotcn hi ùistrc bktohocòhch, ncs ixpibtctovcs hi vohc cuai`tc` hác c hác,bk`tcaks bk` cracs hi histrubboò` acsovc qui `ks puihi` histruor i`



<8 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak

sigu`hks, si vknvoò bktohoc`k fclncr hi vocdis cn ispcbok yin bk`kboaoi`tk fuac`k clcrbc ãrics qui fcbi 3:: cóksirc` oòacgo`clnis, cô` ixosti` aãs hi 7:: aonnkìs hi fka-lris y audiris acykris hi 39 cóks qui `k scli` niir òisbrolor3 y pkr nk ai`ks, < aon aonnkìs hi pirsk`cs qui fc`

hisirtchk k ù`bc o`griscrk` i` in sostiac ihubctovk, nkbucn bk`voirti c istcs pirsk`cs i` nks ixbnuohks hin sognk,nks o`vosolnis, nks qui sònk eogurc` i` ncs istchástobcs.

I` in bcsk bknkaloc`k, nc sotucboò` is ogucnai`ti hrcaãto-bc. Hi cbuirhk bk` nks istuhoks chinc`tchks pkr nc Eu`hc-boò` Ihubcboò` Bkaprkaosk hi Xkhks<, hi bchc bo`bk òóksqui i`trc` i` in sostiac ihubctovk c burscr su proair grc-hk, sònk u`k bunao`c in grchk 33 ò lcbfonnirctk, y nks hiaãssi quihc` pkr in bcao`k, sotucboò` soaoncr c nc hin ristk hiCaïrobc Ncto`c, hk`hi hi cbuirhk bk` nk pnc`tichk pkr ncY@IRBK y nc BIZCN i` in hkbuai`tk Hisceáks pcrc u`c

Ihubcboò` hi Bcnohch i` Caïrobc Ncto`c y in Bcroli 2, sònku`k hi bchc bo`bk dòviìs i`tri nks <: y <8 cóks, pirtiì-boi`tis c ncs bncsis aãs pklris, nkgrc bunao`cr sus istu-hoks sibu`hcroks.

Ro cpnobcaks istcs boercs c ncs tris ôntoacs hïbchcs, pkhi-aks ceoracr qui i` Bknkaloc fcy aãs hi hoiz aonnkìs hipirsk`cs i`tri nks 39 y 89 cóks qui fc` hisirtchk k fc`sohk ixpunschks hin sostiac ihubctovk, hi nks bucnis fcybirbc hi 3.7::.::: dòviìs y chuntks hi 39 cóks qui cô``k scli` niir ò isbrolor, bk` in cgrcvc`ti hi qui nc acykráchi istks bknkaloc`ks y bknkaloc`cs pirtiìbi cn 8:.<% hin

3. Y@IRBK (<:33). Oèkrai hoeu`hohk i` bkàiakrcboò` hin Hác O`tir`cbok`cnhi nc Cneclitozcboò`.

<. RC\AOI@XK, N. C. (<:3:). Rotucboò` hi nc ihubcboò` i` Bknkaloc ‒ Zriisbk- ncr, lãsobc, aihoc y supirokr. Lkgktã4 Eu`hcboò` Ihubcboò` Bkaprkaosk hiXkhks. Eu`hcboò` Bkrk`c, Eu`hcboò` C`tkòk \istripk Lcrbk, Y@OBIE, Eu`-hcboò` Rcnhcrrocgc Bk`bfc, Yòvirsohch hi nks C`his y nc Yòvirsohch hin@krti.

2. Y@IRBK, BIZCN (<:33). Hisceáks pcrc u`c Ihubcboò` hi Bcnohch i` Caï- robc Ncto`c y in Bcroli . I`bui`trk Zripcrctkrok \igok`cn <:33. K@Y - Bk`-sidk Ibk`òaobk y Rkbocn. \ivosoò` Aoòstirocn Cùcn IBKRKB ‒ \AC. Lui`ksCoris.




Binilrcboò` hi nks istuhoc`tisi` nc hibncrctkroc „Bcrtcgi`c

nolri hi c`cneclitosak‑.Riptoialri << hi <:33.




tktcn hi nc pklncboò`, y istã bncsoeobchc bkak pklri pkr in Hipcrtcai`tk @cbok`cnhi Zncìcboò`8.

Boercs hrcaãtobcs pcrc quoi` ti`gc si`solonohch skbocn pirk `k noaotc` nc ricnohch, yhi cbuirhk bk` nc BIZCN (<:33), pcrc tiìr ai`ks prklclonohch hi pklrizc qui inprkaihok, u` bknkaloc`k k bknkaloc`c hili` ribolor k cprklcr bkak aáòak 3<cóks hi istuhok, puistk qui i` in aosak hkbuai`tk, nc BIZCN ceorac4 „bk`bnuor nc

i`sióc`zc sibu`hcroc i` nc rigoò` bk`stotuyi in ualrcn ihubctovk aáòak pcrc csi-

gurcr in euturk hi ncs pirsk`cs euirc hi nc pklrizc‑ 9.

G\CEOBK 3. BIZCN (<:33).- CAÏ\OBC NCXO@C (36 ZCÁRIR)4 CÓKR HI IRXYHOK \ISYI\O-

HKR ZC\C XI@I\ Y@C Z\KLCLONOHCH O@EI\OK\ HI BCI\ I@ NC ZKL\ITC K O@G\I-RKR NCLK\CNIR AC_K\IR CN Z\KAIHOK HI NKR KBYZCHKR HI <: C <? CÓKR HI

IHCH, CN\IHIHK\ HI <::6C /L (I@ @ÔAI\K HI CÓKR HI IRXYHOK). HKBY-AI@XK H IRCEÁKR ZC\C Y@C IHYBCBOÒ@ HI BCNOHCH I@ CAÏ\OBC NCXO@C.

8. HIZC\XCAI@XK @CBOK@CN HI ZNC@ICBOÒ@ (H@Z). Horibboò` hi Hiscrrknnk Rkbocn (HHR). Rulhoribboò`hi Zrkakboò` Rkbocn y Bcnohch hi Uohc (RZRBU). (<:33). Á`hobi hi Zklrizc Auntohoai`sok`cn (OZA-Bknkaloc) 3??7-<:3: y aitc hin Z@H pcrc <:38 . Lkgktã.

9. BIZCN (<:33). Kp. Bot.




Istuhoc`tis hi Xrc`sekraiaks

csosti` c nc i`trigc hi cuncso`tircbtovcs i` Bcrtcgi`cDuòk hi <:33

Ro c tkhk nk c`tirokr ni cgrigcaks qui sigô` in aosakistuhok, „u` òók pirtiìboi`ti c u` fkgcr bk` lcdk

bnoac ihubctovk toiì 3: vibis acykr prklclonohch hi

rizcgcrsi qui u`k prkviòi`ti hi u` fkgcr bk` lui`

bnoac ihubctovk‑ , istk sogòeobc qui u` fodk hi u`c ec-aonoc bk` lcdk òvin isbkncr, is aubfk aãs prkpi`sk cbk`toùcr soi`hk pklri qui quoi` vovi i` u`c ecaonocbk` u` pkhir ihubctovk aãs cntk. I` istc ekrac, pkhi-aks bkai`zcr c i`ti`hir pkr quï nk qui fozk nc Cnbcn-hác hi Bcrtcgi`c bk` in cpkyk hin Aoòstirok hiIhubcboò` y nc Eu`hcboò` Xrc`sekraiaks pkr nc Bou-hch Firkobc, is u` prkbisk skbocn qui si hili bk`so-hircr bk` nc acgòtuh hi u`c fczcóc, puistk qui fclirnkgrchk o`sirtcr i` in sostiac ihubctovk keobocn c 2<.<96

dòviìs y chuntks acykris hi 39 cóks i` tc` sònk buc-trk cóks, is hktcrnks hi ncs firrcaoi`tcs aáòacs pcrcaidkrcr su bcnohch hi vohc y pkhir hirrktcr nc pklrizc.




Ktrk cspibtk qui si hili tiìr i` bui`tc pcrc aihor nc hoai`soò` hi nk nkgrchk i`Bcrtcgi`c, is nk rieiri`ti c nc rincboò` i`tri in òvin hi istuhoks y nc bk`sibuboò`hi u` trclcdk ekracn y sigurohch skbocn, hidc`hk hiakstrchk bk` bncrohch, qui ncacykr oèkracnohch si prisi`tc i`tri quoiìs toiì` u` ai`kr òvin hi istuhoks, tcnbkak nk pnc`tic nc BIZCN i` in hkbuai`tk botchk4

In cuai`tk hi nks nkgrks ihubctovks toiì u`c rincboò` o`virsc bk` nc

o`sirboò` i` in sibtkr oèkracn k hi lcdc prkhubtovohch (grãeobk <), nk

qui tcaloï` istã, i` cngu`c aihohc, rincbok`chk bk` nc pksolonohch hi

o`sirtcrsi bkak cscncrochk. Hi istc ekrac, so i` nc pklncboò` kbupchc

hi 39 cóks y aãs nc grcvotcboò` hin sibtkr oèkracn is hin 87%, i`tri cquinnks qui `k bkapnitcrk` nc ihubcboò` proacroc is hin 78%, i`tri

quoiìs nc bkapnitcrk` hosaoùyi cn 58%, i`tri quoiìs bkapnitcrk`

nc ihubcboò` sibu`hcroc si rihubi cn 2<% y i`tri quoiìs bkapnitcrk`

nc ihubcboò` uòvirsotcroc sknk nnigc cn 38%. Nc euirzc hi trclcdk chuntc

toi`hi, i` acykr prkpkrboò` qui nks dòviìs, c o`sirtcrsi i` sibtkris

hi lcdc prkhubtovohch (u` 86,8% eri`ti cn 2?,7% hi nks kbupchks chun-

tks y dòviìs, rispibtovcai`ti). Nk c`tirokr tcaloï` toiì u`c istri-

bfc rincboò` bk` in cbbisk c nks sostiacs hi prktibboò` skbocn cskbochks

cn iapnik4 c acykr òvin ihubctovk hi nks kbupchks, cuai`tc nc prk- pkrboò` hi ceonochks y bktozc`tis c nc sigurohch skbocn.

Zkr ôntoak, y bkak irc hi ispircr, ixosti u`c istribfc cskbocboò` i`-

tri in òvin ihubctovk cnbc`zchk y nks o`grisks nclkrcnis. In grãeobk <

onustrc in pu`tk hi oènixoò` i` o`grisks nclkrcnis ai`sucnis hi nc pk-

lncboò`, cn chquoror òvinis hi ihubcboò` supirokr, ispibocnai`ti cn

bkapnitcr nc ekracboò` uòvirsotcroc. Ri pkì bkak rieiri`boc in náaoti

hi pklrizc cskbochk c nks cóks hi ihubcboò` riquirohks pcrc tiìr

u`c prklclonohch ai`kr cn prkaihok hi istcr i` sotucboò` hi pklrizc (qui iquovcni 3< cóks ihubctovks prkaihok pcrc nc rigoò`) .



Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <?

Bk` lcsi i` istks istuhoks y boercs prkhubtk hi ncs aãs sirocs o`vistogcbokìs,pkhiaks hoai`sok`cr nk fibfk pkr Bcrtcgi`c, puistk qui i` u` ncpsk ai`kr hibuctrk cóks, nis istcaks lro`hc`hk c aonis hi ecaonocs vunìrclnis, ncs firrcaoi`-tcs pcrc bk`struor u` euturk aidkr, nc kpkrtuòhch hi sir pcrtábopis hin hiscrrknnk y`k sir nks ai`hogks hi nk qui nis sklri c nks aãs robks. Fc quihchk bncrk qui nisistcaks i`sióc`hk c pisbcr y `k nis istcaks rigcnc`hk in pisbchk.

I` isti si`tohk, nc Chaoòstrcboò` hi Bcrtcgi`c fc i`ti`hohk y cbiptchk c bclcnohch,tkhks nks pro`bopoks pnc`tichks pkr nc Y@IRBK y sus pcásis aoialrks i`

BK@EO@XIC UO5

, sklri nc ihubcboò` pcrc tkhc nc vohc, puis cneclitozcr soapniai`ti

G\CEOBK <. BIZCN (<:33). CAÏ\OBC NCXO@C (ZCÁRIR RINIBBOK@CHKR)4 XCRCR HIO@EK\ACNOHCH I O@G\IRKR NCLK\CNIR AI@RYCNIR HI NC ZKLNCBOÒ@ KBY-ZCHC HI 39 C <? CÓKR, HI 2: C 58 CÓKR _ HI 39 CÓKR _ AÃR, RIGÔ@IN @OUIN IHYBCXOUK CNBC@TCHK C. XCRCR HI O@EK\ACNOHCH ZK\ @OUINIHYBCXOUK (I@ ZK\BI@XCDIR).

5. Nc Rixtc Bkèiri`boc O`tir`cbok`cn hi Ihubcboò` hi Chuntks (BK@EO@XIC UO), qui in Gkloir`k hi Lrcsoncbkgoò i` Linï`, hin 3º cn 8 hi hoboialri hi <::?, eui u`c oapkrtc`ti pnctcekrac pcrc ncs cbtovohchis hisi`solonozcboò` y in hoãnkgk sklri pknátobcs rincbok`chks bk` in cpri`hozcdi y nc ihubcboò` au`hocn `k ekracn hinks chuntks. Istc riuòò` bk`grigò c riprisi`tc`tis hi nks Istchks Aoialrks hi nc Y@IRBK, nks krgcòsakshi ncs @cbokìs Yòhcs, ncs krgcòzcbokìs hi bkkpircboò` lonctircnis y auntonctircnis, csá bkak i`tohchis hinc skboihch bovon, in sibtkr provchk y cskbocbokìs hi cnua`ks hi tkhcs ncs rigokìs hin Au`hk.




c dòviìs y chuntks `k is nc sknuboò`, pkrqui hieoòtovcai`ti nc rispuistc y u`k hinks acykris cpkrtis hi u` Istchk c nc irrchobcboò` hi nc pklrizc, is o`bnuor ùivc-ai`ti c nks dòviìs y chuntks acykris hi 39 cóks i` in Rostiac Ihubctovk KeobocnEkracn, bk` ihubcboò` pirtoì`ti y hi bcnohch qui rispk`hc c su ricnohch ibk`òao-bc, skbocn y bunturcn, y c nc viz, nks o`bnuyc i` nc irc hi nc oèkraãtobc y nks hkti hi

firrcaoi`tcs prãbtobcs y bkapiti`bocs pcrc ièri`tcr su bkapnidc y hoeábon vovi`bochocroc, piraotoï`hknis `k sònk cpri`hir c niir y isbrolor, so`k c bunao`cr nks 3< cókshi ihubcboò` qui istclnibi nc BIZCN, bkak riquosotk aáòak pcrc rihubor ncs prk-lclonohchis hi bk`toùcr k bcir i` nc pklrizc.

Bk` istks crguai`tks, pkhiaks i`ti`hir u` pkbk aãs, pkr quï hiboaks qui sinkgrò u`c fczcóc, y bkak tkhk i` nc vohc, fclirnc nkgrchk `k eui nc aitc so`k inpro`bopok hin bcao`k. Cfkrc fcy qui bk`toùcr in prkbisk, ekrtcnibir in sostiac,clror kpkrtuòhchis pcrc istks aonis hi fkalris y audiris qui toiì` ktrcs ixpib-tctovcs, y siguor trclcdc`hk pcrc qui nks dòviìs y chuntks ti`gc` u`c ihubcboò`bk` nc aidkr bcnohch pksolni, pkrqui is bncrk qui nc skboihch toiì u`c hiuhc auy




In << hi hoboialri hi <::?, i` in Istchok hi Lïoslknhi Bcrtcgi`c si grchucrk` 39.::: istuhoc`tis,i` u` cbtk qui si hi`kao`ò „Nc @kbfi Lnc`bc‑.

grc`hi bk` tkhcs istcs pirsk`cs qui pkr u`c u ktrc rczò`, fc` hisirtchk hin sosti-ac ihubctovk keobocn.

Bcrtcgi`c hiakstrò qui sá si puihi pcscr hin hosbursk c nks fibfks, y qui hi u`cu ktrc ekrac, istã bk`vortoi`hk i` ricnohch, nk pnc`tichk i` in hkbuai`tk hi nc

BIZCN, tc`tcs vibis botchk i` isti isbrotk4

Grc` pcrti hi nks bkaprkaosks o`tir`cbok`cnis rincbok`chks bk` nks

cvc`bis ihubctovks supkì` qui nc ihubcboò` is u` idi bncvi hin hisc-

rrknnk. Grcbocs c innc is pksolni aidkrcr ncs bk`hobokìs skbocnis, ibk-

`òaobcs y bunturcnis hi nks pcásis. In cuai`tk hi nks ovinis ihubctovks

hi nc pklncboò` si cskboc cn aidkrcaoi`tk hi ktrks ecbtkris bncvis hi

hiscrrknnk y loiìstcr, bkak nc prkhubtovohch, nc akvonohch skbocn, nc

rihubboò` hi nc pklrizc, nc bk`strubboò` hi nc bouhchc`ác y nc ohi`tohch

skbocn y, i` hieoòtovc, in ekrtcniboaoi`tk hi nc bkfisoò` skbocn.




Hishi nc Eu`hcboò` pcrc in Hiscrrknnk Rkbocn, X\C@REK\AIAKR,quiriaks hibor qui fc sohk u` fk`kr y u` krgunnk fclir pkhohk cbka-pcócr c nks ribtkris hi ncs O`stotubokìs Ihubctovcs Keobocnis hi Bcr-tcgi`c qui csuaoirk` in ritk bk` grc` i`tirizc y rispk`sclonohch= cnks boi`tks hi hkbi`tis qui lusbcrk` puirtc c puirtc c nks istuhoc`-tis y pkr i`boac hi nks hknkrksks y trostis hrcacs qui giìrc nc pk-lrizc, nkgrcrk` qui si ac`tuvoirc` i` in prkbisk= c nks aonis hiistuhoc`tis qui hibohoirk` hcrsi u`c ùivc kpkrtuòhch y lusbcri` ncs pãgo`cs hi nks nolrks hi X\C@REK\AIAKR y ncs pc`tcnncs hi




Ctonok Zozcrrk (Yìsbk),\khknek Crhonc (Xrc`sekraiaks),

Acrác Eir`c`hc Bcapk

(Aoòstrc hi Ihubcboò`),Dunok Cnc`hiti (Ribritcrok hiIhubcboò` hi Bcrtcgi`c),

Duhotf Zoìhk Enòriz (Cnbcnhisc hi Bcrtcgi`c),\ulï` Rkitksi`kdk (Aoìhubcboò` Ruro`cai)

y Bknni` Fkrsekrh (Aoìhubcboò` C`guonnc)i` nc hibncrctkroc hi Bcrtcgi`c

bkak bouhch nolri hi c`cneclitosak.Riptoialri << hi <:33.

nks bkaputchkris, ncs rispuistcs qui hu-rc`ti giìrcbokìs nis fclác` ìgchk ncbcnni y nc skboihch, pirk sklri tkhk, quiri-aks cgrchibirnis c nc Cnbcnhisc DuhotfZoìhk Enòriz, in Ribritcrok hi Ihubcboò`,

Dunok Cnc`hiti y cn Aoòstirok hi Ihubcboò`qui briyirk` i` u`c prkpuistc ihubctovcqui si lcsc i` in bk`kboaoi`tk hi nc bun-turc, ncs ixpibtctovcs y ìbisohchis hinistuhoc`ti, i` in cpkrti hi aihocbokìs ho-hãbtobcs hi bcnohch, i` in rispitk cn ktrk,i` ribk`kbir nks scliris hi nks ixbnuohks,i` nnivcrnis bkaputchkris y sketwcri bk`nc ôntoac tib`knkgác, y i` ispibocn, qui i`-toi`hc nks toiapks qui hobtc nc pklrizc pcrcpkhir bk`struor csá, i`tri tkhks, aihoc`tiu` sostiac ihubctovk bkapuistk pkr in hk-bi`ti, ncs aihocbokìs hohãbtobcs oapriscsi o`tircbtovcs, nc O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc y ncbkauòhch.

Ncs i`sióc`zcs hi isi bkapnidk prkbiskhi o`bnusoò` acsovc hi dòviìs y chuntks,su piracì`boc i` in sostiac isbkncr y ncsixpibtctovcs ihubctovcs euturcs hi istcpklncboò` vunìrclni, fc` sohk klditk hirienixoò` i` o`vistogcbokìs ricnozchcs pkrnc Eu`hcboò` Xrc`sekraiaks y bk` nks rinc-tks cutklokgrãeobks hi nks pro`bopcnis cbtk-ris hi isti prkbisk, nks ribtkris, nkshkbi`tis y nks istuhoc`tis. Fky prisi`tc-aks i` isti hkbuai`tk, nks cpri`hozcdissogòeobctovks qui fiaks kltiòhk grcbocsc istc ixpiroi`boc, bkak u` cpkrti c nc bk`s-trubboò` hi euturcs pknátobcs pôlnobcs pcrcihubcr c nks aãs hi 3: aonnkìs hi bknka-loc`ks qui cô` `k fc` oòbochk k eo`cnozchksu ihubcboò` lãsobc.




Isti hkbuai`tk bk`stc hi soiti bcpátunks qui hiscrrknnc` ncs so-guoi`tis tiaãtobcs4 nc pknátobc pôlnobc hi nc Ribritcrác hi Ihubc-boò` Hostrotcn qui piraotoò isti prkbisk= nc o`vistogcboò` lcsi quipiraotoò in bk`kboaoi`tk bk`tixtucn privok cn hosiók hi u` prkyib-tk ihubctovk pirtoì`ti pcrc ncs bkauòhchis vunìrclnis= in hosi-ók burrobuncr lãsobk pirtoì`ti, bk` sus bkapkì`tis y idiscrtobunchkris= nc o`vistogcboò` pcrc bk`kbir nks ecbtkris cskboc-hks c nc piracì`boc, nc bk`toùohch y nc hisirboò` hi istcs pk-lncbokìs vunìrclnis i` prkbisks ihubctovks= nc o`vistogcboò` quipiraotoò bkapri`hir ncs ixpibtctovcs ihubctovcs euturcs hi nksistuhoc`tis= in oapcbtk hi nc o`bnusoò` hi istcs bkauòhchis vun-ìrclnis i` ncs bunturcs hogotcnis, aihoc`ti in Rostiac O`tircbtovkXrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk= y pkr ôntoak, nc vosolonozcboò` hi istks

fkalris y audiris, dòviìs y chuntks i` in Zcás, akstrc`hk krgu-nnksks sus scliris, su bkaprkaosk y sus suióks i` nc pri`sc `c-bok`cn i o`tir`cbok`cn, i` nc tinivosoò`, siao`croks y bk`grisks,hi`trk y euirc hi Bknkaloc.

Ncs rienixokìs qui cquá prisi`tcaks, `ks nnivc` c bk`bnuor quiùistrcs bkauòhchis vunìrclnis riquoiri` prkbisks bk`toùkshi ihubcboò` pcrc scnor hi ncs prãbtobcs hisogucnis i oìquotctovcsi` ncs bucnis vovi`. Hi ogucn ekrac, istcs pirsk`cs `k quoiri`

sir sònk cneclitozchcs, quoiri` ekracr pcrti hi prkbisks ihubc-tovks bk`toùks qui nks nnivi` c istuhocr u`c bcrrirc tïbòbc kprkeisok`cn k hisiapiócr u`ks keoboks qui nis piraotc`prkyibtcrsi i` tkhcs ncs hoai`sokìs fuac`cs qui nis ecbonoti`nc pksolonohch hi bcalocr hi vohc, pcrc hidcr ctrãs nks bárbunks hipklrizc pirsosti`ti hk`hi sus ecaonocris y vibo`ks fc` fclotchkpkr giìrcbokìs. Ru prkyibtk hi vohc o`bnuyi hogòeobcr sus prãb-tobcs skbocnis, bkak u` cpkrti c nc bk`strubboò` hi u` aidkr Zcáspcrc tkhks. In bkaprkaosk bk` in bucn csuai` su vohc isbkncr, is

u`c auistrc bncrc hi su hibosoò` hi bcalocr pcrc aidkrcr i`loi` hi tkhks. Zkr istc rczò`, pcrc nc Eu`hcboò` Xrc`sekraiaksis u` krgunnk bk`troluor pcrc cyuhcrnks c cbbihir c sus hiribfksy buapnor sus suióks.




Nc ihubcboò`

bkak aktkr hinc ho`ãaobc skbocn

Dunok Cnc`hiti CrrkykRibritcrok hi Ihubcboò` hi Bcrtcgi`c

(<::6-<:33)

Bcpátu nk 3




B Zroairc Zrkakboò`

hi nks Bi`trks \igok`cnis hiIhubcboò` Rupirokr, BI\IR,

prkgrcac bk`kbohk pkpuncrai`-ti i` Bcrtcgi`c bkak

‑Ncs uòvirsohchisi` nks lcrroks‑

Znczc hi Nc Chuc`c

k`virtor nc ihubcboò` i` in aktkr hi nc ho`ãaobcskbocn hi u`c bouhch bk` tc`tk pkti`bocn pirk cnaosak toiapk tc` nni`c hi oìquohchis y hiso-

gucnhchis bkak Bcrtcgi`c, eui in ritk qui si prkpusk ncCnbcnhisc Duhotf Zoìhk Enòriz hurc`ti su gkloir`k bk`bilo-hk i` in pnc` „Zkr u`c Rknc Bcrtcgi`c <::6-<:33‑, y cu`qui

`k fc sohk u` trclcdk eãbon, fclrác qui chaotor qui sá istuvknni`k hi sctosecbbokìs y grc`his nkgrks, ecntc cô` aubfk pkrribkrrir, pirk si fc fibfk nc tcric y fky nc bouhch bui`tc bkù` Rostiac Ihubctovk Keobocn bk` pcrãaitrks hi bcnohch, bk-lirturc, akhiròzcboò` y sklri tkhk hi o`tigrcnohch skbocn,lro`hã`hkni kpkrtuòhchis c bouhchc`ks y bouhchc`cs quic`tis `k istclc` vosolonozchks.




Zroairc Zrkakboò` hi nks Bi`trks \igok`cnis hi Ihubcboò`Rupirokr, BI\IR, prkgrcac bk`kbohk pkpuncrai`ti i`Bcrtcgi`c bkak „Ncs uòvirsohchis i` nks lcrroks‑.

Nk proairk is cbncrcr qui `k si fc` hobtchk ùivcs `kracs, qui `k si fc` prkpuis-tk ùivcs niyis, qui `k si fc o`vi`tchk `chc, soapniai`ti si fc` iapnichk ncsqui ixostác` aidkrc`hk su kpirctovohch y bcnohch, fcboi`hk buapnor ncs `kracs ixos-ti`tis, o`vortoi`hk nks ribursks bk` pro`bopoks hi trc`spcri`boc y iquohch, riboloi`-hk bk` liìpnãbotk tkhks nks cpkyks qui `ks fc` quirohk lro`hcr, cskboã`hk`ks bk`nks aidkris y briyi`hk so` ripcrks i` ùistrc gi`ti, i` nks ribtkris, i` nks hkbi`-tis, i` nks istuhoc`tis, i` in iquopk chaoòstrctovk bk` qui bui`tc nc Ribritcrác, i`nks iapriscroks qui trclcdc` pkr nc bouhch, i` nks bk`bidcnis, i` nks krgcòsaks hibk`trkn y sklri tkhk i` isc oài`sc bcpcbohch pcrc aidkrcr y bribir qui toiì tkhc

ùistrc bkauòhch.

Nk bk`siguohk si hili c qui si fc bk`tchk bk` nc gi`ti y trclcdchk pcrc nc gi`ti,bk` nc bncrohch hi qui nc ihubcboò` pôlnobc is u` sostiac y bkak tcn bchc u`c hi suspcrtis ekrtcnibi k hilonotc c nc ktrc, qui `k puihi fclir o`stotubokìs ieoboi`tis sonks prkbihoaoi`tks qui chinc`tc nc Ribritcrác sk` hieoboi`tis, qui `k si puihirihubor nc hisirboò` so `k si ctcbc` sus bcuscs eu`hcai`tcnis, qui `k puihi` ekr-acrsi istuhoc`tis bkapitotovks i` cuncs siaohistruohcs y so` cbbisk c ncs ùivcstib`knkgács, qui `k puihi fclir bncsis hi bcnohch so `k si bui`tc bk` hkbi`tis

bcpcbotchks y pkr ôntoak, pirk `k ai`ks oapkrtc`ti, qui `k puihi ixostor u` prkbi-sk ihubctovk bkapnitk so `k si bui`tc bk` nks aibcòsaks pcrc qui nks dòviìs ychuntks qui i` cngô` akai`tk hisirtcrk` hin sostiac ihubctovk puihc` vknvir c ïny nis lro`hiaks u`c ihubcboò` hi bcnohch, pirtoì`ti y cbkrhi c sus ìbisohchis,hchk qui istks fkalris y audiris sk` nks pchris y firac`ks acykris hi nks òóksqui istcaks trctc`hk hi qui `k hisirti` hin sostiac. Xkhk istk is pcrti hi u`cpknátobc hi gcrc`tozcr nc ihubcboò` pcrc tkhc nc vohc.




Is bncrk qui `k fiaks nkgrchk risknvir tkhks nks o`bk`viòi`tis, cô` si hostc au-bfk hin sostiac pireibtk, pirk si istã trc`sotc`hk pkr in bcao`k bkrribtk y qui sosi ni hc bk`toùohch cn prkbisk oòbochk, i` pkbks cóks si virã` nks risuntchks.

I` isti krhi` hi ohics, nks poncris qui fc` piraotohk i`trigcrni c nc bouhch u`Rostiac hi Ihubcboò` Keobocn cbkrhi bk` ncs ìbisohchis hi nc bouhchc`ác y quisic in pro`bopcn ho`caozchkr hi nc ho`ãaobc skbocn, sk`4

Uknu`tch Zknátobc

Nc acykr y aidkr hiakstrcboò` hi nc vknu`tch pknátobc hi nc Riókrc Cnbcnhisc DuhotfZoìhk Enòriz y su bk`vi`boaoi`tk hi qui nc ihubcboò` is in grc` ho`caozchkr qui`ks piraotorã bk`struor u`c sknc Bcrtcgi`c, is in pksotovk cuai`tk i` nc o`virsoò`pcrc in sibtkr bk` ribursks prkpoks, pcsc`hk hi 9.2<7 aonnkìs pisks hurc`ti inbuctroiòk <::8 c <::7 c u` prisupuistk hi aãs hi 337.::: aonnkìs hi pisksi`tri in <::6 y <:33, risuntchk hi nc vknu`tch pknátobc hi nc Cnbcnhác y su bkaprkao-sk bk` in prkgrcac hi gkloir`k pkr in qui vktcrk` nks bcrtcgiìrks.




O`virsoò` ribursks prkpoks hin Hostrotk i` ihubcboò`

Zirk nk aãs oapkrtc`ti `k is nc o`virsoò` pirsi, so`k i` nkqui si o`voirti` hobfks ribursks y is cfá hk`hi istã invcnkr cgrigchk hi nc chaoòstrcboò`. In ïècsos fc istchki` acykr pirtoì`boc hi nc ihubcboò`, i` nc grctuohch, bc-nohch y bklirturc pcrc isc grc` erc`dc hi dòviìs y chuntksqui ù`bc puhoirk` cbbihir c nc isbuinc k euirk` hisirtk-ris hi nc aosac pkr aôntopnis rczkìs, i` ispibocn nks c`cn-eclitks.

Zirk pcrc pkhir idibutcr istks ribursks eui ìbiscrok ho-siócr u` ixogi`ti pnc` hi trclcdk qui `ks piraotoirc bua-pnor bk` in klditovk hin Znc` hi Hiscrrknnk hi bk`virtor c ncihubcboò` i` in ho`caozchkr skbocn tiòi`hk c nc isbuincbkak in bi`trk hi tkhk isti prkbisk y in risuntchk hi istitrclcdk si ixpnobc i` in soguoi`ti buchrk y i` ekrac pcrbocni` nks soguoi`tis pu`tks hin hkbuai`tk4




Zcrc buapnor bk` istks lui`ks prkpòsotks istrctïgobks hi u`c acìrc ieoboi`ti ybk` trc`spcri`boc irc ìbiscrok qui nc Ribritcrác i`trcrc i` nc bunturc hi nc ieoboi`-boc y bk` in cpkyk hi tkhks nks eu`bok`croks, quoiìs fc` hiakstrchk grc`his òvi-nis hi i`trigc c nc o`stotuboò` y su bouhch, nkgrcaks bk`virtor`ks i` nc proaircRibritcrác hi Ihubcboò` hi Bknkaloc birtoeobchc pkr in OBK@XIB pkr oapniai`tcru` prkbisk hi gistoò` hi bcnohch i` tkhks sus prkbisks lcdk nc krac ORK ?::34<::6

Csá aosak, si fc nkgrchk qui nc bunturc hi nc bcnohch trcsboi`hc c ncs O`stotubokìsIhubctovcs y yc si bui`tc bk` ùivi O`stotubokìs Ihubctovcs keobocnis bk` Rosti-acs hi Gistoò` hi Bcnohch birtoeobchks, bctkrbi aãs si birtoeobc` i` `kvoialri hi<:33 y 5? i` prkbisk hi oapniai`tcboò` hi u` Rostiac hi Gistoò` hi Bcnohch.




Zcrc pkhirni hcr bk`toùohch c tkhk isti prkbisk si nkgrò ekracr aãs hi 39: hk-bi`tis y horibtovks hkbi`tis i` nc `krac ORK ?::3 y bk`virtornks i` cuhotkris o`tir-`ks hi bcnohch, hi tcn ekrac qui nc bunturc hi nc bcnohch `k si quihi ôòbcai`ti i`nks i`tis chaoòstrctovks hi nc Ribritcrác.

Ktrk pro`bopok eu`hcai`tcn is in i`ti`hir c nc ihubcboò` bkak u` hiribfk y bkaktcn si fc csuaohk i` isti gkloir`k, pkr i`hi i` nc aosoò` hi nc Ribritcrác hi Ihu-bcboò` si pnc`tic nk soguoi`ti4 „Gcrc`tozcaks in hiribfk c nc ihubcboò` bk` iquo-

hch, bcnohch, ieibtovohch y pirtoì`boc, prkpkrbok`c`hk u`c cti`boò` o`tigrcn qui

bk`troluyc cn aidkrcaoi`tk hi nc bcnohch hi vohc y bkapitotovohch hi nc bkauòhch

hin Hostrotk hi Bcrtcgi`c ‑.

Ihubcboò` hishi nc bu`c

Zroairc oèc`boc

»C quoïìs cti`hiaks y bòak nk fcbiaks;




Zroairc itcpc O`stotuboò` IhubctovcAchri Ncurc, sihi C`hcnubác,

Zoihrc hi Lknávcr

Y`c ispibocn cti`boò` airibi` nks òóks i`tri hks ybo`bk cóks hi ncs ecaonocs aãs vunìrclnis, pcrc nc bou-hch is bncrk qui nc o`virsoò` i` istc tiaprc`c ihch`ks vc c gcrc`tozcr `k sònk u`c hosaoùboò` hi nc hi-sirboò` hin sostiac ihubctovk so`k acykr bcnohch hivohc y scnuh pcrc istks òóks.

Nc náìc lcsi i` in <::7 irc u` tktcn hi <.769 òóksi`tri hks y bo`bk cóks cti`hohks y nkgrcaks lro`hcrcti`boò` o`tigrcn (cti`boò` i` buohchk, utroboò` y ihu-bcboò` oòbocn) c 7<28 oóks y oócs qui ctoi`hi in OBLEi` sus fkgcris bkauòtcroks.




Cuncs Hogotcnis i` nc O`stotuboòÌhubctovc @uistrc Riókrchin Bcrai` Isbcnnò` Uonnc.

Zcrc nkgrcrnk si istclniboò u`c cnoc`zc bk` in ek`hk„EKAI@XK C NC CXI@BOÒ@ O@XIG\CN HI NC Z\O-AI\C O@EC@BOC‑ bkèkrachk pkr in AI@ y inOBIXIV, pkr nk qui si nkgrò o`virtor aãs hi $2.556aonnkìs pcrc sulsohocr nc cti`boò` o`tigrcn hi nks ò-óks y òócs ai`kris hi bo`bk (9) cóks y/k fcstc su

o`grisk cn grchk klnogctkrok hi trc`soboò`.

Ro` ialcrgk, in ritk is grc`hi i` isti bcapk puistkqui nc bklirturc pcrc isti grupk pklncbok`cn soguisoi`hk o`sueoboi`ti.




Akhiròzcboò` istrctïgobc, pihcgògobc y hohãbtobc

Nks bouhchc`ks hili` ièri`tcrsi hác c hác bk` nc tib`knkgác volrc`ti, bcaloc`ti yhi skrpri`hi`ti trc`sekracboò` qui bkèkrac in i`tkr`k hin sognk VVO y `k pkhi-aks pripcrcrnks pcrc bkapitor i` isti caloi`ti so nks bk`toùcaks ekrac`hk i`cuncs y bk` pihcgkgác hi pro`bopoks hin sognk VV.




Cuncs hogotcnisO`stotuboò` Ihubctovc\ipôlnobc

hin Nálc`k.

Zcrc hcr in scntk bucnotctovk y nkgrcr u`c vir-hchirc akhiròzcboò` istrctïgobc hi nc pihc-gkgác y nc hohãbtobc fiaks chquorohk aãs hi?:: cuncs hogotcnis bk` tclnirks hogotcnis ybkaputchkris, bk` nks bucnis fiaks nkgrchkqui tkhcs ncs O`stotubokìs Ihubctovcs hi ncbouhch bui`ti` bk` ncs XOB‖s bkak firrcaoi`tcpihcgògobc.

Zirk `k sònk si istã trclcdc`hk i` ncs cuncs,tcaloï` is ìbiscrok cbirbcr c nks istuhoc`-tis bk` ncs ùivcs tib`knkgács i` in caloi`tinclkrcn y i` isti si`tohk y grcbocs cn cpkyk hiIbkpitrkn y \ieobcr fky bk`tcaks bk` buctrkcuncs aòvonis qui eu`bok`c` i` cskbok bk` inRI@C.

Istcs cuncs istã` ulobchcs i` eurgkìs quipuihi` trcsnchcrsi c hk`hi si i`bui`tri ingrupk hi istuhoc`tis y istã` hktchcs hio`tirìt sctinotcn, sostiacs hi i`tri`caoi`tki` eásobc, inibtròòbc, soaunchkris, ribknibtk-ris hi hctks, istcbokìs aitikrknògobcs, bka-putchkris pkrtãtonis y u` sketwcri ispibocn hibcpcbotcboò` hin RI@C, bk` nk bucn ùistrksistuhoc`tis i`trc` i` bk`tcbtk horibtk bk` ncekracboò` tïbòbc y ncs bkapiti`bocs lãsobcs.




Cunc hogotcn hi ncO`stotuboò` Ihubctovc

Airbihis ÃlrigkRc` Eir`c`hk.

Zcrc bkapniai`tcr tkhk isti prkbisk yc bk`-tcaks bk` 9:: hkbi`tis ekrachks i` ecsio`trkhubtkroc i` in usk hi @uivcs Xib`knkgács,tiìaks i` eu`bok`caoi`tk 35? scncs hi Oèkr-aãtobc i` nks Istclniboaoi`tks ihubctovks Keo-bocnis bk` 8.9<9 iquopks y si nkgrò bkÀobrksket nc bricboò` hi bkrriks inibtròòbks ctkhks nks istuhoc`tis y hkbi`tis hi ncs O.I, bk`nk bucn nnigcaks c nc boerc hi <5 istuhoc`tis pkrbkaputchkr.




O`cugurcboò` proairc itcpcO`stotuboò` Ihubctovc Crrkyk

hi Zoihrc, sihi Zu`tc Bc`kc,Bkrrigoaoi`tk hi Zu`tc Bc`kc.

Zrkyibtks hi piracì`boc

Y`k hi nks aãs grcvis prklniacs hi nc ihubc-

boò` i` Bknkaloc is nc hisirboò` hi nks istu-hoc`tis, nc bucn hi cbuirhk bk` nc o`vistogcboò`hi nc Eu`hcboò` Ihubcboò` Bkaprkaosk hi Xk-hks, is hi tcn acgòtuh qui hi bchc bo`bk ò-óks qui i`trc` c proair grchk sònk u`k sigrchôc bkak lcbfonnir y Bcrtcgi`c `k is cdi`cc isti ei`òai`k.




Binilrcboò` hi

nks 876 cóks hi

Bcrtcgi`c, bk` nc

pcrtobopcboò` hi

istuhoc`tis hi

hoeiri`tis o`stotubok-ìs ihubctovcs.

Znczc hi Nc Zcz.

Hi cbuirhk bk` nks istuhoks ricnozchks pkr nc aosac Ribritcrác hi Ihubcboò` nks

pro`bopcnis prklniacs qui ceibtc` nc piracì`boc hi nks istuhoc`tis sk` nc vokni`-boc o`trcecaonocr, ialcrczks y prklniacs sixucnis hi nks istuhoc`tis, vokni`boc i`-tri nks istuhoc`tis, prklniacs hi cpri`hozcdi, ecntc hi o`tirïs hi nks pchris pkr inistuhok hi sus fodks y nc sotucboò` ibk`òaobc y skbocn hi nc ecaonoc.

Zcrc ièri`tcr istc sotucboò` si iapnicrk` vcrocs istrctigocs, qui `k fc` sknubok-`chk tktcnai`ti in prklniac pirk qui sá `ks fc` piraotohk ulobcr nc hisirboò` i`ncs o`stotubokìs ihubctovcs keobocnis i` in <.7%, u` nkgrk qui supirc nc aihoc `cbok-`cn qui is hin 9% y istã pkr hilcdk hi nc náìc lcsi i` in <::7 hin 9.9%.

Nc proairc aihohc c tkacr i` bk`bkrhc`boc bk` ncs pknátobcs y cpkyk hin Aoòstirokhi Ihubcboò` @cbok`cn eui nc hi gcrc`tozcr nc grctuohch hi nc ihubcboò` lro`hchcpkr nc O`stotubokìs Ihubctovcs Keobocnis. Hishi in <::? hi priisbkncr cn grchk 33i` Bcrtcgi`c, is tktcnai`ti grctuotc. Csá aosak nc Ribritcrác hi Ihubcboò` csuaoòin vcnkr tktcn hin sigurk hi cbbohi`tis hi tkhks nks istuhoc`tis hi ncs O`stotubokìsIhubctovcs Keobocnis.




Bk` ribursks hin O`stotutk Bknkaloc`k hi Loi`istcr Ecaonocr y in Hostrotk si nisistã lro`hc`hk hiscyu`k y cnauirzk c 55.69< `oóks.

Cnoai`tcboò`




Bi`trk Ihubctovk Gustcvk

Zunibok GòaizBknkaloctò`.

Ktrk cspibtk c tiìr i` bui`tc is nc hktcboò`

hi nolrks y lolnoktibcs, in cnoai`tk hi nc ai`ti

y i` isti si`tohk si chquoroirk` aãs hi 376

aon nolrks pcrc ncs O`stotubokìs ihubctovcs keo-

bocnis hi tkhc Bcrtcgi`c pkr vcnkr hi $6.:::

aonnkìs, bk` nks bucnis si bk`stotuyirk` nks

lolnoklc`bks hc`hk buapnoaoi`tk c nc Niy 339

hi 3??8.

Ri eoraò bk` in Aoòstirok hi Ihubcboò` in bk`-

viòk nc Isbuinc lusbc cn @oók, bk` in bucn si

ispirc vknvir c o`tigrcr cn sostiac ihubctovk

keobocn c pkr nk ai`ks aon òóks qui pkr hovir-

scs borbu`stc`bocs si fc` vostk klnogchks c

clc`hk`cr in bknigok y si fc nkgrchk gcrc`to-

zcr in trc`spkrti isbkncr pcrc ?.::7 òóks qui

hili` hispnczcrsi hi su bcsc c ncs O`stotubok-

ìs Ihubctovcs.




O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc

Bniai`ti

Acùin Tclcnc hi

Enkr hin Bcapk.

Zroair aigcbknigok

pôlnobk hi Bcrtcgi`c.

Oèrcistrubturc ihubctovc hog`c

Ktrk cspibtk cn qui ni hihobcaks grc`his iseuirzks y ri-

bursks is hktcr c nc bouhch bk` u`c oèrcistrubturc ihubcto-

vc hog`c qui nis ecbonoti c nks istuhoc`tis bk`tcr bk` u`

i`tkr`k qui nis piraotc pi`scr i` nc pksolonohch hi u`c aidkr

bcnohch hi vohc y nis lro`hi u` ispcbok pcrc hiscrrknncrsi y

bkapitor cn aosak òvin k so is pksolni i` aidkris bk`hobok-

ìs qui quoiìs toiì` nc kpkrtuòhch hi pcgcr ihubcboò`

provchc.




O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc

Dkrgi Crtin.

Aigcbknigok hi nc

Boï`cgc hi nc Uorgi`,

vác piroaitrcn.

C trcvïs hin ROBOIH si hitirao`ò qui i` in <::7, in

3<% hi ncs o`stotubokìs ihubctovcs keobocnis istclc` tk-

tcnai`ti hitirokrchcs y in 9:% bk`tclc bk` o`stcncbok-

ìs lui`cs y chibuchcs pcrc buapnor bk` nc eu`boò`

ihubctovc.

Bk` u`c o`virsoò` hi aãs hi $3::.::: aonnkìs, isti

Gkloir`k ni hidc c nc bouhch <3 bknigoks ùivks y 6: OIK

richibuchcs y/k capnochcs, nk qui riprisi`tc in 7<%

hi cuncs chibuchcs y lui`cs y sònk u` 9% hi oèrcis-

trubturc brátobc.

Zcrc i`ti`hir nc hoai`soò` hi isti prkbisk y nc ekrac

bkak in sostiac ihubctovk puihi oènuor i` nc bcnohch hi

vohc y in i`tkr`k hi istuhoc`tis, hkbi`tis y nc bkauò-

hch ihubctovc nks o`votk c vir ncs soguoi`tis oaãgiìs,

i` ncs qui `k istã` tkhks pirk nis hc` u` idiapnk hi nk

qui fiaks nkgrchk trclcdc`hk uòhks nc Chaoòstrcboò`

hostrotcn, nc iaprisc provchc, in sibtkr sknohcrok, nc bk-

auòhch, ncs o`stotubokìs ihubctovcs y pkr supuistk in

Aoòstirok hi Ihubcboò` @cbok`cn.




„Hihobcaks grc`his iseuirzks y ribursks pcrc hktcr c nc

bouhch bk` u`c oèrcistrubturc ihubctovc hog`c qui nis

kerizbc c nks istuhoc`tis u` bk`tixtk qui nis piraotc pi`scr

i` nc pksolonohch hi u`c aidkr bcnohch hi vohc y nis lro`hi u`

ispcbok pcrc hiscrrknncrsi y bkapitor cn aosak òvin k so ispksolni i` aidkris bk`hobokìs qui quoiìs toiì` nc

kpkrtuòhch hi pcgcr ihubcboò` provchc‑.




O`stotuboò` IhubctovcC`c Acrác Uiniz hi Xrudonnk, Rc`tc \otc.

O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc hi Ac`zc`onnk hin Acr,Uirihc Ac`zc`onnk (Lkquonnc).

@uivk lnkqui bk`struohk i` nc

O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc Rknihch

Cbkstc hi Rcapir,Lncs hi Nizk.

Bi`trk Ihubctovk @uistrcRiókrc hin Lui` Cori,

Bkrrigoaoi`tk hi Zcscbclcnnks.




O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc hi Osnc Euirti,Bkrrigoaoi`tk hi Osnc Euirti

Hi`trk hin Rostiac Ihubctovk Keobocn fiaks bk`sohirchk oa-

pkrtc`ti qui nks istuhoc`tis puihc` bk`toùcr bk` sus istu-

hoks tïbòbks c pcrtor hi nc aihoc y i` isti si`tohk fiaks

nkgrchk qui 7.6:7 istuhoc`tis si o`bkrpkri` i` ãrics bkak

turosak, tinioèkraãtobc, in sibtkr pitrkquáaobk, nkgástobc y

puirtks, cgrko`hustroc, bk` in cpkyk hi ncs o`stotubokìs hi

ihubcboò` supirokr, o`hustrocs hi Acak`cn, nc Rkboihch Zkr-

tucroc, in RI@C y i` giìrcn nc iaprisc provchc bcrtcgiìrc,nkgrc`hk hi istc acìrc pripcrcr nc ac`k hi klrc bcnoeobchc

qui riquoiri in briboaoi`tk hi nc bouhch y clroi`hk ùivks pc-

`krcacs hi iapnik c ncs ùivcs giìrcbokìs hi istuhoc`tis.

I` bk`sibui`boc istc keirtc ihubctovc istã crakòzchc bk` nc

cgi`hc hi bkapitotovohch hi nc bouhch.

Ihubcboò` pirtoì`tiIhubcboò` pirtoì`ti




@khks hi ekracboò` aihoc tïbòbc

HCXKR HI AIHOC XÏB@OBC <:3: - <:33 - @KHKR IRXCLNIBOHKR

ZIX\KSYÁAOBK ZNÃRXOBK4 O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc BCRH Acùinc Lintrã` <:33

IRZIBOCNOHCHIR

XÏB@OBK I@ KZI\CBOÒ@ HI Z\KBIRKR O@HYRX\OCNIR 9:7

XÏB@OBK I@ AC@XI@OAOI@XK INIBX\Ò@OBK O@HYRX\OCN 73:

XÏB@OBK I@ C@ÃNOROR HI AYIRX\CR SYÁAOBCR ?6:

XÏB@OBK AIBÃ@OBK HI ACSYO@CR O@HYRX\OCNIR 636

XÏB@OBK KEOBOCN HI BK@RX\YBBOK@IR 8:7XKXCN 2.8<<

@KHK XY\ORAK4 O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc @uistrc Riókrc hin Bcrai` <:33

IRZIBOCNOHCHIR

XÏB@OBK I@ AIRC _ LC\ 87<

XÏB@OBK I@ K\GC@OTCBOÒ@ HI IUI@XKR \IB\ICXOUKR _ XY\ÁRXOBKR 5?5

XÏB@OBK I@ CNKDCAOI@XK 353

XÏB@OBK I@ BKBO@C 592

XÏB@OBK I@ KZI\CBOK@IR XY\ÁRXOBCR 925

XKXCN <.936

@KHK NKGÁRXOBC _ ZYI\XKR4 O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc Cnlirtk Inács Eir`ã`hiz Lci`c <:33

IRZIBOCNOHCHIRXÏB@OBK I@ BKAI\BOK O@XI\@CBOK@CN 2<9

XÏB@OBK I@ NKGÁRXOBC ZK\XYC\OC 8:3

XÏB@OBK I@ BKAZ\CR _ RYAO@ORX\KR 35?

XÏB@OBK I@ RORXIACR 2:5

XKXCN 3.<:3

@KHK CG\KO@HYRX\OC4 O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc Xïbòbc hi Lcyu`bc <:33

IRZIBOCNOHCHIR

XÏB@OBK I@ Z\KBIRCAOI@XK HI E\YXCR _ UI\HY\CR 3<:

XÏB@OBK I@ Z\KBIRCAOI@XK HI NÃBXIKR 3<:

XÏB@OBK I@ CG\KZIBYC\OC 3:9

XKXCN 289

@KHK XINIAÃXOBC ‒ XINIO@EK\AÃXOBC4 O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc Nobik hi Lknávcr <:33

IRZIBOCNOHCHIR

XÏB@OBK I@ RORXIACR 2<3

XÏB@OBK AC@IDK HI FI\\CAOI@XCR ZC\C RORXIAC HI HCXKR

XKXCN 2<3

G\C@ XKXCN @KHKR XÏB@OBKR 7.6:7




I` nk rieiri`ti c nc ihubcboò` supirokr, nc pro`bopcn istrctigoc fc sohk nnivcr ncs

uòvirsohchis c nks lcrroks c trcvïs hi nks BI\IR, i` bk`viòk bk` in OBIXIV,

CBBIR, ncs O`stotubokìs hi Ihubcboò` Rupirokr bkak nc Yòvirsohch tib`knògobc

hi Lknávcr, in Bknigok Acykr hi Lknávcr, Yòvirsohch hi Bcrtcgi`c, Nks nolirtchkris,

Xib`cr y Yòbknkalk, y in sibtkr iapriscrocn y griaocn hi Bcrtcgi`c fcboi`hk is-

pibocn ïècsos i` nc ihubcboò` tïbòbc prkeisok`cn y nc tib`knògobc.

Cbtucnai`ti bk`tcaks bk` 3: BI\IR eu`bok`c`hk i` 39 O`stotubokìs Ihubctovcs

qui hi hác sk` bknigoks y i` nc `kbfi si bk`voirti` i` uòvirsohchis, cti`hoi`hk c

aãs hi 9.::: dòviìs bcrtcgiìrks hi lcdks ribursks.

Nks BI\IR aãs nks bk`viòks bk` nc Y@CH y nc crtobuncboò` hi nc aihoc tïbòbc

bk` ncs o`stotubokìs hi ihubcboò` supirokr y in RI@C, fc` fibfk pksolni qui i` nc

cbtucnohch istï` bursc`hk istuhoks hi ihubcboò` supirokr aãs hi 39.::: dòviìs

bcrtcgiìrks.

Yòvirsohchis

i` nks lcrroks

Yòvirsohchis

i` nks lcrroks




Y`k hi nks cspibtks aãs oapkrtc`tis hi isti prkbisk is in qui toiì qui vir bk` nc

eo`c`bocboò` hchk qui nc Cnbcnhác hi Bcrtcgi`c pcgc u` <9% hin vcnkr hin siaistri

c trcvïs hi u` brïhotk bk`hk`clni so in istuhoc`ti tirao`c sctosecbtkrocai`ti sus

istuhoks, in OBIXIV ni lro`hc ktrk brïhotk bk`hk`clni pkr in <9% y ncs O`stotubokìs

ihubctovcs nis hisbui`tc` in <9% hin vcnkr hin siaistri, hi tcn ekrac qui u` istu-

hoc`ti qui tiraoì sctosecbtkrocai`ti su siaistri sknk ti`hrã qui pcgcr in <9%

hin vcnkr hin aosak.

Bk` isti prkbisk in Rostiac Ihubctovk Keobocn ni istã piraotoi`hk c nks istuhoc`tis

o`griscr c nc ihubcboò` supirokr y cu`qui si hili fcbir u` iseuirzk pkr cuai`tcr nks

bupks hospkòlnis, yc si bui`tc bk` u` bcao`k trczchk.

Ktrk fibfk oapkrtc`ti hi riscntcr is nc capnocboò` hin pkrtceknok hi nc keirtc ihubc-

tovc riprisi`tchk i` aãs hi 8: ùivks prkgrcacs cbrihotchks pkr in Aoòstirok hi

Ihubcboò` @cbok`cn, hi nks bucnis si hiscrrknnc` i` nks BI\IR nks soguoi`tis4




Riri`ctc c Bcrtcgi`c

i` sus 876 cóks,

pkr nc Aigclc`hc

Hostrotcn Istuhoc`ton,Znczc hi Nc Zcz.

Ihubcboò` pcrc tkhc nc vohc

Zcrc bkapnitcr in Rostiac Ihubctovk Keobocn `k pkhi-

aks knvohcr nc ihubcboò` hi dòviìs y chuntks, ribk`k-

bohc pkr nc Y@IRBK bkak ihubcboò` pcrc tkhc nc vohc,nc bucn vc aubfk aãs cnnã hi i`siócr c niir y isbrolor

pcrc bk`virtorsi i` u` prkbisk skbocn qui piraotc qui

ncs pirsk`cs acykris hi quo`bi cóks qui i` cngô` ak-

ai`tk fc` hisirtchk hin sostiac ihubctovk puihc` vkn-

vir c rio`tigrcsi pirk bk` u`c ihubcboò` cbkrhi c sus

o`tirisis, su bunturc y bk` nc pirtoì`boc sueoboi`ti pcrc

qui si bk`voirtc i` nc firrcaoi`tc lãsobc pcrc scnor hi

nc pklrizc.

I` isti bkak i` ktrks aubfks bcsks hin Rostiac Ihu-

bctovk Keobocn, ncs kracs yc ixostác` y hishi 3??7 buc`-

hk in i`tk`bis Aoòstrk hi Ihubcboò` Dcoai @oók Háiz

ixpohoò in Hibritk 2:33 c trcvïs hin bucn si rigncai`tc

tkhk nc ihubcboò` ekracn hi dòviìs y chuntks c trcvïs

hi nks Bobnks Nibtovks Ispibocnis O`tigrchks, BNIO, qui

ni piraoti` c bucnquoir bknkaloc`k onitrchk acykr hi

tribi cóks rioòbocr sus istuhoks i` u`c o`stotuboò` keo-

bocn hilohcai`ti birtoeobchc y bunao`cr fcstc in grchk

k`bi i` cprkxoachcai`ti bo`bk

cóks.

Xiòi`hk i` bui`tc qui u`k hi

nks grc`his ercbcsks hi nc ihu-

bcboò` `kbtur`c eui in fibfk hi

o`ti`tcr trcsnchcr nc ihubcboò` ri-

guncr c nks dòviìs y chuntks, so`

bk`tcr bk` nolrks cprkpochks ò

cbkrhis bk` sus bkapiti`bocs

ricnis y hisbk`kboi`hk nks scliris hi bchc u`c hi is-

tcs pirsk`cs qui yc i` su acykrác irc` bclizcs hi ec-

aonoc, sknobotcaks in cpkyk hin Aoòstirok hi Ihubcboò`

@cbok`cn quoi` `ks i`voò c nc Eu`hcboò` pcrc in Hisc-

rrknnk Rkbocn Xrc`sekraiaks.




Cn <::7 Bcrtcgi`c cti`hác i` prkaihok <.::: c`cneclitcs cn

cók y bk`tclc sigô` in bi`sk hin HC@I bk` 28.?32 pirsk`cs

acykris hi 39 cóks qui irc` onitrchcs, c isti rotak si riqui-

rác` 37 cóks pcrc cbclcr bk` isti encgink, nk bucn `k irc bk`si-

bui`ti bk` nks Klditovks hin Aoniòk, in bkaprkaosk Bcroli y

irc o`cbiptclni eri`ti c nc bkàiakrcboò` hin lobi`ti`crok hi

nc o`hipi`hi`boc hi Bcrtcgi`c, in 33 hi `kvoialri hi <:33.

Istcs rczkìs nnivcrk` c nc Chaoòstrcboò` c idibutcr in prkyib-

tk „@ibisotk cpri`hir‑ buyc aitc irc cneclitozcr 2<.?95 dòvi-

ìs y chuntks, i` in buctroiòk <::6-<:33 y nk nkgrcaks bk` in

hibohohk cpkyk hin AI@ y nc ieibtovohch hi nc Eu`hcboò` Xrc`s-

ekraiaks.




Zcrcnink cn trclcdk qui oòboò nc Eu`hcboò`, nc Ribritcrác prkbihoò c pripcrcr sus

O`stotubokìs Ihubctovcs pcrc ribolor c nks dòviìs y chuntks bk` nc priaosc hi qui

`k sònk si nis i`siócrác c niir y isbrolor so`k qui si nis lro`hcrác nc kpkrtuòhch hi

bk`toùcr sus istuhoks fcstc bunao`cr in lcbfonnirctk, prkbisk i` in bucn tcaloï` si

bk`tò bk` nc pcrtobopcboò` hi nc Yòvirsohch @cbok`cn Cloirtc y c Hostc`boc Y@CH y

ncs O`stotubokìs Ihubctovcs qui cô` ti`ác` istuhoc`tis i` dkr`chc `kbtur`c.

I` u` pro`bopok `k eui eãbon, ixostác aubfk isbiptobosak pkr pcrti hi tkhk in au`hk,

si hibác qui istcs pirsk`cs yc `k quirác` vknvir c istuhocr, qui bòak ncs i`bk`trc-

rácaks, qui ncs O`stotubokìs Ihubctovcs `k sirác` bcpcbis hi clskrlirnks, qui `k

fclác hkbi`tis pcrc cti`hirnks, i` eo` tkhcs ncs trclcs qui in oacgo`crok bknibtovk

puihi bricr pcrc `k oòbocr u` prkbisk skbocn.

Nc ricnohch y rczò` hi sir hi isti nolrk is qui nc ricnohch supirò tkhcs ncs ixpibtc-tovcs y fky grcbocs cn iseuirzk hi tkhks, Bcrtcgi`c is nc proair bouhch bknkaloc`c

nolri hi c`cneclitosak, pirk `k sknk pkr i`siócr c niir y isbrolor c 2<.<96 dòviìs y

chuntks so`k pkrqui nc grc` acykrác hi innks bk`to`ôc` sus istuhoks i` in Rostiac

Ihubctovk Keobocn qui nc bouhch fc puistk i` acrbfc y si fc` bk`virtohk i` nc acykr

gcrc`tác hi qui nc ihubcboò` so is in aãs ieibtovk ho`caozchkr skbocn, hchk qui

innks sk` nks pchris y firac`ks acykris hi nks òóks y dòviìs bk` aãs prkpi`soò`

c clc`hk`cr sus istuhoks, hi tcn ekrac qui cn o`bnuornks i` in sostiac istcaks hi

u`c u ktrc acìrc birrc`hk in bobnk.

Rk` aubfks nks cspibtks hi isti prkbisk qui si quihc` pkr euirc hi istcs pãgo-

`cs, aubfcs aãs ncs pirsk`cs i o`stotubokìs qui `k si fc` `kalrchk, pirk hieoò-

tovcai`ti is auy pkbk ispcbok pcrc pkhir ixpnobcr i` hitcnni bkak si nkgrò pkìr

i` eu`bok`caoi`tk tkhk isti Rostiac Ihubctovk Keobocn qui is fky nc Ribritcrác hi

Ihubcboò` hi Bcrtcgi`c, cn bucn cô` ni ecntc aubfk, `k puihi hiborsi qui is pir-

eibtk, pirk sá qui fc nkgrchk pkìr c eu`bok`cr i` ekrac pcrcninc y rátaobc bchc u`k

hi sus bkapkì`tis y bk` istk ispircaks qui quoiìs csuac` nks histo`ks hi nc

bouhch bui`ti` bk` ïn pcrc bk`toùcr ho`caozc`hk in hiscrrknnk hi tkhks nks qui

tiìaks in fk`kr y in krgunnk hi vovor i` Bcrtcgi`c.

C bk`toùcboò` riprkhuboaks in hibritk aihoc`ti in bucn si istclnibi nc hibncrctk-

roc hi Bcrtcgi`c bkak tirrotkrok nolri hi C`cneclitosak, in bucn si prkbncaò i` u`

fostòrobk cbtk pôlnobk i` nc Znczc hi nc Zcz y Bcainnò` hi nks Aãrtoris, tiòi`hk

bkak tistogks hi fk`kr c hinigchks hi nc Y@IRBK, nc Y@OBIE, nc Aoòstrc hi

Ihubcboò` @cbok`cn y cn puilnk bcrtcgiìrk.



Nc Cnbcnhisc, Duhotf Zo`ihk Enòriz, niyi`hk in hibritk qui hibncròc Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak. Riptoialri << hi <:33.



HIB\IXK @k. 3<22 hi <:33

Zkr aihok hin bucn si hibncrc c nc Bouhch hi Bcrtcgi`c hi O`hocstirrotkrok nolri hi c`cneclitosak

NC CNBCNHIRC AC_K\ HI BC\XCGI@C HI O@HOCR

I` usk hi sus ecbuntchis nigcnis, y i` ispibocn ncs qui ni bkèoirinc Niy 339 hi 3??8, nc Niy 739 hi <::3 y in Hibritk 2:33 hi 3??7 y

BK@ROHI\C@HK4

Sui hi cbuirhk bk` ncs boercs istclnibohcs i` in bi`sk HC@I y cdustchcs pkr nc BIZCN cn <::7 ai`ks nks istuhoc`tis rigostrchks i` in Rostiac hi Oèkracboò` hi Actrábunc hin Aoòstirok, nc bouhch hi Bcrtcgi`c fc cnbc`zchk u`c tcsc hi c`cneclitosak ai`kr hin 3%c 23 hi cgkstk hi <:33, bk` nk bucn si nkgrc ‒buctrk cóks c`tis hi nk privostk‒ buapnor inbkaprkaosk chquorohk `cbok`cn i o`tir`cbok`cnai`ti hi irrchobcr isi encgink i` in cók <.:39.

Sui grcbocs cn iseuirzk bk`du`tk hi nks gkloir`ks `cbok`cn y nkbcn, csá bkak hi nc ie obcztcric hi nc Eu`hcboò` X\C@REK\AIAKR y c nc hosbopno`c, bcpcbohch y i`tusocsak hinks histo`ctcroks hin prkgrcac, Bcrtcgi`c ni cpkrtc c Bknkaloc nk qui ni bkrrispk`hi pcrc buapnor bk` in bkaprkaosk chquorohk i` nc VV Bualri Olirkcairobc`c i` Acr hin

Znctc i` Crgi`to`c, hk`hi << dieis hi istchks si bkaprkaitoirk` c irrchobcr in c`cnecli-tosak pcrc in <:39 i` tkhks nks pcásis hi nc rigoò`.

Sui i`tri <::6 y <:33, 2<.<96 dòviìs y chuntks fclotc`tis hi Bcrtcgi`c cnbc`zcrk` ncbcpcbohch hi niir y isbrolor, bkapri`hoi`hk u`c lrivi y si`bonnc ixpksoboò` hi fibfksrinctovks c su vohc bktohoc`c, bk` nk qui supircrk` nc lcrrirc hin c`cneclitosak qui nisoapihác cbtucr ie obczai`ti i` su grupk y bkauòhch. Cfkrc puihi` pkìr nc nibturc, ncisbroturc y nc crotaïtobc cn sirvobok hi su prkpok hiscrrknnk y hin hiscrrknnk hi nc bkauò-hch y bk`toùcr ‒bkak nk istã` fcboi`hk‒ su prkbisk hi ekracboò` i` in sostiac ihubcto-vk pôlnobk y grctuotk.

Sui nks akhinks ihubctovks cpnobchks, cvcnchks pkr in Aoòstirok hi Ihubcboò` `cbok`cn,

piraotoò rihubor hi 9,:9%, nc tcsc hi c`cneclitosak bcnbunchc, qui iquovcnác c 28.?32 dòvi-ìs y chuntks acykris c`cneclitcs, c ai`ks hin :.9%, bk` nk qui Bcrtcgi`c si bk`voirtii` nc proairc i`tohch tirrotkrocn hi Bknkaloc i` cnbc`zcr isc boerc.




Sui isti nkgrk pkì c Bcrtcgi`c c tk`k bk` nks ac`hctks hi ncs @cbokìs Yòhcs, qui e odcrk` bkak u` prkpòsotk ïtobk in buapnoaoi`tk hi nks hi`kao`chks Klditovks hi Hisc-rrknnk Hin Aoniòk, KHA, hi`trk hi nks bucnis nc fuacòhch si e odò bkak aitc nkgrcr nci`sióc`zc proacroc uòvirscn, qui bkapri`hi qui tkhks y tkhcs ncs pirsk`cs i`tri 39 y <8cóks nkgri` nc bk`hoboò` hi cneclitcs.

Sui cn fclir supirchk in c`cneclitosak, Bcrtcgi`c buapni su bkaprkaosk bk` nc \igoò`Bcroli bknkaloc`c, bk`sog`chk i` in BKAZ\KAORK BC\OLI , qui eodò isi klditovk pcrcnc \igoò`, i oapusk in hilir hi hcrni prokrohch c nc ihubcboò` sklri tkhcs ncs ktrcs o`vir-sokìs qui ricnozc` nks gkloir`ks nkbcnis hi nc rigoò`.

Sui hchk qui in pròxoak 33 hi @kvoialri hi <.:33 Bcrtcgi`c binilrc in sigu`hk bi`ti`c-rok hi su o`hipi`hi`boc, in Gkloir`k nkbcn si prkpusk hishi fcbi buctrk cóks nolrcr nclctcnnc pkr nc ogucnhch y nc hogòhch, qui is u`c tcric qui istc giìrcboò` toiì pi`hoi`ti pcrc bkapnitcr nc hi nc nolirtch qui hoirk` ùistrks fïrkis fcbi <:: cóks.

Sui bkak crac isbkgoò nc ihubcboò`, pkr nk qui hurc`ti istks cóks si fc hiscrrknnchk inaãs caloboksk Znc` hi aidkrcaoi`tk hi nc ihubcboò` i` nc bouhch y bkak sáalknk sinib-bok`ò in hi nc irrchobcboò` hin c`cneclitosak qui is u`c hi ncs aãs brui`tcs bk`hobokìsi` qui u` sir fuac`k puihi i`bk`trcrsi i`trchk in sognk VVO.

Sui hksboi`tks cóks hispuïs, in Gkloir`k hi nc Bouhch hi Bcrtcgi`c hibohoò hcr bclcnbuapnoaoi`tk c nks ac`hctks hi nc proairc Bk`stotuboò` hi nc O`hipi`hi`boc prkbncachc

i` 3.63<, nc bucn, i` su Xátunk VOO qui si rieoiri c nc o`strubboò` pôlnobc, siócnc qui «nchoeusoò` hi ncs nubis y hi nks bk`kboaoi`tks ôtonis pkr tkhcs ncs bncsis hin Istchk is u`k hinks proairks iniai`tks hi su bk`sosti`boc y einobohch½.

Sui isti nkgrk soalknozc in buapnoaoi`tk hi u`k hi nks klditovks bi`trcnis hin Znc` hiHiscrrknnk ZK\ Y@C RKNC BC\XCGI@C bk`sosti`ti i` fcbir ieibtovk in hiribfk eu`-hcai`tcn hi nc ihubcboò` bkak o`cnoi`clni, isi`bocn i o`firi`ti c nc hogòhch hin sir fu-ac`k.

Sui is aktovk hi krgunnk hi nc cbboò` bknibtovc hi bcrtcgiìrks y bcrtcgiìrcs fclirnolrchk c 2<.<96 dòviìs y chuntks hin c`cneclitosak y qui cfkrc tiìaks in hilir hi oapi-hor qui ktrcs pirsk`cs istï` i` isc bk`hoboò` y hi csigurcr qui ïstks puihi` cprkvibfcr

pcrc su hiscrrknnk in òvin hi bk`kboaoi`tk cnbc`zchk pcrc qui nis sorvc hi pnctcekrac pcrc cvc`zcr i` ekracbokìs tïbòbc, tib`knògobc k prkeisok`cn qui nis piraotc` hisc-rrknncr su prkyibtk hi vohc.




Sui c pcrtor hi cfkrc, in << hi Riptoialri sirã tiòhk bkak in hác hi nc cneclitozcboò` i`Bcrtcgi`c y si prkakvirã` cbtovohchis horogohcs c gcrc`tozcr in bkaprkaosk hi nks gk-loir`ks pkr ac`tiìr in nkgrk cnbc`zchk y pkr csigurcr nc prokrohch hi nc ihubcboò` i` ncs pknátobcs pôlnobcs i` nc bouhch bk`vi`bohks, bkak istcaks, qui cn hibor hin Giìrcn Erc`-bosbk hi Zcunc Rc`tc`hir, ncs cracs `ks hoirk` nc o`hipi`hi`boc, ncs niyis nc nolirtch y ncihubcboò` `ks hcrã nc hogòhch.

Sui cn sir inigohc Bcrtcgi`c bkak sihi hin siao`crok «Hiribfk c u`c ihubcboò` hi bcno-hch pcrc tkhks i` Caïrobc Ncto`c y in Bcroli½ fky bk`tcaks bkak tistogks hi fk`kr hiisti ivi`tk, qui acrbcrc nc fostkroc skbocn hi ùistrc bouhch, bk` nks riprisi`tc`tis hi ncY@IRBK, Y@OBIE y ncs `cbokìs hi Caïrobc Ncto`c y in Bcroli, csá bkak nc siókrc

Aoòstrc hi Ihubcboò` hi Bknkaloc.

Zkr nk c`tirokrai`ti ixpuistk,

HIB\IXC

C\XOBYNK Z\OAI\K. Hibncrcr c Bcrtcgi`c hi O`hocs bkak tirrotkrok nolri hi c`cnec-litosak

C\XÁBYNK RIGY@HK. Hibncrcr in << hi Riptoialri bkak in hác hi nc cneclitozcboò` i`Bcrtcgi`c, pkr nk qui ncs i`tohchis pôlnobcs hostrotcnis ricnozcrã` cùcnai`ti ivi`tksbkàiakrctovks y prkburcrã` nc rienixoò` bknibtovc qui csiguri qui nc ihubcboò` sirã

soiapri nc prokrohch hi ncs pknátobcs pôlnobcs i` nc bouhch.

ZYLNÁSYIRI _ BÔAZNCRI

DYHOXF ZO@IHK ENÒ\IT Cnbcnhisc Acykr Bcrtcgi`c hi O`hocs HX y B.

XIRXOGKR HI FK@K\4

Acrác Eir`c`hc Bcapk Aoòstrc hi Ihubcboò` @cbok`cn

Aoialrks hi Y@IRBK, Y@OBIE y hi nks 2: pcásis hi Caïrobc Ncto c y hin Bcroli, csosti`tis

cn Riao`crok „Hiribfk c u`c Ihubcboò` hi Bcnohch pcrc tkhks i` Caïrobc Ncto`c y in Bcroli‑.

_ in puilnk hi Bcrtcgi`c hi O`hocs.




Nc Cnbcnhisc, Duhotf Zo`ihk Enòriz, binilrc`hk bk` nks istuhoc`tis bcrtcgi`irks nc hibncrctkroc

„Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak‑. Riptoialri << hi <:33.




Csá `cboò y si bk`sknohòin Akhink IhubctovkXrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hki` Bcrtcgi`c

Hoc`c Lcrrczc Suorkz


Bcpátu nk <



<.3 Bcrtcgi`c4 bouhch guirrircy vcnoi`ti qui cpuistc c nc

irrchobcboò` hin c`cneclitosak

c fostkroc hi Bcrtcgi`c hi O`hocs fc istchk nni`c hi

euirtis pknïaobcs y bk`trkvirsocs qui fc` pksobok-

`chk c istc bouhch, bkak u`c hi ncs pokìrcs i` au-

bfks tòpobks i` ncs ãrics skbocnis, ibk`òaobcs y pknátobcs. Zcrc

in sognk VUO, Bcrtcgi`c irc bk`sohirchc u`c bouhch pròspirc

bk` o`bk`tclnis roquizcs, i` ispibocn, hi bcrãbtir bunturcn, ri-prisi`tchcs i` firakscs bk`strubbokìs rinogokscs y bovonis.

Irc hi`kao`chc nc Zuirtc hin \io`k hi Grc`chc bk` u` prk-

aitihkr puirtk ìgrirk qui trcdk bk`sogk o`ùairclnis voknc-

bokìs c nks hiribfks fuac`ks pkr in trctk o`fuac`k c nks

isbncvks, y nc oapksoboò` hi nks rigohkris hin sc`tk keobok hi nc

o`quosoboò`.

Zkr su acg`áeobc pksoboò` gikgrãeobc, nc Bkrk`c ispcóknc ric-

nozò grc`his o`virsokìs pcrc eo`c`bocr su ekrtoeobcboò` y prk-tigirnc hi nc bkhoboc y ctcquis bkrscroks qui bk` eribui`boc

o`ti`tclc` pksiirnc. I` isi i`tk`bis, euirk` aubfks nks

ctcquis qui tuvk qui risostor in puilnk bcrtcgiìrk.

I`tri náìcs, nc fostkroc bcrtcgiìrc rigostrc

nc o`bcsclni nubfc hi Lncs hi Nisk

qui tuvk c su bcrgk, nc hiei`-

sc hi nc bouhch c`ti nks

ctcquis hi Uir`k`,

in bkrscrok o`-gnïs qui

N



pohoò pirhò` trcs su hirrktc y si ritorò, nnivã`hksi sus

firohks y u` rkscrok hi cnacs o`gniscs.

Ktrk cspibtk hin capnok cìbhktcrok qui bkapkì nc fos-

tkroc hi nc Bouhch Firkobc, pirk qui rienidc nc oapkrtc`boc

y bko`bohi`boc fostòrobc hi qui hksboi`tks cóks hispuïs

hin grotk y ceoracboò` hi nc O`hipi`hi`boc hi Bcrtcgi`c in

33 hi `kvoialri hi 3633, istc bouhch nkgri in tátunk hi

proairc bouhch bknkaloc`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak, cbtk qui

aubfks yc totunc` bkak nc sigu`hc o`hipi`hi`boc hi nc

bouhch y `ks `crrc nc aosac Cnbcnhisc qui Zihrk \kairk

in aunctk bulc`k qui eclrobò vcrocs hi ncs aãs grc`his y

sk`krcs bcapc`cs hi nc bouhch, o`bnuohcs ncs hin Bk`vi`-

tk hi nc Zkpc, y u`k hi nks náhiris hi nks nc`birks hi

Gitsiac`á, quosk qui u`k hi sus fodks puhoirc i`trcr c

istuhocr, pirk istk `k eui piraotohk pkr nks ispcóknis pkr

sir ìgrk y `k tiìr purizc hi sc`gri y eui isti fibfk

rincbok`chk bk` nc ihubcboò` u`k hi nks pro`bopncis crgu-

ai`tks pcrc qui Zihrk \kairk si bk`vortoirc i` u` náhir

hi isks broknnks, aunctks y ìgrks qui nkgrcrk` qui in 33

hi `kvoialri si eoracrc in cbtc hi o`hipi`hi`boc i` Bcr-

tcgi`c.

Aubfcs lctcnncs si soguoirk` nolrc`hk. I` nc ïpkbc ripu-

lnobc`c, pkr idiapnk4 Bcrtcgi`c hi O`hocs pisi c sus

o`vcnuclnis iseuirzks, vknvoò c bcir lcdk in yugk ispcókn

i` ac`ks hin giìrcn Akronnk, quoi` oòboò u` prkbisk hi

ixtiraoòk, bk`hi`cs y eusoncaoi`tks bk`trc nks pro`bopc-

nis náhiris bcrtcgiìrks, cbtk qui si bk`kbi y ribuirhc

bk` trostizc bkak nc „idibuboò` hi nks ùivi aãrtoris‑. Nc

nolircboò` hin yugk ispcókn si hok grcbocs cn giìrcn pc-

troktc Acroc`k Ak`tonnc.

Hisknchc nc bouhch, vok hibcir su iapkrok ibk`òaobk. Nc

linnizc y histinnk hin pro`bopcn puirtk hi nc @uivc Grc`c-

hc fclác subualohk cn fcalri, in histoirrk y nc o`dustoboc

pkr pcrti hi nks ispcóknis. @k quihclc so`k in ribuirhk,

pirk isk lcstò pcrc qui nks bcrtcgiìrks bk`toùcrc`




Bcrtcgi`c tkaò

nc hibosoò` hi hiscrrknncr prkbisks ihubctovks hi

bcnohch, qui giìrcrc`

u` euirti oapcbtk skbocn

i` ncs bkauòhchis

vunìrclnis.

I` <::6, nc Eu`hcboò` Xrc`sekraiaks pkr

o`votcboò` hin Aoòstirok hi Ihubcboò` si

vo`bunò cn sostiac ihubctovk ekracn hi ncRibritcrác hi Ihubcboò` hi Bcrtcgi`c.

cókrc`hk nc grc`hizc hi su bouhch y quosoirk`

ribk`struornc hi i`tri ncs biòzcs. _ is csá, bkak

\cecin @ôóiz, fodk onustri hi nc bouhch, oapunsò

nc ribk`strubboò` hin Bc`cn hin Hoqui pcrc bk-

ìbtcr nc bouhch bk` in o`tirokr hin Zcás, nc bk`s-

trubboò` hin eirrkbcrron i`tri Bcrtcgi`c y in

Zuirtk hi Bcncacr, y ricbtovò su ibk`kaác.

Bk` tkhk, Bcrtcgi`c sogui nolrc`hk sus prk-

pocs lctcnncs. Cu`qui is bk`sohirchc bkak

u`c hi ncs bouhchis aãs firakscs hi Bknka-

loc, i` hk`hi nks turostcs y nc inoti bcrtcgiìrc

si hiniotc` bk` ncs vcroihchis hi czun qui vos-

ti` hi gcnc tkhks nks hács, isi oài`sk acr

qui ribkrri ncs aurcnncs, nks bcstonnks y sus

pro`bopcnis osncs. Isc acdistuksohch y inigc`-

boc `k hc` bui`tc hi tkhcs ncs ricnohchis qui

vovi „nc ktrc Bcrtcgi`c‑, nc bouhch caurcnnchc

pkr in fcalri, nc pklrizc, in hisiapnik y sk-

lri tkhk, pkr in c`cneclitosak.

I` istc náìc, si o`sbroli in cbtucn Znc` hi Hi-

scrrknnk hin Hostrotk „Zkr u`c sknc Bcrtcgi`c‑,

Znc` qui bk`boli nc ihubcboò` bkak in aktkr

qui oapunsc in hiscrrknnk skbocn skstiòlni hi

nc rigoò`, cti`hoi`hk ncs ìbisohchis y

prokrozc`hk ncs pro`bopcnis prklniaãtobcs hi nc

bouhch. Nc isbuinc is in bi`trk , is u`c hi ncs

pro`bopcnis istrctigocs qui istrubturc nks

noìcaoi`tks hi ihubcboò` i` Bcrtcgi`c, i`-

bcao`chks c risogòeobcr nc isbuinc bkak idi hi

nc ekracboò` cbchïaobc, bunturcn, skbocn y bk-

auòtcroc, fcboi`hk usk hi tkhk in iquopcaoi`tk

hi nks lcrroks y liìeoboc`hk c nks bcrtcgiìrks.




Xkhks istks prkgrcacs bk`bilohks hishi nc pirs-

pibtovc sostïaobc, lusbc` cu`cr iseuirzks pcrc

ho`caozcr in pcpin hi nc isbuinc i` nc o`sirboò` sk-

bocn chibuchc. I` isti si`tohk, in Aoòstirok hi Ihu-

bcboò` @cbok`cn (AI@), prkpusk hurc`ti in cók

<::6, vo`buncr cn sostiac ihubctovk ekracn, nc Eu`-

hcboò` pcrc in Hiscrrknnk Rkbocn Xrc`sekraiaks

bkak kpirchkr pkr ixbini`boc i` in acìdk hi nc

ihubcboò` pcrc dòviìs y chuntks, c eo` hi crtobuncr

c nks pchris hi ecaonoc, cluinks, firac`ks acyk-

ris, táks hi nks istuhoc`tis hi nc dkr`chc riguncr c

nc isbuinc, lusbc`hk oapcbtcr i` nks buctrks idis

eu`hcai`tcnis, c sclir4 bcnohch, bklirturc, pirto-

ì`boc y enixolonohch.

Zcrc rispk`hir istcs ixogi`bocs hin i`tkr`k, Bcr-

tcgi`c tkaò nc hibosoò` hi hiscrrknncr prkbisks ihu-

bctovks hi bcnohch, qui giìrcrc` u` euirti oapcbtk

skbocn i` ncs bkauòhchis vunìrclnis, y si trczò

aitcs calobokscs i` actiroc ihubctovc, c sclir4

bkak nc tcsc hi c`cneclitosak pcrc pirsk`cs ac-

ykris hi 39 cóks irc hi 6.59%, fozk u`c prkyibboò`

hi risuntchks hin buctroiòk pcrc in cók <:33,




hi 2.98%, aitc qui fc sohk supirchc bk` bribis cn nkgrcr rihubor in c`cneclitosak

c ai`ks hin u`k pkr boi`tk, pirk nk aãs oapkrtc`ti is qui nc acykrác hi istks dòvi-

ìs y chuntks c pkhohk bk`toùcr sus istuhoks i` in Rostiac hi Ihubcboò` Keobocn.

Nc rihubboò` hin c`cneclitosak prkpusk hishi nc pknátobc ibk`òaobc, skbocn y prk-

hubtovc, in cuai`tk hi nc o`bnusoò` i` ihubcboò`, kpkrtuòhchis hi iapnik y hiri-

bfks hi prkpoihch hi ncs bncsis ai`ks ecvkribohcs. Is cfá hk`hi bklrc suac

oapkrtc`boc nc hovirsohch hi cgi`tis skbocnis qui hishi su eonkskeác y klditovks,

puihi` piraicr nc pknátobc o`bnusovc hi nc cbtucn Bcrtcgi`c hi O`hocs. Nk boirtk is

qui nc Eu`hcboò` Xrc`sekraiaks cti`hoò in nncachk hi u` puilnk akvohk pkr in

hisik hi supircboò` lcdk nks pro`bopoks hi ncs nolirtchis fuac`cs.

In klditovk pro`bopcn hi isti bcpátunk, is fcbir u`c sá`tisos hin prkbisk hi oapni-

ai`tcboò` hin Rostiac O`tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk, hishi nc pirspibtovc

hin rczk`caoi`tk cbirbc hi ohi`toeobcr nks pro`bopcnis iniai`tks qui si`tcrk` ncs

lcsis pcrc bk`sknohcr in prkgrcac y nkgrcr in ïxotk.




<.<

B

Xrc`sekraiaksis Bcrtcgi`c

k` in niac Xrc`sekraiaks is Bcrtcgi`c , crrc`bò in

prkgrcac hi cneclitozcboò` y ihubcboò` pcrc dòvi-

ìs y chuntks i` nc bouhch caurcnnchc.

I` <::6, si oòboò bk` nc cti`boò` hi 9.838 istuhoc`tis actro-

bunchks i` in bobnk 3, hostroluohks i` 5: o`stotubokìs ihubcto-

vcs keobocnis hin Hostrotk. Hurc`ti <::?, si cti`hoirk` 39.6:3

istuhoc`tis i` 56 o`stotubokìs ihubctovcs. I` <:3:, euirk`

cti`hohks <2.565 istuhoc`tis i` 6: O`stotubokìs Ihubctovcs

y pcrc nc cbtucn vogi`boc, 36.725 istã` actrobunchks i` in

ROACX y csosti` c 78 o`stotubokìs.




In prkbisk hi oapniai`tcboò` hi ihubcboò` pcrc dòviìs ychuntks i` in bobnk 3, oòboò ekracnai`ti i` in ais hi siptoia-

lri hi <::6. Nc Ribritcrác hi Ihubcboò` Hostrotcn hi Bcrtcgi-

`c hi O`hocs fozk nc bk`vkbctkroc, o`votc`hk c tkhc nc bouhchc`ác

c bk`kbir in Akhink Ihubctovk Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk, i`

u`c riuòò` qui bk`tò bk` nc prisi`boc hi aãs hi <:: hkbi`-

tis o`tirischks.

Y`c viz ricnozchk isti proair i`bui`trk hi si`solonozcboò` y

bk`kboaoi`tk hi nc prkpuistc pihcgògobc pkr pcrti nks hkbi`-tis, bkai`zò nc lôsquihc hi istuhoc`tis i` bchc u`k hi nks

lcrroks qui bkèkrac` ncs tris nkbcnohchis gikgrãeobcs hi nc

Bouhch, y in risuntchk eui nc rispuistc hi aãs hi 9.::: pirsk-

`cs qui sknobotcrk` su o`sirboò` i` nc ihubcboò` lãsobc ekracn.

C pcrtor hi nc ixpiroi`boc hi <::6 sklri nc puistc i` acrbfc

hin prkbisk, i` <::? si fozk u`c bk`vkbctkroc pcrc hkbi`tis

o`tirischks i` oapniai`tcr nc prkpuistc pihcgògobc, c nc bucn

rispk`hoirk` 8:: hkbi`tis o`tirischks i` vo`buncrsi bk` istcixpiroi`boc. Xoiapk hispuïs, si ricnozò in prkbisk hi sinib-

boò` y bk`trctcboò` pcrc vo`buncr 9<5 hkbi`tis qui i` su ac-

ykrác, irc` nobi`bochks qui pkr hovirscs borbu`stc`bocs k fclác`

pkhohk idirbir su prkeisoò` y voirk` i` isti prkyibtk, u`c kp-

boò` hi trclcdk pcrc aidkrcr sus bk`hobokìs hi vohc y ncs hi

ncs bkauòhchis hk`hi vovi`.

I` <::? si fozk u`c

bk`vkbctkroc pcrc hkbi`tis

o`tirischks i` oapniai`tcr

nc prkpuistc pihcgògobc,c nc bucn rispk`hoirk 8::

fkalris y audiris hospuistks

c csuaor in bkaprkaosk.




In <8 hi clron hin aosak cók, euirk` prkakvohks aãs hi 9.::: istuhoc`tis i` ncZnczc hi nc Chuc`c i` u` auntotuho`crok ivi`tk qui sorvoò bkak priãalunk hi au-

bfks aãs qui ni soguoirk`.

Bk` nc oapniai`tcboò` hi istc prkpuistc ihubctovc, si foboirk` vosolnis nks aonis

hi bcrtcgiìrks qui piracìbác` kbuntks i` nc bouhch caurcnnchc. C pcrtor hi isi

akai`tk, si fc` prisi`tchk auntotuho`crocs akvonozcbokìs qui `k fc` tiòhk pri-

bihi`tis i` Bcrtcgi`c ò i` in Zcás, i` buc`tk c ihubcboò` hi dòviìs y chuntks si

rieoiri. Hi fibfk, Hoc`c Lcrrczc Suorkz, bkkrho`chkrc rigok`cn pcrc in Hostrotk hi

Bcrtcgi`c, ceorac qui4

In ribkrrohk fostòrobk hin Akhink Ihubctovk Xrc`sekr-

aiaks Ihubc`hk si fc vostk piraichk pkr aôntopnis

akvonozcbokìs i` Bcrtcgi`c, csá4 <8 hi clron hi <::?,

Znczc hi nc Chuc`c 9.::: istuhoc`tis si grchôc`= ho-

boialri hi <::?, nc Y@IRBK histcbc prkbisk hi cn-

eclitozcboò` i` Bcrtcgi`c bk` aãs hi 2.:::

csosti`tis= hoboialri << hi <::?, i` in Istchok hi

Lïoslkn 39.::: istuhoc`tis si grchôc`= 3´ hi dunok hi

<:3:, i` nc Znczc hi nc Chuc`c 3:.::: istuhoc`tis

aãs si grchôc`= <5 hi dunok hi <:3:, <9.::: istuhoc`-

tis si prisi`tc` pcrc scnuhcr cn gkloir`k hi tur`k y

kbtulri hi <:3:, <:.::: pirsk`cs si grchôc` i` pri-

si`boc hi tkhks nks sibritcroks hi nc Bkstc Bcroli.

Hoc`c Lcrrczc Suorkz,

bkkrho`chkrc rigok`cn pcrcin Hostrotk hi Bcrtcgi`c.




In <8 hi clron hi <::? i` nc Znczc hi nc Chuc`c sigrchucrk` 9.::: istuhoc`tis qui cpri`hoirk` c niir y

isbrolor bk` Xrc`sekraiaks, nc acykrác hi ncs bucnis cn

eo`cnozcr in cók <:33, tirao`clc` `kvi`k grchk.

In <8 hi clron hi <::? i` nc Znczc hi nc Chuc`c si

grchucrk` 9.::: istuhoc`tis qui cpri`hoirk` c niir y

isbrolor bk` Xrc`sekraiaks, nc acykrác hi ncs bucnis cn

eo`cnozcr in cók <:33, tirao`clc` `kvi`k grchk.




Isti acrcvonnksk risuntchk is erutk hi u` trc-

lcdk i` iquopk y u`ks prkbisks skbocnis qui

si fc` giìrchk hi acìrc ispk`tcìc hi`-

trk hi nc bkauòhch istuhoc`ton cti`hohc pkr

ùistrk sostiac y klihibi` pro`bopcnai`ti

c aktovcbokìs prkpocs, nc sctosecbboò` hi

nk qui si istã fcboi`hk y c u` grc` si`tohk

hi pirtiì`boc bk` rincboò` cn istuhok qui

hibohoirk` vknu`tcroc y bkaprkaitohcai`ti

c iapri`hir.

I` istks ivi`tks nks dòviìs y chuntks

onitrchks fc` sohk soiapri nks prktcgkòs-

tcs y istk si nis trc`saoti c nks hkbi`tis

i`bcrgchks hi nks grupks, quoiìs sk` nks

rispk`sclnis horibtks hin prkbisk hi oèkr-

acboò`, hovungcboò` y cbkapcócaoi`tk i`

istks cbk`tiboaoi`tks, nk qui pcsc i` in

bcsk hi Bcrtcgi`c, hi acìrc o`briálni y

ixotksc soiapri fc` sohk bk`vkbctkrocs cbk-

gohcs y riprisi`tchcs acsovcai`ti.

Nks ribtkris y hkbi`tis fc` dugchk u` pcpin proakrhocn pcrc nkgrcr in cuai`tk i` nc

bklirturc pcrc isti topk hi pklncboò`. Nk qui i` u` pro`bopok si briyò qui olc c

cbclcr bk` ncs `kbtur`cs hin Hostrotk, hiakstrò tkhk nk bk`trcrok, in Rostiac Xrc`s-

ekraiaks i`trò c ekrtcnibir nc ihubcboò` hi dòviìs y chuntks, y nks istuhoc`tis

sogui` soi`hk hi nc O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc, bk` ogucn k acykr si`tohk hi pirtiì`boc

qui nks istuhoc`tis hi nc dkr`chc riguncr.

Nc rczò` pcrc qui tkhc nc skboihch bcrtcgiìrc, cpkycrc skbocnai`ti nc ixpc`soò`

hi nc ihubcboò` hi dòviìs y chuntks, si hili c nks crguai`tks i` ecvkr hi nc

rispk`sclonohch qui ni csosti c bchc u`k hi nks cbtkris qui pcrtobopc` i` nc ribk`s-

trubboò` hin tidohk skbocn bknkaloc`k. Hchk in pcpin qui hili hisiapiócr bchc u`k

hi nks o`vknubrchks, Xrc`sekraiaks nnigò pcrc quihcrsi , oòboò u` prkbisk hi cs-

bi`sk fcboc nc boac aãs bkhobochc i` hk`hi sialrò nc siaonnc hi nc hiakbrcboc, nks

hiribfks fuac`ks y nc bcnohch ihubctovc, y si quihò pcrc buohcr isi ãrlkn erk`hksk

bk` euirtis rcábis y erutks ixòtobks cn bucn toiì` hiribfk tkhks y tkhcs i` nc bou-

hch hi Bcrtcgi`c hi O`hocs.




In <5 hi dunok hi <:3:, <9.::: istuhoc`tis bknacrk` in Istchok hiEôtlkn „Dcoai Akrò`‑ pcrc scnuhcr cn Zrisohi`ti hi nc \ipôlnobc.




kgrcr qui scnoirc` hi su bk`tixtk y vohc bktohoc`c

<2.565 pirsk`cs pcrc o`sirtcrsi i` in sostiac ihubc-

tovk hin Hostrotk hi Bcrtcgi`c, `k eui u`c tcric eãbon.

Buc`hk aubfks ni tiaác` c nc rispk`sclonohch bkapcrtohc pcrc

ekrtcnibir u` sostiac ihubctovk ekracn, Xrc`sekraiaks csuaoò

in ritk bk` nolirtch hi inibboò` y in piracì`ti cbkapcócaoi`tk

hi nc Ribritcrác hi Ihubcboò`, ribtkris, hkbi`tis y nc bkauò-

hch. Boirtcai`ti, in bcao`k qui si inogi, i` kbcsokìs si tkr-

`c ãspirk y sknotcrok, pirk nc euirzc hi nc gi`ti, sus aktovcbokìs,

si`toaoi`tks y hisiks hi supircboò`, euirk` nc bcrtc hi `cvi-

gcboò` pkr ixbini`boc hi isti grupk hi fkalris y audiris qui

fcbi pcrti hi nc Eu`hcboò` Xrc`sekraiaks.

Hishi nuigk, qui pcrc pkhir idirbir ùistrc rispk`sclonohch

eri`ti c nc skboihch, eui ìbiscrok rienixok`cr sklri in hklni

si`tohk qui rivosti su vcnkr. Lcdk nc òptobc hi Ri` (<:::), si

pkhrác crguai`tcr qui sònk nc pirsk`c buc`hk bui`tc bk` ncs

bcpcbohchis y nc nolirtch eu`hcai`tcn, ni csosti in bkaprkao-

sk hi csuaor k `k, nks ritks qui nc vohc ni oapkì. I` isti

bk`tixtk, Xrc`sekraiaks bui`tc bk` bcpcbohchis hishi nc

bk`strubboò` hi u` akhink pihcgògobk pirtoì`ti y enixolni,

qui suachk c nc nolirtch pcrc cbtucr qui ni eui bkèirohc pkr

ncs cutkrohchis nkbcnis, puihi y hili bkchyuvcr i` in hisc-

rrknnk ihubctovk hi nc pklncboò` lcdk brotiroks hi bcnohch.

Y` iniai`tk eu`hcai`tcn qui lro`hò ncs firrcaoi`tcs y nc

sknohiz ìbiscroc pcrc ièri`tcr istks ritks, euirk` nc csporc-

boò` hi grc`his acgòtuhis qui soiapri hiakstrò nc cbtucn

chaoòstrcboò`, bk` nc ohic hi hosaoùor nks á`hobis hi c`cnec-

litosak i` su buctroiòk. Zkr istc rczò`, kptò pkr nc prkpuistc

<.2

N

»Bòak eui inprkbisk hi cuai`tk

hi bklirturc;




ihubctovc hi Xrc`sekraiaks. Bk` sus crguai`tks,

bk`vi`boirk` c tkhks y tkhcs pcrc qui cpkycrc` su

gistoò` y iapri`hoò nc ùivc lctcnnc, bk`vkbc`hk c

nks pro`bopcnis sknhchks qui fc tiòhk nc ihubcboò`

i` Bknkaloc, nks ribtkris qui c su viz, bk`vi`boi-

rk` c sus bknigcs hkbi`tis.

I` isti si`tohk, hurc`ti in cók <::6 in iseuirzk

hi ribtkris, hkbi`tis y nc Ribritcrác hi Ihubc-

boò` qui lusbcrk` puirtc puirtc c nks istuhoc`-

tis, `ks piraotok riuòr c nks proairks 9.838

fkalris y audiris qui acrbcrk` nc si`hc hi istc

fczcóc skbocn, bk`virtor c Bcrtcgi`c i` nc proairc

bouhch bknkaloc`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak. Hi fi-bfk, nc aosoò` hi Xrc`sekraiaks si trchudk i` `k

hivknvir c nc Ribritcrác hi Ihubcboò` Hostrotcn, nks

aosaks istuhoc`tis ribolohks i` nks cnlkris hin

Zrkgrcac i` nc bouhch, so`k pkhir hiakstrcrni cn

au`hk i`tirk qui u` trclcdk sostïaobk, bk` vknu`-

tch pknátobc, iseuirzk piracì`ti hi ncs o`stotu-

bokìs ihubctovcs pôlnobcs, y nc pcrtobopcboò` cbtovc

hi hkbi`tis y istuhoc`tis, bk`hubi c pkti`bocr nks risuntchks kltiòhks i` <:3:,

hivknvoi`hk c nc bouhch <7.::: pirsk`cs o`bnuohcs y vosolnis.

Zcrc rkapir ncs bchi`cs hin c`cneclitosak i` Bcrtcgi`c, si hoirk` botc tkhcs ncs

pirsk`cs qui briyirk` qui sá si pkhác. Y`c hi inncs, eui nc hkbi`ti trc`sekrachkrc

Gonhc Nncacs, quoi` ixprisc bk` grc` iakboò`4

Istky bk` Xrc`sekraiaks hishi qui bkai`zò i` in cók <::6, buc`-

hk nks hkbi`tis olc` hi bcsc i` bcsc tkbc`hk puirtcs, hilcdk hin

skn, nc nnuvoc y c piscr hi nks prklniacs hi krhi` pôlnobk i o`siguro-

hch, pcrc ricnozcr ncs i`buistcs y hi isti akhk sclir4 »Buã`tcs pir-

sk`cs `k fclác` pkhohk tirao`cr su proacroc; Zirk cn aosak toiapk,

còacrnks pcrc qui tirao`crc` sus istuhoks.

Istuhoc`tis hi nc O`stotuboò`

Ihubctovc C`c Acrác Uïniz hi Xrudonnk.

Bcrtcgi`c.




Cngu`ks si`tác` tiakr hi vknvir c istuhocr y hclc` ixbuscs bkak nc

ihch, in trclcdk, nks fodks. Bkak hkbi`ti ai tkbò o`sostor aubfcs vibis fcstc nkgrcr qui nc pirsk`c si còacrc, akstrã`hkni qui Xrc`s-

ekraiaks is u` prkgrcac bk` siroihch, rispk`sclonohch y bkaprk-

aosk. Sui nc Eu`hcboò` ni i`trigclc tkhk su actirocn hohãbtobk

bkapnitcai`ti grctos csá bkak nc actrábunc hi nc RIH.

Y`c viz ti`ácaks u` grupk hi <9 pirsk`cs o`tirischcs, `ks tkbclc or

hk`hi in ribtkr pcrc qui `ks hoirc su cvcn hi actrobuncr nks istuhoc`-

tis i` nc OI, y csá pkhir o`griscr bkak hkbi`ti hi nc Eu`hcboò` hk`hi

bk`kbá c sus horibtkris y riprisi`tc`tis i` isi i`tk`bis, Cnlc Gk`zãniz y Hoc`c Lcrrczc.

Hks pirsk`cs auy bk`kbihkrcs hi nc Eu`hcboò` y quoiìs soiapri

`ks istclc` còac`hk i` in prkbisk. \ibuirhk qui `k ti`ácaks keo-

bo`cs y `ks botclc` i` nc Isbuinc Rc` Duc` hi Hcacsbk y pcrc bucn-

quoir riuòò` k \ih Zihcgògobc ks tkbclc or c hoeiri`tis O`stotubokìs

Ihubctovcs.

Nk aãs oapkrtc`ti hi tkhk isti prkbisk is qui in hkbi`ti is in proair trc`sekrachk, puis is pripcrchk privocai`ti i` nc oapniai`tc-

boò` hin akhink hi acìrc o`tigrcn, bk` hovirscs istrctigocs qui hili

trclcdcr bk` sus istuhoc`tis, i` ispcboks chibuchks pcrc aktovcr c

nks istuhoc`tis c nc brictovohch, o`giòk y sklri tkhk c nc crak`ác i`

sus bncsis.

Xkhks nks qui oòbocaks i` in <::6, pkhiaks hibor qui i` Bcrtcgi`c

si fc fibfk u` ixbini`ti trclcdk pkr pcrti hi u` grc` iquopk fuac`k

qui aãs qui u` bkaprkaosk bk`trcbtucn toiì u`c rispk`sclonohch

skbocn. Xrc`sekraiaks chiaãs toiì nk qui yk nncacrác su „firká`c

soni`boksc‑ nncachc Hoc`c Lcrrczc, quoi` bkak bkkrho`chkrc rigok`cn

si fc ac`tiòhk i` u`c cbtotuh pksotovc, bk` u` nohirczgk horogohk

prkcbtovcai`ti c nc lôsquihc bk`birtchc hi sknuboò` hi prklniacs




hi nc bkauòhch istuhoc`ton y fc ekbcnozchk su trclcdk i` nc cti`boò`

hi nks hkbi`tis.

Fiaks i`ti`hohk qui Xrc`sekraiaks aãs qui u`c eu`hcboò` is u`

akhink pihcgògobk qui lusbc in bcalok hi vohc hi ncs pirsk`c, i`-

sióã`hknis qui nc ihch `k oapkrtc so`k ncs gc`cs.

Hi u`c acìrc u ktrc Xrc`sekraiaks fc hidchk y istã hidc`hk fui-

nncs qui soiapri sirã` ribkrhchcs, fcbiaks pcrti hi u` bcalok fos-

tòrobk i` istc bouhch, yc qui tkhks fiaks cpkrtchk ùistrk iseuirzk

y hihobcboò` pcrc qui sic nk qui fky is ZCX\OAK@OK NOL\I HI C@CNECLIXORAK. Zkr innk hiliaks hcrni ncs grcbocs c nc Cnbcnhisc

pkr piraotor isti prkbisk ihubctovk, tcaloï` cn Ribritcrok Hr.

Cnc`hiti, c nks horibtovks Hr. \khknek Crhonc y Hrc. Curkrc Bcronnk pkr

su birbc`ác bk` nks hkbi`tis y pkr i`trigcr sus vohcs c istc ixbini`-

ti nclkr sk` innks, quoiìs bk` su bkaprkaosk y rispcnhk, fc` ac`ti-

òhk in nohirczgk i` tkhks nks si`tohks hi isti prkgrcac.

Istuhoc`tis Xrc`sekraiaks

pirtiìboi`tis cn bclonhk o`hági`c

Aialronncn i` nc zk`c rurcn hi Bcrtcgi`c.




Ncs hoeiri`tis vkbis hin puilnk bcrtcgiìrk si vc` inivc`hk pcrc bk`tcr su fostk-

roc= i`tri inncs si puihi ai`bok`cr, nc hi nc ribtkrc hi nc O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc Rkni-

hch \kaã` hi @ôóiz, Nobi`bochc Nuz Acro`c \knhã` hi Biraiók, quoi` rinctò su

ixpiroi`boc hi bòak iapizò in prkyibtk Xrc`sekraiaks i` nc OI qui horogi4

Zkr su pcrti, Eir`c`hk Crhonc Bcrronnk, ribtkr hi nc O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc C`tkòk

@croók, tidi su prkpoc fostkroc, aoi`trcs vc isbuhroóc`hk sus ribuirhks4

Bk` nks istuhoc`tis hi Xrc`sekraiaks, yk soi`tk u`c sc-

tosecbboò` pkrqui sk` pirsk`cs qui pkr idiapnk, yk fi

lro`hchk nc kpkrtuòhch hi clrornis ncs puirtcs hi nc o`s-

totuboò` pcrc qui innks puhoirc` sir ihubchks, tuvi au-

bfc risosti`boc bk` nks ktrks bkapcóirks pkrqui hibác`

qui Xrc`sekraiaks vi`ác irc bkak u`c `kbtur`c y qui

innks `k pkhác` hcrnis tc`tk ispcbok y i` nc cbtucnohch,

`ksktrks bkai`zcaks i` in <::6 brik qui bk` 8:: istu-

hoc`tis y cbtucnai`ti tiìaks 623 istuhoc`tis cquá hi

Xrc`sekraiaks, is u`c buistoò` grc`hi pkrqui sk` pir-

sk`cs c ncs qui fcy qui lro`hcrnis nc kpkrtuòhch pcrc

qui cpri`hc`.

Lui`k, isti akhink fc sohk sogòeobctovk pkrqui nni`cr u`

bupk grc`hi qui nc aitc sk` 3:.::: pirsk`cs cneclitozchcs

is u`c aitc grc`hi, chiaãs vik fcrtc gi`ti lusbc`hk

istuhoc`tis, pkrqui bk` ktrcs aitkhknkgács in istuhoc`ti

olc y `k irc aktovchk, aoi`trcs qui cquá si lusbc, nks

aosaks istuhoc`tis qui istã` hi`trk hi Xrc`sekraiaks,

bk`vohc` c ktrks bkapcóirks, k sic nc acsc grc`hi hi

istc istrctigoc enixolni.




<.8

I

»Bòak si crakòzò in prkgrcachi dòviìs y chuntks i` ncs

o`stotubokìs ihubctovcs;

n prkbisk hi crakòzcboò` hin prkgrcac hi dòviìs

y chuntks fc sohk sostiaãtobk. I` proair nugcr, nc grc`

vi`tcdc qui si toiì cn rispibtk, is qui i` su acyk-

rác, nks dòviìs y chuntks istã` vo`bunchks c nc isbuinc hi cn-

gu`c acìrc. Rk` pchris, táks, cluinks k ecaonocr birbc`k hi

ncs òócs, òóks y dòviìs qui istuhoc` i` nc dkr`chc riguncr.

Nc proairc riuòò` ekracn hi crakòzcboò` hin ZIO, si nnivò c

bclk in 5 hi hoboialri hi <::6 i` nc O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc

Rc` Duc` hi Hcacsbk, ivi`tk cn bucn csostoò u` sogòeobctovk

`ôairk hi ribtkris. Nc Eu`hcboò` i`trigò in actirocn bk`

nks bk`tiòhks aáòaks hi cpkyk pcrc isti prkbisk, y si

bk`tò bk` nc prisi`boc hi nc Hkbtkrc Ihinaorc Rcngchk pkr

pcrti hi RIH, pcrc csisk-

rcr ncs o`quoituhis i` rinc-

boò` bk` nc ekracnohch hi

isti prkbisk.

I` pro`bopok, si bricrk` au-

bfcs ixpibtctovcs eri`ti cn

fibfk hi qui u` ùivk prk-

grcac i`vochk pkr in Aoòs-

tirok hi Ihubcboò` @cbok`cn

vi`ác c trclcdcr i` Bcrtcgi-

`c. Bk` in ribink bcrcbtirás-

tobk hilohk c ncs o`bk`tclnis

vibis qui nis fc` quihchk

acn, nks ribtkris sknobotcrk`

siroihch y bkaprkaosk pkr

pcrti hi nc Eu`hcboò`.

Nks dòviìs y chuntks istã`

vo`bunchks c nc isbuinc hi

cngu`c acìrc. Rk` pchris,

táks, cluinks k ecaonocr

birbc`k hi ncs òócs, òóks y dòviìs qui istuhoc` i` nc

dkr`chc riguncr.




Hi`trk hi nks pro`bopcnis o`tirrkgc`tis y pitobokìs qui foboirk` nks ribtkris, si

i`bui`trc`4

Hi ogucn ekrac, foboirk` cngu`cs pitobokìs4

• Oèkracboò` hi actrábuncs hi akhinks pihcgògobks enixolnis, bk`

toiapk pkr pcrti hi nc RIH.

• Xiìr Mot hi Xrc`sekraiaks /ktrks akhinks i` ncs lolnoktibcs hi

ncs hoeiri`tis OI. Rknobotcr isti cpkyk c Eu`hcboò` Lkgktã.

• \icnozcr riuòkìs bk`du`tcs i`tri ribtkris, bkkrho`chkris i`bcr-gchks, hkbi`tis y RIH (pkr Y@CNHIR), bk` riprisi`tcboò` hi nks

istuhoc`tis pcrc ivcnucr in prkbisk y nks cvc`bis.

• Hurcboò` y toiapks hi Bobnk O /Xirao`cboò` hi bobnks.

• I` nc bk`trctcboò`/bcpcbotcboò` y ekracboò`, tiìr i` bui`tc in pireon

hin hkbi`ti.

• Nks ribursks pcrc ncs OI pkr pcrti hi Xrc`sekraiaks sk` u` cpkykvcnoksk pcrc inncs.

Xkhcs ncs huhcs euirk` hosopã`hksi i` nc aihohc i` qui pcsò in toiapk y nc Eu`hc-

boò` Xrc`sekraiaks eui buapnoi`hk bk` tkhks nks bkaprkaosks chquorohks. In tis-

toakòk hi nks ribtkris csá nk bkèorac`4

• »Suï hoeiri`boc fcy i`tri ktrks akhinks enixolnis y Xrc`sekrai-

aks;

• »Bòak gcrc`tozcr in siguoaoi`tk y nc rispk`sclonohch; »Ncs OI pui-

hi` cpkrtcr cn siguoaoi`tk ricnozchk;

• In siguoaoi`tk `kbtur`k is oapkrtc`ti »Suï si fcbi i` isti cs-

pibtk; »Bòak birtoeobcr ncs fkrcs; »Xrc`sekraiaks pksii ekractks

hi siguoaoi`tk pcrc OI;




Ri hili riscntcr in pcpin hin hkbi`ti bkak u`k

hi nks idis bi`trcnis hin prkbisk ihubctovk

Nuz Acro`c \knhã`, ribtkrc hi nc OI Rknihch \kaã` hi @ôóiz, ixprisò4

Bk` in hiviòr hi nks toiapks, nks ribtkris fc` `ktchk bòak nks dòviìs y chuntks

qui istuhoc` lcdk in Akhink Xrc`sekraiaks, si fc` viòhk crtobunc`hk c nc OI.Xcaloï` riscntc` in pcpin hin hkbi`ti bkak u`k hi nks idis bi`trcnis hin prkbisk

ihubctovk= Eir`c`hk Crhonc Bcrronnk, \ibtkr hi nc OI C`tkòk @croók, nk bkrrklkrc

buc`hk ceorac4

Isi is u` trclcdk pirsk`cnozchk, y i`tri

ktrcs u`c hi ncs istrctigocs is nc ribu-

pircboò` hin hkbi`ti, pkrqui i`tri ktrcs bkscs nks hkbi`tis pkr bkaprkaosk pir-

sk`cn hc` u` pkquotk aãs qui hi nk qui

si nis bk`trctc, pkrqui innks tirao`c`

u` bobnk y innks bk`to`ôc` vcroks hács u`c

k hks siac`cs aãs trclcdc`hk pcrc ò-

vincr cquinncs pirsk`cs qui toiì` isi

prklniac qui si cusi`tcrk`, qui rigri-

scrk` qui nis ecntk trctcr cngu`ks tiacs,

i`tk`bis si fcbi bkak istrctigoc nc bk`toùohch pkr in hkbi`ti.

Fc pcribohk u`c ixpiroi`boc acrcvonnksc qui `k ti`ácaks,

proairk nks istuhoc`tis y nks hkbi`tis ti vc` c lusbcr, k sic isc prikbupcboò` hi qui nc pirsk`c chuntc si bcpcboti

ai fc pcribohk acrcvonnksk, sigu`hk nks aòhunks cfkrrc`

toiapk, bk` istc istrctigoc enixolni, qui in Aoòstirok k nc

Ribritcrác hi Ihubcboò`, u`bc nnigclc` nks aòhunks c toia-

pk, y nk qui fc` prkaitohk nk fc` buapnohk.



?: Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak

Klsirvcbokìseo`cnis

` isti bcpátunk, si fc trctchk hi fcbir u`c risióc fostòrobc hi nks cspib-

tks hi acykr rinivc`boc i` nc oapniai`tcboò` hin Akhink Ihubctovk Xrc`s-

ekraiaks Ihubc`hk, riscntc`hk nc pcrtobopcboò` hi ribtkris, hkbi`tis y

ktrks cgi`tis qui foboirk` pcrti o`firi`ti i` in aosak.

I` isti si`tohk, si c`cnozc in vcnkr hi nc rispk`sclonohch bkapcrtohc, hilohk c qui

skaks bk`sboi`tis hi qui u` sknk cgi`ti hin prkbisk `k puihi cnbc`zcr nks kldito-vks qui ni bkrrispk`hi` c u`c bknibtovohch, tiòi`hk i` bui`tc qui nc bk`sknohcboò`

hi u` prkgrcac, prkpuistc k prkyibtk ihubctovk istã i` nc risogòeobcboò` hi ncs

rihis skbocnis qui si bk`struyi` sklri u`c bcusc bkaô`. I` proair nugcr, si ri-

quoiri qui `k sònk in Istchk csuac su pcpin prktibbokòstc y liìecbtkr, so`k qui

istclnizbc vá`bunks hi bkkpircboò` bk` cgi`tis hi nc skboihch bovon, i` crcs hi

pksobok`cr nc pknátobc pôlnobc ihubctovc pcrc in bcsk qui `ks csosti.

I` sigu`hk nugcr, nc skboihch bovon hili istcr krgcòzchc y bk` hiscrrknnk pni`k hi

sus bcpcbohchis, pcrc qui hishi istc pirspibtovc puihc o`tircbtucr i` ekrac ecvk-

rclni bk` nks ktrks, y bk`struor bk`tixtks craòòbks qui pkti`boi` in hiscrrknnk

fuac`k y skbocn qui c`finc` tkhks y bchc u`k hi nks o`tigrc`tis hi u`c skboihch.

In tirbir isbi`crok hi hilcti istuvk rincbok`chk bk` in o`vknubrcaoi`tk cbtovk hi

nks horibtcai`ti rispk`sclnis, is hibor, ribtkris, hkbi`tis y istuhoc`tis. Ro` nugcr

c iquávkbks, istc tráchc ixcao`ò in rczk`caoi`tk ìbiscrok pcrc acxoaozcr ncs pk-

solonohchis hi ïxotk k ercbcsk i` u`c gistoò` ihubctovc. I` isti si`tohk, si puihi

csivircr qui nc aãxoac pcrtobopcboò` hi tkhks istks cbtkris istã istribfcai`ti

rincbok`chc bk` in ïxotk hi nks prkgrcacs.

Bkak siris bkapiti`tis, `ks csosti nc tcric hi vcnkrcr bk`toùcai`ti ùistrcs

cbbokìs= i` bk`sibui`boc, hi`trk hi ncs bk`hobokìs lãsobcs pcrc inclkrcr u` hosi-

ók burrobuncr bk`tixtucnozchk, nc Eu`hcboò` Xrc`sekraiaks prkpusk nc o`vistogcboò`

bkak lcsi hi nc pklncboò` pkr o`tirviòr. Hi ogucn acìrc, in pnc` hi aidkrcaoi`tk

hi isti Zrkgrcac i` nc bouhch hi Bcrtcgi`c, bkaprkaitoò nc o`vistogcboò` pirac-

ì`ti bkak istrctigoc hi bk`sknohcboò` y piracì`boc.

<.9

I



Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak ?3

@ibisohchishi cpri`hozcdipcrc nc vohc



Bcpátu nk 2



?< Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak

2.3

N

Bcrtcgi`c4 proair i`bui`trk bk` nksuòvirsks hi si`tohk hi nks ktrks y ncs

`crrctovcs hin puilnk bcrtcgiìrk

In Rostiac O`tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk toi-

ì bkak bcrcbtirástobc eu`hcai`tcn, nc bk`tixtuc-

nozcboò` hin sclir, cti`hoi`hk nks pro`bopcnis iniai`-

tks hi nc bunturc y ncs ìbisohchis hi cpri`hozcdi pcrc nc vohc

qui riquoiri` nks dòviìs y chuntks hi bchc rigoò` hk`hi si

oapniai`tc. Bcrtcgi`c hi O`hocs `k eui nc ixbipboò` y cn ogucnqui i` tkhcs ncs rigokìs i` hk`hi fc fibfk prisi`boc in

Rostiac O`tircbtovk, si ricnozò u`c o`vistogcboò` bucnotctovc hi

bkrti it`kgrãeobk, qui si bkalo`ò bk` u`c o`vistogcboò` hi

`cturcnizc buc`totctovc y hi rivosoò` sostiaãtobc hi eui`tis

sibu`hcrocs, bk` in eo` hi kltiìr nks o`suaks ìbiscroks pcrc

cdustcr nks hosióks burrobuncris pirtoì`tis y enixolnis.

Istuhoc`ti hin

bclonhk o`hági`c

hi Aialronncn

riboli ncs aihoc-

bokìs hohãbtobcs

rigok`cnozchcs

pcrc proair bobnki` Bcrtcgi`c.




C soapni vostc, pcriboirc u`c tcric eãbon, inclk-

rcr u` actirocn hohãbtobk qui rispk`hc c ncs ixo-

gi`bocs y ìbisohchis hi cpri`hozcdi hi u`c

pklncboò` i` pcrtobuncr. @k klstc`ti, pcrc nc Eu`-

hcboò` Xrc`sekraiaks, si fc bk`virtohk i` u`

ritk qui hisceác nk si`bonnk, nk trchobok`cn y in

bcao`k i` u`c sknc vác. Nc Eu`hcboò` fc hiboho-

hk oapniai`tcr u` sostiac hi o`vistogcboò` y

bkauòbcboò` qui si auistri bkfiri`ti bk` nks

prkbisks ihubctovks, qui ribkdc `crrctovcs y nc

vosoò` hi hoeiri`tis sibtkris hi ncs rigokìs o`-

bnuohcs, qui trcbi aôntopnis rutcs hin sclir tido-

hcs hishi nc pirspibtovc hi bchc u`k hi nks

cgi`tis hin prkbisk, qui si bk`voirtc i` nc is-

bubfc piracì`ti hi nks ktrks, pkti`boc`hk nks

iniai`tks ìbiscroks pcrc lro`hcr u`c ihubc-

boò` hi bcnohch, pirtoì`ti y cbkrhi bk` in uò-

virsk hi si`tohk hi quoiìs bkèkrac` ncs bkauòhchis cbchïaobcs.

Lcdk istks pro`bopoks, eui ìbiscrok bkapri`hir cn dkvi` y cn chuntk bcrtcgiìrks

hishi su prkpoc fostkroc y ixpiroi`boc, y isbubfc`hk sus vkbis, si`toris i oacgo`c-

roks skbocnis qui ni hc` si`tohk c su vohc bktohoc`c. Rònk hishi istc pirspibtovc, si

puhk bkapri`hir in bk`tixtk skbokibk`òaobk y nks aobrkbk`tixtks qui hinoaotc`

nks iniai`tks lãsobks hi su bunturc, pkti`boc`-

hk su ohi`tohch pirsk`cn y bunturcn qui soi`tc`

ncs lcsis pcrc cnbc`zcr in hiscrrknnk fuac`k i`

bkauòhch. Istks fcnnczgks si bk`vortoirk` i`

iniai`tks o`tigrchkris qui hoirk` vohc c nks idis

burrobuncris y trc`svirscnis hin Akhink Ihubc-

tovk Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk bk` nc oaprk`tc

bcrtcgiìrc.

Ktrk hi nks iniai`tks qui bcrcbtirozc nks prk-

bisks o`vistogctovks hi Xrc`sekraiaks, is nc si-

nibboò` hi su iquopk hi o`vistogchkris. Zcrc in

bcsk hi Bcrtcgi`c, si bk`tò bk` nc vcnoksc pcr-

tobopcboò` hi o`vistogchkris bcrtcgiìrks, bk`

grc`his cpkrtis c nc nibturc y risogòeobcboò` hi

Eui ìbiscrok bkapri`hir

cn dkvi` y cn chuntk

bcrtcgiìrks hishi

su prkpoc fostkroc

y ixpiroi`boc,

y isbubfc`hk sus vkbis,

si`toris i oacgo`croks

skbocnis qui ni hc` si`tohk

c su vohc bktohoc`c.



?8 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak

prkbisks hi it`kihubcboò`, bk` u`c vcstc ixpiroi`boc i` in bcapk ihubctovk. Zkr

su pcrti, nc Ribritcrác hi Ihubcboò` hin Hostrotk hi Bcrtcgi`c cbkapcóò pirac-

ì`tiai`ti isti prkbisk, cpkrtc`hk hishi in ãric hi gistoò` hi aidkrcaoi`tk hi

nc Gistoò` Isbkncr, nc vosoò` hi nc gistoò` pôlnobc y nc chaoòstrcboò` nkbcn.

I` isti krhi` hi ohics, `k si trctò hi fcbir u` c`ãnosos ixfcustovk hi istcs bctigk-

rács. Nc prisi`ti hosbusoò` si kroi`tò c lro`hcr iniai`tks hi duobok pcrc in hosiók

burrobuncr i oapniai`tcboò` hi u` prkgrcac ihubctovk bk`tixtucnozchk. I` proair

nugcr, in prkpòsotk is ribk`struor in trcyibtk aitkhknògobk y it`kgrãeobk qui c grc`-

his rcsgks, bui`tc bòak si istclniboirk` nks o`struai`tks y tïbòbcs hi ribknib-

boò`, krgcòzcboò` y c`ãnosos hi nc oèkracboò`, siócnc`hk nks qui c brotirok hi nc

Eu`hcboò`, si rivostoirk` hi acykr rinivc`boc.

Y` sigu`hk akai`tk is ctroluolni c nc risogòeobcboò` hin bk`tixtk skbokibk`òaobk

hi nks pcrtobopc`tis, vostk hishi in prkpok suditk i` buistoò`, bknkbc`hk in cbi`tk

i` cquinnks cspibtks qui fc` sohk hi grc` oapcbtk i` nc bksakvosoò` hin dkvi` y

chuntk bcrtcgiìrks. Y`c tirbirc pcrti so`titozc nk qui brii, soi`ti y csporc` nks

suditks i` istuhok, qui ni fc` piraotohk pirbolorsi bkak suditks oàirsks i` u`c

bunturc ispibáeobc, bk` brii`bocs, trchobokìs y bkstualris cskbochcs c su ohokso`-

brcsoc y ekracs hi vohc. Zkr ôntoak, si prisi`tc in hoãnkgk o`tirbunturcn i`tri nk aák,

nk tuyk y nk ùistrk hishi nc pirspibtovc bunturcn, bk` buyks risuntchks si priti`hi

kroi`tcr in trctcaoi`tk hin soguoi`ti bcpátunk.




2.<

In bcao`k qui si ribkrroò pcrc kltiìr nc oèkracboò`

riquirohc bkak o`suak pcrc hosiócr ncs aihocbok-

ìs hohãbtobcs bcrtcgiìrcs, oòboò bk` nc hinoaotc-

boò` hin uòvirsk qui si istclniboò i` 3‟:5?.799 pirsk`cs,

sigô` hctks suaoòstrchks pkr nc Ribritcrác hi Ihubcboò`

Hostrotcn hi Bcrtcgi`c (<::?). Isti hctk piraotoò hitirao`cr

in `ôairk hi i`buistcs qui si hilác cpnobcr i` in Hostrotk hi

Bcrtcgi`c hi O`hocs, y i` 3.::: pirsk`cs in `ôairk hi nc

auistrc hi istuhok. Nc ihch aáòac pcrc pcrtobopcr i` isti

istuhok, eui hi 39 cóks. Hi ogucn ekrac, si cti`hoirk` broti-

roks hi rc`gks hi ihch, gïìrk, zk`cs rurcnis y urlc`cs, is-

trctks y itòcs.

Nks o`struai`tks euirk` cpnobchks pkr i`buistchkris bcpcbo-

tchks privocai`ti pkr nc Eu`hcboò` Xrc`sekraiaks, y si

Xrcyibtkit`kgrãeobk

Ri lusbò ohi`toe obcr y bkapri`hir nks

o`tirisis, aktovcbokìs, prãbtobcs skbocnis,

uòvirsks akrcnis y ïtobks, pkti`bocnohchis

bunturcnis y vkbcbokìs hishi nks bucnis

csog`c` si`tohk c su vohc bktohoc`c,

nks fclotc`tis hi pklncbokìs vunìrclnis

i` in Hostrotk hi Bcrtcgi`c, bkak

ixprisoò` hi nc bunturc cerkbknkaloc`c

i` su bk`tixtk cbtucn.




istclniboirk` nks brotiroks hi vircbohch i` nc ribknibboò` y krgcòzcboò` hi nks hc-

tks kltiòhks, pcrc ivotcr pksolnis sisgks i` nc o`vistogcboò`. Zkr ktrc pcrti, si

ricnozcrk` <3 i`trivostcs siaoistrubturchcs i` ncs bucnis si lusbò ohi`toeobcr y

bkapri`hir nks o`tirisis, aktovcbokìs, prãbtobcs skbocnis, uòvirsks akrcnis y

ïtobks, pkti`bocnohchis bunturcnis y vkbcbokìs hishi

nks bucnis csog`c` si`tohk c su vohc bktohoc`c, nks fc-

lotc`tis hi pklncbokìs vunìrclnis i` in Hostrotk hi

Bcrtcgi`c, bkak ixprisoò` hi nc bunturc cerkbknka-

loc`c i` su bk`tixtk cbtucn.

Nc o`tirpritcboò` hi nc oèkracboò` si nnivò c bclk

aihoc`ti nc tïbòbc hi nc troc`guncboò` aôntopni,

tkhc viz qui nks hctks ribknibtchks si troc`-

guncrk` bk` ncs pirspibtovcs tiòrobcs ixosti`-

tis y istuhoks ricnozchks i` istc aosac náìc

hi trclcdk qui c su viz, euirk` vcnohchks pkr

in c`ãnosos hin Akhink Xrc`sekraiaks, y si

ribk`struyò in bk`kboaoi`tk i` u` hoãnkgk

hi scliris i`tri nks hovirsks suditks pcr-

tobopc`tis.

Lcdk istc pirspibtovc, si nkgrò istclnibir

hks hosbursks `crrctovks= pkr u`c pcrti, in

hisbroptovk i` in bucn si bk`sknohc` ncs vkbis

qui nncac` c nc ribk`strubboò` hi nc ohi`tohch

bunturcn i` hk`hi o`tirvoiì` nks pirsk`cdis sog-

òeobctovks i`trivostchks, nks i`buistchks y nc

oèkracboò` sostiactozchc prkhubtk hi nc rivosoò`

hi ncs eui`tis sibu`hcrocs. Y` sigu`hk hosbursk

fozk cnusoò` cn o`tirpritctovk, qui si`tò ncs lcsis pcrc in hoãnkgk i`tri nks rieiri`-

tis bk`biptucnis y ncs priaoscs lãsobcs qui hitirao`crk` nc pirspibtovc

ipostiaknògobc qui sorvoò pcrc kroi`tcr nc bkapri`soò` hin si`tohk hi uòvirsk hi

bchc pcrtobopc`ti.




2.2

2.2.3 In bk`tixtk skbokibk`òaobk

Ncs bk`hobokìs hi vohc oènuyi` i` ncs kpkrtuòhchis, rois-

gks y ixpibtctovcs hi ncs pirsk`cs. Hishi nc pirspibtovc hi

Mnomslirg (<::7), pirtiìbir c u`c bncsi, rigoò`, istrctk y

bunturc, pkti`boc k hosaoùyi ncs pksolonohchis qui toiì in

suditk hi trc`sekracr su ixosti`boc, hchk qui nc pirsk`c pui-

hi tiìr cbbisk k `k, c ncs istrctigocs hi vohc y ncs kpbokìs

ìbiscrocs pcrc ièri`tcr nks hisceáks qui nc vohc ni prisi`tc.

Nks soguoi`tis hctks clri` ispcboks hi rienixoò` cbirbc hi ncs

ricnohchis qui cbkapcóc` c nks dòviìs y chuntks bcrtcgiìrks

qui hi cngu`c ekrac, fc` viòhk bk`troluyi`hk i` nc tkac hi

hibosokìs sklri in euturk y nc hinoaotcboò` hi nks bcao`ks hi

istc pklncboò` fostòrobcai`ti ixbnuohc.

Hoãnkgk i`tri ncs `crrctovcsy ncs vkbis hi nks bcrtcgiìrks

bk` in bk`tixtk skbokihubctovk

Nks hctks ribknibtchksclri` ispcboks hi rienixoò`

cbirbc hi ncs ricnohchis qui

cbkapcóc` c nks dòviìs

y chuntks bcrtcgiìrks.




XCLNC 3. BC\CBXI\ÁRXOBCR RKBOKIBK@ÒAOBCR HI NKR DÒUI@IR

_ CHYNXKR HI NC BOYHCH HI BC\XCGI@C - LKNÁUC\, <::?

Eui`ti4 Hctks hi nc o`vistogcboò`.

Zkrbi`tcdiIhch

39 ‒ 3? cóks 39%<: ‒ <? cóks 2:%

2: ‒ 2? cóks 2:%8: ‒ 8? cóks <:%

Acykr c 9: cóks 9%

Rixk

Eiaiò`k 5:%

Acsbuno`k 8:%

Istrctk

3 58%< <3%

2 7%8 2%

9 8%

5 3%

Bk`hoboò` nclkrcn

Iapnichk <2%Hisiapnichk 77%

O`grisks ai`sucnis

> cn RANAU 5:%

Ogucn cn RANAU <9%

0cn RANAU 39%

Bk`hobokìs ispibocnis

Bclizc hi fkgcr 25%Hosbcpcbotchk piracì`ti :.?5%

I` sotucboò` hi hispnczcaoi`tk :.7<%

Bulroaoi`tk i` scnuh

\ïgoai` Rulsohochk 57%\ïgoai` bk`trolutovk 23%

Uo`bunchk <%



Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak ??

Nc ihch, sixk, istrctk, bk`hoboò` nclkrcn, o`grisks

ai`sucnis, bk`hobokìs ispibocnis y bulroaoi`tk i`

scnuh, si rienidc` i` u` bk`tixtk acrbchk pkr nc

hisogucnhch, bk` grc`his roisgks y pkbcs k ùncs

kpkrtuòhchis pcrc nks suditks, hilohk c qui nks

acykris rc`gks hi ihch si i`bui`trc` bk`bi`trc-

hks i` nc pklncboò` ibk`òaobcai`ti cbtovc, pcrc

quoiìs si ispirc qui istï` ulobchks i` trclcdks

ekracnis qui nis gcrc`tobi` nc sulsosti`boc. C`tis

pkr in bk`trcrok, istc pklncboò` bk` pkti`bocn pcrc

in trclcdk, si i`bui`trc i` su acykrác, hisiapnichc

y bk` o`grisks oèirokris cn scncrok aáòak nigcn vo-

gi`ti, sotucboò` horibtcai`ti prkpkrbok`cn cn òvin

ihubctovk, qui si bk`voirti i` u` ecbtkr hi oìquohch

pcrc in cbbisk c nc pnctcekrac nclkrcn hi istc pk-

lncboò`.

Rigô` nc Y@IRBK (<:33), ncs bk`hobokìs sk-

bokbunturcnis, istrubturc ecaonocr y nc pcri`tinc

oapirc`ti i` u` bk`tixtk ispibáeobk, hitirao`c` ncs

kpkrtuòhchis c ncs bucnis nks o`hovohuks ti`hrã`

cbbisk hurc`ti su bobnk hi vohc. Kpkrtuòhchis bchc

viz aãs nidc`cs, buc`hk si trctc hin gïìrk eiaiò-

`k, tkhc viz, qui sir u`c audir qui vovi i` sotuc-

bokìs hi pklrizc, pirtiìbi c u`c itòc ao`krotcroc

y pksii u` òvin ihubctovk lcdk, prkeu`hozc` ncs lri-

bfcs i`tri u` gïìrk y ktrk, bk` cbi`tuchks sog`ks

hi hisogucnhch i oìquohch.

I` isti krhi` hi ohics, nc audir bcrtcgiìrc bua-

pni bk` tkhks nks riquosotks ixpuistks c`tirokrai`-

ti pcrc vovor i` u` bk`tixtk qui nc noaotc, qui `k ni

piraoti pkti`bocr cn aãxoak sus bcpcbohchis, y hi-

scrrknncr ncs bkapiti`bocs ìbiscrocs pcrc trcsekr-

acr k bcalocr su uòvirsk. Y`c audir qui is pkr nk

giìrcn bclizc hi fkgcr, pirtiìbi c nks istrctks 3

y < hi nc bouhch, bcribi hi ekracboò` cbchïaobc

qui ni prkpkrbokì nks aihoks pcrc hisiapiócrsi

Nc istuhoc`ti

Xrc`sekraiaks hiBcrtcgi`c is pkr nk

giìrcn bclizc hi fkgcr,

pirtiìbi c nks istrctks 3

y < hi nc bouhch, bcribi hi

ekracboò` cbchïaobc qui

ni prkpkrbokì nks aihoks

pcrc hisiapiócrsi i` u`

trclcdk ekracn y hivi`gcru` scncrok hog`k pcrc innc

y su ecaonoc.



3:: Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak

i` u`c trclcdk ekracn y hivi`gcr u` sc-

ncrok hog`k pcrc innc y su ecaonoc, y qui

chiaãs, ni prkpkrbokì in cbbisk c nks

prkgrcacs hi bkapi`scboò` y sigurohch

skbocn pkr pcrti hin Istchk.

Rk` aubfcs ncs ixpiroi`bocs hi vohc qui

hc` bui`tc hi nc hospcrohch hi gïìrk

qui si cbi`tôc i` ùistrc \igoò`, tcn

is in bcsk qui ixprisc nc hkbi`ti Osclinnc

Lintrã` \kbfc hi nc OI Dfk` E. Mi`ìhy

hi nc bouhch hi Bcrtcgi`c4 „ti`gk u`c

istuhoc`ti qui k istuhoò pkrqui sus pc-

hris hibác` qui ncs audiris si hilác`

pripcrcr ôòbcai`ti pcrc cti`hir nc

bcsc‑. Istc ti`hi`boc acbfostc qui pri-

hkao`ò i` nc rigoò` Bcroli, bk`troluyò

i` grc` aihohc pcrc qui nc pklncboò`

eiaiò`c tuvoirc ai`ks cbbisk c nc ihu-

bcboò`, y clroò cô` aãs, nc lribfc ixos-

ti`ti i`tri fkalris y audiris.

Nc pknátobc pôlnobc hi

o`bnusoò` prkhubtovc ricnzc

nc oapkrtc`boc hi hovirsoe obcr

ncs kpkrtuòhchis pcrco`bnuor c nc pklncboò`

vunìrclni i` in airbchk

nclkrcn, bk`bilohk `k bkak

in aihok qui prkpkrbok`c

u`c ri`tc, so`k hishi nc

pksturc hi cuai tcr ncs

bcpcbohchis hi ncs pirsk`cs

pcrc sir aãs prkhubtovcs,

tiòi`hk bkak pu`tk hi

pcrtohc, ihubcr cn puilnk

bcrtcgiìrk.



Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 3:3

Hishi nc pirspibtovc hi ncs bcpcbohchis, istclnibir crguai`-tks qui ixpnoqui` ncs oapnobcbokìs hi nc pklrizc i` nks sirisfuac`ks, o`votc fcboc u`c ùivc bk``ktcboò` hi nc aosac, i` ncbucn nc pklrizc is aãs qui nc provcboò` hi o`grisks. Nc pklrizchishi nc òptobc hi Ri` (<:::), is nc provcboò` hi bcpcbohchislãsobcs qui sk` o`firi`tis cn sir, i`tri tc`tk nks o`grisks sk`bk`bilohks „o`struai`tcnai`ti oapkrtc`tis‑ i` nc sctosecbboò`hi ìbisohchis. Zkr nk tc`tk, i`ti`hir nc o`bohi`boc hin bk`tix-tk bcrtcgiìrk i` in hiscrrknnk hi ncs bcpcbohchis fuac`cs, isbi`trcr nc cti`boò` hi ncs pknátobcs pôlnobcs i` nks eoìs y `k i`nks aihoks pcrc nkgrcrnks.

I` isti si`tohk, si auistrc bkfiri`ti nc pknátobc pôlnobc hi o`-bnusoò` prkhubtovc i` nc bouhch (<::?), buc`hk ricnzc nc oapkr-tc`boc hi hovirsoeobcr ncs kpkrtuòhchis pcrc o`bnuor c nc pklncboò`vunìrclni i` in airbchk nclkrcn, bk`bilohk `k bkak in aihokqui prkpkrbok`c u`c ri`tc, so`k hishi nc pksturc hi cuai`tcrncs bcpcbohchis hi ncs pirsk`cs pcrc sir aãs prkhubtovcs, ti-òi`hk bkak pu`tk hi pcrtohc, ihubcr cn puilnk bcrtcgiìrk.

Nks òóks

y chknisbi`tis

qui hisirtc` hin

sostiac isbkncr,

fcbi` qui birbc

hi 3: aonnkìs

hi bknkaloc`ksti`gc` ihubcboò`

lãsobc o`bk`bnusc.



3:< Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak

In 3´ hi dunok hi <:3:, i` nc Znczc hi nc Chuc`c,

si grchucrk` 3:.::: istuhoc`tis aãs, qui bunao`crk`

sus istuhoks hi proacroc bk` Xrc`sekraiaks.



3:8 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak

2.2.< Nc ihubcboò` bkak iniai`tk eu`hc`ti hin hiscrrknnk fuac`k

I` aubfcs skboihchis, nc ihubcboò` lãsobc y aihoc ekrac pcrti hi nc vohc bktohoc`chi nks òóks y dòviìs, bkak itcpc oòbocn klnogctkroc. I` istks bcsks, is in pu`tk hipcrtohc pcrc iapri`hir in bcao`k fcboc ncs rispk`sclonohchis chuntcs euturcs. Iìsi bursk, si ispirc qui nks istuhoc`tis o`grisi` y eo`cnobi` u`c ihubcboò` lãsobc,cnbc`zchk piracì`boc y bk`toùohch. Hi fibfk, i` in bk`tixtk au`hocn, ncs istc-hástobcs hiauistrc` qui pcrc <::6, 78 aonnkìs hi dòviìs prisi`tclc` nc bk`ho-boò` hi so` isbkncrozcr i` in sostiac hi ihubcboò` ekracn, qui sigô` nc Y@IRBK(<:33), istcrác` ekrzchks hurc`ti tkhc su vohc c hisiapiócrsi i` nc ibk`kaácoèkracn, iapniks pribcroks y bk` lcdks o`grisks ai`sucnis qui ceibtcrác` so` nu-gcr c huhcs, su hiscrrknnk.

I` Bknkaloc, ncs ìbisohchis lãsobcs o`sctoseibfcs hi ncs bkauòhchis qui voviì` bk`tixtks acrgo`cnis, ceibtchks pkr hoeiri`tis ecbtkris hi vunìrclonohch, istcihubcboò` lãsobc y aihoc is u` hiribfk bk`stotubok`cn pirk `k u`c ricnohch qui sivovc bktohoc`cai`ti. Nks òóks y chknisbi`tis qui hisirtc` hin sostiac isbkncr,fcbi` qui birbc hi 3: aonnkìs hi bknkaloc`ks ti`gc` ihubcboò` lãsobc o`bk`bnu-sc. I`tri tc`tk, nc ihubcboò` aihoc auistrc qui aãs hin 29% hi nks dòviìs `kcbbihi` c istc ihubcboò` buc`hk hilirác`, nk bucn riprisi`tc u`c pïrhohc hi ribur-sks y kpkrtuòhchis pcrc siguor isbcnc`hk fcboc nc ihubcboò` supirokr. Is ivohi`tiqui pi`scr i` u`c trcyibtkroc isbkncr ôòbc pcrc nks dòviìs y chuntks hi ncs pklnc-bokìs vunìrclnis, nks hidc pkr euirc hin sostiac ihubctovk c auy tiaprc`c ihch.

Istc pc`krãaobc au`hocn y `cbok`cn, si rienidc i` nc bkauòhch bcrtcgiìrc, tcn ybkak si hitcnnc i` nc tclnc <, csá4




XCLNC <. ROXYCBOÒ@ CBCHÏAOBC HI NKR DÒUI@IR _ CHYNXKRHI NC BOYHCH HI BC\XCGI@C- LKNÁUC\, <::?

Zkrbi`tcdi

»Istuhoc i` nc cbtucnohch;

@k 77%

Rá <2%

Bcuscs pcrc i`bk`trcrsipkr euirc hin sostiac isbkncr

Aktovks nclkrcnis 29%Ialcrczk <9%

Ecntc hi ribursks 3:%

Ktrks aktovks hi ai`kr prkpkrboò` 2:%

»Ni gustcrác siguor istuhoc`hk;

Rá 79%@k <9%

Ôntoak òvin burschk

Ribu`hcroc bkapnitc 2:%Zroacroc bkapnitc <2%

Xïbòbk 7%

Xib`knògobk 3%Rupirokr 5%

@k fc` bk`bnuohk sus istuhoks 22%

»Rcli niir pcnclrcs;

Rá ?7%@k 2%

»Rcli niir `ôairks;

Rá ?7@k 2%

Xoiapk hospkòlni pcrc istuhocr

Nks hács hi nc siac`c i` dkr`chc kbtur`c 98%Eoìs hi siac`c 23%

@k toiì toiapk pcrc istuhocr 3%Ktrcs rispuistcs i` ai`kr prkpkrboò` 38%

Bctigkrác





In hoãnkgk i`tri ncs `crrctovcs hin bcrtcgiìrk y in bk`tixtk, pir-aoti c`cnozcr qui nks aktovks hi su hisirboò` isbkncr `k istã`nogchks c nc ìgctovc hi ekracrsi, so`k qui istã` cskbochks cbcuscs ixtir`cs qui vovi`boc i` su i`tkr`k oàihoctk. Istc so-tucboò` bkrrklkrc in hosbursk c`tirokr sklri ncs pribcrocs bk`ho-bokìs skbokibk`òaobcs i` ncs bucnis si hisi`vuinvi`, y noaotc`ncs pksolonohchis hi cbbisk cn sostiac ihubctovk.

Hosto`tks o`vistogchkris (BIZCN, <::<= Gcdcrhk, <::2 i Oèc`ti,<:33), nnigc` c bk`bnusokìs soaoncris buc`hk acòeoistc` qui nchisirboò` isbkncr si ixpnobc hishi ncs hoeobuntchis ibk`òaobcs,ecntc hi istclniboaoi`tks ihubctovks, prklniacs ecaonocris y ktrcs.Ecbtkris qui ixpnobc` qui nks òóks, òócs y dòviìs si vi` klno-gchks c hisirtcr hin sostiac ihubctovk pcrc bk`troluor bk` sueuirzc nclkrcn cn susti`tk hi nc ecaonoc. Cgrigc` chiaãs, qui i`ncs zk`cs rurcnis, in hoeábon cbbisk pkì u`c lcrrirc i`tri nc is-buinc y ncs pirsk`cs qui i` kbcsokìs, vi`bi in hisik y ncs gc-`cs hi supircboò` qui pksic`. Ktrk hi nks ecbtkris qui akstròbk`virgi`boc bk` in istuhok hi Xrc`sekraiaks, bkrrispk`hoò cnks prklniacs ecaonocris qui si ixpnobc` hishi in ialcrczk pri-bkz fcstc in trcsnchk hi rknis hi ncs achris c sus fodcs acykris,sklri in buohchk hi nks firac`ks.

Nc cutk`kaác

y in si`tohk hi nc

rispk`sclonohch,

sk` poizcs quieu`hcai`tc`

in quifcbir hi nc

pirsk`c, nc ecaonoc

y ncs bkauòhchis.




In Oèkrai \igok`cn sklri Hiscrrknnk Fuac`k pcrc

Caïrobc Ncto`c y in Bcroli <:3: (Z@YH, <:3:),o`bnuyi i` su hilcti, nc hosbusoò` hi nks hitirao-`c`tis qui bk`hobok`c` nks lcdks òvinis hi is-bkncrohch i` nc \igoò` hi ncs Caïrobcs, nks bucnissi c`cnozc` hishi nc òptobc hi nks o`grisks ecao-nocris y ncs hoeobuntchis hi cbbisk c brïhotks, quinoaotc` ncs pksolonohchis hi nks òóks y dòviìs hicnbc`zcr u`c aidkr bcnohch hi vohc i` su itcpc hichuntks. C`tis pkr in bk`trcrok, si acxoaozc` suspksolonohchis hi hisirtcr hin sostiac ihubctovk.

Eri`ti c istks ecbtkris qui cbu-sc` hisogucnhch i` nc pklncboòìstuhochc, fc` surgohk c aônto-pnis prkù`bocaoi`tks au`hoc-nis, rigok`cnis y `cbok`cnissklri nc ohi`toeobcboò` hi istrc-tigocs qui bk`huzbc` c hosao-ùor su oapcbtk i` in hiscrrknnky i` nc vohc bktohoc`c hi ncs pir-sk`cs. I` isti bk`tixtk, si ri-vosti hi oapkrtc`boc nc pksturchi nc Bkèiri`boc O`tir`cbok-`cn hi Ihubcboò` hi Chuntks(Bkèo`tic), qui so`titozc nkspro`bopcnis ritks qui toiì ncihubcboò` eri`ti c isti topk hibkauòhchis skbocnai`ti ix-bnuohcs, y acòeoistc qui in hi-scrrknnk hi nc cutk`kaác y insi`tohk hi nc rispk`sclonohch,sk` poizcs qui eu`hcai`tc` inquifcbir hi nc pirsk`c, nc ec-aonoc y ncs bkauòhchis cbirbchi ncs trc`sekracbokìs qui sigistc` i` nc ibk`kaác hi nkspuilnks (Bkèo`tic U, 3??7).

Ncs skboihchis hi

cpri`hozcdi hin sognk VVO

bk`boli` c nks fkalris

y audiris bkak siris i`

piracì`ti bk`strubboò`,

qui ìbisotc` cpri`hir

hurc`ti tkhc su vohc.




I` isti krhi` hi ohics, is oapkrtc`ti hosto`guor qui pcrc ncs skboihchis hi cpri`-hozcdi hin sognk VVO, in klditovk proakrhocn is prkakvir in cpri`hozcdi hurc`ti tkhcnc vohc. Is csá, bkak si bk`boli c nks fkalris y audiris bkak siris i` piracì`tibk`strubboò`, qui ìbisotc` cpri`hir hurc`ti tkhc su vohc. Lcdk istcs priaoscs, sieu`hcai`tc nc ekracboò` hi dòviìs y chuntks qui o`vknubrc cngk aãs qui cnbc`zcrnks òvinis hi nc ihubcboò` lãsobc, tkhc viz qui prkpi`hi pkr keribir ncs firrc-aoi`tcs y istrctigocs ìbiscrocs pcrc qui nks siris fuac`ks puihc` ièri`tcrsi cu` au`hk hisceoc`ti qui o`botc c trc`sekracrsi hi ekrac bk`toùc.

I` istc náìc, is o`tirisc`ti qui nks dòviìs y chuntks bcrtcgiìrks sipc` niir`ôairks y pcnclrcs, quosoirc` bk`toùcr bk` sus istuhoks y auistri` prieiri`bocspkr ncs dkr`chcs `kbtur`cs y sclcto`cs. Bkapiti`bocs y csporcbokìs qui si pui-hi` pkti`bocnozcr hishi in Rostiac O`tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk qui sio`sirtc i` nc ihubcboò` ekracn aihoc`ti nc ihubcboò` pkr bobnks qui istclniboò inHibritk 2:33 hi 3??7, tiòi`hk bkak klditovk lãsobk, uscr nc ihubcboò` bkak u`cfirrcaoi`tc pcrc giìrcr hiscrrknnk y prkbisks ricnis hi bk`vovi`boc i` ncs pklnc-bokìs vunìrclnis liìeobocrocs.

In prkpok fibfk hi qui ixostc u` akhink ihubctovk qui sorvc hi idi pcrc ho`caozcrnc o`bnusoò` skbocn hi istc pklncboò`, cti`hoi`hk sus ìbisohchis y bcrcbtirástobcsispibocnis, is ecvkrclni `k sònk pcrcbkchyuvcr nc bk`briboò` hi nc pknátobcpôlnobc ihubctovc, so`k pcrc ristclni-bir in hoãnkgk i`tri nks suditks y sui`tkr`k i` hk`hi isc rih hi rincbok-ìs qui si vc tidoi`hk, ecvkrizbc inhiscrrknnk hi nc pirsk`c hishi ncpirspibtovc hin sir y in hiscrrknnk sk-bocn skstiòlni y susti`tclni.

Nk oapkrtc`ti hi Bcrtcgi`c `k is

qui sic nc proairc bouhch bknkaloc`c

nolri hi c`cneclitosak so`k qui ni fcpiraotohk c istks aonis hi fkalris y

audiris bk`toùcr sus istuhoks i` in

sostiac ihubctovk keobocn.



Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 3:?

2.8Bcrtcgi`c bouhch hovirsc bk`ùivcs ho`ãaobcs bunturcnis

2.8.3 Ohi`tohch bcrtcgiìrc

Rir bcrtcgiìrk/c fky, is fclotcr u`c bouhch hovirsc bk` ui-vcs ho`ãaobcs bunturcnis. I` in bk`tixtk bcrtcgiìrk, bkènu-yi u`c grc` vcroihch hi scliris, brii`bocs y trchobokìs quihieoì` c sus fclotc`tis bkak pirsk`cs hi euirtis rcábisc`bistrcnis, prkviòi`tis hi puilnks hin Bcroli, hisbi`hoi`-tis hi pcni`quirks qui hidcrk` Rc` Lcsonok fcbi pkbcs hïbc-hcs, du`tk c bknkaloc`ks hi ktrcs rigokìs, chkptchks pkr ncbouhch fcbi vcrocs giìrcbokìs. Chiaãs, si bk`vovi tca-loï` bk` ncs pirsk`cs qui voiì` y vc` bkak pcrti hi ncsho`ãaobcs hin turosak, nc bunturc, nc ibk`kaác, nc pknátobc, ncscbtovohchis pkrtucrocs, i`tri aubfks ktrks, qui giìrc` bk`-trcstis i`tri nks fclotc`tis.

Istc o`tigrcboò` skbocn hivinc nc ibisohch hi ripi`scr nc ihu-bcboò`, bk` aorcs c qui chquoirc nc bk``ktcboò` hi „o`bnuyi`-ti‑, qui ti`gc i` bui`tc `k sònk u`c pcrti hi isc skboihchhovirsc, so`k qui piraotc in cbbisk hi tkhks y tkhcs bk` susrispibtovks cbirvks bunturcnis y skbocnis, y qui pkti`boi` nksprkbisks ihubctovks. Nc o`bnusoò` oapnobc prkbisks hi bcnohchqui ti`gc` i` bui`tc nc hovirsohch, hilohk c qui nc isbuinc sibk`voirti i` in isbi`crok hk`hi tkhks trci` sus scliris y nksbkapcrti`, y hk`hi cquinnks qui istclc` pkr euirc, qui ircò`vosolnis pcrc in ristk hi nc fuacòhch, si bk`voirti` i` su-

ditks vosolnis bk` suióks y ixpibtctovcs pkr buapnor (Y@IRBK,<::6).

Nc ohi`tohch pirsk`cn hi nks istuhoc`tis hi nks lcrrokshi Bcrtcgi`c, si fc bkèkrachk bk` ncs vovi`bocs qui




hiscrrknnc` i` ekrac bktohoc`c, i` u` bk`tixtk skbok-bunturcn qui fc suerohk grc`-his bcaloks i` in bkrtk pnczk, `k sònk pkr nks prkbisks urlc`ks c nks bucnis sifc` vostk cvkbchks nks cluinks y pchris hi aubfks hi nks fclotc`tis hi nks lc-rroks, so`k pkr nks prkbisks hi hispnczcaoi`tk ekrzksk k vknu`tcrok, giìrchkspkr ncs ìbisohchis ispibáeobcs hi bcalocr hi nugcr hi risohi`boc hi aubfcs hiistcs pirsk`cs.

In ispcbok qui nks cbkgoò, is hoeiri`ti i` sus ekracs hi prkhubboò` y pksolonohchishi akvonohch= pkr su pcrti, in Hostrotk Xurástobk hi Bcrtcgi`c fc suerohk bcaloksrchobcnis i` in bkrtk pnczk. Xkhks istks iniai`tks oènuyi` i` nc bk`strubboò` hiu`c bouhchc`ác cbtovc, bk` ohi`tohch pirsk`cn bk`sboi`ti hi nc hovirsohch ïtòbc,puistk qui nc skbocnozcboò` proacroc y sibu`hcroc bcribi hi rieiri`tis pròxoaksqui cyuhi` c bk`sknohcr nc bunturc bouhchc`c cbkrhi bk` ncs ibisohchis bk`tixtucnisqui vovi nc Bcrtcgi`c cbtucn.

I` aihok hi nc hovirsohch, nks bcrtcgiìrks si soi`ti` einobis hi sir `ctovks y hivovor i` Bcrtcgi`c. Rus crguai`tks i` ecvkr hi isc ceoracboò`, euirk`4 „cquá `cbá ycquá fi vovohk‑, „is u`c bouhch firaksc‑, „pkr tkhk nk qui toiì‑, „cquá `cbá, `cboi-rk` aos fodks, cquá istã ao ecaonoc‑, „su gi`ti is cbkgihkrc, bãnohc, lui`c, caclni ycnigri‑, „is u`c bouhch trc`quonc‑, „pkr sus aurcnncs, akùai`tks y trchobokìs‑.

XCLNC 2. RI@XOAOI@XKR HI EINOBOHCH _ ZI\XI@I@BOCHIN ZYILNK BC\XCGI@I\K, <::?

Zkrbi`tcdi

»Ri soi`ti einoz hi sirbcrtcgiìrk;

Rá ?2%

@k 7%

»Ri soi`ti einoz hi vovori` Bcrtcgi`c;

Rá ?9%

@k 9%





XCLNC 8. Z\O@BOZCNIR RI@XOAOI@XKR HI K\GYNNKHI NKR BC\XCGI@I\KR. <::?

I` bunturcs tc` hovirscs, pkhrác supkìrsi in hiscrrcogk y nc pïrhohc hi ohi`tohchbunturcn. Ro` ialcrgk, istks fcnnczgks hiauistrc` qui nks bcrtcgiìrks ivcnôc` ièkrac pksotovc su ohi`tohch rigok`cn, puistk qui si soi`ti` krgunnksks, einobis y bk`grc` si`tohk hi pirtiì`boc pkr su rigoò`, ni hc` sogòeobchk c sus loiìs actiroc-nis y soalknkgác c tkhk nk qui nks rkhic, ecbtkris qui sigô` Goaïìz (<:::), sk`hitirao`c`tis pcrc giìrcr aibcòsaks prktibtkris eri`ti c nks prkbisks hicbunturcboò` c bucnis si i`bui`trc` ixpuistks hi ekrac piracì`ti.

Nks iniai`tks qui fcbi` pcrti hin krgunnkbcrtcgiìrk, istã` cskbochks bk` su bunturc,pkr isk ixprisc` krgunnk pkr nc audir, su gi`-ti, in bknkr hi su poin, ncs pncycs, y i` ispi-bocn, hi su fostkroc. Nc bunturc nks ulobc bkaksuditks hi`trk hi u` bk`tixtk robk i` trcho-bokìs y bkstualris, bk` u` ibksostiac iìstribfc rincboò` bk`sogk aosak y bk` nkshiaãs ibksostiacs, oàirsks i` u` soèá` hiuòvirsks hi si`tohks. Istcs bcrcbtirástobcskeribi` nks iniai`tks tiòrobks/bk`biptucnispcrc o`tigrcr nc prkpuistc ihubctovc qui hilioapniai`tcrsi i` nc bouhch hi Bcrtcgi`c.


Bòak bcrtcgiìrk, »hi quï si soi`ti krgunnksk;

Audiris, in caloi`ti, sc`gri, rczc y su bknkr <3%

Hi tkhk nk qui ai rkhic 39%

Fostkroc 33%

Ru gi`ti 3:%

Ncs pncycs 6%

Bouhch turástobc 7%

Ktrcs rispuistcs i` ai`kr prkpkrboò` <6%




In krgunnk qui ixprisc` nks bcrtcgiìrks pkr sus vcnkris bunturcnis, si i`bui`trcistribfcai`ti rincbok`chk bk` nk qui aãs nis gustc hi vovor i` Bcrtcgi`c. I` ieib-tk, i` su acykrác, nks i`buistchks rispk`hoirk`4 „su gi`ti‑, „nc trc`quonohch‑ y„tkhk nk qui riprisi`tc nc bouhch‑. Istcs ixprisokìs hin si`tor hi nks dòviìs ychuntks, ecvkribirã` nc risogòeobcboò` hi nc prãbtobc ihubctovc i` istc rigoò` hinZcás, i` hk`hi hili proacr in hoãnkgk i`tri nks scliris pkpuncris y nks bk`kboaoi`-tks boi`táeobks, iairgoi`hk nc aiakroc fostòrobc, notircroc y ausobcn hin puilnk bkakeui`ti o`cgktclni i` nc bk`strubboò` hin bk`kboaoi`tk.

2.8.< Hoãnkgk i`tri nk aák, nk tuyk y nk ùistrk

Rir bcrtcgiìrk is cpri`hir c `chcr iù` kbïc`k hk`hi o`tircbtôc` bkrroi`tishi cguc hunbi, cgrohunbi y scnchc. Isbkapri`hir cn ktrk, hishi su uòvirskhi si`tohk. Zirk tcaloï`, is vcnkrcrsibkak siris bcpcbis, nni`ks hi tcni`tksy bk` grc`his pkti`bocnis.

Rir bcrtcgiìrk is vcnkrcrsibkak pirsk`cs bcpcbis, nni`cs hi

tcni`tks y bk` grc`his pkti`bocnis.

Nk aák




XCLNC 9. ZI\BIZBOÒ@ HIN BC\XCGI@I\K E\I@XI C RY BYNXY\C,\CRGKR EÁROBKR _ HI RÁ AORAK, <::?

Bkaprklcr qui in 7:% hi nks suditks i` istuhok si i`bui`trc pkr euirc hin sostiacihubctovk, bcusò bkàkboò` cn bk`kbir y riceoracr qui ncs hisogucnhchis ihubcto-vcs proac` i` Bknkaloc. Zirk tiìr qui ribk`kbir fky, qui hi`trk hi isi cntkpkrbi`tcdi hi fkalris y audiris, i` su grc` acykrác si ribk`kbi` bkak cerk-hisbi`hoi`tis, ìgrk, aistozk, aunctk, o`hági`c, pcni`quirk y rka, is bk`hubor ncprklniaãtobc fcboc nc hosbroao`cboò` y ecntc hi kpkrtuòhchis pcrc ncs ao`krácsïtòbcs.


Hi cbuirhk bk` su bunturc, puilnks k rcsgks eásobks, is k siribk`kbi4

@igrk, aunctk k cerkhisbi`hoi`ti 2?%

Aistozk <?%

Lnc`bk 38%

Zcni`quirk 5%

O`hági`c <%

\cozcn :,8?%

\ka :,<9%

Ktrcs bncsoeobcbokìs i` ai`kr prkpkrboò` ?%

»Bòak pirboli ustih c nks bcrtcgiìrks;

Loi` 9<%

Xrclcdchkris- iapri`hihkris 39%

I` su ekrac hi fclncr 33%

Ktrcs bctigkrács hi ai`kr prkpkrboò` <<%

»Suï ni gustcrác qui in Zcás bk`kboirc hi nc bunturc

bcrtcgiìrc;

Xkhc nc bunturc 88%

Ru gi`ti <8%

Ru ohokso`brcsoc 39%

Ktrcs bctigkrács i` ai`kr prkpkrboò` 33%




Nks fcnnczgks bkrrklkrc` ncs rienixok-ìs hi \ovirk (<:3:), eri`ti cn hoãnk-gk hi bunturcs i` in bucn acòeoistcqui pisi c qui nks bk`tixtks ncto`kc-airobc`ks sk` tc` hovirsks, nc o`tir-bunturcnohch si fcnnc nidc`c hi nkscaloi`tis ihubctovks. @igcr iscricnohch, is ìgcr qui nks burrábunkshi ùistrcs isbuincs sk` rágohks,isquiactozchks y qui riprkhubi` nksisquiacs y istiriktopks hi u`c sk-boihch hk`hi nc o`hoeiri`boc y in ri-bfczk pkr ncs ao`krács acrbc` ncsti`hi`bocs.

Zcrc fcbir eri`ti c istcs hisogucnhchis, `k sònk fcy qui brotobcr-ncs k trctcr hi riaihocrncs hishi nc pknátobc pôlnobc bkak nitrcauirtc i` u` pcpin. Is ìbiscrok qui hi`trk hi nc `kractovohch,si i`toi`hc qui in bk`biptk hi ihubcboò` trcsbi`hoò ncs cuncs ihu-bctovcs, nks pncìs hi istuhok trchobok`cnis y in prkbisk hi i`si-óc`zc-cpri`hozcdi bkak cquin qui hiscrrknnc u` hkbi`ti nni`k hibk`kboaoi`tks eri`ti c u` grupk hi istuhoc`tis vcbáks. Fc hihieoòrsi hishi in cpri`hozcdi hurc`ti tkhc nc vohc, i` nc bucn bchccbboò` qui ricnobi in suditk i` u` bk`tixtk hitirao`chk, puihipkti`bocr su cpri`hozcdi.

Buc`hk nks bcrtcgiìrks si pirboli` c sá aosaks bkak pirsk`cshi loi`, trclcdchkrcs y iapri`hihkrcs, cac`tis hi su bunturc, sugi`ti y qui vcnkrc` su ohokso`brcsoc, fcbi` u` nncachk pcrc qui sinis ribk`kzbc bkak u` grupk skbocn bk` pkti`bocn ihubctovk, hinbucn pkhiaks cpri`hir quoiìs `ks fcnncaks pkr euirc hi isibk`tixtk y cn bucn pkhiaks cpkrtcr hishi uistrcs o`hovohucnohchis,i` u` bk`tixtk hi hiakbrcboc y rispitk pkr ncs hoeiri`bocs.

Nc rczò` pcrc chkptcr u` akhink pihcgògobk capnok, pnurcnostc io`tirbunturcn i` in bucn bkènuyc` tkhks nks iniai`tks vovks hi u`crigoò`, vc nogchk c nc pirspibtovc hi Hiwiy rispibtk hi qui ncihubcboò` is in aktkr qui oapunsc ncs riekracs y bcaloks qui

Nks bcrtcgiìrks

si pirboli` c sá

aosaks bkak

pirsk`cs hi loi`,trclcdchkrcs y

iapri`hihkrcs.




cairotc` nc skboihch bk` aorcs c u`c bk`vovi`boc hiakbrãtobc. Isti supuistk pkì

hostc`boc c`ti nc pksolonohch hi u`c ihubcboò` qui riprkhuzbc nc skboihch y nc vohc

i` bk`hobokìs hi vunìrclonohch i` hk`hi si hisi`vuinvi` bktohoc`cai`ti ùis-

trks istuhoc`tis. Zcrc Hiwiy, nc hiakbrcboc trcsboi`hi ncs prkpuistcs gulir`c-

ai`tcnis, si cpnobc c nc vohc y toiì ieibtks i` nc ïtobc y nc akrcn hi nks siris

fuac`ks. Nc hiakbrcboc si vovi, bkak nk pnc`tic Monpctrobm (3?93), buycs priaoscs

sk` bk`virgi`tis bk` Hiwiy, i`ti`hoï`hksi pkr hiakbrcboc „u` akhk hi vohc, u`

topk y u`c bcnohch hi rincbokìs i` buyk acrbk u`ks pro`bopoks akrcnis si`solnis

ceorac` in hiribfk c bk`trkncr nc bk`hubtc o`hovohucn y hin grupk‑.

Bkak pcrti hi nc bunturc bcrtcgiìrc, nks suditks i`buistchks si pirboli` bk`

euirtis vcnkris skbocnis y bunturcnis= `k klstc`ti, buc`hk nc prigu`tc si o`voirti y

si o`votc c rienixok`cr cbirbc hi nc pirbipboò` qui toiì in ktrk suditk bcrtcgiìrk

eri`ti cn cerkbknkaloc`k, i` su acykrác auistrc soaonotuhis buc`hk ohi`toeobc nks

aosaks vcnkris pirsk`cnis y si`toaoi`tks hi ogucnhch. Zirk nncac nc cti`boò`, qui

sutonai`ti vc` iairgoi`hk si`toaoi`tks hi hosbroao`cboò`, o`hoeiri`boc y hisogucn-

hch qui oapksolonotc` hi cngu`c ekrac, qui si tidc` rincbokìs skbocnis qui prk-

auivc` in ribk`kboaoi`tk hi nks vcnkris hiakbrãtobks hishi in nigchk hi su bunturc.

XCLNC 5. ZI\BIZBOÒ@ HIN BC\XCGI@I\K E\I@XI

C NKR CE\KR BKNKALOC@KR, <::?


»Bòak pirboli` nks ktrks bcrtcgiìrks c nks cerkbk-

nkaloc`ks;

Cgrchclnis, so`birks, nubfchkris,

rispituksks y caclnis 8:%

Ogucn qui `ksktrks 3?%

Bk` hosbroao`cboò` 6%

Bkrrk`bfks, enkdks 5%

Hoeiri`tis 5%

Hi lcdks ribursks 3%

Bk` o`hoeiri`boc 3%




XCLNC 7. ZI\BIZBOÒ@ HI NKR BC\XCGI@I\KRE\I@XI C NKR XY\ORXCR, <::?

@k fcy rczò` cngu`c qui bk`huzbc c pi`scr qui istks priduoboks qui si fc` trc`s-aotohk hi giìrcboò` i` giìrcboò`, y qui hivinc` si`toaoi`tks kbuntks hi istcpklncboò` eri`ti cn acntrctk y ribfczk qui fc` ixpiroai`tchk hurc`ti ncrgks cóks,fcyc` sohk euirtis lcrrircs pcrc pkti`bocr bkapiti`bocs lãsobcs hi cpri`hozcdiqui nis piraotc bk`struor bk`kboaoi`tks lcschks i` in ribk`kboaoi`tks hi sus vc-nkris bunturcnis y hi ncs ktrcs bunturcs, risogòeobcr in rkn hi nc audir cerkbknkaloc`c,ribk`kbir qui ixosti` ùivcs ekracs pcrc rincbok`crsi bk` in Istchk y fcbir bk`-boi`boc eri`ti c nc so`guncrohch hi su prkpoc bunturc.

Ro` nugcr c iquávkbks, istks iniai`tks qui pkti`boc` u`c bunturc bouhchc`c yauntoïtòbc sirvorã` hi pnctcekrac pcrc nc vosolonozcboò` hi istc pklncboò` c`ti inAu`hk i`tirk. Rk` rczkìs qui pkhrác` dustoeobcr nc o`bnusoò` hi istks bk`biptksi` in hosiók i oapniai`tcboò` hi u` akhink ihubctovk lcdk nc pirspibtovc hi sctos-ecbir ncs ìbisohchis hi cpri`hozcdi pcrc tkhc nc vohc.

C isti rispibtk, nc bk`sknohcboò` hin akhink pihcgògobk bcrtcgiìrk ixogoò bk`du-gcr nc pirbipboò` qui toiì` nks suditks hi sá aosaks, hin ktrk qui tcaloï` fclotcsu bk`tixtk, pirk qui pirtiìbi c ktrc bunturc bk` nc aorchc qui fcbi hin ktrk. Zirk`k bucnquoir ktrk, is isi ktrk qui voiì y vc, qui hidc su oaprk`tc, su oacgi` y vcoènui`boc`hk, so` pi`scrnk k quirirnk, nks iniai`tks bunturcnis vovks hi istc rigoò`hin Bcroli bknkaloc`k.

»Bòak pirboli ustih c nks turostcs;

Lui`cs pirsk`cs, caclnis, trc`quonks,

rispituksks y ihubchks 82%

Zirsk`cs bk` pnctc, giìrchkrcs hi iapnik, cyuhc`

c nc ibk`kaác y susti`tk pcrc aubfcs ecaonocs 22%

Zirsk`cs qui quoiri` bk`kbir nc bouhch, nc fostkroc

y nc ibk`kaác <2%





In turostc is pirbolohk bkak u` lui` iniai`tk hi`trk hi nc vohc bktohoc`c hi nksbcrtcgiìrks= istc pirbipboò` pkhrác ixpnobcrsi hishi nc rincboò` istribfc qui ixostii`tri turosak-iapnik. @k bcli huhc, hi qui in turosak piraoti qui nks `ctovkspcrtobopi` hi`trk hi nc ibk`kaác nkbcn= pisi c qui nc ekrac bkak si fcnnc` o`sirtks`k is nc chibuchc, hilohk c qui sus cbtovohchis si o`sbroli` i` in airbchk hi ncoèkracnohch, is bncrk i`ti`hir pkr quï hi`trk hi sus si`tohks hi uòvirsk, sk`vostks hi istc acìrc, pkrqui in ktrk hi`kao`chk „turostc‑, istã riprisi`tc`hksus isbcscs kpkrtuòhchis hi supirvovi`boc.

Xcaloï` bcli in o`tirrkgc`ti, cbirbc hi pkr quï nks bcrtcgiìrks, pisi c qui toi-ì` u` grc` pkti`bocn prkhubtovk i` nc rcac hin turosak, `cvigcboò`, pisbc i o`hus-troc i`tri ktrks, in 77% hi nc pklncboò` ceoraò istcr hisiapnichc y hiscprkvibfci` istc ekrac, ncs kpkrtuòhchis ibk`òaobcs qui ni keribi in i`tkr`k. Ncs rispuis-tcs pkhrác` klihibir c aôntopnis bcuscs= bk`sohirc`hk nc pirspibtovc hi Ri` (<:::),si pkhrác crguai`tcr qui ncs kpkrtuòhchis ibk`òaobcs `k sk` cptcs pcrc tkhcs

In turostc is pirbolohk bkak

u` lui` iniai`tk hi`trk

hi nc vohc bktohoc`c hi

nks bcrtcgiìrks.




ncs bkauòhchis buc`hk `k si pnc`tic hi ekrac pcrcninc, u`c lui`c pnctcekrac hisirvoboks skbocnis.

Y`c skboihch hisogucn i` hk`hi nc acykrác hi sus aoialrks `k toiì` cbbisk cu`c ihubcboò` hi bcnohch y lui`c csosti`boc i` scnuh, is u`c skboihch bk`hi`chc`k sònk c nc pklrizc hi ri`tc so`k c nc pklrizc hi bcpcbohchis, c nc bucn si ni suacnc oapksolonohch qui toiì` nks suditks hi idirbir ncs nolirtchis fuac`cs qui nksnnivi` c sctosecbir nks eoìs qui pirsogui` pcrc nkgrcr in hiscrrknnk fuac`k. I`bk`sibui`boc, hi`trk hi u` bk`tixtk ãrohk y hisknchk, girao`c nc ohic qui bkapcr-ti nc Eu`hcboò` Xrc`sekraiaks y ncs cutkrohchis nkbcnis hi Bcrtcgi`c, hi ekrtcni-bir nc ihubcboò` pcrc dòviìs y chuntks bkak u` eo` qui pkti`boi ncs pksolonohchishi kptcr pkr u`c vohc hog`c.

Nk qui brii` nks suditksqui pirboli` nks ktrks hi ïn,is hi ogucn oapkrtc`boc quink qui brii` cbirbc hi innksaosaks. Isc aorchc hishichi`trk y fcboc ceuirc, pir-aoti kltiìr nc o`tigrcnohchqui si riquoiri i` nc bka-pri`soò` hi ncs cbtotuhis ybkapkrtcaoi`tks fuac`ks.Zcrc ixcao`cr istc bctigk-rác, si c`cnozcrã nk qui brii`nks bcrtcgiìrks qui pirbo-li` nks ktrks hi innks, nkssi`toaoi`tks hi hosbroao`c-boò` qui puhoirc` ixostor pkrsu rczc y in trctk qui ribo-li` hi nks aihoks hi bkau-òbcboò`.

Nk tuyk




XCLNC 6. ZI\BIZBOÒ@ HI NKR KX\KR E\I@XIC NC BYNXY\C HI BC\XCGI@C, <::?


»Bòak soi`ti ustih qui pirboli` nks bknkaloc`ks c Bcrtcgi`c;

Bkak u`c bouhch turástobc, bunturcn, rkaã`tobc,lkfiaoc y bkak u` pctroak`ok 2?%

Fclnc` pksotovk, nc bk`sohirc` u`c bouhchoapkrtc`ti hi Bknkaloc 29%

Bouhch no`hc, firaksc y trc`quonc <5%

»Nk fc` hosbroao`chk pkr sir cerkhisbi`hoi`ti;

@k 69%Rá 39%

»Bòak trctc` nks aihoks hi bkau`obcboò` c Bcrtcgi`c y susfclotc`tis;

Loi` 56%Acn 2<%



3<: Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak

I` proair nugcr, nks bcrtcgiìrks brii` qui nks ktrks toiì` u`c auy lui`c pirbip-boò` sklri nc bouhch. In fibfk hi qui Bcrtcgi`c sic bk`sohirchc pkr tkhks nksbknkaloc`ks bkak u`c bouhch fostòrobc, rkaã`tobc, aãgobc y cbkgihkrc, si o`sbrolii` nc pirspibtovc hi Acturc`c (3???), buc`hk skstoiì qui ncs bunturcs sk`„loknògobcai`ti iquovcni`tis‑, buc`hk nks vcnkris bunturcnis qui si vc` bk`stru-yi`hk i` ekrac bknibtovc, sònk chquoiri` su vcnohiz i` in bk`si`sk bunturcn qui nkshitirao`ò. I` isti si`tohk, Bcrtcgi`c is y sirã pcrc tkhks nks bknkaloc`ks, ncbouhch fostòrobc y linnc pkr ixbini`boc, `k oapkrtc hishi nc pirspibtovc bkak sic`cnobi.

Eri`ti c istc pksturc, si pkhrác crguai`tcr qui nc ihubcboò` hi dòviìs y chuntksi` Bcrtcgi`c, `k si puihi hisnogcr hin bk`tixtk fostòrobk y turástobk qui nc hitirao-`c`. Isks rieiri`tis bunturcnis tc` crrcogchks, si i`bui`trc` nogchks bk` sus ìbi-sohchis hi cpri`hozcdi qui fc` hi c`cnozcr y pkti`bocrsi hishi nc prkpuistcihubctovc.

Zkr ktrc pcrti, nks risuntchks eri`ti c nks si`toaoi`tks hi hosbroao`cboò` fcboc inpuilnk cerkbknkaloc`k, puihi` hcr u`c ohic irrchc eri`ti cn 69% qui `k si fcsi`tohk hosbroao`chk, so loi` is u` pkrbi`tcdi o`tirisc`ti= hishi in ièkqui skbok-fuacòstc hin Akhink Xrc`sekraiaks, is o`bk`bilolni qui cô` i` in sognk VVO, sibk`sirvi` prãbtobcs hi u`c bunturc qui si hidò ctrãs i` nks sognks pcschks y qui sibcrcbtirozò pkr sir piykrctovc bk` ncs ao`krács ïtòbcs.

Bcrtcgi`c is bk`sohirchc

pkr tkhks nks bknkaloc`ks

bkak u`c bouhch fostòrobc,

rkaã`tobc, aãgobc y cbkgihkrc.



Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 3<3

Hishi nc `kractovc y ncs prcxos hkbi`tis, si o`votc cnpuilnk bknkaloc`k c fcbir u`c rienixoò` ricn sklriisti cspibtk. @k is isti in akai`tk hi c`cnozcr bkàoùboc, ixprisokìs hin puilnk bk`suntchk, buc`hkceorac4 „fiaks ribolohk kei`scs bk` pcnclrcs pkr insoapni fibfk hi sir ìgrks‑, „i` aubfcs kbcsokìs`ks fc` igchk ncs kpkrtuòhchis hi iapnik pkr ùis-trk bknkr‑, „y fcstc `ks prkfáli` i`trcr i` cngu`kssotoks pôlnobks‑. Is in akai`tk hi rkapir ncs bchi`cs hin c`cneclitosak, ncs ctchu-rcs qui `ks uì c ùistrk pcschk. Nc ihubcboò` i`tk`bis, fc hi pkti`bocr i` nkssuditks, nc bcpcbohch brátobc pcrc qui hi u`c viz pkr tkhcs, si puihc i`ti`hir insi`tohk hi nc hoeiri`boc y in rispitk pkr nks si`toaoi`tks hin ktrk.

Nc ihubcboò`hi dòviìs y chuntks

i` Bcrtcgi`c,

`k si puihi hisnogcr

hin bk`tixtk fostòrobk

y turástobk qui nc

hitirao`c`.

Istuhoc`tis hi bobnk 2 hi nc O`stotuboò`

Ihubctovc Lirtfc Gihiò` hi Lcncho.



3<< Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak

I` istc aosac náìc hi bk`hubtc, si cbusc nc risogòeobcboò` hin pcpin hi nks aihokshi bkauòbcboò`. I`bk`trcr qui u` 2<% hi u`c pklncboò` bkèkrachc i` su acyk-rác pkr ìgrks, aunctks, pcni`quirks, o`hoks, \KA y rcozcnis, bk`bolc qui is acn-trctchc, qui auistrc sònk nk acnk y qui c vibis hobi ai`torcs, puihi nnigcr c tiìrvcnohiz pkr in bk`si`sk bunturcn, hin bucn si fozk cnusoò` i` pãrrceks c`tirokris. Hicnná, qui nc rienixoò` o`votc c si`tcr ncs lcsis pcrc ribk`struor nc oacgi` hi nks ai-hoks acsovks hi bkauòbcboò`, c eo` hi or bcaloc`hk ncs `crrctovcs hi u` puilnk.Ixosti u`c bncrc ti`hi`boc i` in Akhink Ihubctovk Xrc`sekraiaks, hi trclcdcr ièkrac ac`bkau`chc bk` nks aihoks hi bkauòbcboò`, `k hishi nc òptobc pulnobotc-roc, so`k bkak firrcaoi`tcs pcrc pkti`bocr in cpri`hozcdi pkr aihok hi ncs XOB, y iìsti si`tohk, si prkauivi su oapniai`tcboò` c grc` isbcnc.

Rigô` Acturc`c (<::8), bchc grupk sk-bocn vc tidoi`hk u`c rih hi rincbokìs ôò-bcs qui nk hoeiri`boc hi ktrcs skboihchis.Csá, i` nc aihohc i` qui nks aoialrksqui nc bkèkrac` chkptc` cbtotuhis ybkapkrtcaoi`tks cbkrhis bk` isc rih hirincbokìs, si hobi qui pirtiìbi c iscbkauòhch. Lcdk istks crguai`tks, sibk`boli qui nc bkèogurcboò` hin au`hksi hï i` nc bk`vovi`boc bk` in ktrk, y nksiniai`tks hi u` hitirao`chk sostiac sk-bocn puihc` sir pcrtábopis hi ktrcso`tircbbokìs i` bk`tixtks hoeiri`tis cnsuyk. I` isti krhi` hi ohics, ixosti ncpksolonohch hi qui nc istrubturc hin sos-tiac si trc`sekrai bkak erutk hi iscsùivcs o`tircbbokìs, so` ceibtcr su kr-gcòzcboò` hi vcnkris y pctrkìs hi bka-pkrtcaoi`tks, cn iairgir rihis bk`hub-tucnis hovirscs hi`trk hin aosak sos-tiac.

Dkrgi Nuos \caks „Otk‑, bc`tc`ti hi bfcapitc

istuhoc bk` Xrc`sekraiaks i` Bcrtcgi`c.

Nk ùistrk




Lcdk istc òptobc, chiaãs hi ribk`kbir`ksbkak suditks bunturcnis, is ìbiscrok ribk`k-bir y tiìr nc bcpcbohch hi cbiptcr nc bunturchin ktrk, so` tiakr c pirhir nc ùistrc. In hos-eruti hi nc aôsobc, nc pkisác, nc gcstrk`kaác yktrcs acòeistcbokìs bunturcnis qui fcbi`pcrti o`firi`ti hi u`c bkauòhch i` ispi-bocn, `k hili sir tiac hi ribfczk ò virgþi`-zc pcrc nks aoialrks hi ktrk grupk skbocn.C`tis pkr in bk`trcrok, nc bkauòbcboòò`tirbunturcn duigc u` pcpin oapkrtc`ti i` ncohi`toeobcboò` hi isks iniai`tks qui ecvkri-bi` nc bk`strubboò` hi isbi`croks bkauìs i`hk`hi proai in o`tirbcalok hi scliris i`trisus aoialrks.

In hoseruti hi nc aôsobc,

nc pkisác, nc gcstrk`kaác

y ktrcs acòeistcbokìs

bunturcnis qui fcbi`

pcrti o`firi`ti hi u`c

bkauòhch i` ispibocn,

`k hili sir tiac

hi ribfczk ò virgþi`zc pcrc nks aoialrks

hi ktrk grupk skbocn.



3<8 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak


XCLNC ?. INIAI@XKR BYNXY\CNIR UOUKRHI NKR BC\XCGI@I\KR, <::?

»Buãn is in topk hi aôsobc qui aãs ni gustc;

Ucnni`ctk 83%

Rcnsc 35%

Bfcapitc 35%Bualoc 3%

»Buãn is su hipkrti ecvkrotk;

Eôtlkn 26%

Lïoslkn <:%

Ukniolkn ?%Motlknn 6%

Lcnk`bistk 9%

I` su toiapk nolri, »quï cbtovohchis hiscrrknnc;

Uir tinivosoò` <:%

Nibturc 32%Isbubfcr aôsobc ?%

Zrcbtobcr hipkrti 6%

»Buãn is nc eoistc pkpuncr qui aãs ni gustc;

Eoistcs kvialro`cs/rio`chk hi linnizc/ 86%

Oapksoboò` hin lc`hk 35%

»Buãn is nc bkaohc tápobc hi Bcrtcgi`c;

Crrkz bk` bkbk, pisbchk erotk, yubc, pctcbò` y i`scnchc 82%

Cripc hi fuivk <3%Crrkz bk` erádknis 39%

»Buãn is su bkaohc ecvkrotc;

Crrkz bk` bkbk y pisbchk erotk 86%Crrkz lnc`bk bk` bcr`i guoschc 39%

Crrkz bk` erodknotks ?%Cripc hi fuivk ?%

Crrkz bk` pknnk 6%




Nks risuntchks hi isti istuhok piraotoirk`bkrrklkrcr qui in bcrtcgiìrk fc chkptchk yhoserutc hi iniai`tks bunturcnis hi ktrcs ri-gokìs bknkaloc`cs. Iniai`tks qui hi`trkhi nc rih hi rincbokìs hin acbrk bk`tixtk,si fc` bk`virtohk i` ùivcs rihis bk`hub-tucnis qui acrbc` nks prktktopks hi hovirscsbunturcs.

I` in bcsk hin vcnni`ctk, topk hi aôsobc quikltuvk nks acykris pkrbi`tcdis i` nc pklnc-boò` i`buistchc, si hobi qui is krou`hk hiUcnnihupcr, bcpotcn hin hipcrtcai`tk hin Bï-scr= so` ialcrgk, fc sohk tcn su ixpc`soò`,qui fky si isbubfc y hoserutc `k sònk i` ncbkstc Bcroli bknkaloc`c, so`k i` aubfcs ri-gokìs hin Au`hk. Ogucn ei`òai`k kburri bk`nc scnsc qui sigô` aubfks o`vistogchkrisskbokbunturcnis, surgoò bkak u`c aizbnc hihovirsks gïìrks hi aôsobc bulc`c bk` ktrksgïìrks hin Bcroli, y si bk`sohirc qui istitopk hi aôsobc si hoserutc y chkptc pro`bopcn-ai`ti, pkr in aunctk Bcroli. Istks hctks pk-ì` hi acòeoistk, qui in soapni fibfk hiqui in bcrtcgiìrk hoseruti hi iniai`tks bun-turcnis qui si fc` giìrcnozchk y qui i`trcì` in pnc`k hi nk ùistrk, bk`sirvc iniai`-tks prkpoks qui pcrc in bcsk hi nc aôsobc, sirieoiri` c nc bfcapitc qui bkak gïìrk au-sobcn, si bk`kbi bkak tircpoc broknnc, hoeu`ho-hc i` sus oòboks pkr cutkris bcrtcgiìrkscerkhisbi`hoi`tis y pcni`quirks hi Rc`Lcsonok.

I` in tiac hi nks hipkrtis, si puihi fclncrhi „bunturcs loknògobcai`ti iquovcni`tis‑,pkrqui nks vcnkris bunturcnis si bkèogurc`y si chkptc` hi`trk hi nc bknibtovohch y

Dustk Ucnhïs, bkapksotkr pcni`quirk

y u`k hi nks gistkris hi nc bfcapitc,

cpri`hoò c niir, isbrolor y bk`toùò susistuhoks bk` in akhink Xrc`sekraiaks.

Nc bfcapitc bkak

gïìrk ausobcn,

si bk`kbi bkak tircpoc

broknnc, hoeu`hohci` sus oòboks pkr

cutkris bcrtcgiìrks

cerkhisbi`hoi`tis

y pcni`quirks

hi Rc` Lcsonok.




giìrc` u` si`tohk hi pirtiì`boc i` nks bk`tixtks gnklcnis. In eôtlkn is u`c o`sog-òc= nc grc` acykrác hi nc pklncboò` au`hocn si soi`ti ohi`toeobchc bk` istc prãbtobc=nk aosak kburri bk` in lïoslkn y in vkniolkn i`tri ktrks. In c`ãnosos hi istc sotucboò`hiauistrc qui i` in sognk pcschk, ncs prieiri`bocs hi nc bkstc Bcroli bknkaloc`csi kroi`tclc` aãs fcboc nc prãbtobc hin lïoslkn y in lkxik, hipkrtis i` nks bucnishistcbcrk` aubfks pirsk`cdis hi istc zk`c hin Zcás, nk bucn si pkhrác ixpnobcrhishi nc pirspibtovc Acturc`c, chuboi`hk qui si bricrk` uivcs rihis bk`hubtucnisaihochcs pkr hospksotovks aihoãtobks qui krogo`crk` nc trc`sekracboò` hi isc is-trubturc, so` pirhir su krgcòzcboò` hi bkapkrtcaoi`tk, tkhc viz, qui in lïoslknsogui prihkao`c`hk i` sus uòvirsks hi si`tohks.

I` in pnc`k hi nk ùistrk, si histcbc ncs cbtovohchis hiscrrknnchcs i` in toiapknolri= vir tinivosoò` is u`c prãbtobc giìrcnozchc i` tkhk in Zcás. Ixpnobchc hishihoeiri`tis pirspibtovcs, si pkhrác i`ti`hir qui is nc pro`bopcn eui`ti hi ribricboò`c nc bucn toiì` cbbisk ncs bkauòhchis vunìrclnis, qui nc bk`voirti` i` u` ini-ai`tk vovk hi hovirscs bunturcs. Hi fibfk, i` istks fcnnczgks nncac nc cti`boò` inpkrbi`tcdi sogòeobctovk hi pirsk`cs qui nis gustc nc nibturc, bnoac cni`tchkr quipiraoti supkìr qui pisi c ncs noaotcbokìs skbokibk`òaobcs y hi acrgo`cnohch hinc pklncboò`, si ivohi`boc in hisik hi ekracboò`. Istks rieiri`tis sk` oapkrtc`tishi`trk hin acrbk hi oapniai`tcboò` hi ncs XOB qui keribi nc Eu`hcboò` Xrc`sekrai-aks, tkhc viz qui istcrác` i` bk`bkrhc`boc bk` nks gustks y prieiri`bocs hi ncpklncboò` suditk.

Nncac nc cti`boò` in

pkrbi`tcdi sogòeobctovk hi

pirsk`cs qui nis gustc nc

nibturc, bnoac cni`tchkr qui

piraoti supkìr qui pisi c

ncs noaotcbokìs skbokibk-

`òaobcs y hi acrgo`cnohch

hi nc pklncboò`, si ivohi`boc

in hisik hi ekracboò`.




I` buc`tk si rieoiri c nc gcstrk`kaác, Bcrtcgi`cbk`sirvc rcsgks hi u`c bunturc Bcroli aubfk aãscapnoc= ncs rcábis bunturcnis hin crrkz bk` bkbk y inpisbchk erotk si o`sbroli` i` ncs kpkrtuòhchis hisulsosti`boc qui keribi in bk`tixtk i` hk`hi sihiscrrknnc` istcs pirsk`cs. Istks fãlotks cnoai`-toboks cn ogucn qui in gustk pkr nc cripc hi fuivk,fc` sohk trc`saotohks hi giìrcboò` i` giìrcboò`,ixti`hoï`hksi i` u`c rih hi rincbokìs qui trcs-pcsc ncs erk`tircs hi isc nkbcnohch. Isti cspibtk

dustoeobcrác prkyibtks hi hiscrrknnk skbocn kroi`tc-hks c bk`sirvcr istks pctrkìs bunturcnis tc` sog-òeobctovks i` nc pklncboò` Bcroli.

Nc rincboò` o`tirbunturcn si voiì tidoi`hk hi ceuircfcboc chi`trk. Zirk in iquonolrok si hc i` nc aihohcbkak nks bcrtcgiìrks fc` cpkrtchk cn bk`tixtk bun-turcn gnklcn, vcnkris qui fc` sohk giìrcnozchks ycprkpochks pkr nks ktrks. I` isti bcsk, si prisi`tcin \io`chk @cbok`cn hi nc Linnizc y ncs Eoistcs`kvialro`cs hi nc O`hipi`hi`boc hi Bcrtcgi`c,eoistcs pkpuncris prkpocs hi isti bk`tixtk, y quisk` hi o`tirïs y gustk pkr aoialrks pirtiìboi`-tis c ktrcs bunturcs y c nc skboihch i` giìrcn.

Nks fãlotks cnoai`toboks

cn ogucn qui in gustk pkr nc

cripc hi fuivk, fc` sohk

trc`saotohks hi giìrcboò`

i` giìrcboò`,

ixti`hoï`hksi i` u`c

rih hi rincbokìs qui

trcspcsc ncs erk`tircs

hi isc nkbcnohch.

C`c Xunoc Gòaiz, nc „\io`c

hi nks Erotks‑ is istuhoc`ti

hi Xrc`sekraiaks

i` Bcrtcgi`c.



Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 3<?

Nc Cnbcnhisc

Duhotf Zo`ihk Enòriz

bk` nks istuhoc`tis

hi Xrc`sekraiaks prisi`tc`hk

nks pnctks tápobks hi Bcrtcgi`c

pcrc in nolrk „Bkbo`c Broknnc

Bcrtcgi`irc hi Uihhã Uihhã‑.




2.9

B

Bkai`tcrokseo`cnis

crtcgi`c keribi grc`his pksolonohchis pcrc pkti`-bocr nks scliris auntohosbopno`croks hishi nc òptobchi nc o`tirhosbopno`croihch qui ribkdc` nks scliris

pkpuncris, nc aiakroc fostòrobc, bunturcn y notircroc y si crtobu-ni` c nks bk`tiòhks lãsobks. Ktrc náìc qui riscntc` istks

risuntchks, is in ekrtcniboaoi`tk hi nc bunturc bouhchc`c yauntoïtòbc i` nc bucn iairgi` iniai`tks bunturcnis qui pkso-lonotc` in hoãnkgk o`tirbunturcn i`tri nk prkpok y nk ktrk, pcrcbk`sknohcr u` ùivk isbi`crok pcrc nk ùistrk. Ktrk o`tirïsrisuntc`ti, is in qui bk`trcstc ncs acg`áeobcs kpkrtuòhchisqui keribi u` bk`tixtk turástobk qui cbusc pirsk`cn bcnoeobchki` gcstrk`kaác, ribricboò`, sotoks hi ispcrboaoi`tk y bk`boi`-boc fostòrobc, bk` u` puilnk vunìrclni, acrgo`cn, bk` grc`hishisiks hi supircboò` pirsk`cn, buyc istrctigoc so` nugcr c

hosbusoò`, is nc ihubcboò` hi dòviìs y chuntks.

Bcrtcgi`c keribi grc`his pksolonohchis pcrc pkti`bocrnks scliris auntohosbopno`croks qui ribkdc` nks scliris pkpuncris,

nc aiakroc fostòrobc, bunturcn y notircroc.




CNBCNHÁC HI BC\XCGI@C (<::?). Zkr u`c sknc Bcrtcgi`c. Zknátobc

hi o`bnusoò` prkhubtovc pcrc pklncboò` i` sotucboò` hi pklrizc y vun-

ìrclonohch . Bcrtcgi`c hi O`hocs Hostrotk Xurástobk y Bunturcn4 Cutkris.

RIB\IXC\ÁC HI IHYBCBOÒ@ HORX\OXCN HI BC\XCGI@C (<::?).

\ipkrti pklncbok`cn hi Bcrtcgi`c H.X. Bcrtcgi`c4 Cutkris.

GOAÏ@IT, G. (<:::). Xirrotkrok, bunturc i ohi`tohchis. Nc rigoò`

skbokbunturcn. I`4 AC\XÁ@ LC\LI\K D., NÒZIT HI NC \KBFI E., y\KLNIHK, C. Bunturc y \igoò` . Lkgktã4 Yòvirsohch @cbok`cn hi Bk-nkaloc.

O@EC@XI CBIUIHK, \., y ZC\\C IRZOXOC, N. (<:3:). Hisirboò` is-

bkncr y hiscrrknnk skbocn4 Y`c aorchc sklri in prkgrcac ‖vknvir c nc

isbuinc‟. I`4 Ihubcboò` y Hiscrrknnk Rkbocn <, pp. 79-65. Acrcbcolk.

MONZCX\OBM, W.F. (3?93). Nc eonkskeác hi nc ihubcboò` . @uivc _krm4Acbaonnc`.

ACXY\C@C, F. (3???). Hishi nc loknkgác c nc psobknkgác. Bkaponcboò`y prònkgk hi Dkrgi Nuzkrk Gcrbác. Rc`tocgk4 Ihotkrocn Yòvirsotcroc.

[[[[[[[[. (<::8). Xrc`sekracboò` i` nc bk`vovi`boc . Rc`tocgk4 Bkau-òbcbokìs @kristi.

K\GC@OTCBOÒ@ HI NCR @CBOK@IR Y@OHCR ZC\C NC IHYBC-BOÒ@, NC BOI@BOC _ NC BYNXY\C (Y@IRBK). (3??7). U Bkèiri`-boc O`tir`cbok`cn sklri Ihubcboò` hi Chuntks (BK@EOXIC U). I`4 fttp4/

/www.uìsbk.krg/ihubctok`/uoi/bkèo`tic/hibncspc.fta (2 hi sip-toialri hi <:33).

Lolnokgrceác

Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak




[[[[[[[[. (<::6). Bk`vovi`boc Hiakbrãtobc, o`bnusoò` y bunturc hi pcz4

nibbokìs hishi nc prãbtobc ihubctovc i o``kvchkrc i` Caïrobc Ncto`c .O``kviaks. I`4 fttp4//ossuu.bka/hfpihoc/hkbs/bk`vovi`boc[hiakbr[tobc[o`bnuso[`[y[bunturc[hi[pcz (< hi siptoialri hi <:33).

[[[[[[[[. (<:33). Bkapi`hok au`hocn hi nc Ihubcboò` <:3: . Bkapc-rcboò` hi ncs istchástobcs hi ihubcboò` i` in Au`hk. Bc`chã4 O`stotutkhi Istchástobcs.

Z\KG\CAC HI NCR @CBOK@IR Y@OHCR ZC\C IN HIRC\\KNNK(Z@YH). (<:3:). Oèkrai \igok`cn sklri Hiscrrknnk Fuac`k pcrc Caï-

robc Ncto`c y in Bcroli <:3:4 Cbtucr sklri in euturk4 rkapir nc trc`sao-

soò` o`tirgiìrcbok`cn hi nc hisogucnhch . I`4 fttp4//fhr.u`hp.krg/is/oèkrais/rigok`cn/histcbchk/\FH\-<:3:-\LNCB.phe (3º hi siptoia-lri hi <:33).

\OUI\K, D. (<:3:). Cpri`hir c nk ncrgk hi nc vohc i` bk`tixtks

hi oìquohch . I`4 Zi`scaoi`tk Olirkcairobc`k . I`4 fttp4//www.pi`scaoi`tkolirkcairobc`k.krg/xùairks/Zi`scaoi`tkOlirk7.phe(2 hi siptoialri hi <:33).

RI@, C., y MNOMRLI\G, L. (<::7). Zroairk nc gi`ti. Y`c Aorchc his-

hi nc ïtobc hin hiscrrknnk c nks pro`bopcnis prklniacs hin au`hk

gnklcnozchk . Achroh4 Hiustk.

RI@, C. (<:::). Hiscrrknnk y nolirtch . Lkgktã4 Zncìtc.

Lolnokgrceác




Istrubturc Burrobuncr Lãsobc pcrcBcrtcgi`c, H. X y B.

Bcpátu nk 8





»Ihubcr pcrc quï;

ks iniai`tks c`cnozchks cn o`tirpritcr nc o`vistogc-boò` risióchc i` in bcpátunk c`tirokr, piraotoirkòhi`toeobcr y bkapri`hir nks o`tirisis, ncs aktovc-

bokìs, ncs prãbtobcs skbocnis, nks uòvirsks akrcnis y ïtobks,

ncs pkti`bocnohchis bunturcnis y vkbcbokìs, hishi nks bucnishc` si`tohk c su vohc bktohoc`c, nks fclotc`tis hi pklncbok-ìs vunìrclnis bkak ixprisoò` hi nc bunturc i` su bk`tixtk

cbtucn. Bk` nks risuntchks hi nco`vistogcboò`, si cdustcrk` nksbkapkì`tis lãsobks y nks idisburrobuncris crtobunchkris pcrcfcbir in hosiók eo`cn hi nc istrub-turc burrobuncr lãsobc pcrc nc ihu-

bcboò` hi dòviìs y chuntks i`Bcrtcgi`c H.X.

Nc riistrubturcboò` hi nc prkpuis-tc burrobuncr oòbocn, piraotoò o`ti-grcr iniai`tks pcrc c`cnozcr nksprkbisks hi cpri`hozcdi hishiu`c pirspibtovc bk` nks iniai`-tks eu`hc`tis hi nc ohi`tohch hinks istuhoc`tis hi ncs bkauòhc-his vunìrclnis hi Bcrtcgi`c, hi-eoòi`hk u`c istrctigoc burrobuncrbk` sus bkapkì`tis y idiscrtobunchkris, i` lusbc hi si`to-hk c nc o`ti`boò` ihubctovc.

N

8.3


Ihubctovc C`c Acrác Uïniz

hi Xrudonnk. Bcrtcgi`c.




Nc istrctigoc burrobuncr hieoòhc bk` lcsi i`nc o`vistogcboò`, lusbc o`bnuor c nks istuhoc`-tis i` u` prkyibtk hi bouhchc`ác cbtovc, ekr-tcniboi`hk nc ohi`tohch pirsk`cn y pnuroïtòbc,ribupirc`hk iniai`tks hi u`c bunturc hovir-sc qui fclotc i` u` bk`tixtk provonigochk pkrsus borbu`stc`bocs fostòrobcs, notircrocs, au-sobcnis y turástobcs, pcrc ho`caozcr hishi cnná,u`c bunturc bouhchc`c, brichkrc y prkhubto-vc i` nks ispcboks hi cbtucboò` bktohoc`c hinks istuhoc`tis y sus bkauòhchis.

Y`k hi nks pro`bopcnis klditovks hin hosiókburrobuncr, is bk`troluor hishi nc ihubcboò`pirtoì`ti y enixolni c nc o`bnusoò` skbocn i` Bcrtcgi`c y cn idirbobok hi u`c bouhchc-`ác cbtovc. I`tri nks klditovks ispibáeobks, pkhiaks riscntcr nc krgcòzcboò` hi prk-bisks ihubctovks qui ecbonoti` cpri`hozcdis sogòeobctovks hishi in bk`tixtk y ncbunturc i` hk`hi si hiscrrknnc y utonozc in bk`kboaoi`tk, pcrc c pcrtor hi innks, prk-akvir u`c bunturc brichkrc y prkhubtovc, bk` nc risogòeobcboò` hi ncs prãbtobcsbktohoc`cs hi nks bcrtcgiìrks hi istcs bkauòhchis vunìrclnis.

Y`k hi nks pro`bopcnis

klditovks hin hosiók

burrobuncr, is bk`troluor

hishi nc ihubcboò`

pirtoì ti y enixolni

c nc o`bnusoò` skbocn i`

Bcrtcgi`c y cn idirbobok

hi u`c bouhchc`ác cbtovc.

Istuhoc`tis hi nc O`stotuboòÌhubctovc C`c Acrác Uïniz





Bkapkì`tis burrobuncris8.<

8.<.3 Rcliris sostïaobks y bkapnidks

Zcrc piraotor in cbbisk hi nks istuhoc`tis hi istcs bkauò-hchis c prkbisks ihubctovks hi bcnohch i` nc ihubcboò` ekr-acn, si o`bnuyirk` ncs csog`cturcs klnogctkrocs hi nc ihubcboò`lãsobc y aihoc, o`tigrchcs i` ãrics tiaãtobcs= i` u` bkapk-

ì`ti burrobuncr qui nis ecbonotcrc csog`cr si`tohk c nks bk`k-boaoi`tks aihoc`ti scliris sostïaobks y bkapnidks. Istkpiraotoò qui si trctcrc hi ekrac sogòeobctovc, sus bk`tiòhksburrobuncris y nks istã`hcris hi bkapiti`bocs lãsobcs, bk`toiapks hieoòhks, bk`tixtks hi cpri`hozcdi, cbtovohchis yprkbisks bk`stc`tis hi ivcnucboò`, pcrc keribir is-pcboks hi aitcbkgòboò` y cutk`kaác hin cpri`ho-zcdi. In idirbobok aãs o`tirisc`ti hi istibkapkì`ti, eui nc o`tigrcboò` hi iscs

csog`cturcs, rispitc`hk nc ekrtcnizchosbopno`cr. Nks ïècsos hi ncsãrics tiaãtobcs hiscrrknnc-hcs sk`4 actiaãtobcs,ni`gucdi y bkauò-bcboò`, boi`bocs sk-bocnis y `cturcnis,o`gnïs y tib`knkgác.Nc o`tigrcboò` hi

csog`cturcs piraoti

Hkbi`ti Xrc`sekraiaks i` u`c sisoò`

hi Bkauòbcboò` y Ni`gucdi hi bobnk 5,bk` in cpkyk hin nolrk y in bkaputchkr.

Nks ïècsos hi ncsãrics tiaãtobcs

hiscrrknnchcs sk`4

actiaãtobcs,

ni`gucdi

y bkauòbcboò`,

boi`bocs skbocnis

y `cturcnis, o`gnïs

y tib`knkgác.




Nc o`tigrcboò` hi

csog`cturcs piraoti

hiscrrknncr in

bk`kboaoi`tk bk`biptucn

y in bk`kboaoi`tk

prkbihoai`tcn, csá bkak

ncs ecbitcs prãbtobc

y ekracn hi ncs csog`cturcs

o`tigrchcs.

hiscrrknncr in bk`kboaoi`tk bk`biptucn yin bk`kboaoi`tk prkbihoai`tcn, csá bkakncs ecbitcs prãbtobc y ekracn hi ncs csog-`cturcs o`tigrchcs.

I` isti hosiók burrobuncr, nc o`tigrcboò` hicsog`cturcs i` ãrics tiaãtobcs tcaloï` o`-bnuyi prkbisks giìrcnis qui istã` pri-si`tis i` ncs cbtovohchis bk` ncs bucnissi trctc hi bk`struor bk`kboaoi`tks i` ekr-ac bknibtovc k o`hovohucn4 ekrauncr y riskn-vir prklniacs, akhincr prkbisks yei`òai`ks hi nc ricnohch, bkauòbcr, rc-zk`cr, ekrauncr, bkapcrcr y idirbotcr prk-bihoaoi`tks rincbok`chks bk` nc hosbopno`cqui si cpri`hi y i`sióc.

I` isti bkapkì`ti, nks bk`tixtks hi hiscrrknnk hi ncs hoeiri`tis ãrics hin sclir,si prisi`tc` nogchks cn bk`tixtk skbokbunturcn y ncs prãbtobcs bktohoc`cs, cloirtks cnhilcti y c nc bk`strubboò`, c nc isbubfc hi ncs `crrctovcs hi nks istuhoc`tis y susbkauòhchis, i` lusbc hi nc rienixoò` brátobc bk`stc`ti. Nc o`tigrcboò` hi csog`ctu-rcs rispitc i` tkhk akai`tk, in krhi` nògobk hi nks bk`biptks, buohc`hk nc i`si-óc`zc y cpri`hozcdi hi pribk`biptks i o`bnuyi`hk nks scliris privoks, i` lusbc hisogòeobchk, c`bncdis ieibtovks y pksolonohchis hi bk`strubboò` cbtovc hin bk`kbo-aoi`tk.

Nc o`vistogcboò` lcschc i` eui`tis proacrocs y nc rivosoò` hi eui`tis sibu`hcrocspkr pcrti hi nks istuhoc`tis, sk` nc pksolonohch hi cpri`hozcdi i` i`tkr`ks `k isbk-ncris, hchk in bkrtk pnczk pcrc ricnozcr nks pncìs hi istuhok, y nc ìbisohch hiaktovcr cpri`hozcdis cutò`kaks aihoc`ti istrctigocs hohãbtobcs hi cutkekracboò`,bkalo`chcs bk` nks cpri`hozcdis bknibtovks, i` nc sisokìs prisi`bocnis y nks trclc-

dks sulgrupcnis.

Nc bkapri`soò` hi nibturc y nc prkhubboò` hi tixtks i` hovirsks ekractks, istã`prisi`tis hi`trk hi ncs cbtovohchis prkpuistcs, csá bkak nc ixprisoò` krcn y ncisbubfc cbtovc. Nc i`sióc`zc hi ncs actiaãtobcs is proakrhocn hi`trk hi isti bka-pkì`ti, y istã cbkapcóchc hi nc ekracboò` y cbkapcócaoi`tk c nks hkbi`tis qui`k toiì` istc ãric tiaãtobc bkak ekrtcnizc hosbopno`cr.




8.<.< Bkau ohch bunturcn

Nc bkauòhch bunturcn is u` bk`biptk lãsobk pcrcnc ohi`tohch hi nks istuhoc`tis. Isti bkapkì`tio`bnuyi nc ribk`strubboò` hi nc ohi`tohch pirsk-`cn, bk` nc risogòeobcboò` hi ncs prãbtobcs skboc-nis qui bk`stotuyi` c nks istuhoc`tis bkakbcrtcgiìrks i` in ispcbok hi cbtucboò` bktohoc-`c, i` in bk`tixtk hi nc aitcbunturc hi nc rigoò`Bcroli hin Zcás, bk` su fostkroc, sus trchobokìs,sus rcábis c`bistrcnis y nc vovi`boc hi inncs i` inaihok cbtucn.

Cbtovohch bunturcn hi nks istuhoc`tisXrc`sekraiaks i` Bcrtcgi`c

o`tirpritc`hk lconis tápobks hi

nc rigoò` hurc`ti nc proairc

grchucboò` i` nc Znczc hi

nc Chuc`c. Clron << hi <::?.




»Suoï` sky; »Hi hò`hi prkvi`gk; »Suïprãbtobcs skbocnis ai bk`stotuyi` bkaksir, fkalri k audir; »Buãnis sk` aospksolonohchis bkak suditk hi hiribfk;»Buãnis sk` ncs pksolonohchis hi ao bk-auòhch; »Bòak is in ispcbok skbokbun-turcn, pknátobk, ibk`òaobk qui fclotk;»Buãnis sk` aos ixpibtctovcs euturcs;Istcs y aubfcs ktrcs prigu`tcs qui sur-gi` cn hiscrrknncr isti bkapkì`ti,kroi`tc` nc ribk`strubboò` hi nc bkauò-hch bunturcn bkak ispcbok hi bk`strub-boò` hi ohi`tohch pirsk`cn.

In cpri`hozcdi i` bk`tixtk, qui prkaui-vi in Rostiac O`tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaksIhubc`hk, tkac sus lcsis hi nc pirs-pibtovc skbokbunturcn k bk`strubtovosakhocnïbtobk, cbiptc`hk qui in bk`kboaoi`-tk si bk`struyi hi`trk hi u` prkbisk bk`ribursovohch3 borbuncr, grcbocs c nc ixpi-roi`boc o`hovohucn aihochc pkr ncso`tircbbokìs skbocnis pcschcs y prisi`-tis, i` u` bk`tixtk bunturcn hk`hi inni`gucdi piraoti nc rincboò` bk` nks ktrks,bkapcóirks, acistrks, bkauòhchis,aihocbokìs o`tircbtovcs hishi nc bkau-òbcboò` y nc oèkraãtobc, i`tri aubfksktrks, y, c su viz, nks istuhoc`tis trc`s-ekrac` isti bk`tixtk bk` su cbbok`cr,aihoc`ti in cbkpncaoi`tk istrubturcn bk`to`gi`ti qui prkpkì FualirtkActurc`c<.

3. Zrkbisks i` nks bucnis nks ieibtks bcusc` y prkhubi` c su viz, in prkbisk aosak. Zkr innk, nks istchks eo`cnissk` ìbiscroks pcrc nks istchks oòbocnis, bk` cnoai`tcboò` ixtirokr bkak bk`hoboò` ìbiscroc. AK\O@, I.(3??:). O`trkhubboò` cn Zi`scaoi`tk Bkapnidk. Lcrbink`c4 GIHORC.

<. ACXY\C@C, F. (3??5 ). In si`tohk hi nk fuac`k. Rc`tocgk4 Hknai`.

In cpri`hozcdi i` bk`tixtk,

qui prkauivi in Rostiac O`tircbtovkXrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk, tkac sus

lcsis hi nc pirspibtovc skbokbunturcn

k bk`strubtovosak hocnïbtobk




Cn cbiptcr istc pirspibtovc, i` isti bkapkì`-ti si provonigoc nc o`tircbboò` skbocn bk` in trc-lcdk i` sulgrupks, ncs pni`crocs pcrc o`tir-bcalocr sogòeobchks y risogòeobcr prãbtobcsbunturcnis k bucnoeobcrncs cn prkeu`hozcr bk`bip-tks. Chiaãs, si o`bnuyi` cbtovohchis pcrc nni-vcr c ncs bkauòhchis, prãbtobcs risogòeobchcsi` in cunc k trcir cn i`tkr`k isbkncr, nc aiak-roc, ncs trchobokìs bunturcnis y ncs prãbtobcs bk-tohoc`cs, bkak pu`tk hi pcrtohc hi ùivkscpri`hozcdis.

Ncs cbtovohchis hiscrrknnchcs bk` hovirscs ai-hocbokìs hohãbtobcs pcrc qui nc o`tircbboò` sk-bocn o`bnuyc rienixokìs hishi in ni`gucdi ioapcbti` nc ricnohch bkapnidc i` hk`hi trcsbu-

Nks hkbi`tis y istuhoc`tis

hili` o`vistogcr pcrc

bkapri`hir y bk`kbir

in bk`tixtk skbokbunturcn,

i o`hcgcr privocai`ti

sklri nks uòvirsks hi

si`tohk hi ncs bkauòhchis

hk`hi si oapniai`tc

in burrábunk.




rri su vohc bktohoc`c, ièri`tc` boirtcs prklniaãtobcshi nc pklncboò` hi dòviìs y chuntks c quoiìs si ho-rogi in prkyibtk ihubctovk. Istk klnogc c hkbi`tis y cistuhoc`tis c o`vistogcr pcrc bkapri`hir y bk`kbirin bk`tixtk skbokbunturcn, y c o`hcgcr privocai`ti sk-lri nks uòvirsks hi si`tohk hi ncs bkauòhchis hk`-hi si oapniai`tc in burrábunk.

I` isti bkapkì`ti, in ni`gucdi is in aihok bk` inbucn si ricnozc in o`tirbcalok hi sogòeobchks y si kr-gcòzc in bk`kboaoi`tk. Chiaãs, in ni`gucdi piraotincs rincbokìs o`tirpirsk`cnis, pkr sir u` iniai`tkbrichkr hi ixpiroi`boc. I`tk`bis, cbiptcaks in ni`-gucdi bkak u`c ekrac hi aihocboò` siaoòtobc hi grcòapkrtc`boc pcrc in cpri`hozcdi, bkak nk ribk`kbiUogktsmy i` nc ekracboò` hin bk`biptk, sigô` nk pnc`-tichk pkr Lruìr2 buc`hk hieoì „in cpri`hozcdi bk`-biptucn‑ bkak u`c cbboò` ricnozchc aihoc`ti u`c o`ti-rcbboò` bk`virscbok`cn i`tri acistrk y istuhoc`ti.

Hishi istc pirspibtovc, cbiptcaks qui in ni`gucdiecbonotc nc i`sióc`zc y in cpri`hozcdi aihoc`ti in o`-tirbcalok hi sogòeobchks y, bkak nk pnc`tic nc k`tk-nkgác hin ni`gucdi, bric k prkpoboc nc ixpiroi`boc, ishibor, bk`struyi sogòeobchks, pirk tcaloï` nks ris-tro`gi.

2. Dirkai Lruìr, hishi nc psobknkgác gi`ïtobk-bkgòtovc, ritkac c Zocgit y c Uygktsmo, i o bnuyi i` su tikrác,cpkrtis hi nc c`trkpknkgác skbocn y bunturcn, csá bkak hi nc tikrác ivknutovc. Zrkpkì in burrábunk i` isporcn, bk`nc ixpksoboò` hi nks istuhoc`tis c u` tiac giìrcn i` akai`tks hoeiri`tis, hi akhk grchucn y clstrcbtk.

Istuhoc`tis Xrc`sekraiaks

i` Bcrtcgi`c hurc`ti u`c hi

ncs i`trigcs hi Cuncs O`tircbtovcs

i` in cók <:3:.

8.<.2 Bouhchc`ác cbtovc

Aihoc`ti bk`biptucnozcbokìs y rienixokìs brátobcs, isti bkapkì`ti cpkrtc c nc

ekracboò` hi bouhchc`ks/cs cbtovks, nc o`tirokrozcboò` hi vcnkris bávobks, hiribfksfuac`ks y hiribfks bknibtovks, cbbokìs ceoractovcs pcrc nc itòc cerkhisbi`hoi`ti




(pcni`quirc y Bcroli), y hiribfks hi nc audir y hi nks òóks y òócs, cspibtkslãsobks i` nc bk`hoboò` hi nc bouhchc`ác. Zirk, ribkrhiaks, bkak pnc`tic` FualirtkActurc`c, Ïhgcr Akro` y nc aosac Uobtkroc Bcaps, qui nks vcnkris `k si i`sióc`,nks vcnkris si vovi`, y pkr innk, istc „ïtobc ncobc hi aáòaks qui bkapcrtoaks cnpcrtobopcr i` ùistrc vohc bknibtovc‑, si cpri`hi prcbtobã`hknc y voi`hk bòak siprcbtobc. Bk` idiapnks hi bovosak ùistrks y hi ncs o`stotubokìs hiakbrãtobcs,i`siócaks c sir bouhchc`ks, c ùistrks fodks, caogks y vibo`ks.

Ri scli qui ncs pklncbokìs ceibtchcs pkr ecbtkris hovirsks hi vunìrclonohch, bkaknks istuhoc`tis hi Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk, fc` vovohk ixpiroi`bocs ìgctovcs i`su rincboò` bk` cngu`cs o`stotubokìs hiakbrãtobcs qui i` nugcr hi „hcr ei hi sului` fcbir hiakbrãtobk bk` sus cbbokìs‑, bkak pnc`tic Bcaps, fc` voknchk sushiribfks, bkak is in bcsk hi nc o`cti`boò` c pklncbokìs hispnczchcs, nc o`cbbiso-lonohch c nks hiribfks hi ncs bkauòhchis cerkbknkaloc`cs i o`hági`cs, i`tri ktrcs,

Dòviìs y Chuntks Xrc`sekraiaks si tkacrk`

ncs aurcnncs hi Bcrtcgi`c pcrc binilrcr qui

cpri`hoirk` c niir y isbrolor. Riptoialri hi <::?.




nk aosak qui nc bkrrupboò` qui hisvác nks hoìrks pô-lnobks i oapohi ricnozcr prkyibtks y prkgrcacs c nksbucnis toiì` hiribfk.

Zkr istc rczò`, ekrtcnibir nc hiakbrcboc riquoiri pkru`c pcrti, hi nc ekracboò` y ihubcboò` bouhchc`c, pirkpkr nc ktrc, hi u`c ùivc rincboò` bk` ncs o`stotubok-ìs hiakbrãtobcs, i` nc bucn ùistrks istuhoc`tisbkapri`hc` nc eu`boò` hi bchc u`c, hi sus prkgrc-acs prktibtkris hi nks hiribfks fuac`ks y hi nkshiribfks bknibtovks, y aãs qui viihkris hi prkbi-sks, si bk`voirtc` i` ho`caozchkris hin prkpok hisc-rrknnk skbocn, aihoc`ti nc pcrtobopcboò` krgcòzchc ykpkrtu`c. Rònk csá, pkhriaks cpkrtcr i` nc bk`strub-boò` hin „bárbunk vortuksk qui fcy qui bk`quostcr ycpri`hir cbtovcai`ti bkak ‖ixprisoò` sknohcroc hincakr prkpok‟ qui pk`gc náaotis c nks ixbiskso`hovohucnostcs‑, bkak `ks i`sióc Bcaps, y csá cpkr-tcr c nc bk`strubboò` hi ncs skboihchis hiakbrãtobcseuturcs.

Zirk, »quï topk hi bouhchc`ks quiriaks sir; »Suïtopk hi bouhchc`ks quiriaks qui sic` nks ktrks; Chi-nc Bkrto`c8 `ks o`sporc hishi su ïtobc hi nc bouhchc`ác,bk` su cpuistc pkr nc ekracboò` hin bcrãbtir hi isksbouhchc`ks qui skaks y siriaks, i` lusbc hi nc „bovo-nohch‑ y hi nc pcrtobopcboò` hi u`c „skboihch bovon‑ prk-tcgkòstc. Chinc Bkrto`c prisi`tc u`c ibisohch cbtucnhi bovonohch, i`ti`hohk isti tïrao`k bkak „nc bcpcbo-hch hi scbroeobcrsi, hi cngu`c acìrc, nc bcpcbohch hio`vknubrcrsi i` ncs tcrics pôlnobcs, nc bcpcbohch hio`vknubrcrsi i` ncs tcrics hi nc skboihch i` su bk`du`-tk‑, hidc`hk hi nchk nc lôsquihc hin pncbir y in fihk-òsak i` in uòvirsk pròxoak.

Y`k hi nks klditovks hi isti bkapkì`ti, is nc ihu-bcboò` pcrc nc hiakbrcboc, nc ekracboò` hi o`hovohuksbuyc ïtobc si cnidi hin „o`hovohucnosak fihkòstc y pk-

Istuhoc`tis Xrc`sekraiaks qui

pcrtobopcrk` i` nc inclkrcboò`

hi ncs ribitcs pcrc in nolrk„Bkbo`c Broknnc Bcrtcgiìrc hi

Uihhã Uihhã‑.

»Suï topk

hi bouhchc`ks

quiriaks sir; »Suï topk hi

bouhchc`ks

quiriaks qui

sic` nks ktrks;




sisovk‑, y si cbirqui c ncs vortuhis bávo-bcs, bk` hospksoboò` hi pcrtobopcr y trclc-

dcr i` nc vohc pôln obc, hi`trk hi u`cbkauòhch c nc bucn soi`ti qui pirtiìbi,y bkak siócnc Bkrto`c, soi`ti qui is u`cbkauòhch dustc, hk`hi istã` prktigohksnks hiribfks hi proairc, sigu`hc y tirbi-rc giìrcboò`.

I` isc bkauòhch dustc k i` bcao`k hisirnk, c nc bucn pirtiìbi in bouhchc`k kbouhchc`c qui is ùistrk istuhoc`ti, sifcbi ìbiscroc nc pcrtobopcboò` hi u`c sk-boihch bovon krgcòzchc, aihoc`ti rihis sk-bocnis qui bkapkì` nc trcac hi ncskboihch bovon, y qui pcrc u` puilnk ripri-si`tc` su pro`bopcn bcpotcn skbocn, bkak siócnc Bkrto`c, buyk pnc`ticaoi`tk cbkgi-aks capnocai`ti4 „C aá ai pcribi qui is eu`hcai`tcn qui nc skboihch bovon csuac su prktcgkòsak, y qui `k si istï ispirc`hk soiapri qui sic in pkhir pknátobk in qui risuinvc nks prklniacs‑ . Chiaãs, in idirbobok hi bouhchc`ác qui prkpkì ChincBkrto`c, nk ricnozc` bouhchc`ks ogucnis nk bucn is ispibocnai`ti, u`c bk`hoboò` pcrcsu bouhchc`ác.

Zkr ôntoak, cbkgiaks nc hieoòboò` hi bouhchc`k/c qui prkpkì Bkrto`c9, i` nc bucnribkgi nks bk`biptks groigk y ncto`k4 „Bouhchc`k `k sònk is cquin c quoi` prktigi nc niy, so`k qui is cquin qui pcrtobopc i` ncs buistokìs pôlnobcs. _ i` isi si`tohk,brik qui fcy qui fcbir tcaloï` cngô` topk hi rivknuboò` hi nc bouhchc`ác pcrc pcrtobopcr i` ncs buistokìs pôlnobcs, pkrqui ‒bkak si fc hobfk hi ktrcs actirocs‒ nc pknátobc is hiacsochk oapkrtc`ti pcrc hidãrsinc sònk c nks pknátobks‑. Istc bouhc-hc`ác si idirbi i` u` bk`tixtk auntobunturcn y auntoïtòbk, puistk qui ncs skboihc-his bknkaloc`cs nk sk`. Zkr innk, si fc pnc`tichk isti bkapkì`ti bkak pcrti hiu` burrábunk pirtoì`ti, bk`tixtucnozchk, qui o`bnuyi nks iniai`tks bunturcnispksolonotchkris hi si`tohk, hi pirtiì`boc, cbkrhis bk` nc bkapnidohch qui oapnobcihubcr pcrc o`bnuor nc hovirsohch.

„C aá ai pcribi qui is

eu`hcai`tcn qui nc

skboihch bovon csuac su

prktcgkòsak, y qui `k

si istï ispirc`hk soia-

pri qui sic in pkhir

pknátobk in qui risuinvc

nks prklniacs‑.

Chinc Bkrto`c.

8. BK\XO@C, Chinc. Bouhchc`ks hin au`hk. Achroh4 Cnoc`zc, 3??7.9. Oláh.




8.2Idis burrobuncriscrtobunchkris

ishi nc pirspibtovc sostïaobc hi nc Eu`hc-boò` Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk, in burrábunkprkpuistk toiì tris bkapkì`tis y isti

grupk hi bkapkì`tis burrobuncris bui`tc bk` u`ksidis burrobuncris crtobunchkris, is hibor, u`c ispiboi

hi `khks hi`trk hi nc grc` rih hi rincbokìs qui isin burrábunk. Istks idis burrobuncris crtobunc` nks bk`-tiòhks, ncs cbbokìs, nks bk`tixtks, ncs sotucbokìshi cpri`hozcdi, ncs aitkhknkgács, ncs cbtovohchis gru-pcnis i o`hovohucnis. Nks idis crtobunchkris hin burrá-bunk sk`4 pi`scaoi`tk brátobk y brictovk, hiscrrknnksusti`tclni y skstiòlni, tib`knkgács hi nc oèkrac-boò` y ncs bkauòbcbokìs= y bkapiti`bocs lãsobcs.

8.2.3 Zi`scaoi`tk brátobk, brictovk ysostïaobk

Isti idi burrobuncr crtobunchkr lusbc qui nksistã`hcris y histrizcs hin pi`scaoi`tk brátobk, sio`bnuyc` i` ncs sotucbokìs hi cpri`hozcdi, iì`tkr`ks isbkncris y `k isbkncris, pcrc fcbir hiinnks u`c prãbtobc bk`stc`ti qui nnivi c prkbiskso`bk`sboi`tis qui kpiri` cutkaãtobcai`ti, aoi`-trcs nks istuhoc`tis y acistrks/cs ricnozc` cbtovo-hchis grupcnis k o`hovohucnis sklri ncs ãricstiaãtobcs o`tigrchcs. I`tri nks istã`hcris, si pui-hi botcr bncrohch, ixcbtotuh, pribosoò`, pirtoì`boc,prkeu`hohch, capnotuh, nògobc i o`tirpritcboò`. Bchcu`k hi istks istã`hcris si hiscrrknnc pkr aihok hisulhistrizcs bkak4 bctigkrozcboò`, hibkhoeobcboò`

H

Nikvogonhk Bcstonnk Ruãriz,

istuhoc`ti Xrc`sekraiaks y náhir

hin bclonhk o`hági`c Aialronncni` Bcrtcgi`c.




y bncroeobcboò` hi sogòeobchks= ixcao`crohics, ohi`toeobcr, viroeobcr y vcnkrcr cr-guai`tks= buistok`cr ncs ivohi`bocs yprkpkìr cntir`ctovcs, i`tri aubfksktrks.

In/nc acistrk/c guác, in/nc kroi`tchkr/chi isc trc`sekracboò` hi nc pcrtobopcboò`,hili prkakvir i` sus istuhoc`tis, u`pi`scaoi`tk brátobk, puis sònk csá ti`-hrã` brotirok pcrc hieoòr quï oèkracboò`tkac` k hidc` i`tri nc grc` hoai`soò`hi bk`kboaoi`tk qui tiìaks c ùistrchospksoboò` fky, y buãn sirã su pksoboò`ïtobc, so riquoiri` hovirsoeobcr nc oèkrac-boò` pcrc nkgrcr sus klditovks bkgòtovks,i`tri aubfks ktrks cspibtks.

In pi`scaoi`tk brátobk is u` prkbisk o`-tinibtucn qui si bcrcbtirozc pkr o`bnuor i`nc bk`strubboò` hin pi`scaoi`tk (bk`bip-tks, pksobokìs ïtobcs k boi`táeobcs, cbbok-ìs cpnobclnis c nc vohc bktohoc`c, pu`tks

hi vostc, itb.), sus histrizcs o`tinibtucnis prkpocs bkak nc o`-tirpritcboò`, in c`ãnosos, nc ivcnucboò`, nc oèiri`boc, nc ixpnobc-boò` y nc cutkrriguncboò`, i`tri ktrcs pksolnis.

Is ìbiscrok qui hishi isti idi crtobunchkr hin burrábunk, sio`bnuyc i` ncs sotucbokìs hi cpri`hozcdi, bk`tixtks y cbtovohc-his, nks istã`hcris y ncs histrizcs o`tinibtucnis pcrc hiscrrk-nncr in pi`scaoi`tk brátobk. I`tri nc grc` vcroihch hi istã`hcrisprkpuistks, si fc` prokrozchk soiti istã`hcris bk` nks bucnisin acistrk/c puihi bk`troluor pcrc qui nks istuhoc`tis hisc-rrknni` u` pi`scaoi`tk brátobk, pnc`tic`hk prigu`tcs qui ix-pnkri` in pi`scaoi`tk hi nks istuhoc`tis y cn o`tirokrozcrncs,innks ncs pnc`ticrã` pcrc cpnobcrncs i` nks iniai`tks hin pi`sc-aoi`tk, tcnis bkak4 prkpòsotks, prigu`tcs, oèkracboò`, supuis-tks, bk`biptks, oèiri`bocs, pu`tks hi vostc, oapnobcbokìs, itb.

In acistrk/c puihi

bk`troluor pcrc qui

nks istuhoc`tis

hiscrrknni` u`

pi`scaoi`tk brátobk,

pnc`tic`hk prigu`tcsqui ixpnkri`

in pi`scaoi`tk

hi nks istuhoc`tis.




Chiaãs, isti idi burrobuncr crtobunchkr lusbc quihishi nc pirspibtovc hin pi`scaoi`tk sostïaobk, nksacistrks/cs y istuhoc`tis ti`gc` i` bui`tc ncso`tircbbokìs qui bkèkrac` nks ei`òai`ks hin au`hk. Hishi isti ièkqui, nks

ei`òai`ks si prisi`tc` bkak rihis ekrachcs pkr `khks, i`tri nks bucnis fcy vá`-bunks. Rigô` nc tikrác hi sostiacs, bchc `khk istã ekrachk pkr u`c i`tohch y ncsrincbokìs si bkèogurc` bkak bkìxokìs i`tri ncs bucnis borbunc` actiroc y iìr-gác. Csá, u`c rih hi rincbokìs hi`trk hi u` bk`tixtk, is u` sostiac y in au`hk isu`c grc` trcac hi rincbokìs bk`toùcs i`tri hovirsks iniai`tks i` aôntopnis is-bcncs. Nks istuhoc`tis y nks acistrks csuai` tkhc cbboò` bkak pcrti hi u` sosti-ac hi rincbokìs qui ekrac` pcrti hi u` bk`tixtk acykr.

Hishi isti idi burrobuncr crtobunchkr, sostiac is „u` bk`du`tk hi iniai`tks qui

ac`toiì` u`c rincboò` i`tri innks y qui o`tircbbok`c` hi ekrac bk`du`tc bk` su i`tkr`k. Bchc iniai`tk qui ekrac in sostiac hiscrrknnc hi ekrac o`hovohucn u` ripirtkrok hi iairgi`bocs qui gcrc`tozc` su bk`toùohch y c nc viz prisi`tc noaotc- bokìs i` su bkapkrtcaoi`tk‑ 5 .

5. LI\XCNC@EE_, N. Xikrác Giìrcn hi Rostiacs. Achroh4 Ek`hk hi Bunturc Ibk`òaobc, 3?56.


Ihubctovc C`c Acrác Uïniz


Ri lusbc qui hishi

nc pirspibtovc hin

pi`scaoi`tk sostïaobk

nks acistrks/cs y istuhoc`tis

ti`gc` i` bui`tc ncs

o`tircbbokìs qui bkèkrac`nks ei`òai`ks hin au`hk.




Zkr ôntoak, isti idi crtobunchkr tcaloï` si kbupc hin pi`scaoi`tk brictovk k o``k-vchkr qui is in topk hi pi`scaoi`tk qui nnivc c i`bk`trcr ùivcs sknubokìs, pri-gu`tcr pkr hoai`sokìs qui capnác` k prkeu`hozc` in bk`kboaoi`tk, bricr crti, pkisác,ùivcs tib`knkgács, ùivcs pksolonohchis. Is in pi`scaoi`tk qui surgi hurc`ti nccbboò` brictovc, i`ti`hohc bkak nc bcpcbohch psobknògobc y skbocn qui tiìaks nkssiris fuac`ks pcrc rispk`hir hi ekrac o``kvchkrc c nks ritks k prklniacs qui

ièri`tcaks i` u`c sotucboò` hitirao`chc.

Hishi isti idi crtobunchkr, si csuai qui isti pi`scaoi`tk surgi bkak u`c bk`si-bui`boc hin pi`scaoi`tk brátobk y hin pi`scaoi`tk sostïaobk, is hibor, is u`c „iair-gi`boc‑ hi nks prkbisks hi cpri`hozcdi qui toiì` i` bui`tc nc rienixoò` brátobc y ncbkapnidohch hi nks ei`òai`ks istuhochks. Rigô` Fc`s Dkcs, „nc skboihch is in risuntchk hi u` prkbisk hi o`stotubok`cnozcboò`, y isti prkbisk, pkrqui crrc`bc hi nk oacgo`crok, hi nc bcpcbohch fuac`c hi prkyibtcr si`tohk, toiì u`c hoai`soò` brictovc orrihubtolni‑ 7 . Hishi in burrábunk, in pi`scaoi`tk brátobk si prkauivi bk`

ncs cbtovohchis y sotucbokìs hi cpri`hozcdi, u`c rivosoò` hi ncs ruto`cs y nks fãlotksy ncs bkstualris i`rcozchcs i` cngu`cs prãbtobcs bktohoc`cs, qui oapunsc` nc bric-tovohch bkak pksolonohch hi vir in au`hk hi acìrc oacgo`ctovc y hoeiri`ti.

7. DKCR, F. Nc o`stotubok`cnozcboò` bkak prkbisk brictovk. Cbirbc hi nc eonkskeác pknátobc hi Bkrìnous Bcsktkrochos.I`4 In prcgactosak y nc tikrác skbocn. Achroh4 Rognk VVO, 3?66.

In Rostiac O`tircbtovk

Xrc`sekraiaksIhubc`hk prkauivi

u`c pcrtobopcboò`

bkauòtcroc krgcòzchc

y rispcnhchc pkr

in Istchk skbocn hi

hiribfk, i` idirbobok

hi nc bouhchc`ác,cnidchk hi pknátobcs

hi „ac`k ti`hohc‑

y „csosti`bocnosak‑.




8.2.< Hiscrrknnk susti`tclni y skstiòlni

Isti hosiók burrobuncr fcbi pcrti hi nks prkbisks qui ricnozc in Rostiac O`tircbtovkXrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk i` ncs hoeiri`tis rigokìs y, bkak vc horogohk c pklncbok-ìs ceibtchcs pkr hovirscs bk`hobokìs hi vunìrclonohch, is ìbiscrok o`bnuor uìdi burrobuncr crtobunchkr qui piraotc qui tkhks nks bk`tiòhks ‒bk`biptucnis, hiprkbihoaoi`tk k hi cbtotuh‒ o`bnuyc` i` sus sotucbokìs y cbtovohchis hi cpri`hozc-

di, i`sióc`zc y rienixoò`, in hiscrrknnk skbocn susti`tclni y sksti olni, bkak pcrtihin hiscrrknnk fuac`k, lcdk nc pirspibtovc hin loi` bkaô`.

Cn lusbcr o`bohor i` nks ispcboks hi cbtucboò` bktohoc`c hi nks istuhoc`tis, in Rosti-ac O`tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk si i`bui`trc bk` ncs ìbisohchis lãsobcso`sctoseibfcs hi nc zk`c hk`hi si oapniai`tc. Xkac`hk bkak lcsi nks rieiri`tisixpuistks c`tirokrai`ti, orácaks i` bk`trcvác so ivotcaks fcbir hi istcs ìbiso-hchis, kpkrtuòhchis pcrc cpri`hir, hosbutor y bkapri`hir `k sònk bk`biptucno-zcbokìs, so`k ùivcs ekracs hi csuaor nc vohc bktohoc`c, aihoc`ti nc cbboò` bk`-

du`tc hi nc bkauòhch pcrcprkburcrsi u` loi` bkaô`,prkhubtk hin iseuirzk hitkhks nks cbtkris skbocnis.In Rostiac O`tircbtovkXrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hkprkauivi u`c pcrtobopcboò`bkauòtcroc krgcòzchc yrispcnhchc pkr in Istchkskbocn hi hiribfk, i` idir-bobok hi nc bouhchc`ác, cni-

dchk hi pknátobcs hi „ac`kti`hohc‑ y „csosti`bocnosak‑.

Zcrc tcn eo`, is ìbiscrocu`c vosoò` hin hiscrrknnk sk-bocn bk` lcsi i` nohircz-gks6, qui fcyc rincbokìshiakbrãtobcs i` bkauòhc-his oèkrachcs, bcpcbishi rienixok`cr brátobcai`-ti, bk` fclonohchis pcrc

Uábtkr Roacrrc yc si bkauòbc pkr o`tirìt

bk` tkhks nks ispibocnostcs ixtrc`dirks

qui quoiri` oèkracboò` sklri Zcni`qui.




prokrozcr sus ìbiso-hchis, tkac`hk bkakrieiri`ti in loi` hi nc bk-auòhch y nc pksolonohchhi nnigcr c bk`si`sks sk-lri inncs. In RostiacO`tircbtovk Xrc`sekrai-aks Ihubc`hk hiscrrknncistcs fclonohchis pcrc ec-bonotcr nks prkbisks hi hi-scrrknnk skbocn qui sigiìri` i` nc zk`c hi oènui`boc, csá bkak nc pcrtobopcboò` cbtovc i` nc gistoò` hi nksaosaks.

Zkr ktrc pcrti, si fcbi ìbiscroc u`c pcrtobopcboò` bkauòtcroc qui bk`kzbc y vcnkrinc ùivc krgcòzcboò` hin Istchk, nc eu`boò` hi sus o`stotubokìs y nks aibcòsaks hipcrtobopcboò` pcrc cbbihir c nks ribursks histo`chks pcrc supircr sus ìbisohchislãsobcs o`sctoseibfcs. Hi ogucn acìrc, sclir sklri ncs eu`bokìs hi nks náhiris inigo-hks i` ekrac hiakbrãtobc i` hoeiri`tis o`stc`bocs hi pkhir, sus hiliris y hiribfksbkak inibtkris y nc ïtobc qui sulycbi c ncs prãbtobcs pknátobcs, pcrc giìrcr u`caorchc viihkrc prkcbtovc qui rihu`hi i` liìeobok hi ncs bkauòhchis.

Isti idi burrobuncr crtobunc ncs cbbokìs ihubctovcs qui giìrc` ispcboks hi i`-bui`trk, qui ekai`tc` ohi`tohchis bunturcnis, qui risogòeobc` in vcnkr hi nc rigoò`,

6. \ibkrhiaks c Lcuac` i` su klrc, Nc skboihch sotochc, i`tri in náhir y in áhknk4 „Nks náhiris nis hc` u` `kalripôlnobk (gi`ïrobk), c prklniacs o`hovohucnis, bk` nk qui soi`tc` ncs lcsis pcrc u` acìdk bknibtovk hi prklni-acs qui `k pkhrác` sir pirbolohks hishi in o`tirokr hi nc ixpiroi`boc o`hovohucn, ò ièri`tchks pkr su bui`tcpkr nks o`hovohuks‑, p. <:?.


Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk

prkauivi u`c pcrtobopcboò`

bkauòtcroc krgcòzchc

y rispcnhchc pkr in Istchk

skbocn hi hiribfk.




sus ribursks, sus pksolonohchis, sus fotks y i` ôntoak, cquá si i`bui`trc` ncs sotuc-bokìs y cbtovohchis hi cpri`hozcdi bk`tixtucnozchcs pcrc giìrcr ispcboks hi is-pirc`zc, pcrc bk`struor ùivcs ekracs hi istcr du`tks i` in akai`tk buc`hk sivovi, pcrc rinogcr ncs erãgonis rincbokìs qui bcrcbtirozc` cngu`ks hi nks ispcboksqui fc` sohk czktchks pkr nc vokni`boc y nc pklrizc.

Zkr ôntoak, u` cspibtk trcsbi`hi`tcn pcrc ièri`tcr nks prkbisks hi hiscrrknnk sk-bocn y krgcòzcboò` bkauòtcroc, is in ekai`tk hi nc bkèoc`zc i` in Istchk, puis sitrctc hi bkauòhchis qui fc` suerohk clc`hk`k istctcn, cusi`boc hi ncs o`stotubok-ìs qui hili` cbkapcócrnks i` ekrac bkkrho`chc y qui si fc cgrcvchk sklri tkhk,pkr ncs sibuincs hi nc vokni`boc qui fc` skpkrtchk. Zkr innk, isti idi burrobuncr isauy oapkrtc`ti pcrc in hiscrrknnk hi istcs pklncbokìs.

@k knvohcr qui in Rostiac O tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk nnigc c rigokìs hi ncpiroeiroc `cbok`cn, hk`hi fc pirsostohk nc pklrizc pkr vcrocs giìrcbokìs, pkr sir zk`cshk`hi ncs ìbisohchis lãsobcs o sctoseibfcs si i`bui`trc i nks lcdks á hobis hi bklir-turc hishi fcbi aãs hi <: cóks i o bnusk, cô sulycbi in clc`hk`k bknk ocnostc qui sònkhiscrrknnò nks o tirisis hi grc`his fcbi`hchks i ïpkbcs riaktcs, i rigokìs hi Bcubc,@croók, ncs bkstcs Bcroli y Zcbáeobc, y nc ri-goò` hi nc Caczk`ác, hk`hi bkixosti` o -iquohchis qui sònk liìeoboc c u`ks pkbks.Nc pirsosti`boc hi ncs hisogucnhchis i`ùistrk Zcás, fc sohk klditk hi istuhok i`nks ôntoaks toiapks?, y i`tri ncs bk`bnusok-ìs hi sus bcuscs istã in „ieibtk vibo hc-rok‑ qui bric trcapcs hi pklrizc quioapohi qui istcs zk`cs cvc`bi fcboc inhiscrrknnk, bk`vortoi`hk ncs hisogucnhchistirrotkrocnis i cngk piracì`ti. Nc rigoò`Bcroli rigostrò in aãs cntk á hobi hi pklri-zc auntohoai`sok`cn (OZA), i in Zcás, 9<,5%i` <::63:.

?. GCNUOR, Nuos Crac`hk y AIORIN, Chknek. Zirsosti`boc hi ncs hisogucnhchis rigok`cnis i` Bknkaloc4 Y` c`ãnososispcbocn. Lkgktã4 Lc`bk hi nc \ipôlnobc. I`4 fttp4//www.lc`rip.gkv.bk/pulnobcbokìs/pul[ib[rig8.fta (<:3:).

3:. HIZC\XCAI@XK @CBOK@CN HI ZNC@ICBOÒ@ (<:33). Á`hobi hi Zklrizc Auntohoai`sok`cn (OZA-Bknkaloc)3??7-<::6 y aitc hin Z@H pcrc <:38. Lkgktã.


Xrc`sekraiaksIhubc`hk nnigc c

rigokìs hi nc piroeiroc

`cbok`cn, hk`hi

fc pirsostohk nc

pklrizc pkr vcrocs

giìrcbokìs.




8.2.2 Xib`knkgác hi nc oèkracboò` y ncs bkauòbcbokìs, pcrc

hiscrrknncr in burrábunk hi hovirscs ãrics tiaãtobcs

»Bòak ecbonotcr nc rincboò` hi nks istuhoc`tis hi pklncbokìs vunìrclnis hi Bcrtc-gi`c bk` nks hctks hi su ricnohch, bk` nks ixpirtks, bk` ncs firrcaoi`tcs qui siutonozc` fky pcrc sknubok`cr ieobczai`ti sus prklniacs cbtucnis; Nc rispuistc quifc` i`bk`trchk ixpirtks bkak nks cgrupchks i` In bk`skrbok hi fclonohchis o`hos-pi`sclnis pcrc in sognk VVO33, eui o`bnuor ncs tib`knkgács hi nc oèkracboò` y ncs

bkauòbcbokìs i` in burrábunk hi ncs ãrics lãsobcs hin sclir, bk` nc o`ti`boò` hibirrcr nc lribfc i`tri nc isbuinc y in au`hk ricn .

In Rostiac o`tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk istã nnivc`hk c ncs cuncs i` ncszk`cs urlc`k-acrgo`cnis y rurcnis hi hoeábon cbbisk, u`c pnctcekrac tib`knògobc quipiraoti hiscrrknncr in burrábunk bk` aihocbokìs hohãbtobcs o`tircbtovcs, vohiks, cb-bisk c pãgo`cs Wil y c i`bobnkpihocs i` náìc, sigô` in òvin hi sirvoboks hi ncsrigokìs. Istc o`tircbtovohch si bkapniai`tc bk` in/nc hkbi`ti bk` ekrtcnizc hosbo-pno`cr, nks tixtks oaprisks y nc o`tircbboò` bk`stc`ti bk` nc bkauòhch, tkhk nk bucn

Cuncs hin Rostiac

O`tircbtovk

Xrc`sekraiaks

Ihubc`hk

i` Bcrtcgi`c.

33. Istc cskbocboò` hi Istchks Yòhks riôì c u` grupk hi ixpirtks, i`tri innks in Hipcrtcai tk hi Ihubcboò` quiribk`kbi nc lribfc i`tri nc isbuinc cbtucn y ncs ìbisohchis hi nc skboihch hin sognk VVO, bkak ncs hin bcapknclkrcn y hiscrrknnc` istrctigocs pcrc utonozcr ncs XOB hi acìrc ieibtovc i` nc isbuinc. Aãs oèkracboò` i` fttp4/ //www.<3stbi`turysmonns.krg/, pcrc bk`kbir nks acpcs hi cneclitozcboò` i` in usk hi ncs XOB i` in burrábunk.




fc piraotohk prkeu`hozcr i` ncs bk`biptucnozcbokìs y capnocr nc pirspibtovc hi nksistuhoc`tis hi istcs bkauòhchis cnidchcs. Hi ogucn acìrc, klnogc c nks hkbi`tisc utonozcr nc o`tircbtovohch i` sus prkbisks hi pncìcboò` hi nc prãbtobc hkbi`ti= pkristc rczò`, in siguoaoi`tk cn trclcdk hi cunc is bk`stc`ti. I` Bcrtcgi`c, in oapcbtkhi nc o`bnusoò` hi istcs bkauòhchis i` ncs bunturcs hogotcnis is pksotovk i` hovir-sks cspibtks, nks bucnis prisi`tcaks i` in bcpátunk soguoi`ti hi isti hkbuai`tk.

Hchcs ncs bk`hobokìs hi vunìrclonohch hi istcs bkauòhchis, nc isbuinc si bk`-

voirti i` in ispcbok ecbonotchkr hin cbbisk c ncs ùivcs tib`knkgác hi nc oèkrac-boò` y ncs bkauòbcbokìs. Ro nc isbuinc prkvii nc pnctcekrac tib`knògobc aáòac,ncs pksolonohchis hi bk`toùcr cpri`hoi`hk y utonozc`hk nc tib`knkgác i` in bcapknclkrcn si capnác` pcrc ùistrks istuhoc`tis, pkrqui si supirc nc lcrrirc hinc`cneclitosak hogotcn. Nks oapcbtks si prisi`tc` i` nks prkbisks hi i`sióc`zc ycpri`hozcdi, y i` nc piracì`boc y bk`toùohch, i` ncrisogòeobcboò` hi su bunturc, i`tri ktrks. Zirk in oapcbtkpro`bopcn istã i` nc bk`troluboò` c caloi`tis hi cpri`ho-zcdi cgrchclnis, cai`ks, ecbonotchkris hi cpri`hozcdis

cbtovks y grcbocs c innks, ùistrks istuhoc`tis bk`s-truyi` aidkris bk`hobokìs hi vohc, pkr aihok hi u`cihubcboò` cbkrhi bk` in tirbir aoniòk.

I` Bcrtcgi`c, in oapcbtk hi nc o`bnusoò` hi ncs

bkauòhchis i` ncs bunturcs hogotcnis is pksotovk.




8.2.8 Bkapiti`bocs lãsobcs

Isti hosiók burrobuncr lusbc nc rincboò` bk`stc`ti i`tri tikrác y prãbtobc, ecbonotc`hknc trc`seiri`boc hi nks scliris cbchïaobks c bk`tixtks, c hovirscs sotucbokìs hi ncvohc bktohoc`c, i` lusbc hin hiscrrknnk hi u`c pirsk`cnohch qui piraotc u`c ekrac-boò` i` in sclir, i` in sclir fcbir y i` in sclir sir, bkak nk pnc`tic nc eu`hcai`tcboò`hi ncs bkapiti`bocs lãsobcs. Istc pirspibtovc si iàcrbc hi`trk hi nks pnc`tic-aoi`tks burrobuncris hi vcroks isbi`croks au`hocnis, hishi Iurkpc fcstc CaïrobcNcto`c y in Bcroli, hk`hi fky si i`bui`trc` rigncai`tchcs ncs bkapiti`bocs lãso-bcs qui bchc pcás prkauivi bkak kroi`tcboò` pcrc nks eoìs ihubctovks.

I` in aihok bknkaloc`k, is bkaô` i`bk`trcr ncs bkapiti`bocs lãsobcs cskbochcs cncs ãrics tiaãtobcs. I` ùistrk bcsk, su hiscrrknnk kroi`tc istrctigocs ihubctovcso`tigrchkrcs qui si ixprisc` i` nc aorchc o`tirhosbopno`cr, cu`qui ribk`kbiaksãrics tiaãtobcs hk`hi in ãalotk burrobuncr piraoti u` acykr hiscrrknnk, pkr idia-pnk4 in pi`scaoi`tk nògobk actiaãtobk i` in ãric hi actiaãtobcs, cu`qui i` ncsktrcs ãrics tiaãtobcs si prisi`tc` kpkrtuòhchis pcrc hiscrrknncr nc eu`bok`cnohchhi istc bkapiti`boc.

Hishi in hkaoòk hi nc psobknkgác, ncs bkapiti`bocs sk` u` topk hi bcpcbohch hipkhir pcrc hiscrrknncr cbbokìs. I` in ãalotk ihubctovk, ncs bcpcbohchis istã` ri-

In hosiók burrobuncrXrc`sekraiaks lusbc nc

rincboò` bk`stc`ti i`tri

tikrác y prãbtobc, ecbonotc`hk

nc trc`seiri`boc hi nks

scliris cbchïaobks

c hovirscs sotucbokìs

hi nc vohc bktohoc`c.




ncbok`chcs bk` in sclir fcbir, nk bucn `ks nnivc c bk`sohircr qui in pcsk privok pcrcsclir fcbir is sclir y sclir sir= is hibor, sclir fcbir oapnobc u`c hoai`soò` bk`-biptucn qui o`bnuyi nc bkapri`soò` y u`c hoai`soò` qui piraoti nc cbboò`, nc tkachi hibosokìs i` in acrbk hi u`c pirspibtovc ïtobc.

Isti idi burrobuncr crtobunchkr lusbc capnocr ncs pksolonohchis hi trc`seiror nks sclirisisbkncris c hoeiri`tis bk`tixtks y sotucbokìs4 nclkrcnis, cbchïaobks y skbokbunturcnis,i`tri aubfks ktrks. Hishi in pu`tk hi vostc o`tigrchkr, tcaloï` lusbc cpkrtcr c ncbk`strubboò` hi bk`kboaoi`tks bkapnidks, pkrqui nc pro`bopcn rieiri`boc hi nks prkbi-sks hi i`sióc`zc y cpri`hozcdi, is nc vohc bktohoc`c hi nks istuhoc`tis i` nks bk`tix-tks nclkrcnis, bunturcnis, hosbopno`croks (ekrtcnizcs hosbopno`cris), y caloi`tcnis.

Cn o`bnuor ncs bkapiti`bocs lãsobcs bkak u`k hi nks idis burrobuncris crtobunchkris,in trclcdk ihubctovk si ièkbc i` nc prãbtobc, pcrc istoauncr in o`tirïs y prkakvir nccpnobcboò` hin bk`kboaoi`tk i` in bk`tixtk hi vohc hi nks istuhoc`tis, i` su aihoknclkrcn y skbocn. Zkr supuistk, istcaks prkakvoi`hk in usk hin bk`kboaoi`tk hi u`ãric i` ktrcs ãrics tiaãtobcs, i` u`c ekrac o`tigrchkrc fcboc scliris sostïaobks ybkapnidks, lusbc`hk in vcnkr hi nc cpnobcboò` hi nk cpri`hohk bkak pcrti hi ncbkapri`soò` hin bk`kboaoi`tk isbkncr, bkak pcrti hin cpri`hozcdi sogòeobctovk.

Xrc`sekraiaks lusbc

in hiscrrknnk hi u`c

pirsk`cnohch qui

piraotc u`c ekracboò`

i` in sclir, i` in

sclir fcbir y i` in

sclir sir.




Bk`tiòhks

ks bk`tiòhks isbkncris ekrac` pcrti hin bk`du`tkhi scliris cbuaunchks pkr nc fuacòhch y rispk`-hi` c nc prigu`tc »quï i`siócr; Istks bk`tiòhks

si krgcòzc` y istrubturc` aihoc`ti nc pncìcboò` hi nc i`si-óc`zc, pcrc ecvkribir nc bk`strubboò` o`hovohucn k bknibtovc hin

bk`kboaoi`tk isbkncr. Hi cbuirhk bk` ncs kroi`tcbokìsburrobuncris vogi`tis, ixosti` tris topks4 bk`biptucnis khibncrctovks (bk`biptks, oèkracboò` y pro`bopoks sklri tiacsispibáeobks)= hi prkbihoaoi`tk (idibuboò` hi fclonohchis, is-trctigocs, cngkrotaks, tïbòbcs k aïtkhks bk`hobok`chks c ncsaitcs y sotucbokìs pnc`tichcs)= y hi cbtotuh, rincbok`chkshoribtcai`ti bk` in sclir sir.

Chiaãs hi istks tris topks hi bk`tiòhk, i` in hosiók burro-

buncr qui hiscrrknncaks, o`bnuoaks u` bucrtk bk`tiòhk, nksscliris privoks hi nks istuhoc`tis qui skìn pu`tk hi pcrtohc hi nks prkbisks hi i`-sióc`zc y cpri`hozcdi, istã` prisi`tis i`nc bk`strubboò` hin bk`kboaoi`tk isbkncr yprkvoiì` hin bk`kboaoi`tk bktohoc`k bkakscliris oapnábotks. O`bnusk, ekrac` pcrti hincs lui`cs prãbtobcs hkbi`tis bkak ispc-bok pksolonotchkr hi bk`strubboò` bknibtovc

hi scliris y hi sogòeobchk.

Nks bk`tiòhks istã` krgcòzchks hishinks hovirsks bkapkì`tis, hi cbuirhk bk`nc hostroluboò` qui si prisi`tc c bk`to-ùcboò`.

8.8

...In trclcdk ihubctovk

si ièkbc i` nc prãbtobc,

pcrc istoauncr in o`tirïs

y prkakvir nc cpnobcboò`

hin bk`kboaoi`tk i` in

bk`tixtk hi vohc hi nks

istuhoc`tis, i` su aihok

nclkrcn y skbocn.

N




8.8.3 Bk`tiòhks hin bkapkì`ti Rcliris sostïaobks y bkapnidks

Nks bk`tiòhks hi isti bkapkì`ti trctc` ncs csog`cturcs klnogctkrocs3<, o`tigrc-hcs i` ãrics tiaãtobcs4 bkauòbcboò` y ni`gucdi, actiaãtobcs, boi`bocs `cturcnis,y boi`bocs skbocnis, chiaãs hi o`gnïs y sostiacs, i` ihubcboò` lãsobc sibu`hcroc yaihoc.

Ncs bkapiti`bocs lãsobcs rignc-ai`tchcs pkr in AI@, si hiscrrk-nnc` i` isti bkapkì`ti y sk` inidi crtobunchkr i` tkhk in burrábunk.

Euirc hi nks bk`tiòhks klnogctk-roks i` in Zcás, tcaloï` si hisc-rrknnc` bk`tiòhks rincbok`chks bk`nc ribupircboò` hi nc aiakroc fos-tòrobc, notircroc y ausobcn, bkak pcr-ti hi nc bk`tixtucnozcboò` hi nksscliris. Nks rotks y ncs eistovohc-his bkak ixprisokìs bunturcnisrigok`cnis, sk` pcrti o`tigrcn hinks bk`tiòhks hi isti bkapkì`-ti, hishi u`c pirspibtovc hi o`ti-grcboò` bkauòtcroc, bkak pcrtobo-pcboò` hi nks istuhoc`tis i` cbto-vohchis burrobuncrozchcs, pncìc-hcs pcrc cpkrtcr cn hiscrrknnk hihovirscs bkapiti`bocs lãsobcs.

Nc risogòeobcboò` hi nc fostkroc tca-loï` si o`bnuyi bkak bk`tiòhk bk`-biptucn, kroi`tchkr hi rienixokìs ypi`scaoi`tk brátobk, ispcbok giì-rchkr hi prkhubboò` tixtucn krcn y

3<. HIB\IXK 2:33 HI 3??7, crtábunk <:4 „Ncs ãrics eu`hcai`tcnis y klnogctkrocs istclnibohcs i` in crtábunk <2 hinc Niy 339 hi 3??8, y nks tiacs klnogctkroks bk`tiapnchks i` in crtábunk 38 hi nc aosac niy, pkhrã krgcòzcrsii` ekrac o`tirhosbopno`croc k o`tigrchc, sigô` ncs pcrtobuncrohchis hi hobfks ihubc`hks‑.

Euirc hi nks bk`tiòhks klnogctkroks i` in Zcás,

tcaloï` si hiscrrknnc` bk`tiòhks rincbok`chksbk` nc ribupircboò` hi nc aiakroc fostòrobc,

notircroc y ausobcn, bkak pcrti hi ncbk`tixtucnozcboò` hi nks scliris.




isbrotc= istã cbkapcóchc hin idirbobok cbtovk hi pcrtobopcboò` bkauòtcroc, hi o`-vistogcboò` bk` eui`tis proacrocs y sibu`hcrocs. Ktrc pirspibtovc hi istks bk`ti-òhks, is nc vo`buncboò` hi nc hoai`soò` psobkceibtovc hi nks istuhoc`tis c`ti ncinclkrcboò` hi huinks, bk` nc bricboò` hi ispcboks pcrc o`tirbcalocr si`toaoi`tks,rotks hi pirhò` y knvohk, i`tri aubfcs ktrcs pksolnis csog`cbokìs hi si`tohk c nksfibfks fostòrobks hi su bkauòhch.

Ktrks bk`tiòhks qui si hiscrrknnc` i` isti bkapkì`ti, sk` ncs tib`knkgács hi ncoèkracboò` y ncs bkauòbcbokìs i o`gnïs.

8.8.< Bk`tiòhks hin bkapkì`ti Bkauòhch bunturcn

Nks bk`tiòhks hi isti bkapkì`ti lusbc` ribk`struor in bk`biptk hi bunturc prkpocpkr pcrti hi nks istuhoc`tis, ncs pksolonohchis hi su bk`tixtk pcrc in hiscrrknnk fuac-`k y pcrc in loi` bkaô`. Xiacs bkak nc rurcnohch, in ispárotu cerk y hin Bcroli, ncsprãbtobcs bktohoc`cs qui si vovi` i` nc bkauòhch i` in bk`tixtk ecaonocr, virihcny urlc`k, bk` nc risogòeobcboò` hi nks vcnkris bunturcnis qui sulycbi` i` inncs=ncs prãbtobcs prkhubtovcs qui privcnibi`, sus pksolonohchis y ritks. I`tri istksbk`tiòhks, pkhiaks botcr4 nc notircturc, nc aôsobc, nc gcstrk`kaác y ncs pksolonohchishin turosak, i` in acrbk hin vcnkr cgrigchk qui nis hc nc bunturc hi su rigoò`.




Istks bk`tiòhks sk` klditk hi prkeu`hozcboò` bk`biptucn, rienixoò` brátobc aihochcpkr in pi`scaoi`tk brictovk i` nc lôsquihc hi sknubokìs y nc ricnozcboò` hi cbbokìsqui oapcbti` nc bktohocòhch, cpkrtc`hk cn proair klditovk hi hiscrrknnk hin aoniòk4irrchobcr nc pklrizc ixtriac y in fcalri.

Ktrk bk`tiòhk eu`hcai`tcn hi isti bkapkì`ti, is nc risogòeobcboò` hin rkn hi ncaudir, sus cpkrtis c ncs bunturcs Bcroli y cerk, c nc prkhubtovohch, y nks vcnkris quicpkrtc c nc skboihch, i` in acrbk hi u`c rienixoò` brátobc hi nc trchoboò`, bk` ncpirspibtovc hi nks hiribfks hi ncs òócs y audiris i` nks prkbisks hi bkihubcboò`fcboc nc iquohch hi gïìrk, y bkak u` cpkrti bk`biptucn lãsobk cn tirbir klditovkhi hiscrrknnk hin aoniòk4 prkakvir nc ogucnhch i`tri nks gïìrks y nc cutk`kaác hinc audir.

8.8.2 Bk`tiòhks hin bkapkì`ti Bouhchc`ác cbtovc

_c si pnc`tiò qui isti bkapkì`ti cpkrtc c nc ekracboò` hi bouhchc`ks/cs cbto-vks, ecbonotc`hk i` bk`biptucnozcbokìs y rienixokìs brátobcs, nc o`tirokrozcboò` hivcnkris bávobks, hiribfks fuac`ks y hiribfks bknibtovks, cbbokìs ceoractovcs pcrcncs itòcs o`hági`cs y cerkhisbi`hoi`tis, hiribfks hi nc audir y nks òóks y ncsòócs, cspibtks lãsobks bkak bk`hoboò` hi nc bouhchc`ác.

Bk`tiòhks hin

bkapkì`ti hi bouhc-

hc`ác cbtovc bkak nc

notircturc, nc aôsobc, nc

gcstrk`kaác y ncs

pksolonohchis hin turos-

ak, lusbc` ribk`struor

in bk`biptk hi bunturc

prkpoc pkr pcrti hi nks

istuhoc`tis, i` in acr-

bk hin vcnkr cgrigchk

qui nis hc nc bunturc

hi su rigoò`.




Ktrks bk`tiòhks

hi isti bkapkì`ti,

sk` nks prkyibtks

bkauòtcroks hi

o`tigrcboò` skbocn,

o`hovohucnis

k bknibtovks.

I`tk`bis, nks bk`tiòhks lãsobks sk` ncs cbbokìs ceoractovcs pcrc ncs itòcs, hiri-bfks fuac`ks, vcnkris hiakbrãtobks i` nc vohc bktohoc`c, bk` su rispibtovc ri-enixoò` prklniactozchkrc= hiscrrknnk fuac`k, loi` bkaô`, krgcòzcboò` bkauòtcrocbk` sus rispibtovks idirboboks hi pcrtobopcboò` i` su bkauòhch. Ktrks bk`tiòhkspcrc capnocr in bk`tixtk hi cpnobcboò` hi istcs bk`biptucnozcbokìs, sk` nc istrub-turc hin Istchk, ncs krgcòzcbokìs, o`stotubokìs, i`tohchis hin ispcbok nkbcn, ri-gok`cn, `cbok`cn i o`tir`cbok`cn qui cpkrtc` i` nc lôsquihc hin loi` bkaô`.

Hi`trk hi isti bkapkì`ti, si trctc` u`ks bk`tiòhks qui cpkrtc` c nc eu`hcai`-tcboò` lãsobc pcrc buapnor nks klditovks hi hiscrrknnk hin aoniòk, rincbok`chks bk`nc scnuh sixucn y riprkhubtovc, in buohchk hi ncs achris chknisbi`tis gistc`tis ysus òóks= nc privi`boò` hi ièiraihchis hi trc`saosoò` sixucn, in UOF ROHC= ncprivi`boò` hi nc akrtcnohch oèc`ton bk` bk`kboaoi`tks lãsobks hi privi`boò` y trc-tcaoi`tk hi ncs I\C y ncs IHC= cguc pktclni, oapkrtc`boc hin scìcaoi`tk lãsobk,ùtroboò`, vcbu`cboò`, pisk y tcnnc, bk` sus rispibtovcs dkr`chcs bkauòtcrocs krgc-òzchcs pkr nks istuhoc`tis, hishi ncs cbtovohchis pncìchcs y ricnozchcs i` in cunc.

Ktrks bk`tiòhks hi isti bkapkì`ti, sk` nks prkyibtks bkauòtcroks hi o`tigrc-boò` skbocn, o`hovohucnis k bknibtovks, i` nc pirspibtovc hin hiscrrknnk fuac`k sksti-òlni y susti`tclni i` bkauòhch, nks bucnis tcaloï` cpkrtc` cn buapnoaoi`tk hinproair klditovk hi hiscrrknnk hin aoniòk.




Rá`tisos hi nks iniai`tkslãsobks pcrc u` burrábunk

pirtoì`ti

8.9

Istrctigoc burrobuncr4 o`bnuor c nks istuhoc`tis i` u` prkyibtk hi bouhchc`ác cbtovc aihoc`ti in ekrtcniboaoi`-tk hi nc ohi`tohch pirsk`cn y pnuroïtòbc, ribupirc`hk iniai`tks hi u`c bunturc hovirsc qui fclotc i` u` bk`tixtkprovonigochk pkr sus borbu`stc`bocs fostòrobcs, notircrocs, ausobcnis, turástobcs= pcrc ho`caozcr hishi cnná bunturcbouhchc`c, brichkrc y prkhubtovc i` nks ispcboks hi cbtucboò` bktohoc`c hi nks istuhoc`tis y sus bkauòhchis.




LI\XCNC@EE_, N. (3?56). Xikrác Giìrcn hi Rostiacs . Achroh4 Ek`hkhi Bunturc Ibk`òaobc.

BK\XO@C, C. (3??7). Bouhchc`ks hin au`hk . Achroh4 Cnoc`zc.

HIZC\XCAI@XK @CBOK@CN HI ZNC@ICBOÒ@ (<:33). Á`hobi hi Zk- lrizc Auntohoai`sok`cn (OZA-Bknkaloc), 3??7-<::6 y aitc hin Z@H pcrc <:38. Lkgktã.

GCNUOR, N.C. y AIORIN, C. (<:3:) Zirsosti`boc hi ncs hisogucnhchis rigok`cnis i` Bknkaloc4 Y` c`ãnosos ispcbocn. Lkgktã4 Lc`bk hinc \ipôlnobc. I`4 fttp4//www.lc`rip.gkv.bk/pulnobcbokìs/pul[ib[rig8.fta).

DKCR, F. (3?66). Nc o`stotubok`cnozcboò` bkak prkbisk brictovk. Cbir- bc hi nc eonkskeác pknátobc hi Bkrìnous Bcsktkrochos. I`4 In prcgactosak

y nc tikrác skbocn. Achroh4 Rognk VVO.

ACXY\C@C, F. (3??5). In si`tohk hi nk fuac`k . Rc`tocgk4 Hknai`.

AK\O@, Ï. (3??:). O`trkhubboò` cn Zi`scaoi`tk Bkapnidk . Achroh4GIHORC.

Lolnokgrceác




Bk`to`uohch, Zirac`i`boc

y Ixpibtctovcs IhubctovcsEuturcs hi nks istuhoc`tistrc`sekrachkris/cs

Bcpátu nk 9





9.3O`trkhubboò`

` isti oèkrai, si prisi`tc` nks risuntchks hi u`co`vistogcboò` qui si fozk sklri nks prkbisks hicpri`hozcdi y i`sióc`zc hin Zrkgrcac hi Cneclito-

zcboò` hi Dòviìs y Chuntks qui si istã oapniai`tc`hk i`nc bouhch hi Bcrtcgi`c, lcdk in ièkqui hin RostiacO`tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk hishi in cók <::6. Ho-bfc o`vistogcboò` fcbi pcrti hi ncs istrctigocs aitkhknògo-bcs bk`tiapnchcs pkr isti akhink burrobuncr i` su ecsi hisiguoaoi`tk y ivcnucboò`, bk` in eo` hi bkapri`hir ncs ixpi-roi`bocs hi nks istuhoc`tis eri`ti c su o`bnusoò` i` in i`tkr-`k isbkncr y ncs hoeobuntchis prisi`tchcs i` in proair cók hi

idibuboò`, pcrc ricnozcr nks cdustis y bkrribtovkspirtoì`tis c pcrtor hi nc riekrauncboò` hi ho-

bfcs ixpiroi`bocs.

In istuhok trctc hi rispk`hir nks soguoi`-tis o`tirrkgc`tis4 »quï si`tohk toiì

pcrc nks istuhoc`tis, nc csosti`boc cncunc hi bncsis, nc piracì`boc i`

nc ihubcboò`, in buapnoaoi`tk hisus trclcdks ixtrc-bncsi pcrc

nkgrcr nks istã`hcris lãso-bks hi bkapiti`bocs y nc

cpnobcboò` hi istksscliris i` su vohc bk-

I




tohoc`c; »Suï si`tohk toiì pcrc innks, vknvir c istuhocr k oòbocr sus istuhoks;»Suï cpkrtis fc` ribolohk hi istc ihubcboò`; »Suï sogòeobc ekracr pcrti hi istiprkbisk ihubctovk qui kroi`tc in Rostiac O`tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk;

I`tri nks klditovks ispibáeobks qui si prkpkì nkgrcr, si puihi` siócncr nks so-guoi`tis4

• Ohi`toeobcr ecbtkris hi nc vohc isbkncr pcschc y prisi`ti hi nksistuhoc`tis, pcrc bkapri`hir nks prkbisks hi ixbnusoò`, hisir-boò` y cusi`tosak, y giìrcr hishi cnná prkbisks hi o`bnusoò`qui rihuzbc` su o`bohi`boc i` euturcs giìrcbokìs.

• Ohi`toeobcr ecbtkris hi nc vohc isbkncr pcschc y prisi`ti hi nks

istuhoc`tis, pcrc istclnibir bk`hobokìs ecvkrclnis pcrc nc pir-acì`boc, nc csosti`boc y nc bk`toùohch i` in sostiac ihubctovk.

• Bk`kbir y bkapri`hir buãnis aktovcbokìs i o`tirisis ekai`-tc` i` nks dòviìs y chuntks, prkbisks qui pksolonoti` nc pirac-ì`boc y bk`toùohch i` in sostiac ihubctovk.

• Bk`kbir y bkapri`hir ncs ixpibtctovcs ihubctovcs euturcs hinks dòviìs y chuntks, pcrc ecbonotcr rincbokìs y cbbokìs

o`tiro`stotubok`cnis bkkrho`chcs qui nis piraotc` cbbihir c inncs.

• Hitirao`cr in òvin hi sctosecbboò` hi sus ixpibtctovcs oòbocnisbk` nc ixpiroi`boc vovohc i` nks prkbisks hi cpri`hozcdi, pcrcprkakvir su pirtoì`boc.

• Ohi`toeobcr ncs istrctigocs hi cutkcpri`hozcdi y nks prkbisks hicutkekracboò` pcrc bkapi`scr nks cpri`hozcdis qui `k ricnozcì` nc akhcnohch prisi`bocn, hilohk c sus cusi`bocs i` in cunc hi

bncsis, y prkakvir ncs aitkhknkgács pirtoì`tis y enixolnis.

• Ohi`toeobcr ncs vcnkrcbokìs qui nks istuhoc`tis fcbi` sklri ncsbk`sibui`bocs hin cusi`tosak y nc prisi`bocnohch bk`stc`ti i`sus prkbisks hi cpri`hozcdi, pcrc qui bkapri`hc` nc o`bohi`bochi nc prisi`bocnohch bk`stc`ti i` sus prkbisks hi cpri`hozcdi.




Cpu`ti aitkhknògobk

stc o`vistogcboò` si ricnozò bk` lcsi i` in ièkquik`tknògobk hin ni`gucdi, buyks pkstunchks si cpkycì` boirtks pro`bopoks sigô` nks bucnis in usk hin ni`-

gucdi is cbboò` y giìrcboò` hi cbboò`, is hibor, qui in ni`gucdi `k sònk hitirao`c nc cbtucboò` hin sir bkak is so`k tcaloï`bkak cbtôc.

Hishi isti ièkqui, in ni`gucdi is u` iniai`tk o`tigrc`ti hinc pirsk`c y hitirao`c`ti pcrc bkapri`hir cn ktrk i` sus o`-quoituhis, duoboks y pirbipbokìs. Bkak tcn, is u` ecbtkr oa-

9.<

I

Istuhoc`tishi nc O`stotuboò`

Ihubctovc Lirtfc

Gihiò` hi Lcnchoi` u`c sisoò` hi

Bkauòbcboò`

y Ni`gucdi.




pkrtc`ti qui si hili pkti`bocr bkak u`c fclonohch pcrcsclir isbubfcr y bk`virscr i` nc pirspibtovc hi hiscrrk-nncr bc`cnis bkauòbcbok`cnis qui cuai`ti` nc ieobcboc hincs cbbokìs.

Zkr nk c`tirokr, nc tïbòbc hi nks rinctks si bk`stotuyò iìsti prkyibtk, i` u`c hi ncs firrcaoi`tcs provonigochcs pcrcribkgir oèkracboò`. Ncs aihocbokìs i`tri nks o`vistogc-hkris y ncs `crrcbokìs hi nks istuhoc`tis, hkbi`tis, ho-ribtovks, pirsk`cs hi nc bkauòhch, aihoc`ti i`trivostcssiaoistrubturchcs o`hovohucnis, rinctks cutklokgrãeobks,hocroks hi bcapk y vcroks grupks hi hosbusoò`, piraotoirkù` ribk`kboaoi`tk y cbirbcaoi`tk hi nks ãalotks y rihishi bk`virscboò` i` hk`hi nks fclotc`tis hiscrrknnc` suvohc bktohoc`c isbkncr. Hobfc tïbòbc si bkapniai`tò bk`nc i`buistc siaoistrub- turchc pcrc ribkgir nks hctks buc`-totctovks.

I` bk`sibui`boc, is u`c o`vistogcboò` bucnotctovc hibkrti it`kgrãeobk, i` nc bucn in tcacók hi nc auistrc `k is

In ni`gucdi is u`

iniai`tk o`tigrc`ti

hi nc pirsk`c

y hitirao`c`ti

pcrc bkapri`hir

cn ktrk i` sus

o`quoituhis, duoboks

y pirbipbokìs.

Istuhoc`tis

Xrc`sekraiaks qui

cpri`hoirk` c niir y

isbrolor y si grchucrk`

i` nc Znczc hi ncChuc`c in 3´ hi dunok

hi <:3:.




rinivc`ti i` bkapcrcboò` bk` nc bcnohch hi ncaosac, hilohk c qui istã hchc pkr nks broti-roks hi sinibboò` hi nks oèkrac`tis bncvi.

Nc auistrc si ixtrcdk hi u` uòvirskpklncbok`cn bkapuistk pkr nks hosto`tksaoialrks hi nc bkauòhch isbkncr, utonozc`-

hk nks soguoi`tis aïtkhks hi auistrik4 u` gru-pk hi hkbi`tis si o tigrò pkr bcsks ixotksks i`

piracì`boc y bk`toùohch= y ktrk grupk pkro hobchkris hi hisirboò`. Nks aoialrks hi ecaonoc

si sinibbok`crk` bk` u` riprisi`tc`ti hi bchcY@CNHI hi

ncs rispibtovcs O`stotubokìs Ihubctovcs bkàcykr `ôairk hi istuhoc`tis cti`hohks. Nkaosak kburroò bk` nks caogks k vibo ks hinks istuhoc`tis. Xkhks istks aoialrks sisinibbok`crk` bk` in auistrik `k prklc-lonástobk hi topk o`ti`bok`cn, aoi`trcs qui nksistuhoc`tis si sinibbok`crk` pkr auistrikprklclonástobk pknoitãpobk. Hks pkr bchc O`s-totuboò` y su rispibtovc Y@CNHI, i` krhi`

dirãrquobk sigô` in `ôairk hi istuhoc`tiscti`hohks.




9.2

R

Rupuistks

i csuaoirk` nks soguoi`tis supuistks lãsobks4

Ro si ecbonotc in cbbisk c nc ihubcboò`hogotcn bk` u`cs istrctigocs aitkhknò-gobcs pirtoì`tis y enixolnis, cbkrhi bk`nks ùivks bk`biptks hi nc „ihubcboòìxpc`hohc‑, is pksolni qui si nkgricpri`hozcdis sogòeobctovks.

Ro si o`bnuyi in grupk bkak ispcbok hiistáaunk pcrc trclcdcr y cpri`hir bk-

nibtovcai`ti, is pksolni qui aidkriìn rotak hi cpri`hozcdi y nc o`tircbboò`bk` in hkbi`ti.

Ro si o`bnuyi in trclcdk ixtrc-bncsis yin trclcdk cutò`kak, is pksolni hisc-rrknncr nc bcpcbohch hi rienixoò` y fclo-nohchis hi bkauòbcboò`.

Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosakBcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak



Grchucboò`

hi istuhoc`tisXrc`sekraiaks

i` nc Znczc hi nc Chuc`c

Dunok hi <:3:.




\isuntchks y hosbusoò`9.8

9.8.3 Aktovcbokìs pcrc iapizcr c istuhocr k

bk`toùcr sus istuhoks

In 23.83% hi nks istuhoc`tis i`buistchks siócnò bkak pro`bo-pcn aktovcboò`, in hisik hi scnor chinc`ti, siguohk pkr in

3?.<6% qui o`hobò nc ixpibtctovc hi tirao`cr in lcbfonnirctk yu` 3<.?8% o`hobò qui is u`c lui`c kpkrtuòhch hi supirc-boò`= ktrks pkrbi`tcdis hi ai`kr bk`bi`trcboò` o`hobcrk` nkshisiks hi cyuhcr c fodks y ecaonocris, sir prkeisok`cnis, aidk-rcr nc bcnohch hi vohc, hisiks hi supircboò`, cpri`hir c niir yisbrolor, i`tri ktrks.

Suoirk scnor chinc`ti, cpri`hir 23,83%

Zcrc tirao`cr in lcbfonnirctk 3?,<6%

Is u`c lui`c kpkrtuòhch 3<,?8%

Xrc`sekraiaks nnigò c ao bcsc y ai hok nc kpkrtuòhch 6,72%

Zcrc cyuhcr c aos fodks / c aos pchris 9,76%

Suoirk sir prkeisok`cn 9,39%

Zcrc tiìr aidkr bcnohch hi vohc, aidkr euturk 9,:2%

Hisik supircrai 2,77%

Zcrc cpri`hir c niir y isbrolor 2,58%

Ai còacrk` (fodks, caogks, vibo`ks, hkbi`tis, itb.) 2,38%Suoirk tirao`cr nc proacroc :,5?%

I` in trclcdk ai nk ixogi` :,88%

Xktcn giìrcn 3::,::%




Ncs pribcrocs bk`hobokìs hi vohc, nc sotucboò` hi hispnczcaoi`tk y ncs chvirso-hchis qui fc` tiòhk qui ièri`tcr istcs pirsk`cs, si fc` bk`virtohk i` inpro`bopcn oapunsk hi quirir scnor hi ncs bk`hobokìs hi acrgo`cnohch i` ncs buc-nis fc` istchk klnogchks c vovor hïbchcs trcs hïbchc, giìrcboò` trcs giìrc-boò`. Nks hctks fclnc` pkr sá sknks. Nks chuntks y dòviìs bcrtcgiìrks sogui`nolrc`hk sus prkpocs lctcnncs hi o`hipi`hi`boc, yc `k bk`trc ncs bchi`cs hi ncisbncvotuh, so`k bk`trc in c`cneclitosak qui nks bk`hi`c c ripitor nc fostkroc hisus c`tibiskris.

\kgirs (<::8), ohi`toeobò vcroks grupks hi aktovcbokìs qui surgi` hin suditk cnakai`tk hi tkacr nc hibosoò` hi oòbocr sus istuhoks k hi bk`toùcrnks. Y`k hiistks istã cskbochk bk` ncs kpkrtuòhchis qui nc cneclitozcboò` nis lro`hc i` ineuturk oàihoctk pcrc cpri`hir u` keobok. I` istc náìc, si o`sbroli nks bkai`tcrokshi Eonhinvir Suoóòìz, istuhoc`ti Xrc`sekachkr hin bobnk 2, quoi` acòeistò4 „yk yc ti`ác u` c`tibihi`ti, pkrqui yk quoirk istuhocr akhostirác, pirk pcrc istuhocr akhostirác ìbisotk sclir ncs actiaãtobcs, i`tk`bis isk eui nk qui aãs ai akto- vò, cpri`hir ncs actiaãtobcs‑.

Ogucn kburri bk` Dksï Zcrrc, istuhoc`ti hin bobnk 3, quoi` c piscr hi tiìr bk`kbo-aoi`tks privoks sklri u` keobok, fc si`tohk nc ìbisohch hi cpri`hir c niir y isbro-lor pcrc cbbihir c u` bursk u` pkbk aãs ispibocnozchk hi su crti4

In trclcdk aák is rierogircboò`, yk po`tk, nctkìkyk cpri`há isk c trcvïs hi u` tcnnir qui yk huribkak hoiz cóks i` isi tcnnir, hishi auy òók, yki`tri c isi tcnnir pò`gcni qui yk fcyc i`trchk hinks 3< cóks y yc buc`hk Rcná hi cfá yc irc u` fka-lri, pirk cpcrti hi isk ìbisotk fcbir u` burski` in RI@C, pkr quï, pkrqui cfkrc ncs ìvircs

voiì` inibtròòbcs, i`tk`bis yk quoirk fcbir u`bursk hi inibtròòbc y tcaloï` in hi rierogircboò`,pcrc scbcrni in birtoeobchk c nks hks y chiaãs pkr-qui cfkrc buc`hk si hcóc`, in qui `k scli inib-tròòbc `k nc crrignc.




Ktrk topk hi aktovcbokìs istã nogchk cn istctus skbocn. Nks suditks bk`sohirc`qui `k sclir niir ò isbrolor, nks ulobc i` u`c pksoboò` skbocn hisvi`tcdksc i`rincboò` bk` nks nitrchks4 Ncs ceoracbokìs hi Acùin \khráguiz, istuhoc`ti hinbobnk <, nk bkrrklkrc4 „in aktovk is u`k, ai cyuhc` aos fodcs qui yc i` isti akai`tk istã` trctc`hk hi sir prkeisok`cnis y aãs chinc`ti nc gi`ti hogc, ncs fodcs

prkeisok`cnis pirk in pcpã `k scli `chc‑. Zkr su pcrti, Lnios Bcstonnc istuhoc`titrc`sekrachkrc, csá nk ixprisc4 „so yk istuhok, so yk fcgk bcrrirc puis aos fodks vc` c tiìr u` aidkr euturk‑. Nc ihubcboò` si bk`voirti pcrc aubfks bcrtcgiìrks,i` nc ekrac aãs ãgon y ieobcz pcrc trc`sekracr su vohc y nc pirbipboò` qui hi innkspuihc tiìr nc skboihch.

Istcs pirspibtovcs aktovcbok`cnis si i`bui`trc` nogchcs bk` nks suióks y ispirc`-zcs qui istcs pirsk`cs ti`ác` cn oòbocr k bk`toùcr bk` sus istuhoks, nks bucnis siborbu`sbroloirk` hi`trk hi ncs bctigkrács hi quirir tirao`cr in lcbfonnirctk, sirprkeisok`cn y hisiapiócrsi i` hovirsks keoboks. Is hibor, ncs aktovcbokìs si bk`so-hirc` bkak oapunsks k pcnc`bcs qui bk`hubi` c nc cbboò`, y isi cbtucr pkr nc vohc`ks nnivc c nc bk`briboò` hi ùistrks suióks.

Nc ihubcboò` si bk`voirti pcrc aubfks bcrtcgiìrks, i` nc ekrac aãs ãgon y ieobcz

pcrc trc`sekracr su vohc y nc pirbipboò` qui hi innks puihc tiìr nc skboihch.




Is cquá priboscai`ti, hk`hi in Istchk hili lro`hcr ncs kpkrtuòhchis hi hiscrrk-nnk c tkhks istks chuntks qui tkacrk` nc hibosoò` hi siguor istuhoc`hk. Chuntks quibuc`hk òóks y dòviìs nis eui ìgchc nc pksolonohch hi bk`toùcr fonvc`c`hk sussuióks. Fky i` hác, nc ihubcboò` pcrc chuntks fc hi bk`bilorsi hishi nc òptobc hincpri`hozcdi pcrc tkhc nc vohc y `k hishi nc òptobc skbocn bkapi`sctkroc qui hicngu`c acìrc, i`trc c aotogcr sus bk`hobokìs hi pribcroihch y pklrizc. Nc ihubc-boò` hili bk`virtorsi i` in idi crtobunchkr hi tkhcs ncs pknátobcs qui virsi` sklrinks suditks skbocnis, prkpoboc`hk ispcboks hi briboaoi`tk y hiscrrknnk.

9.8.< Ziracì`boc i` in Zrkgrcac hi Ihubcboò` pcrc Dòviìs y

Chuntks

Fostòrobcai`ti, c nc isbuinc si ni fc bkèirohk nc klnogcboò` hi ihubcr y ekracrfkalris y audiris qui si o`sirti` i` nc ibk`kaác, i` ncs iseircs skbocnis y i` ncspknátobcs hi u`c rigoò`. I` bk`sibui`boc, nkgrcr nc piracì`boc hin dkvi` y chuntki` ncs cuncs, hili iàcrbcrsi hi`trk hi ncs pro`bopcnis náìcs hi cbboò` hi ncscgi`hcs pôlnobcs, ncs bucnis hilirã` hosiócr istrctigocs hi piracì`boc y bk`to-ùohch pcrc gcrc`tozcr nc ekracboò` o`tigrcn hi istc pklncboò`.

Y`c hi iscs istrctigocs is bk`kbir ncs ixpibtctovcs, aktovcbokìs y suióks hi ncspirsk`cs sklri nc ihubcboò`. Zkr tcn rczò`, Xrc`sekraiaks bk`suntc c tkhks nkscgi`tis qui o`tirvoiì` i` in prkbisk ihubctovk hi dòviìs y chuntks. Nc aorchc hi

In Istchk hili lro`hcr ncs kpkrtuòhchis

hi hiscrrknnk c tkhks istks dòviìs

y chuntks qui tkacrk` nc hibosoò`

hi siguor istuhoc`hk.




nks horibtovks hkbi`tis si puihi risuaor i` ncs pcnclrcs hi Eir`c`hk Crhonc, \ibtkrhi nc OI C`tkòk @croók hin Hostrotk hi Bcrtcgi`c, quoi` acòeistò4

I` istc náìc, si pkhrác crguai`tcr qui i` su acykrác, in chuntk qui tkac nc hibo-soò` hi vknvir c nc isbuinc, nk fcbi pcrc quihcrsi. Istc hibosoò` istã suditc c nkssuióks y ixpibtctovcs hi supircboò` qui ti`gc eri`ti c nc cneclitozcboò`. In chuntkqui piracìbi nk fcbi bk` iapiók y bkaprkaosk, si o`vknubrc i` ncs cbtovohchishi nc isbuinc y pcrtobopc cbtovcai`ti i` ncs hibosokìs hi nc bkauòhch ihubctovc.

I` isti krhi` hi ohics, si bk`suntò c nks istuhoc`tis, so i` cngô` akai`tk fclác`bk`tiapnchk clc`hk`cr sus istuhoks, y si i`bk`trò qui in ?8.<6% hodk qui `k= ysònk nc ao`krác bkrrispk`hoi`ti c u` 9.7<%, acòeistò qui sá. Nc acykrác cbncrò quincs pro`bopcnis bcuscs pcrc `k clc`hk`cr sus istuhoks, klihibác` c quirir sir cn-guoi` i` nc vohc, cnbc`zcr suióks, tirao`cr sus istuhoks y in lcbfonnirctk, y quirirqui nc vohc nis bcaloi i`tri ktrcs. Istcs rispuistcs gucrhc` rincboò` bk` nc pirs-pibtovc hi nks ribtkris qui csigurc` qui in grc` pkrbi`tcdi hi nks chuntks, pirac-ìbi hilohk c qui hisic supircr sus bk`hobokìs hi vunìrclonohch y pklrizc.

Ri` (<:::), bk`sohirc qui „buc`tk acykr sic nc bklirturc hi nc ihubcboò` lãsobc y hi nc csosti`boc scòtcroc, aãs prklclni is qui o`bnusk ncs pirsk`cs pkti`bocnai`ti pklris ti`gc` aãs kpkrtuòhchis hi vi`bir nc aosiroc‑. Istc òptobc hieoì nc pirs-

Zuis `kracnai`ti in qui vc quihc`hk is in qui istã o`tirischk, i`tk`bis isi qui vc quihc`hk is u`c pirsk`c hi bcrcbtirástobcs hogcaks is u`c pirsk`c bk` lui`c vknu`tch bk` gc`cs hi ibfcr pcrc chinc`ti, k sic pkr isk is qui i` istks prkbisks skbocnis in qui si quihc, in qui piracìbi is in qui toiì in lui` bkapkrtcaoi`tk, scni hi sá aosak

y nc ìbisohch bkak pirsk`c hi supircrsi, i`tk`-

bis `kracnai`ti istc is nc gi`ti qui bknclkrc qui quoiri cn prkgrcac, qui quoiri c nc o`stotuboò` qui istã cn hác i` so bk` su prkbisk hi vohc.




pibtovc hi nc pklncboò` pklri i` nks pcásis hi nc \igoò` hi ncsCaïrobcs, hchk qui trchobok`cnai`ti si fc bk`bilohk nc ihu-bcboò` bkak in vifábunk qui pkti`boc in hiscrrknnk. Hi cnná quincs pro`bopcnis rczkìs qui dustoeobc` nc ekracboò` ihubctovci` tkhks nks sibtkris, is supircr ncs náìcs hi pklrizc.

Ro` ialcrgk, iscs aosacs bk`hobokìs hi vunìrclonohch sk`ncs qui noaotc` nks hisiks y csporcbokìs hi ncs pirsk`cs. Nksi`buistchks qui acòeistcrk` qui sá quirác` clc`hk`cr susistuhoks, crguai`tcrk` tiìr qui trclcdcr y sus fkrcroks `knis piraoti` nnigcr c toiapk c nc isbuinc. Acùin \khráguiz,istuhoc`ti hin bobnk 3, c nc prigu`tc sklri buãnis sk` ncs bcu-scs qui i` kbcsokìs ni klnogc` c `k or c nc isbuinc, rispk`hoò4„pkr bcuscs hi trclcdk pkrqui bkak hobi u`k, toiì qui isekr- zcrsi u` pkquotk aãs fcstc hk`hi hc` ncs bkscs pkrqui yk vovk cnquonchk sky bclizc hi fkgcr‑.

Zkr su pcrti, nks horibtovks hkbi`tis brii` qui sk` vcroks nksecbtkris qui o`bohi` i` nc hisirboò` hi istks chuntks, y fcbi`ïècsos i` nks prklniacs hi trc`spkrti, ièiraihch y sotuc-boò` ibk`òaobc. I` in bcsk hi nc OI Rknihch \kaã` hi @ôóiz,nc ribtkrc Nuz Acro`c \knhã` ixprisò4

In dkvi` k in chuntk qui

tkac nc hibosoò` hi vknvir

c nc isbuinc, nk fcbi` pcrc

quihcrsi. soiapri ybuc`hk si rispiti` sus

o`tirisis y sus toiapks.




@k is qui innks `k quoirc` so`k pkrqui `k puihi`, yk yc ti hodi ai hodirk`, prkeiskrc

bkak i` nks lcrroks `k fcy trc`spkrti so `k pcrc nc cvi- òhc Zihrk hi Firihoc, i`tk`- bis is hoeábon i` nks nugcris qui innks istã`, pkr idiapnk i` ncs Lroscs, Nc Nkac, k fcy trc`spkrti, so`k i` nc cviòhc Zihrk hi Firihoc k nc cviò- hc hin Bk`sunchk y `k fcy u`

trc`spkrti qui si akvonobi pkr idiapnk hi nks Bcncacris fcstc cquá c nc o`stotuboò`, ktrk is, in qui yk nk vik ai`ks pkrqui innks ai hobi` is nc so- tucboò` ibk`òaobc.

Zkr ktrc pcrti, in c`ãnosos hi nks hctks klti-òhks rienidc qui nc acykrác hi nks aktovksqui toiì` nks chuntks pcrc pirsivircr i` susistuhoks, rchobc i` nc pkti`bocboò` hin sirpkr i`boac hin tiìr4 u` <?.6<% hisic sir inidiapnk hi sus fodks y sus ecaonocris= siguo-hk pkr u` 3?,<2% qui o`hobò ncs gc`cs hisupircboò` pirsk`cn= u` 3:.?3% bk`sohiròqui hisic sir ktrc pirsk`c y aidkrcr su vohc,y u` ?.:6% o`hobò nc aktovcboò` y cyuhc hinks prkeiskris= nc ao`krác ixprisò qui pcrcbuapnor aitcs, tirao`cr in lcbfonnirctk, bk`-siguor u` aidkr iapnik, cpri`hir c niir yisbrolor y sir prkeisok`cn, i`tri ktrks.

Nks aktovks qui toiì` nks dòviìsy chuntks pcrc pirsivircr i` sus

istuhoks, rchobc` i` nc pkti`bocboò`

hin sir pkr i`boac hin tiìr, pkr

idiapnk, hisic` sir in akhink c

siguor pcrc sus fodks y sus ecaonocris.




»Buãnis aktovks nk fc` fibfk piracìbir i` sus istuhoks;

Zkr aos fodks, ao ecaonoc, sir idiapnk pcrc innks <?,6<%

Ncs gc`cs hi supircrai, scnor chinc`ti, grchucrai 3?,<2%Rir ktrc pirsk`c, aidkrcr ao vohc 3:,?3%

Nc aktovcboò` y cyuhc hi nks prkeiskris ?,:6%

Aos aitcs y aos suióks 9,<2%

In cpkyk hi ao ecaonoc 8,?6%

Xrc`sekraiaks is lui`c kpkrtuòhch, ecbonotc ncs bkscs 8,35%

Xirao`cr in lcbfonnirctk 8,3:%

Grchucrai y ribolor ao hopnkac 2,<6%

Bk`siguor u` aidkr iapnik <,9<%

In cpkyk hi aos bkapcóirks, nc caostch <,38%

Cpri`hir c niir y isbrolor 3,58%

Rir prkeisok`cn (o`giòirk, aïhobk, khk`tònkgk,

bk`tchkr, crquotibtk, clkgchk, vitiro`crok) 3,2?%

Ai gustc istuhocr 3,<:%

Xirao`cr nc proacroc :,2<%


Is nkclni qui istks chuntks ixprisi` sushisiks hi trc`sekracrsi, hi bk`virtorsii` aidkris pirsk`cs aihoc`ti su ekrac-boò`. Nc oapkrtc`boc qui rivosti nc ihubc-boò` pcrc in dkvi` y in chuntk bcrtcgiìrk,si i`bui`trc i` bkrrincboò` bk` nks ohic-nis hi nc cbtucn chaoòstrcboò` hin Hostro-

tk, qui si fc bk`scgrchk hurc`ti nksôntoaks buctrk cóks, c nc nubfc bk`trc ncirrchobcboò` hin c`cneclitosak.

Hisbropboò` @k. istuhoc`tis

Istuhoc`ti hi nc O`stotuboò`

Ihubctovc Lirtfc Gihiò`

hi Lcncho.




Lctcnncr bk`trc in c`cneclitosak fc sohk nc lc`hirc qui i`cr-lknc` aubfcs pknátobcs `cbok`cnis i o`tir`cbok`cnis. Ro` ia-

lcrgk, `k bcli huhc hi qui nc lctcnnc bcrtcgiìrc fc sohk u`grotk pkr in bcalok. Is u` grotk qui `cbi i` ncs i`trcócs hi u`

puilnk qui quoiri bcalocr. Y` puilnk qui quoiri sir hoeiri`ti. Y`puilnk qui ribkgi ncs aogcdcs qui crrkdc i` ncs pncycs, nc acykrác hi

sus turostcs qui voiì hi ktrks au`hks, hi ktrks hiscrrknnks.

Nnigò nc fkrc hin puilnk, hin ìgrk, hin aistozk y hin aunctk.Nnigò nc fkrc hi trc`sekracrsi y hi trc`sekracr su bk`tixtk.

Fcbi` istc trc`sekracboò` i` bkapcóác hi sus hkbi`tis,hi pirsk`cs qui bkak innks, fc` vovohk i` nc aosiroc, sk`

sus vibo`ks qui tuvoirk` nc kpkrtuòhch hi istuhocr y quifky vuinvi` cn lcrrok c ihubcr c sus bkapcóirks hi duigk. Cquinnks bkapcóirks qui sulác` c nks tidchks

vibo`ks pcrc isbk`hirsi k hoserutcr du`tks u` ac`-gk i` bksibfc.

Xrc`sekraiaks hiscrrknnc u` prkyibtk hi o`bnusoò` i` Bcr-tcgi`c, grcbocs c nc chaoòstrcboò` cbtucn y i` ispibocn, cisks hkbi`tis bk` ispárotu nolirtchkr, qui fc` ohk hi bcsci` bcsc, c lusbcr isks dòviìs y chuntks qui `k fc` pk-hohk bk`toùcr sus istuhoks. \kxc`c Bcstinnc`ks, istu-hoc`ti hin bobnk <, nk bkèorac buc`hk acòeoistc qui inncpiracìbi i` in cunc pkr4 „in trctk hi nc gi`ti, ncs prkeiskrcs istã` pi`hoi`tis hi u`k, nncac` i` bucnquoir bksc qui pcsi, istã` auy pi`hoi`tis buc`hk u`k `k csosti,innks tcaloï` nk vosotc` c u`k‑. Zkr su pcrti, Lnios Bcstonncriscntc c Xrc`sekraiaks pcrc sir bchc hác aidkr4 „Sui bk`to`ôi` csá, nc virhch is qui u` prkgrcac auy firak- sk, aktovc` hi virhch, ncs prkeiskrcs aktovc` c u`k c istuhocr, c siguor chinc`ti, c qui so pkhiaks, qui so skaks oapkrtc`tis, nk fcbi` si`tor c u`k oapkrtc`ti, qui so vcni nc pi`c siguor‑. Istks tistoakòks si bk`voirti` i`pro`bopoks pcrc in hosiók hi istrctigocs hi piracì`bocy bk`toùohch qui hili` tiìr i` bui`tc, tkhks nks prk-grcacs hihobchks c nc ekracboò` hi dòviìs y chuntks.

Lctcnncr bk`trc in c`cneclitosak fc sohk nc

lc`hirc qui i`crlknc

aubfcs pknátobcs `cbok-

`cnis i o`tir`cbok`cnis.

Ro` ialcrgk, `k bcli

huhc hi qui nc lctcnnc

bcrtcgiìrc fcyc sohk

u` grotk pkr in bcalok,

cn piraotor y ecbonotcr

qui quoiìs cpri`hi` c

niir y isbrolor puihc`

bk`toùcr sus istuhoks.




I`tri tc`tk, ncs vkbis hi nks hkbi`tis tcaloï` fcbi` pcrtivovc hi istc o`vistogcboò`. Osclinnc Lintrã`, hkbi`ti hi nc OIDfk` E. Mi`ìhy hin Hostrotk hi Bcrtcgi`c, cgrigò cn rispibtk4„ai gustcrác riscntcr ktrks cspibtks qui piraoti` nc bk`toùo- hch hi aos istuhoc`tis is in cakr, bcroók, rispitk cn i`trigcr- ai c innks y soi`tk qui is ribáprkbk, nnkrk bk` in hknkr hi innks y `k bk` sus akai`tks hi einobohch. Ai fi gc`chk su bkèoc`zc bk`kzbk c sus ecaonocris yc qui ai quirác` bk`kbir y briï isks ispcboks‑. In hkbi`ti qui si hihobc c ekracr chuntks, pksiibcrcbtirástobcs o`vcnuclnis. Rk` hkbi`tis qui si rivosti` hipcboi`boc, cakr y sirvobok cn pròdoak. Zisi c `k pirtiìbir c nc`òao`c `cbok`cn y sir ixbnuohks hi bucnquoir topk hi riauìrc-boò` ixtrc pkr pcrti hin Gkloir`k, sk` pirsk`cs si`solnis quibkèác` i` qui inivcr nks òvinis ihubctovks hi nc pklncboò`,bk`troluyi c hosaoùor nks á`hobis hi pklrizc.

I` isti krhi`, irc ìbiscrok bk`kbir, so nks istuhoc`tis gucr-hclc` ixpibtctovcs eri`ti c bk`toùcr k `k bk` sus istuhoks.Ri i`bk`trò i`tk`bis, qui u` ??,36% hodk qui sá y u` :,6<%,acòeistò qui `k.

Bcrtcgi`c is nc proairc

bouhch bknkaloc`c nolri hi

c`cneclitosak, grcbocs c su

Cnbcnhác, Ribritcrác

hi Ihubcboò` y i` ispibocn c

isks hkbi`tis qui euirk` hibcsc i` bcsc, bk` ispárotu

nolirtchkr, lusbc`hk isks

dòviìs y chuntks qui

`k fclác` pkhohk bk`toùcr

sus istuhoks.




Istks fcnnczgks sk` auy riprisi`tctovks pcrc nc tkac hi hibosokìs i` buc`tk cbk`toùohch hin Zrkgrcac i` in Hostrotk hi Bcrtcgi`c. Rclir hi c`tiac`k qui i`su acykrác, istcs pirsk`cs hisic` bk`toùcr istuhoc`hk, is u` bk`hobok`c`ti i` ineuturk oàihoctk. \kapir bk` ncs onusokìs y nks c`finks hi aãs hi 39.::: pirsk-`cs, is u` cti`tchk bk`trc nc hiakbrcboc y nc nolirtch.

Nc bcnohch hi u` prkgrcac si istclnibi pkr nc sctosecbboò` hi sus liìeobocroks.I` isti si`tohk, Nc Y@IRBK (<::9), ripkrtc qui in 6:% hi nks chuntks qui fcbi`pcrti hi prkgrcacs istrubturchks qui hi`ktc` krgcòzcboò` y pncòeobcboò` hi suscbtovohchis, piracìbi fcstc eo`cnozcr in bobnk. Istks hctks crtobunchks bk` nks ak-tovks hi piracì`boc qui ripkrtc` nks bcrtcgiìrks, pkhrác` sir nc eòraunc quibkchyuvi cn rklustiboaoi`tk hin prkgrcac hi chuntks hin Hostrotk hi Bcrtcgi`c, ycn hiscrrknnk skbocn hi istc \igoò` hin Bcroli bknkaloc`k.

Ro` ialcrgk, bk`kbir nks gustks kbupcbok`cnis hi nks istuhoc`tis, si bk`vortoò iù`k hi nks idis bi`trcnis hi istc o`vistogcboò`. Ri kltuvk qui u` 35.5?% hisictrclcdcr i` u` ìgkbok prkpok, u`c viz eo`cnobi sus istuhoks= ni soguoò in 33.:<% quicsporc c trclcdcr i` u`c iaprisc= in 7.5<% o`hobò u`c bnáòbc, fkspotcn y i` in bkair-bok= ncs ao`krács si bk`bi`trcrk` i` csporcbokìs bkak akhostcs, hkbi`tis, sibtkrfktinirk, hisiapiók i` nc bcrrirc qui istuhoi, ièirairác, aibãòbc, sostiacs,sibritcrács, cnacbï`, bknigoks y scncs hi linnizcs, i`tri ktrks.

Rclir hi c`tiac`k qui i` su acykrác,istcs pirsk`cs hisic` bk`toùcr

istuhoc`hk, is u` bk`hobok`c`ti

i` in euturk oàihoctk.

»Zoi`sc bk`toùcr i` in pròxoak bobnk;


@k :,6<%

Rá ??,36%





Y`c viz eo`cnozchks sus istuhoks, »i` quï ni gustcrác trclcdcr;


I` u` ìgkbok prkpok 35,5?%

I` u`c iaprisc 33,:<%

I` u`c bnáòbc / fkspotcn / bi`trk scnuh 7,5<%

I` akhostirác 5,2:%

Bkak hkbi`ti 8,69%

I` ao bkauòhch 2,7<%

I` u` fktin 2,7<%

Bkak bfie 2,85%

I` nc bcrrirc qui istuhoi 2,39%

I` nk qui si prisi`ti <,?5%

Ièirairác <,?:%

Bkak aibãòbk <,9<%

I` sostiacs <,85%

Bkak sibritcroc <,:6%

I` u` cnacbï` <,:<%

I` u` bknigok 3,?9%

I` u` scnò` hi linnizc 3,6?%

Bkak inibtrobostc 3,89%

I` nk qui ai gusti 3,2<%

I` u`c keobo`c 3,2<%

I` bk`strubboò` 3,<:%

I` vi`tcs 3,<:%

Bkak clkgchk 3,<:%

Guác turástobk 3,32%

Crtisc`ács 3,:7%

I` u` ristcurc`ti 3,:7%

Ac`tiòaoi`tk bkaputchkris :,66%

I` aihobo`c :,6<%

Bkak vogonc`ti :,75%

Bkak bkairboc`ti :,75%

@k scli :,5?%

I` nc Rkboihch Zkrtucroc :,5?%




\ovirk (<::7), crguyi qui nc eu`boò`pkscneclitozchkrc rivosti ogucn k ac-ykr oapkrtc`boc qui nc cneclitozcboòàosac. Istc priaosc eu`hcai`tcnixogi nc voclonohch hi prkgrcacs ihu-bctovks cbkrhis bk` ncs ìbisohchishi ekracboò` hi nks chuntks, i` nksbucnis si tkai` ncs ixpibtctovcs hinks istuhoc`tis bkak lcsis isi`boc-nis i` nc ekracboò` piracì`ti hinks aosaks.

I` Ibkpitrkn :,5?%

I` nc Zknobác :,52%

I` u`c eãlrobc hi zcpctks :,52%

I` psobknkgác :,9:%

Bkak sknhchkr :,88%

I` nc zk`c o`hustrocn :,26%

Bk`hubtkr :,26%

Bkak bk`tchkr :,26%

@k quoirk trclcdcr :,<9%

Keoboks hkaïstobks :,<9%

Broao`cnástobc :,3?%

Bkak crquotibtk :,32%

I` trc`sekraiaks :,32%

Keoboks hkaïstobks :,:5%

Chaoòstrchkr :,:5%

Bkak kpirchkr hi aãquo`cs :,:5%


Bk`toùcboò` buchrk4 Y`c viz eo`cnozchks sus istuhoks, »i` quï ni gustcrác trclcdcr;




9.8.2 Zrieiri`bocs hi akhcnohch hi ihubcboò`

Bk`trcrok c nk qui si pi`sclc sklri ncs akhcnohchis qui aãs prieoiri` nks dòvi`isy chuntks, si i`bk`trò qui u` 97.87% hi nks istuhoc`tis, kptc pkr nc akhcnohchprisi`bocn= u` <?,<7% o`hobò nc akhcnohch siaoprisi`bocn, y u`c ao`krác bkrrispk`-hoi`ti cn <%, kptc pkr nc vortucnohch.

Istks fcnnczgks piraoti` o`eiror qui nks chuntks bk`boli` nks caloi`tis hi cpri`ho-zcdi bkak cquinnks nugcris hk`hi si nis piraoti `k sònk cpri`hir c niir, isbrolor yhiscrrknncr ktrcs bkapiti`bocs, so`k qui si bk`voirti` i` ispcboks hi o`tircbboò`pcrc capnocr y aidkrcr su bárbunk skbocn, ivotc`hk nc ruto`c hin trclcdk y ncs nclkrishin fkgcr.

Hisbropboò` Bobnk 3 Bobnk < Bobnk 2 Xktcn

C hostc`boc-prisi`bocn 23,<?% <6,??% <7,6<% <?,<7%

C hostc`boc-vortucn 3,92% 3,53% <,?<% <,:3%

Zrisi`bocn 93,58% 96,76% 53,:?% 97,87%

@R / @\ 39,98% 3:,52% 6,37% 33,<8%

Xktcn 3::,::% 3::,::% 3::,::% 3::,::%

In 97.87% hi nks

istuhoc`tis, kptc pkr

nc akhcnohch prisi`bocn.




I` istc náìc hi c`ãnosos, nc pks-turc hi nks horibtovks hkbi`tisbko`bohi bk` istks fcnnczgksbuc`hk acòeoistc`4 „cquá `k fcy u`c bunturc hin cutkcpri`- hozcdi, `k nc fcy i` Bcrtcgi`c,

y `k nc fcy i` ùistrk pcás, hi ogucn acìrc qui innks si cbks- tualrc` c acìdcr nk qui toi- ì` hi`trk hi nc isbuinc, nk qui isbubfc` cn hkbi`ti hibor‑ (Eir`c`hk Crhonc OI C`tkòk

@croók)= is hibor, nks istuhoc`tis chuntks prieoiri` nc prisi`bocnohch pkrqui hi cn-gu`c acìrc, in caloi`ti isbkncr nis giìrc in cbkapcócaoi`tk y nc aktovcboò`qui riquoiri` pcrc siguor chinc`ti.

Zkr su pcrti nks istuhoc`tis hc` sus tistoakòks bkrrklkrc`hk nk loi` qui si soi`tiin trclcdcr i` iquopk bk` nc cyuhc hi ktrks istuhoc`tis y in prkeiskr, tistoakòkstcnis bkak4 „Lui`k nks bkapcóirks fc` sohk auy loi` bkàogk, bucnquoirc bksc qui c vibis `k scliaks cngu`k hi innks voiì y `ks ixpnobc y csá istcaks pcrc cyuhcr`ks u`ks bk` nks ktrks y nc prkeiskrc tcaloï` qui `ks cyuhc aubfk‑ (@ontk`Fir`ã`hiz, istuhoc`ti bobnk O, OI Rknihch \kaã` hi @ôóiz), piraoti` supkìr quiin trclcdk prisi`bocn si ekrtcnibi i` nc aihohc i` qui istks chuntks o`tircbtôc` bk`sus siaidc`tis4 @k si hili knvohcr qui nc irc hin bk`kboaoi`tk y ncs tinibkauòbc-bokìs pkr sá sknc, `k surti ieibtk i` isti topk hi pklncboò` buycs histrizcs yfclonohchis istã` i` ekracboò`.

In hilcti cbtucn surgi c`ti in honiac hi nks ihubchkris cbirbc hi nc bcnohch hinks prkgrcacs ihubctovks. Is auy bkaô` i`bk`trcr pirbipbokìs qui brii` qui

nks prkgrcacs hi chuntks siaoprisi`bocnis `k nni`c` ncs ixpibtctovcs hi bcnohchi` nc ihubcboò`. Ktrcs náìcs pirbiptucnis ribkgi` in honiac sklri buãn is in topkhi ihubcboò` is aãs bk`viòi`ti pcrc nks chuntks, y ksbonc i`tri nc ihubcboòèkracn y nc ihubcboò` `k ekracn. I` isti si`tohk, Xkrris (<::9), ièctozc i` ncìbisohch hi crtobuncr akhcnohchis, istrctigocs y bc`cnis qui bk`huzbc` c sctos-ecbir ncs ìbisohchis hi cpri`hozcdi hin suditk, pirk qui c su viz, sorvc` hi lcsipcrc su hiscrrknnk.

Nks chuntks hisic` pcrtobopcr i`

prkgrcacs prisi`bocnis, enixolnis

y pirtoì`tis qui nis gcrc`tobi

u`c ihubcboò` ekracn.




Eri`ti c nks fcnnczgks kltiòhks y soi`hk bkfiri`tis bk` ncs o`vistogcbokìs hiXkrris (<::9), is bncrk qui nks chuntks hisic` pcrtobopcr i` prkgrcacs prisi`boc-nis, enixolnis y pirtoì`tis qui nis gcrc`tobi u`c ihubcboò` ekracn, pirk bk` vcroi-hch hi istrctigocs y akhcnohchis bk` ncs bucnis `k sònk cnbc`bi` u` pinhcók hi ncihubcboò` ekracn, so`k qui istc kpkrtuòhch ihubctovc nis lro`hi ncs bk`hobokìshi supircboò` y aihoks pcrc irrchobcr nc pklrizc.

9.8.8 Aitcs ihubctovcs

Is sctosecbtkrok i`bk`trcr qui nc acykrác hi nks istuhoc`tis i`trivostchks (9<.7%),acòeistò qui hisic o`griscr i` nc ihubcboò` supirokr= ni sogui u` 8:.?9% quio`hobò su prieiri`boc pkr tirao`cr in lcbfonnirctk= y nc ao`krác ripkrtò nc lãsobcproacroc y nc lãsobc sibu`hcroc, rispibtovcai`ti.

Istks fcnnczgks susti`tc` ncs pksturcs tiòro-bcs hi Aiho`c y ktrks (3?6<), qui bk`sohirc`qui ncs pknátobcs pôlnobcs ihubctovcs `k sònkhili` rispk`hir pkr ncs hiac`hcs hi cnecli-tozcboò` hi nc pklncboò` chuntc, so`k qui hili`gcrc`tozcr nc pkscneclitozcboò`. I` isti si`to-hk, is ìbiscrok qui nks gkloir`ks istclniz-bc` prkgrcacs hi ekracboò` piracì`ti i` nksbucnis ncs pirsk`cs puihc` pkti`bocr su hisc-rrknnk y in hi tkhc u`c rigoò` i` giìrcn.

Hisbropboò` Istuhoc`tis

Lcbfonnirctk 8:,?9%

Lãsobc proacroc <,:7%

Lãsobc sibu`hcroc :,6<%

Ihubcboò` supirokr 9<,7:%

@R / @\ 2,89%


Istuhoc`tis Xrc`sekraiaks hi bobnk < i` Bcrtcg




Uorgi` y Xurástobc 3,3?% :,9:% 33,63% 3?,?3% :,6<% 28,<2%

Bku`try :,::% :,:5% 8,39% 5,:?% :,:5% 3:,25%

O`h. y hi nc Lcfác :,79% :,:5% 32,::% 3:,??% 3,75% <5,97%

\urcn :,::% :,::% 7,<<% 7,55% :,23% 39,<:%

Rc`tc \otc :,32% :,3?% 8,77% 6,:8% :,9:% 32,52%

Xktcn giìrcn <,:7% :,6<% 8:,?9% 9<,7:% 2,89% 3::,::%

Bcrtcgi`c voiì nohirc`hk u` prkbisk hi acgòtuhis ixbipbok`cnis, bkak ipobi`-trk hk`hi si gistc in prkyibtk ihubctovk aãs caloboksk sklri nc ihubcboò` hi

dòviìs y chuntks qui fc tiòhk in Zcás i` ncs ôntoacs hïbchcs. Cngu`ks cutkrisauy riboi`tis (Nirac, <::7), sksti`ác` qui in Hostrotk hi Bcrtcgi`c `k bk`tclcbk` u` prkgrcac ihubctovk istrubturchk qui hoirc bui`tc hi ncs kpkrtuòhchis hicbbisk c nc pklncboò` vunìrclni, ispibocnai`ti nc qui si i`bui`trc i` sotucboò` hihispnczcaoi`tk. I` nc cbtucnohch, si puihi crguai`tcr qui nks dòviìs y chuntksqui clc`hk`crk` sus istuhoks pkr in hispnczcaoi`tk, i`ti`hohk `k sònk bkak inqui kbcsok`c` nks grupks cn acrgi` hi nc niy, so`k in qui giìrc nc hisispirc`zc, ncpklrizc y nc ecntc hi kpkrtuòhchis, bui`tc` bk` u` prkgrcac cdustchk c sus ìbi-sohchis, bk` fkrcroks enixolnis y burrábunk hosióchk hishi nc pirspibtovc hi nc bkg-òboò` sotuchc qui nis piraoti nc akvonohch hi bkapiti`bocs c sus bk`tixtksecaonocris, skbocnis y prkhubtovks.

Ro loi` fcstc in akai`tk, nks risuntchks si fc` tkr`chk o`tirisc`tis pcrc ncrikroi`tcboò` hi ncs pknátobcs pôlnobcs, nc aorchc qui si kltuvk pkr Y@CNHIR, keri-bi u` clcòbk hi pksolonohchis sklri in acìdk ispibáeobk hi pkscneclitozcboò` quiriquoiri` nks dòviìs y chuntks. Ri ohi`toeobcrk` ti`hi`bocs pcrc sugiror c ncs cutk-rohchis nkbcnis, krgcòzcr prkgrcacs qui ctoi`hc` ìbisohchis, gustks y ixpibtc-tovcs, csá4

Hisbropboò` Lãsobcproacroc

Lãsobcsibu`hcroc Lcbfonnirctk Ihubcboò`

supirokr@R / @\ Xktcn

giìrcn




Nks dòviìs y chuntks bcrtcgiìrks bk`struyi` sus ixpibtctovcs hi cbuirhk bk` ini`tkr`k qui nis kerizbc kpkrtuòhchis hi hiscrrknnk. Csá puis, nks fclotc`tis hi ncY@CNHI Uorgi` y Xurástobc, acrbò u`c ti`hi`boc fcboc nc ihubcboò` supirokr, i`bk`trcsti bk` nks istuhoc`tis actrobunchks i` nc O`hustrocn y hi nc Lcfác, qui prieo-roirk` bunao`cr su lcbfonnirctk. Istks fcnnczgks pkhrác` tiìr su ixpnobcboò` i` ncskpkrtuòhchis qui nis keribi` ncs o`hustrocs y ncs iapriscs ulobchcs i` su rchok hicbboò`, y qui si o`briai`tc` c`ti nc pksolonohch hi tiìr u` hopnkac hi lcbfonnir ycbbihir bk` rcpohiz i` in airbchk nclkrcn.

Zkr su pcrti, nks istuhoc`tis hi Uorgi` y Xurástobc, bk`sohirchks pkr su ixtriacpklrizc, nks aãs vunìrclnis y acrgo`chks hi tkhk in Hostrotk hi Bcrtcgi`c, i`-bui`trc` i` in ohicrok hi nc ekracboò` supirokr, su tclnc hi scnvcboò` fcboc u` au`-hk aidkr.

9.8.9 Cpri`hir u` crti y keobok

Y` 87% hi nks istuhoc`tis i`trivostchks, acòeistò qui `k toiì bkak aitc nnigcrc nc ihubcboò` supirokr. Ro` ialcrgk, o`hobò su prieiri`boc pkr cpri`hir u` crti ukeobok, y i` in gïìrk eiaiò`k, si histcbò nc ti`hi`boc pkr cpri`hir akhostirác,lkrhchks, tidohks y scstrirác i` u` <6.?5%= ni soguoò u` 36.79% qui o`hobò prieiror ncbuno`croc, nc ripkstirác y nc pcstinirác. Ncs crtisc`ác ripkrtcrk` u` 33.<9% pcrc ingïìrk eiaiò`k y si histcbò nc pcrtobopcboò` hi u` 2.32% hin grupk acsbuno`k,buyk ogucn pkrbi`tcdi i` isti grupk itãrik, ripkrtò pcrc nc cnlcóonirác, nc bk`strub-boò` y nc aibãòbc.



3?: Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak

Akhostirác, lkrhchks, tidohks, scstrirác <6,?5% :,::% <6,?5%

Buno`croc, pcstinirác, ripkstirác 36,79% <,<?% <3,:8%

Crtisc`ács, acùcnohchis, poóctirác, po`turc 33,<9% 2,32% 38,26%

Linnizc, acòburostc, istïtobc ?,37% :,8<% ?,96%

Acìdk hi bkaputchkris, sostiacs 9,8<% 3,66% 7,<?%

Eclrobcr zcpctks, sc`hcnocs, lknsks <,9:% 3,<9% 2,79%

Cnlcóonirác, bk`strubboò` :,::% 2,32% 2,32%

Aibãòbc :,::% 2,32% 2,32%

Ribritcrochk idibutovk 3,<9% :,<3% 3,85%

Bcrpo`tirác :,::% 3,<9% 3,<9%

@cvigc`ti :,::% :,62% :,62%

Enkrostirác :,62% :,::% :,62%

Nc pisbc :,::% :,52% :,52%

Zrkhubtks quáaobks :,52% :,::% :,52%

Lcnástobc broao`cnástobc :,::% :,8<% :,8<%

O`gnïs :,8<% :,::% :,8<%

Rknhchkr :,::% :,8<% :,8<%

Fcbir trcpirks y isbklcs :,::% :,<3% :,<3%

Acrrkquoìrác :,::% :,<3% :,<3%

Cvobunturc :,<3% :,::% :,<3%

Xi`hirk :,<3% :,::% :,<3%

Rcnuh kbupcbok`cn :,<3% :,::% :,<3%

Kpirchkr hi ak`tcbcrgc :,::% :,<3% :,<3%

Eclrobcboò` prkhubtks hi linnizc :,<3% :,::% :,<3%

Zosbobunturc :,<3% :,::% :,<3%

Ncvc`hk bcrrks :,::% :,<3% :,<3%

Hisbropboò`

Xktcn giìrcn 6:,<3% 3?,7?% 3::,::%

Eiai o`k Acsbuno`kXktcn

giìrcn



Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 3?3

Istks rc`gks hi acykr cbiptcboò` i` nc pklnc-boò` bcrtcgiìrc, si hili` c nc istoauncboò` hiu`c pknátobc pôlnobc qui idirbi prisoò` sklri is-tcs bncsis vunìrclnis bkak cntir`ctovcs hi cutkskstiòaoi`tk ecaonocr. Ro loi`, istcs cntir`cto-vcs rispk`hi` c ixpibtctovcs hi nc gi`ti, tca-loï` is ivohi`ti nc ìbisohch hi ho`caozcr nksprkgrcacs qui keribi`, c eo` hi qui si bk`voir-tc` i` virhchircs eui`tis hi hiscrrknnk.

Cngu`ks cutkris hi nc náìc hi Zoibm (3??6), cr-guai`tc` qui grc` pcrti hi nc pklncboò` acrgo-`cn eiaiò`c, ni ktkrgc u` si`tohk ispibocn c suvo`buncboò` c isti topk hi bursks, pkr nk bucn siriquoiri qui ncs cutkrohchis fcgc` u` acykrc`ãnosos hi istcs ixpiroi`bocs, hi tcn ekrac quipcsi` hi sir kpbokìs csosti`bocnostcs c virhc-hirks aktkris qui oapunsi` nc ibk`kaác y inhiscrrknnk hi ncs bkauòhchis c ncs bucnis vc`horogohks.

Bcrtcgi`c, cn ogucn qui aubfcs rigokìs csi`-tchcs i` in Bcroli, prisi`tc istcs ti`hi`bocs.Ncs isbcscs k ùncs kpkrtuòhchis i` in airbc-hk nclkrcn qui keribi` istcs bouhchis, si nogc`c nc pirspibtovc hi hiscrrknnk hin sir, nc bucn sikroi`tc fcboc nc chquosoboò` hi histrizcs y fclo-nohchis qui oapcbti` i` in i`tkr`k oàihoctk.I` in bcsk òbcrcgþi`si, nks chuntks cneclito-zchks auistrc` bkrrincboò` i` csporcbokìs pcrcin gïìrk eiaiò`k= i`tri tc`tk, nks fkalrisprisi`tc` hoeiri`bocs hi cbuirhk bk` in bk`tix-tk, is hibor, i` @obcrcguc in gïìrk acsbuno`kbk` acykr ihch, prisi`tc ti`hi`bocs fcboc nccgrobunturc y nc gc`chirác, aoi`trcs qui nks dò-viìs cneclitozchks bko`bohi` bk` nks bcrtcgi-ìrks cn kroi`tcrsi fcboc nc cnlcóonirác, ncscrtisc`ács y nc scstrirác, i`tri ktrks (KIO, <::?).

Nks dòviìs bcrtcgiìrks

cneclitozchks y qui fc`

bk`toùchk sus istuhoks bk`

Xrc`sekraiaks, si kroi`tc`

fcboc nc cnlcóonirác,

ncs crtisc`ács y nc scstrirác,i`tri ktrks.



3?< Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak

Cpri`hir u` keobok si gistc i` in ohicrok hi istcpklncboò` bcrolióc, bkak pcrti hi sus csporcbok-ìs bk` in eorai prkpòsotk hi siguor chinc`ti bk`sus aitcs. I` isti si`tohk, ò`gu`k hi nksìkcneclitozchks acòeistò su o`tirïs i` hibno-`cr bk` sus istuhoks, c`tis pkr in bk`trcrok, ix-prisokìs tcnis bkak4 Zroairk istuhocr akhostirácy ak`tcr ao prkpoc iaprisc y hispuïs so ai gustcktrc bcrrirc chinc`ti, quoi` quotc qui fcyc is-pcbok pcrc nc uòvirsohch‑ (Eohinvir Suoóòìz,bobnk 2)= pkr su pcrti Wonsk` Yrrutoc ceoraò qui4„ c aá ai gustcrác bkgir bkak cngk hi cnlcóoniráck sknhchurc‑. Istcs csporcbokìs pkhrác` bk`s- totuorsi i` nc bcrtc hi `cvigcboò` qui riquoiri` ncs cutkrohchis ihubctovcs i` actiroc hi ihubc- boò` pcrc dòviìs y chuntks.

Istc aosac oèkracboò` pirk ohi`toeobc`hk ncY@CNHI qui pirtiìbi c nc O`stotuboò` Ihubctovci` hk`hi istã` istuhoc`hk cbtucnai`ti nks istu-hoc`tis, y bk`sohirc`hk bchc u`k hi nks keoboks, ncoèkracboò` ribknibtchc crrkdò nk soguoi`ti4

Cpri`hir u` keobok si gistc iìn ohicrok hi nks bcrtcgiìrks,

bkak pcrti hi sus csporcbokìs

bk` in eorai prkpòsotk hi siguor

chinc`ti bk` sus aitcs.




Akhostirác, lkrhchks,tidohks, cstrirác ?,37% 2,98% 7,?<% 2,32% 9,<3% <6,?5%

Buno`croc, pcstinirác,ripkstirác 9,<3% 3,85% 6,22% <,:6% 2,?5% <3,:8%

Crtisc`ács, acùcnohchis,poóctirác, po`turc 8,96% <,:6% 2,22% <,<?% <,:6% 38,26%

Linnizc, acòburostc,

istïtobc 8,7?% 3,:8% <,:6% :,8<% 3,<9% ?,96%

Acìdk hi bkaputchkris,sostiacs 3,<9% :,<3% 8,7?% :,<3% :,62% 7,<?%

Eclrobcr zcpctks,

sc`hcnocs, lknsks :,52% :,::% 3,85% 3,85% :,<3% 2,79%

Cnlcóonirác, bk`strubboò` :,52% :,::% 3,57% :,52% :,<3% 2,32%

Aibãòbc :,52% :,52% 3,57% :,<3% :,::% 2,32%

Ribritcrochk idibutovk :,8<% :,::% 3,:8% :,::% :,::% 3,85%

Bcrpo`tirác :,<3% :,::% :,8<% :,8<% :,<3% 3,<9%

@cvigc`ti :,8<% :,::% :,::% :,8<% :,::% :,62%

Enkrostirác :,::% :,::% :,<3% :,<3% :,8<% :,62%

Nc pisbc :,::% :,::% :,::% :,52% :,::% :,52%

Zrkhubtks quáaobks :,::% :,::% :,8<% :,::% :,<3% :,52%

Lcnástobc broao`cnástobc :,::% :,::% :,8<% :,::% :,::% :,8<%

O`gnïs :,<3% :,::% :,<3% :,::% :,::% :,8<%

Rknhchkr :,<3% :,::% :,<3% :,::% :,::% :,8<%

Fcbir trcpirks y isbklcs :,::% :,::% :,::% :,::% :,<3% :,<3%

Acrrkquoìrác :,::% :,::% :,::% :,::% :,<3% :,<3%

Nc cvobunturc :,<3% :,::% :,::% :,::% :,::% :,<3%

Xi`hirk :,<3% :,::% :,::% :,::% :,::% :,<3%

Rcnuh kbupcbok`cn :,::% :,::% :,<3% :,::% :,::% :,<3%

Kpirchkr hi ak`tcbcrgc :,<3% :,::% :,::% :,::% :,::% :,<3%

Eclrobcboò` prkhubtks

hi linnizc :,::% :,<3% :,::% :,::% :,::% :,<3%

Zosbobunturc :,::% :,::% :,::% :,<3% :,::% :,<3%

Ncvc`hk bcrrks :,<3% :,::% :,::% :,::% :,::% :,<3%

Xktcn giìrcn <?,37% ?,37% 28,26% 3<,<?% 39,::% 3::,::%

HisbropboòÙorgi` y

Xurástobc Bku`tryO`h. y hi

nc Lcfác \urcnRc`tc

\otc

Xktcn

giìrcn



3?8 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak

Nc nibturc hi istc tclnc is u`c cprkxoacboò` cncs csporcbokìs ihubctovcs hi nks dòviìs y chun-tks istuhoc`tis hi Bcrtcgi`c. Ro loi` ncakhostirác, nks lkrhchks y nks tidohks kbupc`rc`gks sogòeobctovks i` tkhcs ncs Y@CNHIR, isnc Uorgi` y Xurástobcs nc qui ripkrtò acykris á`-hobis i` isti keobok, cn ogucn qui nc crtisc`ács,acùcnohchis, poóctirács y po`turc. Is hi grc`rinivc`boc qui nks istuhoc`tis hi nc zk`c o`hus-trocn y hi nc lcfác, acrqui` acykris ti`hi`bocsfcboc nc buno`croc y nc ripkstirác= acìdk hi bka-putchkris, eclrobcboò` hi zcpctks, cnlcóonirác,aibãòbc y sibritcrochk idibutovk. I` nc zk`crurcn bcrtcgiìrc, cu`qui bk` pkrbi`tcdis aáò-aks, si riscntc nc pisbc y nc posbobunturc, keoboksqui `k si ohi`toeobcrk` i` ncs ktrcs zk`cs.

Is hi grc` rinivc`boc qui

nks istuhoc`tis hi nc zk`c o`hustrocn

y hi nc lcfác, acrqui` acykris

ti`hi`bocs fcboc nc buno`croc y nc

ripkstirác= acìdk hi bkaputchkris,

eclrobcboò` hi zcpctks, cnlcóonirác,

aibãòbc y sibritcrochk idibutovk




Bkai`tcroks eo`cnis9.9

Hi cbuirhk bk` nks klditovks prkpuistks y in c`ãnosos c`tirokr, sipuihi istclnibir ncs soguoi`tis bk`bnusokìs4

I`tri nks klstãbunks y hoeobuntchis qui si i`bk`trcrk` i` nc idibuboò` hiistks prkbisks hi cpri`hozcdi y i`sióc`zc, si riscntc in cbbisk cn trc`s-pkrti urlc`k hishi nks lcrroks hk`hi fclotc u` grc` `ôairk hi istu-hoc`tis, nk bucn c duobok hi innks aosaks, nis oapohi bk`toùcr y piracìbiri` in sostiac isbkncr. Ro loi` in pkrbi`tcdi hi hisirboò` `k is sogòeobcto-vk, `k pkr innk hili sulistoacrsi isti klstãbunk, bkak noaotc`ti pcrctiìr i` bui`tc i` nc o`sirboò` hi istc bkauòhch i` ktrcs iseircs hio`tircbboò` skbocn qui si privï` bkak bkapniai`tk hi isti prkgrcac hicneclitozcboò`, qui istã crtobunchk bk` ktrk hi nks ecbtkris qui si istclni-bi` bkak bcusc hi hisirboò`, nc sotucboò` ibk`òaobc hi istcs ecaonocs.

\ispibtk hi hobfc sotucboò`, acrbk i` hk`hi si hc` bcso tkhcs ncs iak-bokìs, aktovcbokìs, aitcs y csporcbokìs qui si nkgrò istclnibir, islui`k tiìr i` bui`tc qui nc acykrác hi nc pklncboò` i`buistchc, acò-eistò i`tri sus ixpibtctovcs, tiìr u` ìgkbok prkpok y ktrk tc`tk, vo`bu-ncrsi c u`c iaprisc. Csá tcaloï`, ktrk pkrbi`tcdi hisic o`griscr i` ncIhubcboò` supirokr y ktrk, tirao`cr in lcbfonnirctk.

Bkak hctk buroksk, i`tri nc pklncboò` eiaiò`c si riceorac su vkbcboò`prkeisok`cn pkr ncs nclkris hi akhostirác, buno`croc, acùcnohchis ycrtisc`ács. Isti fibfk pkì hi acòeoistk nc ìbisohch hi pi`scr iìsti topk hi kbupcbokìs u ktrcs pcribohcs qui sorvc` hi rieiri`ti hinburrábunk y hi cntir`ctovc hi trclcdk qui rispk`hc istcs ìbisohchisbkak aihok prãbtobk hi o`bnusoò` skbocn. Zuis, `chc si bk`siguorác bk`bcpcbotcr c istcs pirsk`cs, so pcrcnink c innk `k si nis lro`hc ncs bk`ho-bokìs y kpbokìs pcrc qui pk`gc` i` prãbtobc hobfks bk`kboaoi`tks.




Lolnokgrceác

NK@HKÓK, R. N., y Ã@GIN ZC\HK, B. (<::7). Hiribfk c nc ihubcboò`

pcrc pklncboò` i` sotucboò` hi hispnczcaoi`tk i` nc bouhch hi Bcrtcgi- `c . I`4 NI\AC BC\\IÓK, Bcrnks Cnlirtk. In hiribfk c nc ihubcboò` i` Bknkaloc. Lkgktã4 ENCZI 5.

AIHO@C Y\IÓC, G. (3?6<). Nc pkst-cneclitozcboò` i` Caïrobc Ncto`c y in Bcroli. Zctzbucrk, Aobfkcbã`. Aïxobk4 B\IECN, Y@IRBK, K\ICNB.

K\GC@OTCBOÒ@ HI IRXCHKR OLI\KCAI\OBC@KR ZC\C NC IHY-BCBOK@ NC BOI@BOC _ NC BYNXY\C-KIO (<::?). Cspibtks bucnotc-

tovks hi nks risuntchks hi nc cneclitozcboò` i` @obcrcguc (pirákhk<::9-<::?). Ac`cguc.

K\GC@OTCBOÒ@ HI NCR @CBOK@IR Y@OHCR ZC\C NC IHYBCBOÒ@,NC BOI@BOC _ NC BYNXY\C- Y@IRBK (<::9). Oèkrai hi siguoaoi`- tk hi nc IZX i` in au`hk <::9. Ihubcboò` pcrc tkhks. In oapirctovk hi ncbcnohch. Zcrás.

ZOIBM GKBFOBKC, I. (3??6). Nc ihubcboò` pcrc dòviìs y chuntks.

\ibk`sohircboò` hin trclcdk i` u`c istrctigoc ihubctovc pcrc nks sibtkris hi pklrizc . I`4 \ivostc Ncto`kcairobc`c hi Istuhoks Ihubctovks . Aïxobk.

\OUI\K, D. (<::7). Lcsis pcrc u`c cneclitozcboò` o`tigrcn i` Caïrobc Ncto`c . I`4 OO riuòò` hi bkaosoò` hi ixpirtks olirkcairobc`ks Cneclito- zcboò` y ihubcboò` lãsobc hi ncs pirsk`cs dòviìs y chuntcs . Bcrtcgi`chi O`hocs y Lkgktã4 3? cn <3 hi siptoialri hi <::7.

\KGI\R, C. (<::8). Cneclitozcboò` hi chuntks aktovcboò` chuntc . I`4

\ivostc Ihubcboò` hi chuntks y hiscrrknnk. I`4 fttp4//www.ooz-hvv.hi/o`hix.pfp;crtobni[oh1222&bnc`g12 (<3 hi dunok hi <:33).

RI@, C. (<:::). Hiscrrknnk y nolirtch . Lcrbink`c4 Zncìtc.

XK\\IR, \.A. (<::9). 3< tisos pcrc in bcalok ihubctovk. Dustoboc ihubctovc y dustoboc ibk`òaobc . Lkgktã4 Ei y cnigrác.




Bcpátu nk 5

Dkrgi Krtigc Ak`tis

Oapcbtk i` nc i`sióc`zc y in cpri`hozcdi

hi nc o`bnusoò` hi ncs bkau`ohchisvun`irclnis i` ncs bunturcs hogotcnisaihoc`ti in Rostiac O`tircbtovkXrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk i` Bcrtcgi`c




O`trkhubboò`5.3

I` nc cbtucnohch, buc`hk csostoaks c u`c hi ncs rivk-nubokìs tib`knògobcs aãs ixtrckrho`crocs hi nc fos-tkroc, bi`trchc i` ncs tib`knkgács hi nc oèkracboò`

y ncs bkauòbcbokìs, qui ceibtc `k sònk ncs istrubturcs ibk-`òaobcs, pknátobcs y skbocnis so`k tcaloï` tkhcs uistrcs prãb-tobcs, bkstualris y vcnkris, in tiac hi ncs tib`knkgács y ncihubcboò` bkak ecbtkr hi o`bnusoò` skbocn is auy riburri`ti ypknïaobk i` in hosbursk hi nc pknátobc pôlnobc skbocn y i` ispi-bocn, hi nc pknátobc ihubctovc.

Hilohk c nk c`tirokr, in prklniac hi nc hisogucnhch y nc ixbnu-soò` skbocn si fc bk`virtohk i` u`c bk`stc`ti prikbupcboò`hi ncs cutkrohchis y i` u` klditk hi istuhok y hosbusoò` pkrpcrti hi o`vistogchkris hi hosto`tcs hosbopno`cs y bkrroi`tis

hin pi`scaoi`tk (\cyc, Háiz,<::8= \khráguiz Bclrirk, 3??2 yBcstinn, 3??7).

Hobfc prikbupcboò` si dustoeobci` vortuh hi qui fc sohk i` nc is-trubturc skbocn hk`hi acykrai`-ti si sueri` nks oapcbtks hihobfks bcaloks, i` ispibocn i`nks pcásis i` vác hi hiscrrknnk yhi Caïrobc Ncto`c y in Bcroli,hk`hi si rigostrc` nks aãs cntksá`hobis hi pklrizc y hisogucnhchskbocn hin Au`hk i` nks ôntoakscóks. I`tri innks, si histcbc`Bknkaloc, Ibuchkr, In Rcnvchkr,Zirô y \ipôlnobc Hkaoòbc`c,

Ncs tib`knkgács hi

nc oèkracboò` y ncsbkauòbcbokìs ceibtc`

pksotovcai`ti, `k sònk

ncs istrubturcs ibk`òaobcs,

pknátobcs y skbocnis

so`k tcaloï` tkhcs

ùistrcs prãbtobcs,

bkstualris y vcnkris.



Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak 3??

bk` tcscs hi pklrizc hi i`tri u` 26% y u` 86%. I`tri tc`tk, Lknovoc, Guctiacnc,Fk`hurcs, @obcrcguc y Zcrcgucy bk` ncs tcscs aãs cntcs hi pklrizc i o`hogi`boc,qui supirc` in 9:% y in 2:%, rispibtovcai`ti (BIZCN, <::6).

Istc aosac I`tohch siócnc qui nc o`bohi`boc hi nc pklrizc i`tri ncs pirsk`csbuyk diei hi fkgcr y su bò`yugi toiì` u` òvin ihubctovk iquovcni`ti c ihubcboò`proacroc o`bkapnitc, is acykr qui nc hi quoiìs vovi` i` fkgcris bk` u` acykròvin ihubcbok`cn. Xcaloï` c`ktc qui ixosti` hoeiri`bocs i` ncs tcscs hi pklrizcsigô` in bobnk hi vohc, y cnbc`zc` nks vcnkris aãs inivchks i`tri nks òóks, y ncbk`hoboò` hi cbtovohch (kbupchk, hiskbupchk k o`cbtovk). Hoai`sokìs rinivc`tisc isti rispibtk, sk` tcaloï` in sixk hin diei hin fkgcr, nc itòc (nc pklrizc ceibtci` acykr aihohc c nks o`hági`cs y cerkhisbi`hoi`tis). Ri bk`bnuyi qui nc pirsos-ti`boc hi istc cntc hisogucnhch bk`stotuyi u` klstãbunk pcrc nc o`bnusoò` skbocn, yhilonotc nks vá`bunks skbocnis lãsobks pcrc ac`tiìr nks si`tohks hi o`tigrcboò` ypirtiì`boc.

Cbirbc hi istks fibfks, si krogo`c y hilcti i` nc cbtucnohch, in pcpin qui hilibuapnor nc ihubcboò` y ncs XOB bkak ecbtkr hi o`bnusoò` skbocn y hi rihubboò` hi ncpklrizc, nk bucn c su viz fc prkpobochk in surgoaoi`tk hi u` bk`du`tk hi ribkai`hc-

Xrc`spkrti hi actirocn tib`knògobk pcrc

ncs cuncs hin Rostiac O`tircbtovk

Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk

i` ncs osncs hi Bcrtcgi`c.



<:: Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak

bokìs qui si trchubi` i` cbbokìs y aihohcs hi pknátobc pôlnobc. I`tri inncs sihistcbc` ncs qui si fc` hovungchk i` ncs pcschcs Bualris Olirkcairobc`cs ricno-zchcs i` Rc`tc Bruz hi nc Roirrc, Lknovoc (<::2), Rc`tocgk hi Bfoni (<::7), y Acrhin Znctc, Crgi`to`c (<:3:).

I` risuai`, si puihi ohi`toeobcr hks grc`his ti`hi`bocs hi pi`scaoi`tk y hi pk-nátobcs pôlnobcs sklri in tiac. Zkr u`c pcrti, fcy quoiìs poi`sc` qui in ei`òai`khi nc hisogucnhch y nc ixbnusoò` skbocn is u` csu`tk hi vknu`tch y hi hibosoò` pknáto-bc qui si risuinvi i` in toiapk, bk` nc kroi`tcboò` hinIstchk, nc pcrtobopcboò` hin sibtkr provchk y nksaoialrks hi nc skboihch bovon ceibtchc bkak ri-suntchk hi nc nolri akvonohch hin airbchk. Bkakaihohcs hi pknátobc, istc ti`hi`boc ribkaoi`-hc oapniai`tcr cbbokìs i`bcao`chcs ccapnocr nc oèrcistrubturc y nc hktcboò` tib-`knògobc pcrc gcrc`tozcr nc uòvirscnozc-boò` hin cbbisk grctuotk hi nc acykráchi nc pklncboò`, pro`bopcnai`ti i`ncs O`stotubokìs Ihubctovcs hi ò-vin lãsobk hi proacroc y sibu`-hcroc, lcdk nks supuistks hiqui csá si rihubi` nks cntksá`hobis hi pklrizc, nc his-ogucnhch y nc ixbnusoò`skbocn qui ixosti`.

Is ribkai`hclni

oapniai`tcr cbbokìs

i`bcao`chcs c capnocr

nc oèrcistrubturc y nc

hktcboò` tib`knògobc

pcrc gcrc`tozcr ncuòvirscnozcboò` hin

cbbisk grctuotk hi ncacykrác hi nc pklncboò`,

pro`bopcnai`ti i` ncs

O`stotubokìs Ihubctovcs

hi òvin lãsobk, proacroc

y sibu`hcroc.



Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <:3

Nc acykrác hi nks pcásis ncto`kcairobc`ks pkì in ïècsos i` hks cspibtks hi nc Rkboihch hi nc Oèkracboò`4

bkìbtovohch y gkloir`k inibtròòbk Isti istuhok auistrc qui

nc acykrác hi ncs pknátobcs `cbok`cnis i` nks pcásis hi CNB

si kroi`tc` lãsobcai`ti c riekrzcr nc bkìbtovohch, istoau-

ncr in airbchk hi tinibkauòbcbokìs i oèkraãtobc y giì-

rcr u`c acsc brátobc hi usucroks i` nc rigoò`.

Zkr nk hiaãs, nks pncìs y prkyibtks hi bkìbtovohch ohi`toeo-

bchks i` isti istuhok si lcsc` sònk i` prkpkrbok`cr c ncs pklncbokìs in cbbisk c O`tirìt grctuotk k c lcdk bkstk. \crc-

ai`ti rincbok`c` bkìbtovohch bk` hiscrrknnks nkbcnis hi loi-

ìs y sirvoboks o`ti`sovks i` XOB, o bk` cbtovohchis histo`chcs

cn briboaoi`tk ibk`òaobk y c nc rihubboò` hi nc pklrizc.

Ncs pknátobcs y istrctigocs hitibtchcs i` nks pcásis hi CNB

ièctozc` in iquopcaoi`tk oèkraãtobk y i` ai`kr grchk, nc

bkìbtovohch i` ncs isbuincs ‒y i` pkbks bcsks‒ nc giìrc-

boò` hi bk`tiòhks. Iquopcr y bkìbtcr isbuincs, cu`qui is oaprisbo`holni, `k sogòeobc, pkr sá sknk, giìrcr ihubcboò`

pcrc nc RO4 is ìbiscrok eu`hcai`tcnai`ti c nc hoeusoò` hin

gkloir`k inibtròòbk ‒i` in si`tohk hi nc chaoòstrcboò`‒ y

hi ncs trc`scbbokìs pkr O`tirìt.

Bk` istc vosoò`, hobfk bk`biptk si capnác i o`bkr-pkrc ncs ìbisohchis hi tib`knkgács y sus hisvi`tc-

dcs k c`cneclitosak eri`ti c su acìdk bkak u` o`hobchkrchobok`cn hi hobfcs hisogucnhchis. Zcrc istc bk`bipboò`,nk prokrotcrok i`tk`bis is nc prkvosoò` hi tib`knkgács i oèkr-acboò` y su acìdk bkak idi bi`trcn hin prkbisk ihubctovk quisi bi`trc i` in hiscrrknnk hi fclonohchis aibãòbcs, nc bkìbtovohchy in prkbiscaoi`tk hi hctks. Csá si klsirvc i` u` istuhok ricnozchkpkr Eo`quinoivobf (<::<), sklri in tiac i` Caïrobc Ncto`c y in Bcroli,bk` u`c auistrc hi ùivi pcásis o`bnuohc Bknkaloc, hk`hi si nii4



<:< Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak

Zkr ktrc pcrti, ixosti u`c bkrroi`ti qui c hoeiri`boc hi nc c`tirokr,pnc`tic qui in prklniac `k is prkpocai`ti hi tib`knkgác ò hi pir-sk`cs o`hovohucnis, so`k hi siris fuac`ks, hi ìbisohchis, o`tiri-sis, bunturcs y ekracs hi krgcòzcboò` y bkauòbcboò`. Zkr nk tc`tk,bk`sohirc` qui ncs aihohcs y cbbokìs hi pknátobc skbocn hili` sirhi bcrãbtir o`tigrcn y bk` eu`hcai`tk i` in acrbk hi nks hiribfksfuac`ks y nc dustoboc skbocn (Gcrbác, 3??9= Acrtá` Lcrlirk, <::?).

Hi cbuirhk bk` istc bk`bipboò`, in pcpin hi ncs XOB y su o`bkrpk-rcboò` i` nc ihubcboò`, si rivcnkrozc `k sònk bkak aihok hi cnecli-tozcboò` hogotcn, so`k tcaloï` bkak ispcbok k loi` pôlnobk hk`hi sihiscrrknnc ktrk topk hi histrizcs y fclonohchis pcrc nc supirvovi`-boc, y hk`hi nc bkapri`soò`, in sogòeobchk y in bk`tixtk fc` hi sirsus tiacs bi`trcnis y i` eu`boò` hi nks prkpoks o`tirisis y bk`ho-bokìs hi vohc hi ncs pirsk`cs, bucnquoirc qui sic su bk`hoboò`,sixk, rczc, rinogoò`, krogi` (Gonstir, 3??7= Gutoïrriz, <::2, Xrcvoisky Zncìnnc, <::6). Istks cutkris kpo`c` qui hi istc acìrc, in bk`-biptk hi cneclitozcboò` hogotcn hili trcsbi`hir in ãalotk hi ncsohics, hk`hi si hiscrrknni bcpcbohch hi pi`scaoi`tk, bkapri`-soò` y utonozcboò` hi nc oèkracboò`, y `k noaotcrsi c hobfk cbbisk òcn airk acìdk hi nks bkaputchkris.

Nc Cnbcnhischi Bcrtcgi`c,

Duhotf Zoìhk Enòriz,riboloi`hk nks iquopkshin Rostiac O`tircbtovk

Xrc`sekraiaksIhubc`hk.




I` isti bk`tixtk tiòrobk y prklniaãtobk, i` nc cbtucnohch si oapni-ai`tc in Zrkgrcac hi Cneclitozcboò` hi Dòviìs y Chuntks i` ncbouhch hi Bcrtcgi`c, lcdk nc akhcnohch hin Rostiac O`tircbtovk Xrc`s-ekraiaks Ihubc`hk (ROXI), bk` in cpkyk hi nc Ribritcrác hi Ihubc-boò` Hostrotcn y nc supirvosoò` hin Aoòstirok hi Ihubcboò` @cbok`cn,qui sorvi hi lcsi y klditk hi nc prisi`ti o`vistogcboò`, buyks risun-tchks si prisi`tc` i` isti oèkrai.

Zisi c nks iseuirzks ricnozchks pcrc uòvirscnozcr in cbbisk i` ncisbuinc proacroc y rihubor bk`sohirclniai`ti nks òvinis hi c`cnec-litosak i` Bcrtcgi`c, cô` sulsosti` prklniacs bkak nc hisirboò`,nc ripitoboò` y nc bcnohch. Rigô` hctks hi nc Ribritcrác hi Ihubcboò`Hostrotcn (<::6), Bcrtcgi`c prisi`tò u`c bklirturc lrutc hi 332.7%,aãs cntc qui Lkgktã (?6.?%), Bcno (7?.3%), y Aihinná` (3:7.?%). Rihobi qui istcs bouhchis toiì` u` rcsgk i` bkaô`, cn prisi`tcr u`rizcgk i` nc bklirturc hi nc ihubcboò` aihoc bk` rispibtk hi nkshiaãs òvinis ihubctovks. Ro` ialcrgk, i` hisirboò` keobocn, nc bou-hch hi Bcrtcgi`c si histcbc pkr prisi`tcr nc tcsc aãs cntc bk`9.3%, eri`ti c 2.8% hi Aihinná`, 2.5% hi Lkgktã y 9.7% hi Bcno.Ogucn bkapkrtcaoi`tk si rigostrc i` nks o`hobchkris hi ripoti`boc,bk` u`c tcsc hi 9.:% eri`ti c 3.7% hi Aihinná` y 2.<% hi Lkgktã.

Cuncs hin RostiacO`tircbtovk

Xrc`sekraiaksIhubc`hk

i` Bcrtcgi`c.



<:8 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak

I` buc`tk c nc bcnohch hi nc ihubcboò` y hi cbuirhk bk` ncs Zruilcs OBEIR, Bcrtc-gi`c rigostrò nc acykr prkpkrboò` hi o`stotubokìs ihubctovcs i` in òvin lcdk hibcnoeobcboò` bk` 53%, eri`ti c 85% hi Aihinná` y 2?% hi Bcno. I`tri isti risuntchk,ncs o`stotubokìs ihubctovcs keobocnis riprisi`tc` in 78% i` Bcrtcgi`c, i` Lkgktãin <6% y i` Bcno in 89%.

Is oapkrtc`ti riscntcr qui istcs boercs, nc acykrác hin cók <::6, qui `ks sorvi` hipu`tk hi pcrtohc pcrc in prisi`ti c`ãnosos, fc` sohk capnocai`ti supirchcs i` Bcr-tcgi`c cn krgcòzcrsi y pkìr i` acrbfc in sostiac hi ihubcboò` keobocn hi nc Ribri-tcrác hi Ihubcboò` hi nc bouhch, in bucn fc trctchk i` ekrac o`tigrcn tkhc ncprklniaãtobc hi nc ihubcboò` tcn bkak nk pnc`tic y hiauistrc i` isti aosak nolrk inHkbtkr Dunok Cnc`hiti, i` in bcpátunk proairk, pirk fiaks bk`sohirchk oapkrtc`tiqui si bk`kzbc in bk`tixtk `cbok`cn y nkbcn c`tis hi i`trcr i` eu`bok`caoi`tk hobfksostiac hi ihubcboò` keobocn hi Bcrtcgi`c pcrc i`ti`hir nc hoai`soò` hin aosak.

Hi cbuirhk bk` Zïriz, G. y Rcnczcr, O. (<::7), i` u` istuhok ricnozchk sklri ncpklrizc i` Bcrtcgi`c, c`ktc` qui nks òvinis aãs cntks hi pklrizc y aosiroc, ai-hohc i` tïrao`ks hi @ibisohchis Lãsobcs O`sctoseibfcs (@LO), si rigostrc` i` ncs

Yòhchis Bkauìrcs hi Gkloir`k YBG `ô-airks 2, 8, 9 y 5, pirtiìboi`tis c nc Nkbcno-hch Xirrotkrocn hi nc Uorgi` y Xurástobc. IstcsYòhchis c su viz, si hovohi` i` ùairkskslcrroks pkpuncris hk`hi fclotc nc pklncboò`bcrtcgiìrc bk` nks o`hobchkris aãs lcdksi` ihubcboò` y i` bklirturc hi nks sirvobokspôlnobks, tcnis bkak4 cnbc`tcronnchk, cguc pk-tclni y iìrgác.

Nc oìquohch y nc ixbnusoò` fc` cuai`tchki` Bcrtcgi`c i` nc ôntoac hïbchc. I` <::<,in o`hovohuk aãs robk ti`ác u` o`grisk 68 vi-bis acykr hin aãs pklri, y pcrc <::9, iscboerc cuai`tò c 375. Istk nk bkrrklkrc in á`-hobi hi Goò qui pcrc in cók 3??9 irc hi :,26y pcrc <::9 cuai`tò c :,89 (Hostrotk hi Bcr-tcgi`c, <::?).

I`siócr c niir y isbrolor c u` dkvi`k c u` chuntk riquoiri hi hkbi`tis

ispibocnozchks i` istc ãrichi nc ihubcboò`.




Gucrá`, C`hrïs (<::2), ixpnobc in krogi` y in briboaoi`tk cbinirchk hi nkscsi`tcaoi`tks oèkracnis i` Bcrtcgi`c i` nc hïbchc hi nks ?:, o`hobc`hk qui istcbouhch, du`tk bk` Lcrrc`quonnc y Rc`tc Acrtc, bkèkrac` nc rih hi bouhchisaktovchkrcs hi briboaoi`tk, ctrcbboò` y ixpibtctovc hi nc bkstc Ctnã`tobc. Bcrtcgi-`c, c`ktc, pkr sir u`c bouhch o`hustrocn y turástobc, bk`bi`trc in acykr `ôairk hiaogrc`tis hi nc zk`c @krti hin Zcás. Zcrc isti cutkr, nc grc` aogrcboò` prisi`ti i`nks csi`tcaoi`tks hi nc bouhch, si bcrcbtirozc pkr in o`briai`tk hi nks prkbisks hihispnczcaoi`tk qui prkvoiì` sigô` ïn, hi ncs zk`cs i` bkènobtk, pro`bopcnai`tihin Rur hi Lknávcr y nks hipcrtcai`tks hi Bòrhklc y Rubri. In 3?,3% hin tktcn hi ncpklncboò`, nk bk`stotuyi` pirsk`cs i` sotucboò` hi hispnczcaoi`tk. Rigô` boercshin Hostrotk hi Bcrtcgi`c (<::?), in 3?,3% hin tktcn hi nc pklncboò`, bkrrispk`hi cpirsk`cs i` sotucboò` hi hispnczcaoi`tk, ulobchcs pro`bopcnai`ti i` nc YBG 32(?8% hi su pklncboò`), YBG 8 (66%), y YBG 38 (78%).

C nks o`hobchkris skbokibk`òaobks hi pklrizc y hisogucnhch c`tis siócnchks, sinis suac` nks rieiri`tis cn cbbisk y usk hi ncs Xib`knkgács hi nc Oèkracboò` y ncBkauòbcboò` (XOB). Rigô` nc Grc` I`buistc O`tigrchc hi Fkgcris (GIOF) hinHC@I (<::6), i` Bcrtcgi`c sònk usò in bkaputchkr (i` bucnquoir bcsk), in <?.7%hi ncs pirsk`cs acykris hi bo`bk cóks, i` bkapcrcboò` bk` in 85,8% hi ncs pirsk-`cs hi ncs <8 bouhchis y ãrics aitrkpknotc`cs hin Zcás i` nks ôntoaks 3< aisis.




Hi isi tktcn giìrcn, ncs pirsk`cs i`tri 3< y <8 cóks euirk` ncs qui aãs nk utonozc-rk`. In 99,?% nk utonozò i` Lkgktã, in 9<,7% i` Xu`dc, in 86,2% i` Zcstk, in 87,<% i`@iovc y in 87,:% i` Acòzcnis.

I` Bcrtcgi`c, nks sotoks hk`hi aãs si bk`suntc O`tirìt euirk`4 i` in fkgcr, 26.3%,i` nc O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc, <9.9%, i` in trclcdk, <:.9%, i` Bi`trks pôlnobks bk`bkstk, ?.3% y i` Bi`trks hi Cbbisk pôlnobk grctos, 3.3%. Ncs bouhchis hk`hi ncspirsk`cs uscrk` aãs O`tirìt i` in fkgcr, euirk`4 Aihinná` (9:,6%), Lubcrcac`gc(86,<%) y Lkgktã (87,6%).

I` rincboò` bk` in usk hi O`tirìt, i` Bcrtcgi`c nk utonozò in ?9.9% pcrc kltiìroèkracboò`, in 62.5% pcrc bkauòbcboò`, in 52.3 pcrc ihubcboò` y in 3:.2% pcrcbkaprcs= i` bk`trcsti bk` in ?<,:% hin tktcn hi ncs <8 bouhchis y ãrics aitrkpkno-tc`cs hi Bknkaloc qui nk bk`suntcrk` pcrc kltiìr oèkracboò`= in 6:.2% nk iapniòpcrc bkauòbcboò` y u` 9<,<% pcrc tiacs rincbok`chks bk` i`tritiòaoi`tk.

In isti bk`tixtk, c`cnozcaks c bk`toùcboò`, nks risuntchks kltiòhks hi nc o`visto-gcboò` ricnozchc sklri nks Oapcbtks i` nc i`sióc`zc y cpri`hozcdi hi nc o`bnusoò` hincs bkauòhchis vunìrclnis i` nc bunturc hogotcn c trcvïs hin Rostiac O`tircbtovkXrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk i` in Hostrotk hi Bcrtcgi`c.

O`bnusoò` hi ncsbkauòhchis vunìrclnis

i` nc bunturc hogotcnc trcvïs hin Rostiac

O`tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaksIhubc`hk i` in Hostrotk

hi Bcrtcgi`c.




Cpu`ti aitkhknògobk5.<

c o`vistogcboò` ricnozchc bk`sostoò lãsobcai`ti i`bkapri`hir nks ecbtkris cskbochks cn usk hi ncs ai-hocbokìs hohãbtobcs o`tircbtovcs i` nc vohc isbkncr y

bktohoc`c hi nks istuhoc`tis dòviìs y chuntks vo`bunchks cnZrkgrcac hi Cneclitozcboò` hi Dòviìs y Chuntks i` in Ak-hink Rostiac O`tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk (ROXI).

Zcrc in ieibtk, in istuhok priti`hoò rispk`hir nks soguoi`tiso`tirrkgc`tis4

N

• »Buãnis sk` ncs cbtovohchis isbkncris y bk-au`cnis qui si ricnozc` i` nc o`tircbboò`cnua`k-hkbi`ti-isbuinc qui ecbonotc` nks

prkbisks hi i`sióc`zc y cpri`hozcdi;

• »Buãn is nc pirbipboò` y ncs oaprisokìsqui nc bkauòhch isbkncr toiì cbirbc hincs tib`knkgács bkak aihocbokìs hohãb-tobcs o`tircbtovcs qui piraoti` bkapri`-hir nc csog`cboò` hi si`tohk qui innc fcbihi su usk bkak aihok hi o`bnusoò` skbocn;

• »Fcstc quï pu`tk nc o`bnusoò` i` nc bunturchogotcn nis fc piraotohk u`c pcrtobopcboò` cb-tovc i` nc bk`strubboò` hi scliris bkapcr-tohks, rihis skbocnis y gistoò` hi hiscrrknnkskbocn y nkbcn;




• In usk hi ncs XOB i` ncs aihocbokìs hohãbtobcs, »fclrã o`bohohk i` ncbk`toùohch, piracì`boc y hisirboò` hin prkbisk hi i`sióc`zc cpri`-hozcdi i` nks hoeiri`tis bobnks ihubctovks;

• Ro bchc cunc hi nc isbuinc hk`hi si oapcrti in Zrkgrcac hi Cneclitozcboò`hi Dòviìs y Chuntks, si hktc bk` u` tinivoskr NBH y u` pkrtãton qui bk`-ti`gc` ncs sisokìs ihubctovcs hi ncs hoeiri`tis ãrics hin sclir, lcdk nckroi`tcboò` hi tutkris vortucnis qui o`tircbtôi` hi ekrac craòòbc bk` nkshkbi`tis prisi`bocnis, y ncs riaosokìs bk`stc`tis c ncs aihocbokìs oa-priscs qui toiì` nks istuhoc`tis, si cuai`tc nc aktovcboò` pkr in cpri`ho-zcdi, si capnác` ncs eui`tis y cbtkris hin aosak y si hosaoùyi` nks á`hobishi hisirboò` isbkncr.

• Ro si vo`bunc nc bkauòhch isbkncr i` nc bunturc hogotcn, is pksolni qui innk`k sònk liìeoboi c nks istuhoc`tis, hkbi`tis y horibtovks o`sbrotks i` inprkgrcac hi Cneclitozcboò`, so`k qui tcaloï` si vic` ecvkribohks ktrksaoialrks hi nc bkauòhch hi su rispibtovk i`tkr`k isbkncr.

• Ro chiaãs hi o`trkhubor ncs XOB i` nks prkbisks hi i`sióc`zc cpri`hozcdihk`hi si oapcrtc in prkgrcac hi Cneclitozcboò` pcrc Dòviìs y Chuntks, sisuaoòstrc` si`hks aòhunks oaprisks bk`tixtucnozchks bk` bk`tiòhks ri-nctovks c ncs bcrcbtirástobcs prkpocs hi su rispibtovk i`tkr`k, is pksolniqui si aidkri in prkbisk hi i`sióc`zc cpri`hozcdi y cuai`ti su ixpibtc-tovc y bk`toùohch i` in sostiac isbkncr.

In prklniac hi o`vistogcboò` c`cnozc in ei`òai`k hi nc bunturc hogotcn i` ncs cuncsy su oapcbtk i` nc ecbonotcboò` hi nks cpri`hozcdis, bkak u` ei`òai`k qui riquoi-ri hi hkbuai`tcboò` i o`vistogcboò` pcrc bkapri`hir y pkti`bocr in usk hi ncstib`knkgács y nc oèkracboò` hi ekrac skstiòlni, rispk`sclni, bkak u`c aihoc-boò` qui cpkrti bcnohch c nks prkbisks ihubctovks. Nc prigu`tc giìrchkrc is»Buãn is in oapcbtk hin usk hi ncs aihocbokìs hohãbtobcs o`tircbtovcs i` nc vohcisbkncr y bktohoc`c hi nks istuhoc`tis hin Rostiac O`tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaks Ihu-bc`hk i` Bcrtcgi`c.

Rupuistks lãsobks

Nks supuistks qui sorvoirk` hi pcrtohc c istc o`vistogcboò`, euirk` nks soguoi`tis4



Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <:?

Ro si cuai`tc nc aktovcboò` pkr in cpri`hozcdi hktc`hbchc cunc bk` u` tinivoskr NBH y u` pkrtãton

qui bk`ti`gc` ncs sisokìs ihubctovcs si hosaoùyinks á`hobis hi hisirboò` isbkncr.

I` bk`sibui`boc, si trctc hi u`c o`vistogcboò` bucnotctovc hi bcrãbtirit`kgrãeobk qui clcrbò nks hipcrtcai`tks hi Lkycbã, @croók, Bòrhklc,Bïscr y in Hostrotk Xurástobk y Bunturcn hi Bcrtcgi`c hurc`ti in cók <:3:.I` istc kpkrtuòhch, sònk si hc` c bk`kbir nks risuntchks kltiòhks sk-lri isti ôntoak bcsk.

Nc hitirao`cboò` hin tcacók y sinibboò` hi nc auistrc, si fozk bk`pcrãaitrks `k prklclonástobks= i` su hieibtk, si cpnobò u` auistrik si-nibtovk hi topk bk`vi`bok`cn, utonozc`hk brotiroks gikgrãeobks, hi gïìrk yihch hi nc pklncboò` isbkncr actrobunchc i` in prkgrcac hi ihubcboò`pcrc dòviìs y chuntks. Zcrc ribknibtcr nc oèkracboò`, si cpnobcrk` ncstïbòbcs hi nks rinctks cutklokgrãeobks qui piraoti` u` acykr cbirbc-aoi`tk y ribk`kboaoi`tk hi nks ãalotks y rihis hi bk`virscboò` hi nkscbtkris skbocnis o`vknubrchks. Istc oèkracboò` eui bkapniai`tchc bk`nc klsirvcboò` hin pcrtobopc`ti, in hocrok hi bcapk y nc bk`suntc hi eui`-tis sibu`hcrocs.

In ièkqui iapnichk si bi`trò i` nc risogòeobcboò` hin prkbisk ihubcto-vk pkr pcrti hi nks istuhoc`tis, hkbi`tis y horibtovks qui aihoc`ti rinc-tks, hoirk` bui`tc hi sus oaprisokìs y ixpiroi`bocs i` rincboò` bk` inacìdk hi ncs XOB i` in cunc hi bncsis y euirc hi innc, nk aosak qui suo`bohi`boc i` nks rotaks, òvinis y topks hi i`sióc`zc y cpri`hozcdi.

Nks hctks kltiòhks si krgcòzcrk`, cti`hoi`hk nks brotiroks hi nc o`vis-togcboò` bucnotctovc, pkr nk bucn si prkbihoò c bricr crbfovks hi hctks bk`



<3: Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak

ncs `ktcs hi bcapk, hkbuai`tks y trc`sbropbokìs tkachcs hi ncs eui`tis proac-rocs. Hispuïs, si bkhoeobcrk` nks crbfovks, ohi`toeobc`hk y hieoòi`hk nks sigai`tksqui euirk` krgcòzchks y tcaozchks. Ri foboirk` ùivcs lôsquihcs hi oèkracboòì` in hocrok hi bcapk, si rivosò nc notircturc ixosti`ti y nks rinctks si niyirk` ùi-vcai`ti, c eo` hi fcbir hisbulroaoi`tks qui acrbcrc` ti`hi`bocs, istrctigocs yrincbokìs qui cn eo`cn, euirk` ribkhoeobchcs. Ncs bctigkrács si cgrupcrk` i` actro-bis hi hklni i`trchc, riscntc`hk bctigkrács iairgi`tis y sigai`tks crguai`tcto-vks qui hoirc` bui`tc hi ncs pksobokìs y pirbipbokìs hi acykr rinivc`boc i` nkssuditks hi istuhok.

In bcao`k ribkrrohk pcrc kltiìr nks hctks, krgcòzcr y vcnohcrnks, bkapri`hoò buc-trk akai`tks c sclir4

In proair akai`tk bkapri`hoò in ho-siók hin prkyibtk hi o`vistogcboò` qui su-goroò `k sònk hinoaotcr in prklniac,klditovks y nc aitkhknkgác pkr iapnicr,so`k qui bknkbò in cbi`tk i` ncs rincbok-ìs istrubturcnis i`tri in suditk y su bk`-tixtk. I` isti si`tohk, nks o`vistogchkris

rienixok`crk` sklri nks topks hi rincbok-ìs qui ixosti` i`tri nks suditks y su bk`-tixtk, is hibor, si lusbò risogòeobcr ncprãbtobc bktohoc`c bkak erutk hin o`tir-bcalok i`tri innks. Zcrc tcn eo`, si hosióòu`c guác hi prigu`tcs pcrc bchc suditk,ncs bucnis hispuïs si o`tirbkìbtcrk` ysi nkgrò ribupircr in sogòeobchk hin prk-bisk ihubctovk.




In sigu`hk akai`tk, eui nc puistc i` isbi`c. Nks o`-vistogchkris si horogoirk` c nks sotoks sinibbok`chks i fo-boirk` u`c o`trkhubboò` giìrcn hin prkpòsotk hin istuhok.Nc auistrc eui vknu`tcroc, is hibor, nks pcrtobopc`tis hibo-hoirk` nolriai`ti fcbir pcrti hi nc aosac, cti`hoi`hksònk ncs bctigkrács hi gïìrk, ihch y ulobcboò` gikgrãeo-bc. Nis prkpkrbok`caks u`c guác hi prigu`tcs qui k euircu` prktkbknk istrubturchk, so`k aãs loi` qui sorvoirc hipu`tk hi pcrtohc pcrc bk`struor sus rinctks. Zkr bk`soguoi`-ti, o`stcaks c nks pcrtobopc`tis c pncsacr su ixpiroi`bocy si`toaoi`tks eri`ti c nc oapniai`tcboò` hin RostiacO`tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk (ROXI). Cn aosaktoiapk, nks o`vistogchkris utonozcrk` nc tïbòbc hi nc kl-sirvcboò` pcrtobopc`ti, pncsac`hk i` sus hocroks hi bca-pk, tkhcs ncs oaprisokìs kltiòhcs i` in istuhok,cti`hoi`hk brotiroks sklri nks o`tirisis, kpkrtuòhch y inprklniac trctchk.

Nc krgcòzcboò` y c`ãnosos hi nc oèkracboò` bkrrispk`hoòcn tirbir akai`tk pnc`tichk pkr nc o`vistogcboò`. Nksrinctks euirk` bkhoeobchks i` eu`boò` hin si`tohk qui nkspcrtobopc`tis ni hoirk` c sus si`toaoi`tks y prãbtobcs bk-tohoc`cs. Zkr ktrc pcrti, si krgcòzò i` ekrac sibui`bocn,ncs klsirvcbokìs ricnozchcs pkr in o`vistogchkr, bk` inãòak hi o`tirrincbok`cr nks hctks y pripcrcrnks pcrc suc`ãnosos. Ri inclkrò u`c actroz giìrcn bk` ncs bctigkrácsistuhochcs, riscntc`hk ncs bctigkrács iairgi`tis i` inprkbisk. Istcs bctigkrács si c`cnozcrk` lcdk nc pirspibto-vc hi prkhubboò` hocnïbtobc qui ncs ulobc hi`trk u` sosti-ac i` hk`hi is oapksolni hisbkìbtcr in suditk hi subk`tixtk y hi ncs rihis o`tircbtovcs qui si prkhubi` i`-tri nks hovirsks sulsostiacs.

In bucrtk y ôntoak akai`tk, bkapri`hoirk` nc pri-pcrcboò` hin oèkrai bk` in bucn si fozk u`c o`tirrincboò`hi ncs bctigkrács qui piraotoirk` so`titozcr hi acìrcnògobc y bkfiri`ti, nks rinctks kltiòhks hurc`ti nc o`-vistogcboò`.



<3< Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak




Istuhoc`tisXrc`sekraiaksi` Bcrtcgi`c riboli`ncs cuncs o`tircbtovcs,Du`ok hi <:33.




\isuntchks y hosbusoò`

B

5.2

kak si fc viòhk prisi`tc`hk i` nks bcpátunks c`ti-rokris, nc Eu`hcboò` Xrc`sekraiaks hiscrrknnc u` prk-bisk hi ihubcboò` crtobunchk bk` in sostiac ihubctovk

hin Hostrotk hi Bcrtcgi`c hishi in cók <::6, hk`hi si oapni-ai`tc in Rostiac O`tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk. HobfkAkhink si eu`hcai`tc i` ncs tikrács hin cpri`hozcdi skbokbk`strubtovostc y i` in usk hi ncs Xib`knkgács hi nc Oèkracboò` ync Bkauòbcboò` (XOB), bkak aihocboò` hin prkbisk hi i`sióc`-zc cpri`hozcdi, y pcrc innk, si bui`tc bk` acistrks i` bcnohch hicsiskris y ecbonotchkris hin aosak.

Zcrc buapnor isti prkpòsotk,nc Eu`hcboò` Xrc`sekraiakssuaoòstrc c ncs O`stotubokìsIhubctovcs Keobocnis, in skpkr-ti tïbòbk hi u` cunc o`-tircbtovc qui bk`toiì u` ti-nivoskr hi pc`tcnnc pnc`c hi 2<pungchcs hi cntc risknuboò` yu` bkaputchkr pkrtãton iquo-pchk bk` u` sketwcri ihubc-tovk bk` auntoaihoc, vohiks,hobbok`croks, i`bobnkpihocs yi`ncbis pcrc cbbihir c O`-tirìt, buc`hk si bui`tc bk`nc pnctcekrac hi sirvoboks qui

nk o`bnuyi. Chiaãs, in Rostiac O`tircbtovk o`bnuyi aihocbokìsoapriscs i` hoãnkgk bk` in sketwcri ihubctovk y istuhoc`tiscbtovks i` in prkbisk hi cpri`hozcdi. In sostiac istã bk`bilohkpcrc ecbonotcr in cbbisk c nc ihubcboò` hogotcn y c bkapiti`bocs




lãsobcs qui piraotc` bk`toùcr cpri`hoi`hk euirc hin cunc(Bcrronnk, <:33).

I` <:3:, nc Eu`hcboò` Xrc`sekraiaks hktò 359 cuncs, bk-rrispk`hoi`tis c 75 O`stotubokìs Ihubctovcs hin Hostrotkhi Bcrtcgi`c, y prkhudk 97.?<? aòhunks oaprisks pcrcoapcrtor nc i`sióc`zc y cpri`hozcdi c <8.:9: istuhoc`tishi nc zk`c urlc`c y rurcn o`sbrotks i` nks bobnks 3, < y 2.Zcrc su gistoò`, in sirvobok ihubctovk i` Bcrtcgi`c sihovohi i` bo`bk Yòhchis Chaoòstrctovcs (Y@CNHI), quic su viz, fcbi` pcrti hi ncs rispibtovcs Nkbcnohchis Xirro-tkrocnis. I` isti isquiac chaoòstrctovk, si hostroluyi` ybncsoeobc` ncs O`stotubokìs Ihubctovcs Keobocnis y in `ô-airk hi istuhoc`tis actrobunchks i` ai`boò`, hi nc so-guoi`ti ekrac4 Nc Y@CNHI Bku`try clcrbc in ?.8% hintktcn hi actrobunchks, nc Uorgi`, 2:%, O`hustrocn, <6%, \u-rcn, 36.:% y Rc`tc \otc, 3<.3%. In `ôairk hi prkeiskrisbk`trctchks csboi`hi c ?63 y nc pklncboò` isbkncr cti`ho-hc pkr gïìrk, si bkapkì hi 7:% eiaiò`k y 2:% acs-buno`k (Ãric Istchástobcs Xrc`sekraiaks, <:33).

Nc Eu`hcboò` Xrc`sekraiaks,i`tri <:3: y <:33, o`stcnò

23: cuncs o`tircbtovcspcrc cti`hir c nks dòviìsy chuntks i` Bcrtcgi`c.




Oapcbtk i` nks prkbisks hi i`sióc`zc y cpri`hozcdi

I` istc sibboò`, si o`tirpritc` nks rinctks aãs riprisi`tctovks hi nc pklncboò` is-bkncr cbirbc hi sus oaprisokìs, ixpiroi`bocs, pirbipbokìs, iakbokìs y ixpibtc-tovcs giìrchcs i` in hiscrrknnk hi nks prkbisks hi i`sióc`zc y cpri`hozcdi lcdk inRostiac O`tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk (ROXI), i`tri ncs bucnis si riscntc`nc ecbonotcboò` pcrc in cbbisk c nc oèkracboò` y nc cpnobcboò` hi ncs tïbòbcs y bk`-biptks cpri`hohks, in o`tirïs y nc aktovcboò` pcrc cpri`hir, piracìbir y bunao`crnks bobnks ihubctovks.

Oapcbtk i` nc ecbonotcboò`, in o`tirïs y nc aktovcboò` i` in cpri`-

hozcdi

Ro loi` in Rostiac O`tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk y istc o`vistogcboò` i`pcrtobuncr, pcrti` hin supuistk hi qui nc o`bkrpkrcboò` hi ncs XOB bkak aihochkrishin prkbisk hi i`sióc`zc cpri`hozcdi o`bi`tovc` in o`tirïs y nc aktovcboò` i` incpri`hozcdi, hchc nc ecbonohch y pksolonohch hi vcrocr ncs istrctigocs hi i`sióc`zc,bk` nk bucn si pkti`boc in hiscrrknnk hi ùivcs fclonohchis y ekracs hi bk`strubboò`




hi bk`kboaoi`tk, `k pkr innk si puihi gcrc`tozcr hi c`ti-ac`k qui istks risuntchks sic` ogucnis i` tkhc nc pklnc-boò` actrobunchc, hilohk c ncs bcrcbtirástobcs skbokibk-`òaobcs ispibocnis qui prisi`tc istc pklncboò` y c ncsprkpocs hisogucnhchis o`hovohucnis i` actiroc hi pirbip-boò`, o`tirïs, bkstualris, suióks y csporcbokìs hi supi-rcboò` pirsk`cn. Hi tcn acìrc qui is o`tirisc`ti bk`kbirbuãnis sk` iscs oaprisokìs, si`toaoi`tks, hisiks y akto-vcbokìs qui nks uì i ohi`toeobc, bk` in eo` hi cdustcr ncpncìcboò` y ncs istrctigocs aitkhknògobcs hin prkbisk hii`sióc`zc qui si oapcrti.

Lcdk istc bk`sohircboò`, is vãnohk i`ti`hir in bcrãbtir iak-tovk hi cskalrk, cnigrác y grctotuh qui si i`bui`trc i` nksrinctks. Xcn is in bcsk hi \utf Capcrk Cguhink, istuhoc`tihi nc O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc C`c Acrác Uïniz hi Xrudonnk, ulo-bchk i` nc zk`c urlc`c, qui ceoraò nk soguoi`ti4 „Buc`hk

tuvi pkr proairc viz u` bkaputchkr i` aos ac`ks, ai

pcribác ai`torc, qui firaksc ixpiroi`boc, qui lkòtk si

soi`ti fcbir pkr proairc viz y sclir qui cnbc`zcsti cngk

qui soiapri hisiclcs y qui bk` tus gc`cs hi nkgrcr ncs

bkscs, ti iseuirzcs y ti hcs bui`tc qui in qui pirsivirc

cnbc`zc y qui grcbocs c Hoks y c isti prkgrcac u` suiók si

puihi fcbir ricnohch‑.

„Buc`hk tuvi pkr proairc viz u`

bkaputchkr i` aos ac`ks, ai pcri-

bác ai`torc, qui firaksc ixpiroi`-

boc, qui lkòtk si soi`ti sclir qui

cnbc`zcsti cngk qui soiapri hisiclcs

y qui ti iseuirzcs y ti hcs bui`tc qui

in qui pirsivirc cnbc`zc y qui grc-

bocs c Hoks y c isti prkgrcac u`

suiók si puihi fcbir ricnohch‑.

\utf Capcrk Cguhink, istuhoc`ti hi ncO`stotuboò` Ihubctovc C`c Acrác Uïniz hi Xrudonnk.




Ri hili tiìr i` bui`tc qui u` grc` `ôairk hi istc pklncboò`, si trctc hi pirsk-`cs chuntcs y pchris hi ecaonoc bk` ihchis prkaihok i`tri <8 y 2? cóks, qui voviì` pribcrocs bk`hobokìs skbokibk`òaobcs trchobok`cnai`ti ixbnuohcs hi kpkrtuò-hchis y kpbokìs pcrc sctosecbir sus ìbisohchis lãsobcs bkak nc ihubcboò`. Istcborbu`stc`boc cyuhc c ixpnobcr su cbtotuh y bkapkrtcaoi`tk eri`ti cn acìdk hi ncstib`knkgács y in cbbisk cn sostiac ihubctovk. Zkr istc rczò`, is bncrk i`ti`hir pkrquï in prkbisk hi i`sióc`zc y cpri`hozcdi hi dòviìs y chuntks acykris is hoei-ri`ti cn qui si oapcrti c ktrk topk hi pklncboò` bk` capnocs kpkrtuòhchis hi cbbi-sk y cntc ecaonocrohch bk` ncs tib`knkgács, borbu`stc`bocs qui dustoeobc` nc ìbisohchhi chkptcr ùivks aibcòsaks y istrctigocs hi i`sióc`zc qui bk`sunti` y sicdusti` c istcs ìbisohchis y bk`hobokìs pcrtobuncris hi cpri`hozcdi.

Zcrc in bcsk hi _kòs C`tkòk Zïriz, istuhoc`ti hi nc O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc RcÈinopi @iro, ulobchc i` nc zk`c Yrlc`c4 „Ao ixpiroi`boc cn i`bk`trcrai bk` bkapu-

tchkris, tinivoskris, tinivoskris cuhokvosucnis eui u` cskalrk pcrc aá yc qui ncs

bkscs `k irc` sònk isbrotcs so`k vosucnis (…) vir ncs bncsis ixpnobchcs c trcvïs hi

u` bkaputchkr hk`hi puihk vir vohiks i oaãgiìs hi nks tiacs qui istcaks trc-

tc`hk isk ai aktovc c siguor pkrqui ai prigu`tk quï vi`hrã hispuïs‑.

Ixprisokìs bkak ïstcs, ixpnobc` tcaloï` pkr quï nc aktovcboò` `k is sònk nc ecsioòbocn hin cpri`hozcdi, so`k u`c bk`hoboò` o`hospi`sclni pcrc cvc`zcr y capnocr nks



Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <3?

bk`kboaoi`tks, y is ïstc, quozãs, u`c hi ncs eu`bokìs aãs oapkrtc`tis hi ncs XOBi` istc ecsi hi cneclitozcboò`, is hibor, sirvor hi aihok hi prkakboò` hin cpri`ho-zcdi cutò`kak y hin cpri`hozcdi bkkpirctovk. Cquá, si ivohi`boc qui in usk hi ncsXOB bkak aihocbokìs hohãbtobcs, aidkrc` ncs ixpksobokìs bk` in usk hi oaãgi-ìs, skòhks y isquiacs qui c su viz, ecbonotc` nc bkapri`soò`, ekai`tc` nc pcrtobo-pcboò` i` in cunc y ivotc` in clurroaoi`tk qui prkhubi nc bncsi trchobok`cn so` nccyuhc hi istcs tib`knkgács. Zkr su pcrti, \caò` @obknãs Ucnhïs, hi nc O`stotuboòìhubctovc tïbòbc hi nc Lkquonnc, ulobchc i` nc Tk`c \urcn, ceoraò4 „Grcbocs cn usk y

acìdk hi nks bkaputchkris, tinivoskr y nc auntoaihoc, nks bucnis `ks prkyibtc` nks

vohiks rieiri`tis c ncs bncsis qui istiaks voi`hk i` in akai`tk isk `ks ecbonotc

bkapri`hir nks tiacs hi ncs bncsis‑.

Acturc`c (<::3), skstoiì qui tkhcs ncs cbbokìs hin fkalri gucrhc` istribfcrincboò` bk` ncs iakbokìs, is hibor, tkhk in oapcbtk iakbok`cn qui giìrc in Rosti-ac O`tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk i` nc pklncboò` isbkncr, si i`trinczc hiekrac sogòeobctovc bk` su cpri`hozcdi y si bk`britc i` su prcxos bktohoc`c.

Hilohk c qui in sir fuac`k is u` sir hktchk hi grc`his bcpcbohchis, riquoiri hicngu`ks iniai`tks pcrc su ivknuboò`, i`tri nks bucnis si histcbc nc iakboò` qui nkbk`hubi c nc cbboò` pcrc trc`sekracrsi. Zkr tcn rczò`, is oapkrtc`ti qui in istu-hoc`ti si ixprisi pcrc hiscrrknncr bkapiti`bocs.

Grcbocs cn usk y acìdk

hi nks bkaputchkris,

tinivoskr y nc auntoaihoc,

nks bucnis `ks prkyibtc`

nks vohiks rieiri`tis c ncsbncsis qui istiaks voi`-

hk i` in akai`tk isk

`ks ecbonotc bkapri`hir

nks tiacs hi ncs bncsis‑.

\caò` @obknãs Ucnhïs, hi nc O`stotuboòìhubctovc tïbòbc hi nc Lkquonnc.



<<: Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak

Cusulin (3?62), ctroluyi nc aktovcboò` bkak u`c bk`hoboò`ìbiscroc pcrc u` cpri`hozcdi skstiòhk y pro`bopcnai`ti pcrcin cpri`hozcdi sogòeobctovk qui prkpkrbok`c cutkaãtobcai`tisu prkpoc ribkapi`sc.

@k klstc`ti, soguoi`hk c Uygktsmy, in aktkr hi cpri`hozcdiistã bk`hobok`chk pkr hks topks hi aihochkris qui ïn hi`k-ao`c4 „firrcaoi`tcs‑ y „sáalknks‑, yc sic cutò`kacai`tii` nc „zk`c hi hiscrrknnk ricn‑ k cyuhchk pkr nc aihocboò` i`nc „zk`c hi hiscrrknnk pkti`bocn‑. Ncs „firrcaoi`tcs‑ (firrc-aoi`tcs tïbòbcs), i` pcnclrcs hin aosak cutkr, sk` ncs ix-pibtctovcs y bk`kboaoi`tks privoks hin cnua`k quitrc`sekrac` nks istáaunks oèkractovks qui ni nnigc` hin bk`-tixtk. Nks „sáalknks‑ (firrcaoi`tcs psobknògobcs), sk` in bk`-

du`tk hi sog`ks qui utonozc in aosak suditk pcrc fcbir prkpokshobfks istáaunks. @k si akhoeobc` nks istáaunks i` sá aos-aks, so`k c ncs istrubturcs hi bk`kboaoi`tk buc`hk cquinnksistáaunks si o`tirokrozc` y si bk`voirti` i` prkpoks (Ovob,3??8).

I` istc náìc, si o`sbroli in rinctk hi _kòs C`tkòk Zïriz,istuhoc`ti hi nc O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc Rc` Einopi @iro, ulobc-hc i` nc zk`c Yrlc`c4 „Ncs bncsis sk` lui`cs pkrqui pkhi-

aks vir y isbubfcr ncs bncsis y ncs ixpnobcbokìs hin hkbi`ti.

_ fc hispirtchk ao o`tirïs hi cpri`hir aãs sklri tib`knk-

gác„ . Ri bkèorac csá, bòak ncs XOB istoaunc` in o`tirïs yprkpoboc` ùivks ispcboks hi cneclitozcboò` y kpkrtuòhchishi cpri`hozcdi.

Oapcbtk i` ncs istrctigocs hi i`sióc`zc

Rk` aubfks nks istuhoks y ixpiroi`bocs qui si fc` bk`kbo-hk sklri nc oapkrtc`boc hi ncs aihocbokìs tib`knògobcs i`nks prkbisks hi i`sióc`zc cpri`hozcdi. Ro` ialcrgk, is oa-pkrtc`ti ribcnbcr qui pcrc qui istks cpri`hozcdis sic` pk-solnis, is o`hospi`sclni bk`tcr bk` istrctigocs aitkhknò-gobcs hosióchcs pcrc ekai`tcr in cpri`hozcdi cutkhorogohk ykroi`tchcs fcboc cbtovohchis o`hovohucnis i o`trcgrupcnis.



Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <<3

Bk`sboi`ti hi istc ìbisohch, inRostiac O`tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaksIhubc`hk kroi`tc sus istrctigocs ai-tkhknògobcs i` nc pirspibtovc hi pk-ti`bocr nc aktovcboò` y nc cti`boò` hi nks istuhoc`tis i` giìrcn, piraotoi`hk yekai`tc`hk in cbbisk c ncs tib`knkgács i` in cunc hi bncsi y euirc hi innc, bk` nkbucn si ecbonotc nc bkapri`soò` aihoc`ti nc prkyibboò` hi vohiks bk` oaãgiìs,pcoscdis y aôsobc hi nc rigoò` qui riprisi`tc` nks vcnkris y ncs bkstualris hinc bunturc nkbcn. Lcdk istks crguai`tks, ncs pcnclrcs hi \utf Capcrk Cguhink,istuhoc`ti hi nc O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc C`c Acrác Uïniz hi Xrudonnk, ulobchk i` nczk`c urlc`c, bklrc` si`tohk buc`hk ceorac4 „Bk` in tinivoskr vcaks voi`hk nks

prkgrcacs y csá i`ti`hiaks acs nc bncsi y in bkaputchkr `ks cyuhc capnocr

acs nks bk`kboaoi`tks‑.Hi istc acìrc, si cuai`tc in o`tirïs y si istoaunc inusk hi ncs aihocbokìs tib`knògobcs hin hkbi`ti y hi nks istuhoc`tis, qui c suviz nks klnogc c istcr soiapri cbtucnozchks bk` in rotak hin cvc`bi hi ncs o``k-vcbokìs tib`knògobcs.

„Ncs bncsis sk` lui`cs pkrqui

pkhiaks vir y isbubfcr ncs

bncsis y ncs ixpnobcbokìs

hin hkbi`ti. _ fc hispirtchk

ao o`tirïs hi cpri`hir

aãs sklri tib`knkgác„.

_kòs C`tkòk Zïriz, istuhoc`ti hi ncO`stotuboò` Ihubctovc Rc` Einopi @iro,ulobchc i` nc zk`c Yrlc`c.



<<< Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak

„Uir ncs bncsis

ixpnobchcs c trcvïs

hi u` bkaputchkr

hk`hi puihk vir vohiks

i oaãgiìs hi nks tiacsqui istcaks trctc`hk

isk ai aktovc c siguor

pkrqui ai prigu`tk

quï vi`hrã hispuïs‑.

_kòs C`tkòk Zïriz, istuhoc`ti hinc O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc Rc` Einopi @iro.

Hi fibfk, hosto`tks o`vistogchkris (Cacyc, <::?=\obky, <::5 y Hi Bkrti, 3??:), acòeoistc` qui incpri`hozcdi `k si pkti`bocnozc sònk pkrqui in istu-hoc`ti i`tri i` bk`trcbtk bk` ncs @uivcs Xib`knk-gács hi nc Oèkracboò` (@XO), so`k qui is ìbiscrocsu o`tirbkìxoò` bk` caloi`tis hi i`sióc`zccpri`hozcdi o``kvchkris qui prkauivc` in o`tirïsy nc aktovcboò` piracì`ti i` in istuhoc`ti, ecb-tkris o`hospi`sclnis i` nc cprkpocboò` y bk`strub-boò` hin bk`kboaoi`tk. Istks crguai`tks sibkrrklkrc` hishi in si`tor hi _kòs C`tkòk Zïriz,istuhoc`ti hi nc O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc Rc` Einopi@iro, ulobchc i` nc zk`c Yrlc`c, buc`hk ceorac4„Uir ncs bncsis ixpnobchcs c trcvïs hi u` bkaputc-

hkr hk`hi puihk vir vohiks i oaãgiìs hi nks ti-

acs qui istcaks trctc`hk isk ai aktovc c siguor

pkrqui ai prigu`tk quï vi`hrã hispuïs‑.

I` isti si`tohk, i` in cók <::<, Bclirk Cnai`crc,fozk rieiri`boc c ncs lk`hchis hi ncs XOB cn sir cpno-bchcs i` nc i`sióc`zc, y c`ktò i`tri ktrcs, ncs so-guoi`tis pksolonohchis4 bricr i`tkr`ks auntoaihochi bkauòbcboò`, utonozcr i`tkr`ks hi bkauòbcboò`so`bròòbks y cso`bròòbks y pkhir, hi istc ekrac,supircr ncs noaotcbokìs ispcbok-tiapkrcnis qui ncbkauòbcboò` prisi`bocn o`trkhubi, hisnkbcnozcr ncoèkracboò` hi nks bk`tixtks birbc`ks, ecbonotcr qui




nks cnua`ks si bk`voirtc` i` bk`strubtkris hi oèkracboò`, bk`struor i`tkr`ks `knoìcnis so`k fopirtixtucnis hi oèkracboò`, hk`hi in istuhoc`ti i` eu`boò` hi suso`tirisis bk`struyc su ribkrrohk, prkpobocr nc o`tircbtovohch i`tri nks usucroks hinsostiac, cbtucnozcr hi ekrac oàihoctc nc oèkracboò` k ecvkribir nc bricboò` hii`tkr`ks bknclkrctovks pcrc in cpri`hozcdi, o`hovohucnozcr nc i`sióc`zc, pkti`bocr incpri`hozcdi hurc`ti tkhc nc vohc, ekai`tcr nc o`tircbtovohch i o`tirbkìxoò` hi nkspcrtobopc`tis i` nc keirtc ihubctovc, chcptcr nks aihoks, ncs ìbisohchis y ncs bc-rcbtirástobcs hi nks suditks. Xkhk nk bucn cyuhc c o`tircbbok`cr y bkauòbcrsi bk` sui`tkr`k, c nks suditks bk` ìbisohchis ihubctovcs ispibocnis y cn rotak acrbchkpkr innks aosaks. Chiaãs, piraoti nc bkalo`cboò` hi hoeiri`tis actirocnis (oapri-sks, cuhotovks, vosucnis y cuhokvosucnis), pcrc cnbc`zcr u`c i`sióc`zc auntoaihoc.

Oapcbtk i` in cbbisk c nc Oèkracboò` aihoc`ti nc prãbtobc hk-

bi`ti

Hchc nc o`hosbutolni oapkrtc`boc hi ncs XOB bkak u`c pkhirksc firrcaoi`tc quiecbonotc nc oèkracboò` y nc bkauòbcboò`, su cpnobcboò` y bkapri`soò` ixogi` tc`tkhi pcrti hin istuhoc`ti bkak hin prkeiskr, u` òvin hi bkapiìtrcboò`, hosbopno`c ybkaprkaosk qui pksolonoti u`c acykr o`tircbtovohch i o`hipi`hi`boc bk` hobfcstïbòbcs, tcn is in bcsk hi nks bkaputchkris, nc auntoaihoc, in vohik, nc tinivosoò`, inbkrrik inibtròòbk, nc tinibkèiri`bocs y ncs rihis.



<<8 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak

I` giìrcn, nks prkeiskris y horibtovksacòeoistc` qui in Rostiac O`tircbtovkXrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk prkauivi ncpcrtobopcboò` bk` in usk hi hohãbtobcsaãs cbtovcs i` liìeobok hi nc bkau-òhch isbkncr y hi sus prkpocs bk`ho-bokìs hi trclcdk. Kpo`c` qui hobfcstïbòbcs aidkrc` nc cprkpocboò` hi bk-`kboaoi`tk y ekai`tc in si`tohk hipirtiì`boc y piracì`boc i` in sos-tiac isbkncr. \iotirc` nks nkgrks kl-sirvchks i` actiroc hi bkapri`soò`,iseuirzk pirsk`cn, sctosecbboò` y cni-grác hi nks istuhoc`tis eri`ti c susprkpoks hisbulroaoi`tks.

I` isti bk`tixtk, si rivosti hi oapkr-tc`boc nk ixprischk pkr Cnerihk CpknkLurgks Uïniz, hkbi`ti hi nc O`stotuboòÌhubctovc C`c Acrác Uïniz hi Xrudonnk4„Ai oaprisok`ò y ai nni`ï hi gkzk, cn

vir u`c cnua`c qui nnkrò hi cnigrác cn

acòpuncr in bkaputchkr, si si`tác`

oapkti`tis eri`ti cn iquopk, pirk i`

bchc bncsi euirk` chquoroi`hk bk`kbo-

aoi`tks y sigurohch‑.

Ktrc hoai`soò` bncvi i` isti tòpobk,is buc`hk in prkeiskrchk y nks horibto-vks hkbi`tis acòeoistc` qui in usk hi

ncs XOB ecbonotc nc ixpnobcboò` y prkeu`hozcboò` hi nks tiacs trctchks i` nksprkbisks hi i`sióc`zc, pisi c ncs oìvotclnis hoeobuntchis qui i` kbcsok-ìs, si prisi`tc` i` ncs O`stotubokìs Ihubctovcs pcrc in cbbisk y `kracneu`bok`caoi`tk hin Rostiac, pro`bopcnai`ti i` actiroc hi iìrgác inïbtro-bc, hktcboò` i oèrcistrubturc nkbctovc.

Isc vosoò` is bk`virgi`ti bk` ncs klsirvcbokìs hi nc hkbi`ti Nonoc ZctrobocIsbcók Roirrc, hi nc O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc Xïbòbc hi nc Lkquonnc, quoi`




acòeistò4 „Is aãs eãbon ixpnobcr cngu`ks prkbisks hi acìrc vosucn, utonozc`hk nks

ribursks hospuistks qui ncs ac`ks, in tclnirk k u`c soapni nãao`c (…)= „Istcs

aihocbokìs sá fc` oènuohk i` nks istuhoc`tis yc qui fc cuai`tchk su piracì`-

boc y bk`toùohch i` ncs cuncs isbkncris‑.

Zkrrcs, Nòpiz y Fuirtcs (<:3:), riscntc` qui in usk hi ncs XOB susbotc trc`sekrac-bokìs oapkrtc`tis i` nks hkbi`tis y i` sus istuhoc`tis, prkakvoi`hk nc cutk`k-aác i` in prkbiscaoi`tk hi nc oèkracboò`, y pkti`boc`hk ncs fclonohchis hipi`scaoi`tk.

„Is aãs eãbon ixpnobcr cngu`ks prkbisks

hi acìrc vosucn, utonozc`hk nks ribur-

sks hospuistks qui ncs ac`ks, in tclnirk

k u`c soapni nãao`c (…)= „Istcs aihoc-

bokìs sá fc` oènuohk i` nks istuhoc`tis

yc qui fc cuai`tchk su piracì`boc ybk`toùohch i` ncs cuncs isbkncris‑.

Nonoc Zctroboc Isbcók Roirrc, hi nc O`stotuboò` IhubctovcXïbòbc hi nc Lkquonnc.




Hishi nc òptobc hi nc pihcgkgác bkapnidc, si skstoiì qui nks ùivks akhinks hii`sióc`zc fc` hi borbu`sbrolorsi i` bk`tixtks enixolnis, i` hk`hi si ctoi`hc` ncsvirhchircs ìbisohchis hi cpri`hozcdi hi nks istuhoc`tis, qui si ti`gc i` bui`tc`sus ricnohchis skbocnis y qui cpu`ti` fcboc in hiscrrknnk fuac`k i` bk`tixtk, ai-hoc`ti nc crtobuncboò` hi scliris auntohosbopno`cris bk` brotiroks hi hovirsohch y ris-pitk pkr nc hoeiri`boc. I` isti si`tohk, in trcyibtk aitkhknògobk vcrác sigô` ncsborbu`stc`bocs qui in bk`tixtk prisi`ti, y i` bk`sibui`boc, nc pncòeobcboò` si bk`-voirti i` u` idi o`tigrchkr hi nc cbboò` y nc trc`sekracboò` fuac`c (Lrkwir, <::?).




Oapcbtk i` in cpri`hozcdi sotuchk

Ri i`boi`hi pkr cpri`hozcdi sotuchk, u` bk`du`tk hi hovirsks prkbisks bkgòtovksi` in bucn nks bk`kboaoi`tks sk` pcrti y erutk hin hoãnkgk, hi ncs cbtovohchis y prãb-tobcs skbocnis hk`hi si ricnozc`. I` bk`sibui`boc, u` prkbisk hi cpri`hozcdi kroi`-tchk lcdk istc bk`bipboò`, is cquin qui bk`suntc ncs ìbisohchis, pkti`bocnohchis,brii`bocs, csporcbokìs, suióks y hoeobuntchis i` nks bucnis vovi` nks ihubc`hks,bk` in eo` hi ecbonotcr in hiscrrknnk hi bkapiti`bocs horogohcs c sclir bk`kbir, sclir

Cunc O`tircbtovc Xrc`sekraiaks i` nc O`stotuboòÌhubctovc hi Xirìrc i` Bcrtcgi`c.




fcbir, sclir istcr y pcrtobopcr i` nc sknuboò` hi nksprklniacs hi su i`tkr`k, bk` in cbkapcócaoi`tkhi tkhks nks cgi`tis y ncs pirsk`cs qui nks rkhic`.

Rklri isti bk`biptk, ixosti` aubfks kalris y hi-eoòbokìs qui cô` si hosbuti` y hiscrrknnc`. Lcquirk(<::<), pkr idiapnk, hobi qui i` nc pirspibtovc hinc bkgòboò` sotuchc, in cpri`hozcdi si i`toi`hi bkaknks bcaloks i` ncs ekracs hi bkapri`soò` y pcrtobo-pcboò` hi nks suditks i` u`c cbtovohch bk`du`tc.Hili bkapri`hirsi bkak u` prkbisk auntohoai`-sok`cn hi cprkpocboò` bunturcn, yc qui si trctc hiu`c ixpiroi`boc qui o`vknubrc in pi`scaoi`tk, ncceibtovohch y nc cbboò`.

Csá ncs bkscs, ncs aihocbokìs tib`knògobcs i` in Ros-tiac O`tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk, sorvi` ksònk hi firrcaoi`tcs hi cneclitozcboò` hogotcn, i`ti`-hohc bkak in acìdk kpirctovk hi nks bkaputchkris,so`k qui tcaloï` si utonozc` pcrc pkti`bocr nc lôs-quihc, nc ixpiroai`tcboò`, nc bkauòbcboò` y nc ch-quosoboò` hi ùivks bk`kboaoi`tks, ecbonotc`hk ncbkapri`soò` hi bk`tiòhks c trcvïs hi nks vohiks yaòhunks oaprisks qui si suaoòstrc` bkak cpkyk yiniai`tks bkapniai`tcroks hin prkbisk hi cpri`ho-zcdi, nks bucnis ribkgi` nks cspibtks rinivc`tis ycnusovks hi nc bunturc nkbcn hin rispibtovk i`tkr`k is-bkncr, borbu`stc`boc qui bk`troluyi c cuai`tcr suo`tirïs y aktovcboò`, bkak si bk`stctò c`tirokrai`-ti. Ixprisokìs tcnis bkak4 „In bkaputchkr, in tini-

voskr y nc auntoaihoc ai fc` piraotohk capnocr ao

bk`kboaoi`tk i` nc vohc, puihk o`vistogcr, lusbcr bk-

scs qui yk pi`sclc qui irc hoeábon hi i`bk`trcr fcs-

tc bkscs pcrc aá aosac bkak ribitcs hi bkbo`c. Nc

virhch, grcbocs c innks aos bk`kboaoi`tks si fc`

cgrc`hchk bchc hác aãs‑, hi nc istuhoc`ti Bncuhoc

Cnlc Gk`zãniz, hi nc O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc Rc` Einopi

@iro.

„In bkaputchkr,in tinivoskr y nc

auntoaihoc ai fc`

piraotohk capnocr ao

bk`kboaoi`tk i` nc vohc,

puihk o`vistogcr, lusbcr

bkscs qui yk pi`sclc

qui irc hoeábon hi

i`bk`trcr fcstc bkscs

pcrc aá aosac bkak

ribitcs hi bkbo`c.

Nc virhch, grcbocs c

innks aos bk`kboaoi`tks

si fc` cgrc`hchk

bchc hác aãs‑.

Bncuhoc Cnlc Gk`zãniz, hi nc O`stotuboòÌhubctovc Rc` Einopi @iro.



Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <<?

I` su krhi`, nc hkbi`ti Nonoc Zctroboc IsbcókRoirrc, hi nc O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc Xïbòbc hinc Lkquonnc ceoraò qui4 „Klsirvcr cngu`ks

prkbisks hi su bktohocòhch nis cyuhc c i`-

ti`hir qui pcsc i` su buirpk k i` su bkbo`c

k pkr quï `k, i` su ibksostiac (Boï`cgc hi

nc Uorgi`), puhoirk` i` aubfks bcsks i`ti`-

hir bòak buohcr y prktigir isti vcnoksk buir-

pk hi cguc y cngu`cs cbbokìs qui puihi`

bk`troluor c su aidkrcaoi`tk‑.

Oapcbtk bkak in acòeistchk i` nks c`tirok-ris rinctks, si puihi ixpnobcr tcaloï` hishinc tikrác hi nc Tk`c hi Hiscrrknnk Zròxoakhi Uygktsmy, yc botchc y qui si hieoì bkak„nc hostc`boc i`tri in òvin hi hiscrrknnk hi-

tirao`chk pkr nc bcpcbohch pcrc risknvir o`-

hipi`hoi`tiai`ti u` prklniac, y in òvin hi

hiscrrknnk pkti`bocn, hitirao`chk c trcvïs hi

nc risknuboò` hi u` prklniac lcdk nc guác hi

u` chuntk k i` bknclkrcboò` bk` ktrk bkapc-

óirk aãs bcpcz‑. Ncs „firrcaoi`tcs‑ istã`kroi`tchcs ixtir`cai`ti y su eu`boò` iskroi`tcr nc cbtovohch hin suditk fcboc nks kl-

ditks, lusbc hkao`cr nc `cturcnizc= nks „sáa-lknks‑ istã` kroi`tchks o`tir`cai`ti y skù` aihok hi nc cbtovohch o`tir`c qui cpu`tccn hkaoòk hi u`k aosak.

I` su crguai`tcboò` sklri in pcpin y nksbk`hobok`c`tis qui idirbi nc bunturc sklri incpri`hozcdi y i` pcrtobuncr, in hiscrrknnk hinc tib`knkgác, nc bkrroi`ti vygktsmyc`c sks-toiì qui nc bunturc bric u` `ôairk bchc vizaãs inivchk hi pkhirksks cuxonocris ixtir-`ks (o`struai`tks, cpcrctks, tib`knkgács),qui pristc` cpkyk c nks prkbisks psobknògo-bks. Csá puis, cn cbbihir c nc ni`guc isbrotc,




in o`hovohuk si cprkpoc ncs tïbòbcs psobknògobcs qui ni keribi su bunturc, y qui, cpcrtor hi isi akai`tk, si vuinvi` „tïbòbcs o`tirokris‑. Hi isti akhk, u` o`stru-ai`tk bunturcn si crrcogc i` in o`hovohuk y si bk`voirti i` u` o`struai`tk o`hovohucnprovchk (Ovob, 3??8).

Istc vosoò` piraoti csoaoncr nks crguai`tks hi \utf Capcrk Cguhink, istuhoc`tihi nc O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc C`c Acrác Uïniz Xrudonnk, buc`hk acòeoistc4 „I` ao vohc

bktohoc`c in tinivoskr, in bkaputchkr y nc auntoaihoc, ai fc cyuhchk c chquoror aãs

bk`kboaoi`tks sklri in acìdk y utonozcboò` yc qui istks bkapkì`tis sk` in cvc`-

bi hi nc tib`knkgác, buc`hk ai hodirk` qui `ks olc` c i`siócr bncsis bk` bkaputc-

boò` ai cnigrï, pkrqui pkr proairc viz olc c tiìr bk`kboaoi`tks sklri nks

bkaputchkris y sclir acìdcrnks‑.

Ro` ialcrgk, nks oapcbtks i` ai`boò`, tcaloï` i`bcdc` i` nc bk`bipboò` hi cpri`-hozcdi sogòeobctovk hi Cusulin, sigô` in bucn ïsti si nkgrc buc`hk in istuhoc`tipuihi rincbok`cr nks ùivks bk`kboaoi`tks bk` su ixpiroi`boc o`hovohucn `k hi akhkcrlotrcrok y sustc`bocn. Nk aosak, buc`hk isti cutkr si rieoiri c nks topks hi cpri`-hozcdi sogòeobctovk4 pkr ripitoboò`, pkr ribipboò`, pkr hisbulroaoi`tk guochk y pkrhisbulroaoi`tk cutò`kak, qui `k sk` ixbnuyi`tis ò hobktòaobks.




Hishi istc náìc, si ixpnobc` ncs ceoracbokìs hi nc \ibtkrc Acrác Ihonsc Fkyks hiRongchk, hi nc O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc Acùinc Uirgcrc hi Buro4 „Bkak horibtovk hk-

bi`ti pirbolk nc tib`knkgác c nc ihubcboò` hi dòviìs y chuntks bkak u`c firrc-

aoi`tc voclni pcrc in briboaoi`tk o`tinibtucn y skbocn i` nks istuhoc`tis= hilohk c

qui si ìbisotc pcrc bk`trcrristcr nks ãalotks bunturcnis, skbocnis y hi bk`kboaoi`-

tk i` ùistrcs vohcs y qui aãs chinc`ti pkhcaks hisi`vknvir`ks i` bk`tixtks

hitirao`chks, bk` bkfiri`boc y pirtoì`boc‑.

Akrá` (<::3), ièctozc i` nc oapkrtc`boc hi rienixok`cr cbirbc hi ncs bkapiti`bocsqui si fc` hi pkti`bocr i` in istuhoc`ti hin sognk VVO, riscntc`hk qui si riquoiri„sclir vovor i` u` au`hk gnklcnozchk, o`tirrincbok`chk y bcaloc`ti‑ . Zkr nk tc`tk, cnhkbi`ti rispk`sclni hin burrábunk, ni csosti nc tcric hi o`bkrpkrcr tkhcs ncs firrc-aoi`tcs bkgòtovcs i` su hospksoboò` pcrc hiscrrknncr istc bkapiti`boc. Ro` ialcr-gk, is ivohi`ti nc prisi`boc hi ecbtkris qui noaotc` in usk hi ncs tib`knkgács,ispibocnai`ti ncs cskbochcs bk` nc vknu`tch y in hisik hi cpri`hir hin tutkr, tkhcviz, qui prieoiri` bk`toùcr hiscrrknnc`hk ncs aitkhknkgács trchobok`cnis pkr intiakr c nk hisbk`kbohk.




Oapcbtk i` nc bkauòbcboò` pcrc bkapcrtor nk cpri`hohk

Hchc nc bk``ktcboò` y bkapnidohch qui i` nc cbtucnohch toiì in bk`biptk hi bkau-òbcboò`, bkak ei`òai`k hirovchk hi nc rivknuboò` tib`knògobc y hishi in ãalotkhi nc eonkskeác hin bk`kboaoi`tk qui nk bk`voirti` i` tiac bi`trcn hi hosbusoò` i`hk`hi cenkrc` hosto`tcs bkrroi`tis hi pi`scaoi`tk, pcrc ieibtks hi isti c`ãnosos, sicsuai qui nks prkbisks hi i`sióc`zc y cpri`hozcdi sk` lãsobcai`ti cbtks bkau-òbctovks i` nks bucnis nks istuhoc`tis kroi`tchks pkr nks hkbi`tis, ricnozc` hovir-sks prkbisks bkgòtovks bk` nc oèkracboò` qui riboli` k hili` lusbcr y nksbk`kboaoi`tks privocai`ti chquorohks.

Bk` nc hktcboò` y chibucboò` hi nc oèrcistrubturc tib`knògobc qui si fcbi i` ncso`stotubokìs ihubctovcs hk`hi si oapcrti` nks prkbisks hi i`sióc`zc cpri`hozcdihin ROXI, bkak si c`ktò cn pro`bopok hi isti oèkrai y qui bk`sosti i` u` cunco`tircbtovc qui bk`toiì u` bkaputchkr pkrtãton bk` sketwcri ihubctovk, auntoaihocpcrc ncs hoeiri`tis ãrics o`tigrchcs y u` tinivoskr hi pc`tcnnc pnc`c hi 2< pungchcs,hi cntc risknuboò`, iquopchk bk` u` sketwcri ihubctovk bk` auntoaihoc, vohiks,hobbok`croks, i`bobnkpihocs y i`ncbis pcrc cbbihir c O`tirìt, priti`hiaks clror nksispcboks pcrc qui istuhoc`tis y prkeiskris cbbihc` c nc oèkracboò` hospkòlni i`bucnquoir akai`tk y hishi bucnquoir nugcr qui nk piraotc`, bk` in eo` hi qui ncutonobi` k fcgc` bk` innc nk qui aidkr nis bk`vi`gc.




Ro loi` i` nks rinctks bk`sknohchks, `k si i`bui`trc` oapcbtks rinivc`tis i` istisi`tohk, fibfk ixpnobclni y i`ti`holni hi`trk hin acrbk hi aktovcbokìs y ìbiso-hchis qui bcrcbtirozc` istc pklncboò` i` nc cbtucn ecsi hi cneclitozcboò` i o`bnusoòì` nc bunturc hogotcn, cn ai`ks quihc cloirtc u`c vi`tc`c pcrc su o`bursoò` i` inãalotk hi nc bunturc vortucn hi nc gnklcnozcboò`, bkak u` aihok y u`c kpkrtuòhchpcrc bkapcrtor `k sònk nc bkauòbcboò` i`tri in istuhoc`ti y in prkeiskr so`k tca-loï`, bk` bkapcóirks y bknigcs hin ristk hin au`hk, pcrc qui `k sic` sònk klditkshi bk`tcbtk bk` istcs tib`knkgács y ribiptkris hi oèkracboò`, so`k qui si bk`voir-tc` i` suditks cbtkris bk` bcpcbohch brátobc pcrc su usk y trc`sekracboò`, cbkrhibk` su prkpoc vosoò` i o`tirisis.

Hi istc acìrc y hi cbuirhk bk` Eriori (3?75), si hcrã bui`tc qui `k istã sknki` in au`hk. Cn capnocr su bcpcbohch hi bcptcboò` y hcr rispuistcs c nks o`tirrk-gc`tis y hisceáks qui ni surgi`, in fkalri trc`sboi`hi. Zkr nk tc`tk, sus o`tirisisy prikbupcbokìs si prknk`gc` c ktrcs iseircs, `k sònk c nc soapni iseirc votcn4„in fkalri o`tigrchk i` su bk`tixtk is u` fkalri qui ixosti pkrqui istã i` rinc-

boò` hocnògobc bk` nks ktrks fkalris. I`tk`bis, bcptc ncs csporcbokìs, nks vcnkris,

nks hisiks, ncs vosokìs hin au`hk, hi su au`hk, hi su ïpkbc fostòrobc‑ (Eriori,3?75, p. 28).

In cpri`hozcdi

is u` prkbisk hi

bkauòbcboò`

y in bk`kboaoi`tk

si bk`struyi

aihoc`ti in hoãnkgk,

i` u`c ctaòseirc

pcrtobopctovc

y buistok`chkrc.




Gk`zãniz 3??9 (botchk pkr Krtoz, <::3),histcbc qui in cpri`hozcdi is u` prkbiskhi bkauòbcboò` y qui in bk`kboaoi`tk sibk`struyi aihoc`ti in hoãnkgk, i` u`c ct-aòseirc pcrtobopctovc y buistok`chkrc. Ncpksolonohch hin hoãnkgk piraoti qui nks is-tuhoc`tis si bk`bi`tri` i` in prkbisk hibk`kboaoi`tk, so` o`folobokìs hi cngu`c á`-hkni. Isti aosak cutkr (3??5), csivirc quinc bkauòbcboò` is sustc`bocn, k bkak o`s-trubboò`, kroi`tcboò` k trc`saosoò`, so`kbkak bkauòbcboò` hocnògobc ricn, i` nc bucnsi brii u` ispcbok bkaô` i` hk`hi ncs pcr-tis o`tirvoòi`tis bkapcrtc` ìbisohchis,rienixokìs, aktovcbokìs y irrkris.

Hishi nc pirspibtovc hi nc o`bnusoò` skbocn,qui `k is ogucn c nc o`bnusoò` hogotcn, ncstib`knkgács hi nc oèkracboò` duigc` o`hu-hclniai`ti u` pcpin o`bkapcrclni soia-pri y buc`hk ixostc u`c pknátobc skbocno`tigrcn i` nc bucn nc pknátobc ihubctovc sicin idi sklri in bucn si crtobuni` ncs hiaãspknátobcs sibtkrocnis ibk`òaobcs y skbocnis,qui pkti`boi ncs bcpcbohchis fuac`cs, gc-rc`tozc`hk nc sctosecbboò` hi ncs ìbisohc-his lãsobcs, o`bnuohcs ncs ìbisohchis hitib`knkgács c nc pklncboò` ixbnuohc.

Hishi in pu`tk hi vostc hi nc ekracboòò`tigrcn y hi nc tikrác hin pi`scaoi`tkbkapnidk hi Akrá`, si puihi hibor qui ncsXOB lro`hc` ncs bk`hobokìs ecvkrclnispcrc in hiscrrknnk hi u` pi`scaoi`tk brá-tobk lcschk i` nc vosoò` o`tigrcn hi nks ei-`òai`ks y i` nc bkapri`soò` hi su uòhchi` nc pnurcnohch (Bknn, 3?68 y Isbrolc`k,<::8).

„In fkalri o`tigrchk i` su

bk`tixtk is u` fkalri qui

ixosti pkrqui istã i` rincboò`

hocnògobc bk` nks ktrks fkalris.

I`tk`bis, bcptc ncs

csporcbokìs, nks vcnkris,

nks hisiks, ncs vosokìs

hin au`hk, hi su au`hk,

hi su ïpkbc fostòrobc‑.




Oapcbtk i` nc csog`cboò` hi si`tohk qui fcbi` hi su o`bnusoò` y

hin usk hi ncs tib`knkgács

Xiòi`hk i` bui`tc qui in hosiók burrobuncr hin ROXI pcrtoò hi u`c náìc hi lcsi quipiraotoò ohi`toeobcr ncs ìbisohchis hi cpri`hozcdi, in sostiac bkgòtovk, hi fclono-hchis y vcnkris hi istc pklncboò` isbkncr, acrbk i` hk`hi si hiscrrknnc in Zrkgrc-ac hi Cneclitozcboò` i` rieiri`boc, si puihi hibor i` tïrao`ks giìrcnis, qui insi`tohk qui istc pklncboò` ni hc cn usk hi ncs tib`knkgács y c su o`bnusoò` i` istcbunturc, virsc sklri in au`hk ricn hi su o`tirïs prãbtobk, riprisi`tchk i` nks prk-lniacs y hoeobuntchis qui ni oapohi` sir ribk`kbohc bkak pirsk`cs, pisi c sirribk`kbohc bkak tcnis i` hiribfks.

Zkr nk c`tirokr, in si`tohk qui acykrai`ti ni hc` cn usk hi ncs XOB, istã cskbochkbk` nks hisiks hi cpri`hir, hi pkhir bk`siguor u` trclcdk, nks o`grisks y in loiìs-tcr hi nc ecaonoc. Nks hisiks hi bk`toùcr, piracìbir y bunao`cr sus istuhoks y sirprkeisok`cnis i` u`c bcrrirc tïbòbc k supirokr, sk` u`c bk`stc`ti i` nc acykrác hisus rinctks, tcn y bkak nk ixprisc @ïstkr Zïriz Zchonnc, istuhoc`ti hi nc O`stotuboòÌhubctovc Acùinc Uirgcrc hi Buro4‑Zoi`sk qui istcs firrcaoi`tcs ai fc` pirao-

tohk aidkrcr aos bk`hobokìs hi vohc yc qui poi`sk cfkrrcr pcrc bkaprcrai u`

bkaputchkr pcrc aá y aos fodks pcrc qui si hisi`vuinvc` i` sus vohcs‑.

‑Zoi`sk qui istcs

firrcaoi`tcs ai fc`

piraotohk aidkrcr aos

bk`hobokìs hi vohc ycqui poi`sk cfkrrcr pcrc

bkaprcrai u` bkaputc-

hkr pcrc aá y aos fodks

pcrc qui si hisi`vuinvc`

i` sus vohcs‑.

@ïstkr Zïriz Zchonnc, istuhoc`ti hi ncO`stotuboò` Ihubctovc Acùinc Uirgcrchi Buro.




Csá nk bkèorac hi nc istuhoc`ti Bncuhoc Cnlc Gk`zãniz, hi nc O`stotuboò` IhubctovcRc` Einopi @iro, buc`hk kpo`c4 „In bkaputchkr, in tinivoskr y nc auntoaihoc ai fc`

piraotohk capnocr ao bk`kboaoi`tk i` nc vohc, puihk o`vistogcr, lusbcr bkscs qui yk

pi`sclc qui irc hoeábon hi i`bk`trcr fcstc bkscs pcrc aá aosac bkak ribitcs hi

bkbo`c. Nc virhch grcbocs c innks aos bk`kboaoi`tks si fc` cgrc`hchk bchc hác aãs‑.

Zkr su pcrti, nc hkbi`ti Nonoc Zctroboc Isbcók, hi nc O`stotuboò` Ihubctovc Xïbòbc hi ncLkquonnc, skstoiì qui „Klsirvcr cngu`ks prkbisks hi su bktohocòhch nis cyuhc c i`-

ti`hir qui pcsc i` su buirpk k i` su bkbo c ò pkr quï `k, i` su ibksostiac (Boï`cgc

hi nc Uorgi`), puhoirk` i` aubfks bcsks i`ti`hir bòak buohcr y prktigir isti vcnoksk

buirpk hi cguc y cngu`cs cbbokìs qui puihi` bk`troluor c su aidkrcaoi`tk‑.

Y`c viz aãs, pirk hi akhk hoeiri`ti, i`bk`trcaks i` Uygktsmy, in ei`òai`khin o`tirpsoquosak. Hishi in pu`tk hi vostc psobknògobk, in o`hovohuk toiì su

prknk`gcboò` pkr u` nchk, i` in ktrk y, pkr ktrk nchk, i` sus klrcs y i` su bunturc,qui bk`stotuyi` sigô` Acrx, su „buirpk `k krgãòbk‑. Istc ixprisoò` is auy

dustc4 nc bunturc ekrac pcrti o`tigrc`ti hin o`hovohuk y, `k klstc`ti, is ixtirokr cïn. Bk`sohirchk hi istc acìrc, in hiscrrknnk hin fkalri `k si rihubi ôòbc-ai`ti c nks bcaloks qui cbk`tibi` i` in o`tirokr hin o`hovohuk, so`k qui siacòeoistc bkak u` hiscrrknnk cnkakrek qui pkhrác chkptcr hks ekracs hosto`-tcs4 prkhubboò` hi cuxonocrisixtirokris i` buc`tk tcnis ybricboò` hi o`struai`tks ix-

tirokris qui puihi` utonozcr-si pcrc prkhubor bcalokso`tirokris (psobknògobks). Hiistc acìrc, cpcrti hi nkso`struai`tks qui in fkalrifc brichk i` in trc`sbursk hitkhc su fostkroc y qui sorvi`pcrc hkao`cr nks klditovks (ncricnohch ixtirokr), ixosti tkhcu`c siroi hi o`struai`tksqui kroi`tchks fcboc in fka-lri aosak, si puihi` utonozcrpcrc bk`trkncr, hkao`cr y hi-scrrknncr ncs bcpcbohchis hino`hovohuk (Ovob, 3??8).




i cbuirhk bk` nks klditovks hi istc o`vistogcboò` yin c`ãnosos nks risuntchks ixpuistks, si puihi istc-lnibir ncs soguoi`tis bk`bnusokìs4

In prkbisk hi i`sióc`zc cpri`hozcdi hin ROXI i` Bcrtcgi`c,si oapcrti i` u` acrbk ricn hi o`tirïs prãbtobk, bkapuistk hiiakbokìs, suióks, csporcbokìs, prklniacs y hoeobuntchis quifc` piraotohk hiscrrknncr u` bk`du`tk hi bkapiti`bocs y prk-

H

Cpribocbokìs eo`cnis5.8

Acrác Eir`c`hc Bcapk, Aoòstrc hi Ihubcboò` @cbok`cn,Duhotf Zoìhk Enòriz, Cnbcnhisc hi Bcrtcgi`c y \khknek Crhonc Buistc,

Horibtkr hi Hiscrrknnk Rkbocn hi nc Eu`hcboò` Xrc`sekraiaksi` nc hibncrctkroc hi Bcrtcgi`c bkak proairc bouhch

bknkaloc`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak.




bisks qui si ixprisc` y bk`stctc` pkr aihok hi boirtks bcaloks i` ncs ekracs hibkauòbcrsi bk` nks caogks, nc ecaonoc y nc bkauòhch. Hi ogucn acìrc, i` nc vcnk-rcboò` y in si`tohk qui nis hc` c ncs aihocbokìs tib`knògobcs bkak firrcaoi`tcieobcz hi cpri`hozcdi.

Nks bcaloks hi cbtotuh eri`ti c nks klstãbunks y hoeobuntchis qui nis fc` oapihohk sirribk`kbohks bkak pirsk`cs bk` hiribfks y pkti`bocnohchis i` nc skboihch qui nksixbnuyi, nks bucnis si fc` pkhohk hiakstrcr i` sus hisiks hi supircboò`, nc pirsivi-rc`boc hi bk`to ucr y piracìbir i` in sostiac ihubctovk.

I` bk`sibui`boc, c acìrc hi bk`bnusoò` si puihi hibor, qui in cpri`hozcdi `kpuihi noaotcrsi c u` pirákhk hi nc vohc hi ncs pirsk`cs ò c u` ispcbok gikgrãeobkhitirao`chk, y bklrc vogi`boc nc ìbisohch hi oapcrtor u`c ihubcboò` o`tigrcn pcrctkhc nc vohc i` nc bucn si hiscrrknni` `k sònk fclonohchis y histrizcs pcrc in hisia-piók hi u` keobok i` pcrtobuncr i` eu`boò` hin airbchk hin trclcdk, so`k tcaloï`pirsk`cs cptcs pcrc vovor i` skboihch, bk` si`tohk brátobk y bcpcbohch hi hosbiròr,hocnkgcr y bkaprkaitohcs bk` nk qui hobi` y fcbi` i` tkhcs ncs acòeistcbokìs hisu bunturc. Hi istc acìrc, bkapri`hirã` nks hisceáks y buistok`caoi`tks qui nisoapkì nc cbtucn irc hi nc oèkracboò` y in bk`kboaoi`tk, y sclrã`tcaloï`, bk`virtornk i` kpkrtuòhchis hi o`bnusoò` y trc`sekrac-boò`.

Zkr nk c`tirokr, si riquoiri u`c pknátobc ihubctovc `cbok`cnqui rikroi`ti y rivcnkrobi in pcpin hin acistrk i` istksprkbisks, `k sònk bkak rispk`sclni horibtk hi nks aos-aks so`k bkak cgi`tis prkaktkris hi bcalok, nk bucnoapnobc u`c akhoeobcboò` i` ncs ekracs y pcrãaitrksi` nc sinibboò`, bk`trctcboò`, ekracboò` y eu`boò`csog`chc c hobfks prkeisok`cnis, hk`hi prihkao-ì` brotiroks hi vkbcboò`, sknohcrohch, trclcdk iìquopk y u`c vosoò` o`tigrcn pkr i`boac o`bnusk,hi brotiroks tïbòbks y itcai`ti cbchïaobks.Zuis hi nk qui si trctc is hi acistrks quisi o`vknubri` y pcrtobopi` i` isti prkbisk,i` bcnohch hi cbkapcóc`tis y ecbonotc-hkris y `k prkpocai`ti hi ixpirtks iù` sclir ispibáeobk.

Xroòhch Lnc`bk pcrtobopò bk` suribitc sc`bkbfk hi gcnno`c broknnc,

pcrc in nolrk „Bkbo`c BroknncBcrtcgiìrc hi Uihhã Uihhã‑.




Lolnokgrceác

CYRYLIN, H. (3?62). Xikrác hin cpri`hozcdi sogòeobctovk hi Hcvoh Cusulin . I`4 fttp4//www.ak`kgrceocs.bka/trclcdks5/cpso/cpso.sftan (<7 hi cgkstk hi <:33).

CAC_C E\C@M_, G. (<::?). Zkti`bocnohchis pihcgògobcs hi nks i`tkr`ks hi soauncboò`,

hishi nc pirspibtovc hi nc bkgòboò` sotuchc . I`4 \ivostc XIC, <9, pp. 5<-73.

LCSYI\K, \. (<::<). Hin ixpiroai`tk isbkncr c nc ixpiroi`boc ihubctovc . Nc „trc`sao-

soò`‑ ihubctovc hishi u`c pirspibtovc psobknògobc sotucbok`cn . I`4 Zireonis ihubctovks, Ukn.<2(?7-?6), pp. 97-79.

L\KWI\ LINX\CAO@, D. (<::?). Eu`hcai`tks ipostiaknògobks pcrc in islkzk hi u`c

pihcgkgác bkapnidc. I`4 Zknos. \ivostc hi nc Yòvirsohch Lknovcroc`c, 6(<2), pp. 97-65,Aihinná`.

BCLI\K, D. (<::<). Nc cpnobcboò` hi ncs XOB. »Is`klosak k ìbisohch ihubctovc;

I`4 fttp4//tib`knkgocihu.us.is/lolnokvor/phe/rih3.phe (3ºsiptoialri hi <:33).

BC\\ONNK GYNNK, A.C. (<:33). Nc Xib`knkgác is oaprisok`c`ti. O`bnusoò` hi ncs bkauò-

hchis vunìrclnis i` ncs bunturcs hogotcnis . Oèkrai hi istuhoks Eu`hcboò` Xrc`sekraiaks .Lkgktã.

BCRXINN, \. (3??7). Nc aitcakreksos hi nc buistoò` skbocn. Y`c bròòbc hin scncrochk .Lui`ks Coris4 Zcohòs.

RIB\IXC\ÁC HI IHYBCBOÒ@ HI BC\XCGI@C (<::6). Istchástobcs . I`4 fttp4//www.sihbcrtcgi`c.gkv.bk/o hix.pfp;kptok`1bka[bk ti`t&voiw1crtobni&oh1883&Otiaoh1?5(2:hi cgkstk hi <:33).

CNBCNHÁC HI BC\XCGI@C (<::?). Zkr u`c sknc Bcrtcgi`c . Zknátobc hi o`bnusoò` prkhub-tovc pcrc pklncboò` i` sotucboò` hi pklrizc y vunìrclonohch. Bcrtcgi`c hi O`hocs HostrotkXurástobk y Bunturcn4 Cutkris.

HIZC\XCAI@XK CHAO@ORX\CXOUK @CBOK@CN HI IRXCHÁRXOBCR- HC@I (<::6). Grc`

I`buistc O`tigrchc hi Fkgcris (GIOF). I`4 fttp4//www.hcì.gkv.bk(<? hi cgkstk hi <:33).

BKAOROÒ@ IBK@ÒAOBC ZC\C CAÏ\OBC NCXO@C _ IN BC\OLI (<::6). Zc`krcac sk-bocn hi Caïrobc Ncto`c. I`4 fttp4//www.bipcn.krg/hhs/`ktobocs/pcgo`cs/</83:3</tob-o`bnusok`-skbocn-Cairobc-Ncto`c-Bcroli-Acrto`-Fkpi`fcy`.p (<: hi cgkstk hi <:33).




Lolnokgrceác

BKNN Rcnvchkr, B. (3?68). Istrubturc grupcn, o`tircbboò` i`tri cnua`ks y cpri`-

hozcdi isbkncr . HOCN@IX. I`4 fttp4//hocnìt.uòrokdc.is/sirvnit/crtobunk;bkhogk155688?(3º hi siptoialri hi <:33).

HI BK\XI, I. (3??:). Cpri`hir i` nc isbuinc bk` ncs ùivcs tib`knkgács4 Zirs-

pibtovcs hishi nc psobknkgác hin cpri`hozcdi y hi nc o`strubboò` . I`4 \ivostc

Bkauòbcboò`, Ni`gucdi y Ihubcboò`, Ukn. 5, pp. ?2-33<.

IRB\OLC@K GK@TÃNIT, C. (<::8). Cpri`hir c i`siócr4 eu`hcai`tks hi

hohãbtobcgiìrcn . < ih. Achroh4 Nc Ac`bfc.

E\IO\I, Z. (3?75). Nc ihubcboò` bkak prãbtobc hi nc nolirtch . Achroh4 Rognk VVO.

EO@SYINOIUOBF, R. (<::<). XOB y rihubboò` hi nc pklrizc i` Caïrobc Ncto`c y

in Bcroli. \ibupirchk in <6 hi cgkstk hi <:33, hin sotok WIL hi Cncalri.Bkauòbcboò`, oèkracboò` y bunturc4 fttp4//oacgo`cr.krg/o`hix[crbfovks/

tinitrcl/rihubbok`.phe(<6 hicgkstk hi <:33).

GC\BÁC BC@BNO@O, @. (3??9). Bk`suaohkris y bouhchc`ks . Aïxobk4 Grodcnlk.

GONRXI\, Z. (3??7). Hogotcn Notircby . I`4 fttp4//www.`bsu.ihu/airohoc`/dun??/hkw`nkchs/hognot.phe(<7 hi cgkstk hi <:33).

GK@TÃNIT, E. (3??9). Bkauòbcboò`, pirsk`cnohch y hiscrrknnk . I`4 K\XOT XK-\\IR, Iaonok. Zsobknkgác K`noì.In ièkqui bkgòtovk hin cpri`hozcdi y nc oèkr-

aãtobc ihubctovc i` nc ihubcboò` supirokr . Nc Fclc`c.

[[[[[[[[. (3??5). Y` c`ãnosos psobknògobk hi nks vcnkris4 su nugcr i oapkrtc`boc i` in au`hk sulditovk. I` nc ekracboò` hi vcnkris i` ncs ùivcs giìrcbokìs .I`4 K\XOT XK\\IR, Iaonok. In ièkqui bkgòtovk hin cpri`hozcdi y nc oèkraãto-

bc ihubctovc i` nc ihubcboò` supirokr. Nc Fclc`c.

GYC\Á@ BKLKR, C. (<::2). Bcrtcgi`c hi O`hocs4 Csi`tcaoi`tks oèkracnis i` nc

hïbchc hi nks ?: . I`4 \ivostc Lotãbkrc Yrlc`k Xirrotkrocn, Ukn. 3 (7), pp. 3:3-3:?.

GYXOI\\IT AC\XÁ@, C. (<::2). Cneclitozcboò` hogotcn. Cngk aãs qui rctkìs y

tibncs . Achroh4 Gihosc.

OUOB, O. (3??8). Niv Riaok`kvobf Uogktsmy . I`4 fttp4//www.oli.uìsbk.krg/pulnobctok`s/Xfo`mirsZhe/vygktsmys.ZHE(<? hi cgkstk hi <:33).

AC\XÁ@ LC\LI\K, D. (<::?). Buc`hk nc tib`knkgác hidc hi sir u`c cyuhc

hohãbtobc pcrc bk`virtorsi i` aihocboò` bunturcn. I`4 \ivostc Inibtròòbc Xikrác

hi nc Ihubcboò`. Ihubcboò` y bunturc i` nc skboihch hi nc oèkracboò`, Ukn. 3:,pp.3-6.




Lolnokgrceác

ACXY\C@C, F. (<::3). Iakbokìs y ni`gucdi i` ihubcboò` y pknátobc . 3: ih.Rc`tocgk4 Hknai`.

AK\Á@, Ï. (<::3). Nks soiti scliris ìbiscroks pcrc nc ihubcboò` hin euturk .Lkgktã4 Acgostirok.

ZÏ\IT, G., y RCNCTC\ AIDÁC, O. (<::7). Nc pklrizc i` Bcrtcgi`c 4 Y` c`ãnosospkr lcrroks. Hkbuai`tks hi trclcdk sklri ibk`kaác rigok`cn, Ukn. ?8, pp. <-53.Lkgktã4Lc`bk hi nc \ipôlnobc.

ZK\\CR FI\@Ã@HIT, N.F., NÒZIT FI\@Ã@HIT, A., y FYI\XC ÃNUC\IT,A. (<:3:). O`tigrcboò` hi XOB cn burrábunk hi tinisibu`hcroc. O`bohoi`hk i` prk-

bisks hin pi`scaoi`tk hishi in ièkqui bkauòbctovk eu`bok`cn hi nc ni`guc .I`4 \ivostc Aixobc`c hi O`vistogcboò` Ihubctovc, 39 (89). I`4 fttp4//rihcnyb.uciaix.ax/phe/38:/38:3<9:7::6.phe (23 hi cgkstk hi <:33).

\C_C HÁIT, I. (<::8). Ixbnusoò` skbocn y bouhchc`ác4 Bncrksburks hi u` bk`biptk . I`4 \ivostc hi Boi`bocs Rkbocnis Cpkstc, ?, pp. 3-36.

\OBK_ NK\I@TK, A.B. (<::5). Ncs tib`knkgács hi nc oèkracboò` y bkauòbc-

boò` i` nc ihubcboò`4 Zkti`bocnohchis y bk`hobok`c`tis qui prisi`tc` . I`4 Cùcrok

O@O@BK. O`vistogcbokìs hi nc bkauòbcboò`, <, p. 36.

\KH\ÁGYIT BCL\I\K, G. (3??2). Xrc`sekracbokìs skbokibk`òaobcs y pkná-

tobc skbocn4 Nc sigu`hc riistrubturcboò` hin Istchk hi Loiìstcr . I`4 \ivostc

Hkbuai`tcboò` Rkbocn, ?2, pp. 9<-7<.

HIBNC\CBOÒ@ HI RC@XC B\YT HI NC ROI\\C (<::2). Nc o`bnusoò` skbocn,

aktkr hin hiscrrknnk hi nc bkauòhch olirkcairobc`c . VOOO Bualri Olirkcairo-bc`c hi dieis hi istchk y hi gkloir`k, 38 y 39 hi `kvoialri. I`4 fttp4//sigol.krg/bualris/(<8 hi cgkstk hi <:33).

HIBNC\CBOÒ@ HI RC@XOCGK (<::7). Bkfisoò` skbocn y pknátobcs skbocnis

pcrc cnbc`zcr skboihchis aãs o`bnusovcs i` Olirkcaïrobc. VUOO Bualri Olirk-cairobc`c hi dieis hi istchk y hi gkloir`k 6 y 3: hi `kvoialri. I`4 fttp4//sigol.krg/bualris/(<8 hi cgkstk hi <:33).

HIBNC\CBOÒ@ HI AC\ HIN ZNCXC (<:3:). Ihubcboò` pcrc nc O`bnusoò` sk-

bocn . VV Bualri Olirkcairobc`c hi dieis hi istchk y hi gkloir`k 2 y 8 hihoboialri. I`4 fttp4//sigol.krg/bualris/(<8 hi cgkstk hi <:33).

X\CUOIRK, D.N., y Zncìnnc, D. (<::6). Nc cneclitozcboò` hogotcn bkak ecbtkr hi

o`bnusoò` skbocn4 Y`c aorchc brátobc . I`4 fttp4//www.ukb.ihu/ukbpcpirs/5/ht/isp/trcvoisk[pncìnnc.ph (<9 hi cgkstk hi <:33).




Cpri`hir `ks fcbi vosolnis

Bcpátu nk 7


Horibtkr Hiscrrknnk Rkbocn Xrc`sekraiaks




Y `k hi nks bkapkì`tis aãs bkapnidk y ìbiscrok hin Rosti-ac O`tircbtovk Xrc`sekraiaks Ihubc`hk, is nc vosolonozcboò`hi istuhoc`tis y hkbi`tis, nkgrcr qui isks aonis hi dòvi-ìs y chuntks vunìrclnis scngc` hi ncs erács istchástobcs yhi nks guitks i` hk`hi sk` acrgo`chks pkr nc pklrizc y ncskboihch, c tkacrsi bk` sus scliris, sclkris, sk`roscs ysi`toaoi`tks, ncs pro`bopcnis pnczcs y nugcris ialniaãtobkshi sus bouhchis. Is bk`siguor qui cn cpri`hir, puihc` ri-bupircr nks ispcboks pôlnobks y su vosolonohch, y i` ispibocn,qui nkgri` si`torsi pcrti hi u`c skboihch i` hk`hi nc ogucn-hch pcsc pkr nc pcnclrc isbrotc, y qui i`toi`hc` qui sònkbk` su votcnohch, innks puihi` oapihor qui si bk`voirtc i`nitrc auirtc.




@k lcstc i`siócrnis qui buc`hk ixostác nc sigrigcboò` y incpcrtfioh i` Istchks Yòhks y i` Ruhãerobc, c nks ìgrks sinis piraotác istuhocr pirk `k sir vosolnis= istclc` bk`hi`c-hks c piracìbir ixbnuohks hi nc skboihch lnc`bc y pkr his-grcboc, tuvoirk` qui ribupircr isti ispcbok bk` vokni`boc. Kisti ktrk idiapnk4 nc Bkrk`c ispcóknc prieoroò bk`bihirni nco`hipi`hi`boc c Zcni`qui bk` u` Hibritk \icn i` 3732, bk`nc bk`hoboò` hi qui sus aoialrks istuvoirc` nidks y pirhohksi` nc oài`sohch hi nks Ak`tis hi Acrác.

Zkr istc rczò`, i` Xrc`sekraiaks fclncaks hi vosolonozcboò`y i` in sognk VVO, isti prkbisk toiì qui pcscr klnogctkroc-ai`ti pkr nks aihoks hi bkauòbcboò`, nc O`tirìt y nc tkac




Istuhoc`tisXrc`sekraiaks

i` nc Acrbfc hi ncCerkbknkalocòhch

i` Bcrtcgi`c. Acyk <3hi <:3:.

eásobc hi nks nugcris, pcrc nuigk bk`virtor istc cprkpocboò` i`si`toaoi`tks hi pirtiì`boc, cutkistoac y cbbokìs qui bk`-voirtc` istcs bkauòhchis acrgo`chcs i` cbtkris cbtovks hinhiscrrknnk hi sus rispibtovcs bouhchis.

Nc ihubcboò` pirtoì`ti pcrc ncs pklncbokìs vunìrclnis, `kpuihi rihuborsi c nc i`sióc`zc y in cpri`hozcdi hi bk`kboaoi`-tks. Xcaloï` hili kbupcrsi hi cspibtks bkapnidks bkak ncrisogòeobcboò` hi ohi`tohchis skbokbunturcnis, pcrc cpkrtcr csá,c nc bk`strubboò` hi u` au`hk aidkr y hi acykris pksolonohc-his hi o`bnusoò` skbocn pcrc nks istuhoc`tis. Cn rispibtk, pnc`-tic Lruìr (3??7)4 „`k sònk hi pc` vovi in fkalri= ò hi acti-

aãtobcs, boi`bocs y hi ncs ùivcs tib`knkgács hi nc oèkracboò`.




Nc tcric bi`trcn bk`sosti i` bricr

u` au`hk qui ktkrgui si`tohk c

ùistrcs vohcs, ùistrks cbtks,

ùistrcs rincbokìs‑ 3.

Bk` lcsi i` nk c`tirokr y bkakpcrti hi tkhk su prkbisk ihubcto-vk, buc`hk ieibtucaks nc o`visto-gcboò` oòbocn qui `ks piraotibk`kbir c ùistrks istuhoc`tis,sus sáalknks, su bunturc y sogò-eobcbokìs, tcaloï` istcaks his-bulroi`hk nks vcnkris qui `ks pir-aotorã` fcbirnks vosolnis bkak u`c

bkauòhch qui ni cpkrtc cn ristkhi nc skboihch, csá sic` pklris io`vosolnis pcrc aubfks.

3. L\Y@I\, D . (3??7). Nc ihubcboò`,

puirtc hi nc bunturc. Achroh4 Uoskr.




I` in bcsk hi Bcrtcgi`c, hchc suroquizc bunturcn, su trchoboò` ìgrcy isc acgoc Bcroli, nks idiapnksclu`hc`. Ro` ialcrgk, fcy hks bc-sks qui pkr nc hoai`soò` qui fc`tkachk, si fc` vuintk ialniaã-tobks4 Dustk Ucnhïs y in nolrk hi Bk-

bo`c Broknnc Bcrtcgiìrc hi Uihhã

Uihhã .

I` calks idiapnks, pkhiaks virnc oapkrtc`boc y urgi`boc hi rka-pir bk` nc o`vosolonohch hi istks cb-tkris skbocnis y sus cbbokìs i` nksbk`tixtks hk`hi vovi`= clrornis is-pcboks pcrc akstrcr nks cpkrtis quic hocrok fcbi` c nc skboihch, hishisus iseuirzks y sus tcni`tks pirsk-`cnis k bknibtovks= inoao`crnis ncpirbipboò` hi qui kbupc` u` nugcrsibu`hcrok i` nc skboihch, y bk`-troluor pcrc qui si ekrdi` ùivcsohi`tohchis cn o`bnuor istcs trc`sekr-acbokìs i` sus prãbtobcs skbocnis,puis, bkak siócnc Bcstinn (3?66)4„nc suprisoò` tktcn k pcrbocn hi ini-

ai`tks ohi`totcroks rinivc`tis pro-

vc cn suditk hi u`c pcrti sustc`bocn

hi su sir lokgrãeobk y, i` tc`tk kao-

ti su pcschk, cntirc su prisi`ti y

bk`hobok`c su euturk‑ <.

Dustk Ucnhïs

Dustk Ucnhïs is hi pkr sá, u`c o`sto-tuboò` `k sònk pkr sus grc`his vcnk-ris y scliris bkak fkalri y aôsobk,

so`k pkr su euirti ohi`tohch bknibto-vc bkak pcni`quirk. C isti fkalrihi 5: cóks, ni volrc in sir buc`hk bkù`c sk`rosc erc`bc, hidc isbcpcr bk`krgunnk qui ïn is pcni`quirk y in bka-pksotkr hin foa`k hi Zcni`qui.

<. BCRXINNR, A. (3?66). Nc irc hi nc oèkr- acboò`. Ibk`kaác, skboihch y bunturc. In

pkhir hi nc ohi`tohch . Ukn. <. Achroh4Cnoc`zc.




C`c Xunoc Gòaiz, Dustk Ucnhïs y Lniys \kssk.

Buc`hk Dustk Ucnhïs nnigò c Xrc`sekraiaks pcrc risogòeobcr aubfks hi ùistrksbk`biptks tiòrobks y cyuhcr`ks c ac`tiìr in bcao`k, irc u`k aãs hi nks vi`hihk-ris hi gcecs hi ncs pncycs hi Lkbcgrc`hi. Zirk nk qui `k sclác` nks aonis hi turos-tcs qui nk viác` pcscr k nks aãs qui nk bk`sohirclc` o`vosolni, is qui i` isi akai`tk,isti pcni`quirk yc irc u`k hi nks pchris hi nc bfcapitc, in rotak qui fc i`nkqui-bohk in Bcroli y fibfk volrcr c aonnkìs hi iurkpiks= qui yc fclác fibfk hks gorcspkr in C`toguk bk`toì`ti, bkapuistk aãs hi <:: bc`bokìs y gc`chk in Eistovcn hiAôsobc hin Bcroli.

Zcrc i`ti`hir u` pkbk aãs nc hoai`soò` hi isti acistrk y su prkbisk bk` nc ihu-bcboò`, nks o`votk c niir cn pirokhostc bcrtcgiìrk Gustcvk Xctos qui isbroloò nc so-guoi`ti bròòbc i` In Yòvirscn, in 32 hi duòk hi <:3:4




„Istky tc` einoz bkak òók

istri`c`hk cneclitk‑

32 hi duòk hi <:3:

Dustk Ucnhïs

Hishi fcbi pkbk sï niir y is-brolor y is bkak so istuvoirc his-bulroi`hk u` au`hk qui k istclcauy birbc hi aos kdks i` bo`bui`-tc y kbfk cóks hi vohc. Xkhk kbu-rroò bkak nc aôsobc. Bkak u`c

skrprisc. Aubfcs vibis si ai kbu-rri` ncs bc`bokìs buc`hk vky i`nks lusis. Zirk c`tis, buc`hk `ksclác niir o isbrolor, ti`ác qui grc-lcrnc i` nc ai`ti y hobtcrnc cn pro-airk qui ai nc bkpocrc. Cfkrc ykaosak nc isbrolk buc`hk si ai kbu-rri u`c bc`boò`. Ni vky c bk`tcrbòak kburroò tkhk.

vi`hk gcecs. Isc is nc proairc fos-

tkroc, caogk pirokhostc. Zirk vc-ycaks c nc aôsobc.Xkhks ai hobi` Dinidini . Is ao

`kalri crtástobk. Ao `kalri isDustk Ucnhïs Bãssiris. @cbá i` inlcrrok Xrk`bk`ã hi Zcni`qui, i`3?93. Iapibï i` nc aôsobc c nks32 cóks, hi nc ac`k hi ao ták DksïUcnhïs Roac`bcs, „Roac`bk`gk‑,qui horogác in Rixtitk Xclcnã ytkbclc nc acráalunc. Eui ïn quoiài i`sióò c bc`tcr y c tkbcr ncacráalunc. Zirk ao pcpã, Bibonok

Ucnhïs Roac`bcs, „Ctckni‑, tcaloï`bc`tclc y bkapk`ác. Ru bc`boò`„Ctckni‑ pigò i` in ktrk nchk hinau`hk buc`hk nc bc`tò Zcuno`kUcnhïs „Lctctc‑. Zirk ïn `k cnbc`-zò c vir in ncrgc hurcboò`, pkrquiauroò i` 3?6:. I` virhch, yk bc`-tclc nc aôsobc qui kác i` ao pui-lnk. @u`bc oacgo`ï bk`kbir y sircaogk hin aôsobk cerobc`k LkpknAc`socao`c, quoi` fc istchk i`Bcrtcgi`c y Zcni`qui.

Nc `kbfi hin 2: hi cgkstk hi3?7? istãlcaks i` Rc` Erc`bosbkbk` vcroks caogks qui euirk` ncsiaonnc hin grupk Rk` Zcni`qui.@ks pcscaks nc kbfi y nc achru-gchc bc`tc`hk i oaprkvosc`hkbc`bokìs. I`roqui Xidihkr bkgoòu`c nctobc y iapizò c sk`crnc cnrotak hi nk qui si `ks kburrác.

Y`c `kbfi, hispuïs hi nc

bi`c, si ai prisi`tcrk` c ao bcscncs prkeiskrcs y firac`cs Cnixc`-hrc y Einopc Rcngchk y ai hodirk`qui nc Eu`hcboò` Xrc`sekraiaksistclc o`votc`hk c quoiìs `k sc-lác` niir y isbrolor pcrc qui cpri`-hoirc` grctos i` in bknigok C`cAcrác Uïniz. Nis hodi qui yk qui-rác cpri`hir, pirk `k sclác bòakiapizcr. Inncs aosacs ai nnivc-rk` y ai i`siócrk` in cók <::? cniir y isbrolor, i` u` bursk hocrokhi 7 c ? hi nc `kbfi. I` isti ak-

ai`tk istky fcboi`hk in 5 Grchky ispirk tirao`cr ao lcbfonnirctkpcrc pkhirai si`tcr eri`ti c u`bkaputchkr. @k fi i`trchk tkhc-vác c isi au`hk, `k sï nk qui sk`nks bkrriks inibtròòbks ò aubfkai`ks isk hi pkhir fclncr bk`cnguoi` hishi u`c pc`tcnnc hi u`bkaputchkr, pirk nnigcrï c cpri`-hirnk csá bkak puhi i`ti`hir inclibihcrok. @k fc sohk eãbon pcrcaá qui sklrivová i` nks ôntoaks

trio`tc y u` cóks vi`hoi`hk gcecsi` ncs pncycs hi Bcrtcgi`c. _ cfk-rc ai nnuivi nc li`hoboò` hi quincs aosacs prkeiskrcs qui ai i`-siócrk` c niir, ai lro`hcrk` nckpkrtuòhch hi fcbir in foa`k hinc eu`hcboò` y nc hi sir o`strubtkrhi hc`zc y aôsobc i` Xrc`sekr-aiaks. Hishi i`tk`bis, yc `k




Nuboc`k Xkrris sk`clc ncs pcnacsy fcbác nks bkrks. Istãlcaks tc`còachks bk` tkhk nk qui `ks fc-lác pcschk i` nc `kbfi y i` ncachrugchc, qui hibohoaks qui isk

`k quihcrc cnná y si `ks kburroòqui pkhácaks iapizcr cngk quisi nncacrc Rk` Zcni`qui. Y` hácsi istclc prisi`tc`hk Ronvok Lrotki` nc pnczknitc hi Xinibka y aini cbirquï cn còachkr Crac`hkNòpiz Lui`hác, pcrc hiborni quiai hoirc nc kpkrtuòhch hi bc`tcrcngk nc pnczc. Ïn ai aorò ixtrc-óchk y ai prigu`tò4 »Hi virhchiris bc`tc`ti; Hïdiai qui ni bc`-ti cngk. \ibuirhk qui bc`tï „Hcai

u` trcgk‑, y buc`hk tirao`ï si aicbirbò Crginok Zïriz, qui irc ri-prisi`tc`ti hi nc BLR, fky Rk`yAusob y ai prigu`tò so fclác grc-lchk cngk. Eui in bkaoi`zk hi ncbcrrirc ausobcn. I` sus oòboks, ao grc` caogk y aôsobk Uovoc`kXkrris, irc o`tigrc`ti hi Rk` Zc-ni`qui. Irc bkrostc y lconcrá`. Isu`k hi nks grc`his hi nc bfcapitcbroknnc. _ i` isi akvoaoi`tk is-tã` grc`his crtostcs y pirsk`cscaogcs bkak Nkuos Xkwirs „In

\cstc‑, Ainbfkr Zïriz, Inok Lkka,in cpkyk hi pirsk`cs bkak InBfcgucnk, hin pobò In \iy hi \k-bfc, _caork Acrá` „In Encbk‑,Lczurtk Rkbocn Bnul, y nc ac`k qui`ks fc ti`hohk nc Eu`hcboò`Xrc`sekraiaks _k tcaloï` fibkapuistk cngu`cs bfcapitcsbkak „_k sky in riy‑, „\isbãtcaiso puihis‑, „Nc bcac‑, „Auïviti‑,„Minny Dkcfc`c‑, „Nc pknnirc‑, itb.Grclcaks i` 3?6: bc`bokìs

bkak „Zcnk hi acaò`‑, bc`tchcpkr ao pcpã, „Cnkátk pák‑, u`c bc`-boò` aác qui quoiri hibor4 Crrk-yotk. Zkr cquinnks hács foboaks ncnitrc y aôsobc hi Li`mks Lokdò, infoa`k hi Zcni`qui. Aubfc gi`ti`k scli qui is hi Rk` Zcni`qui,pirk nk vcaks c grclcr uivcai`-ti. Hispuïs vo`k in Eistovcn O`tir-

`cbok`cn hi Aôsobc hin Bcroli iìn qui ks prisi`tcaks hks vibis.Zctroboc Crbfolknh ks o`votò his-puïs cn Eistovcn hi nc Nu`c UirhiRc` C`hrïs. Grclcaks sios ncrgcs

hurcboò` y tris aãs bk` in Bfc-gucnk, in \iy hin Zobò hin \iy hi\kbfc. Y`c hi ncs bc`bokìs quifiaks o`bnuohk i` ùistrk trclcdk is „C ponã in crrkz‑, qui is u`bc`tk eôìlri, hi trchoboò` pcni`-quirc, qui si bc`tc in ôntoak háchin vinkrok y nks qui ncai`tc` cneo`chk gknpic` bk` u` pcnk bkakso istuvoirc` ponc`hk, bkak so is-tuvoirc` i` u`c ac`k hi ponò`. Iìn ùivk trclcdk ausobcn qui ti-

ìaks fcy lunniri`guis, nua-lcnôis, bfcnupcs, bc`tks lc`tôis ypcni`quirks. Istã` ncs bc`bokìs„Rcalcunï‑, u`tiac aák qui sui-`c i` O`gnctirrc=„Bcnclk`gò‑, hiZãèohk Ucnhïs=„_kaoò`hk‑, hiI`roqui Xidihkr=„In Actoualã‑,bc`boò` aác=„Gucbfoalk`gò‑,

hi Nik`crhk Fi-rrirc „Zcyotk‑=„Bfoaluali‑ ,i`tri ktrcs.

Rk` Zcni`-qui istã vovoi`hku` uivk akai`-tk. Fc ohk c Zcrás,c Rc`tocgk hi Bfo-ni, c Ruozc, y istksakai`tks fcyu`c pksolonohch hi

ùivcs grclcbok-ìs bk` Nubcs Ron-vc y c trcvïs hinbcrtcgiìrk \c-ecin \caks quiistã ricnozc`hk u`trclcdk bkak gis-tkr y iapriscrokausobcn. I` bcsc

istã` einobis pkrqui cpri`há c niiry isbrolor, pkrqui euo o`votchk pkrin horibtkr hi boì Bork Guirrc ccpcribir bkak in prkeiskr hi aô-sobc qui ni ibfc bkak so euirc u`

caunitk, nc sc`gri hi ncs ncgcrto- dcs c nks aôsobks i` nc pinábunc„Nks vocdis hin voi`tk‑. Xkhk ia-pizò c bcalocr. Cfkrc sònk vovkhi nc aôsobc y hi aos fkrcs bkako`strubtkr ausobcn. Cngu`ks hiaos fodks bkak Dksï \iy Ucnhïs,Dustk Ucnhïs Dr, Croin Ucnhïs, Dkf`Dcork Ucnhïs y nc aãs piquióc quitoiì bo`bk cóks, Noz UcìsscUcnhïs, sogui` in bcao`k hi ncaôsobc. Istc is nc fostkroc qui is-

tky vovoi`hk. Isbrolk y nik ao aô-sobc. Bkak u` òók qui istri`ccneclitk.




Ispirk qui nuigk hi niir isti ixbini`ti crtábunk, si prigu`ti`4 »Bòak is pksolni quiu` vcnkr ausobcn hin òvin hi Dustk Ucnhïs, istuvoirc vi`hoi`hk gcecs i` nc pncycpkrqui `k sclác niir ò isbrolor, y qui euirc u` sir o`vosolni pcrc nc kpoòò` pôlnobc;Zuis csá is. _ so istk ni pcsc c cnguoi` bk` isti tcni`tk, quï pkhiaks hibor hi isksaonnkìs hi siris c`òòaks y pklris qui fc` hisirtchk hin Rostiac Ihubctovk Keobocn.

Cfkrc, Dustk is prkeiskr hi eknmnkr i` ncs O`stotubokìs Ihubctovcs hi Bcrtcgi`c y

i` Zcni`qui. _c isbroli i` bkaputchkr, toiì su bkrrik inibtròòbk, y cbclc hinnigcr hi su ôntoac gorc pkr Iurkpc. Fc sohk pcrti eu`hcai`tcn hi nc vosolonozcboò` hitkhks nks istuhoc`tis hin akhink Xrc`sekraiaks, pkrqui cn bkapkìr in foa`k hiXrc`sekraiaks, in ôòbk foa`k lconclni sigô` hobi nc Cnbchisc Duhotf Zoìhk Enòriz,bk` su aôsobc giìrò u` prkbisk hi ohi`tohch y is in idi ausobcn i` ncs tkacs yprisi`bocs acsovcs qui hi nc bouhch, fcbi` nks istuhoc`tis.

Is i` isti si`tohk, bkak lusbcaks nc vosolonozcboò` hi istcs pirsk`cs, su pcrtobopc-boò` y cpkrtis c nc skboihch hk`hi fclotc`, csá bkak nc hoeusoò` pôlnobc hi sus

klditovks hi vohc bkak pksolnis akhinks pcrc siguor pkr sus bkauòhchis, pkrquinis piraoti` prkyibtcrsi bk` ùivcs aitcs i` su vohc, prkakvoi`hk bcaloks i`sus prãbtobcs bktohoc`cs, tcn bkak hobi Eriori (3??5)4 „`choi `cbi fibfk. @ks vc-

aks fcboi`hk pkbk c pkbk, i` nc prãbtobc skbocn i` qui ekracaks pcrti‑ 2.

2. E\IO\I, Z. (3??5). Zknátobc y ihubcboò`. Aïxobk4 Rognk VVO.




Nc rio`c hin erotk si tkac Zcrás

„C`c Xunoc aodc, ti einobotk hishi qui ti vik i` nks piroòhobks y

nkgrcsti vocdcr c Zcrás, pkr isk yc `k ai hc pi`c hibor qui sky

erotc`guirc, cfkrc ai soi`tk krgunnksc hi aá y ao trclcdk, grcbocs‑. Bk` istcs pcnclrcs, u`c erotc`guirc qui toiì su puistkeri`ti c nc O`hoc Bctcno`c i` Bcrtcgi`c, riboloò c C`c Xunoc buc`-hk nc ribk`kboò i` nc bcnni c nks pkbks hács hi nnigcr hi Zcrás.

Bk` isti topk hi ixprisokìs, viaks bòak istcs pirsk`cs csu-ai` fky, bk` vcnkr y bkaprkaosk, in ritk hi bcalocr sus vohcs ybk` innk, bk`troluyi` cn hiscrrknnk skbocn, ibk`òaobk y bunturcnhi ùistrk Zcás. Uosolonozcrnks piraoti risogòeobcr in rkn qui his-

iapióc` i` ùistrc skboihch, ohi`toeobcr nc oènui`boc hi cbto-tuhis pksotovcs fcboc istcs bkauòhchis pkr pcrti hi ktrksaoialrks hi su i`tkr`k. Cyuhc c inoao`cr istiriktopks,ribk`kbir c istcs pirsk`cs bkak siaidc`tis c ksktrks,hog`ks hi rispitk y cpkyk. Zcrc bk`struor isc ùivcohi`tohch, ncs bkauòhchis vunìrclnis ìbisotc` sirribk`kbohcs pkr nks ktrks aoialrks hi nc skboihchpcrc cti`hir „nc ìbisohch hi uòò` y rincboò` bk`

nks ktrks y ktrcs i` nc eu`boò` skbokpknátobc hi nc

ohi`tohch skbokbunturcn‑ 8

, bkak siócnc Lruìr (<::2). „Istc eu`boò` riquoiri hin ribk`kbo-

aoi`tk hi nks ktrks, ivotc`hk nc acrgo`cboò`

skbocn y nks si`toaoi`tks hi sknihch

ceibtovc y iakbok`cn, bkak c`cnozc

Nòpiz (3?69), i`tri nks vá`bunks ì-

biscroks pcrc cnbc`zcr u`c cutkoac-

gi` pksotovc‑ 9.

8. L\Y@I\, D. R. (<::2). Nc eãlrobc hi

fostkrocs. Hiribfk, notircturc, vohc . Aïxobk4Ek`hk hi Bunturc Ibk`òaobc.

9. NÒZIT, E. y GC\BÁC, B. (n?69). Ekracboò` y

Ivcnucboò` hin Ihubchkr . Eihircboò` Ispcóknchi Rixknkgác (Ih.). I`4 Rixucnohch i` u`

au`hk i` bcalok . Achroh4 Lc`bk Ixtirokr.




Xkhk nk c`tirokr, riprisi`tc pcrc nc Eu`hcboò`, in acykr nkgrk hin prkyibtk hin Nolrk

hi Bkbo`c Broknnc Bcrtcgiìrc hi Uihhã Uihhã , qui `cboò u` hác buc`hk cn ribkrrirncs cuncs hi ncs O`stotubokìs bcrtcgiìrcs y fclnãlcaks bk` nks istuhoc`tis, u`csiókrc ai hodk qui inncs `ks chaorclc` pkrqui `ksktrks sclácaks aubfcs bkscs. _buc`hk ni hodi qui istclc sigurk hi qui innc sclác aãs bkscs qui yk, ai hodk4 „hidc

hi sir ialustirk òók‑.




Zcrc risbctcr ao briholonohch

eri`ti c isks kdks hi o`brihunohch

eiaiò`c, hilk cbncrcr qui in 7:%

hi quoiìs istuhoc` bk` ùistrk

akhink sk` audiris. I`tk`bis, bk-

ai`bï pkr prigu`tcrnis quï sclác`

inncs qui briyirc` qui yk `k sclác,

y tkhcs ai hodirk` qui bkbo`cr, y i`

siguohc, bkai`zcrk` c rieirorai tk-

hks nks pnctks qui fcbác`4 u`c vi`hác

pisbchk i` nc pncyc, ktrc ti`ác u` piquiók ìgkbok hi bkaohcs, y ktrc vi`hác erotks

i` in bi`trk. Xcaloï` hosbutoaks bòak si pripcrc u` crrkz bk` bkbk k si erotc u`c

lui`c pkstc hi soirrc.

Cn vir istc grctc hiakstrcboò` hi bk`kboaoi`tks buno`croks y hi bunturc pkpuncr, nis

prigu`tï, so nis gustcrác fcbir u` nolrk hi bkbo`c y ùivcai`ti, vknvoò nc o`brihuno-

hch y ai aorcrk` hishi nk aãs prkeu`hk hi iscs puponcs lnc`bcs qui riscntc` sklri




Bk` nc cyuhc

hin Bfie Fir`c`hk\kdcs Firaksonncsinibbok`caks ncs

ribitcs pcrc in nolrk„Bkbo`c Broknnc

Bcrtcgiìrchi Uihhã Uihhã‑.

sus poinis ìgrcs, akri`cs y aunctcs, pcrc vknvir c ixbncacr4 „pirk cfkrc sá si

i`nkquiboò, bòak vcaks c isbrolor u` nolrk so `k scliaks isbrolor‑.

C nk bucn nis rispk`há qui pkhácaks fcbir u` trctk4 „so ustihis cpri`hi` c isbrolor,

nc Eu`hcboò` nis eo`c`boc u` nolrk hi bkbo`c‑ . Isi aosak hác sinncaks in trctk ynuigk, buc`hk nks hkbi`tis trc`sekrachkris y trc`sekrachkrcs nis bk`tcrk` c tk-hks sus istuhoc`tis in trctk qui fclácaks fibfk, riboloaks 5:: ribitcs hi bkbo`cisbrotcs bk` ncs nitrcs aãs linncs hin au`hk, ncs nitrcs hi quoiìs fclác` bk`siguo-hk in hk` hi nc pcnclrc isbrotc.

Bk` in cpkyk hin bfie Fir`c`hk \kdcs Firaksonnc, sinibbok`caks ncs ribitcs tktcn-ai`ti broknncs y ihotcaks in nolrk Bkbo`c Broknnc Bcrtcgiìrc hi Uihhã Uihhã , qui`k is u` nolrk hi bkbo`c bkak aubfks poi`sc`, so`k u` nolrk hi ribupircboò` buntu-rcn, hi supircboò` pirsk`cn y hi vosolonozcboò` hi u`c bunturc bi`ti`croc qui istclcrieu`hohc i` in knvohk pkr `k sclir niir ò isbrolor.




Nc Cnbcnhischi Bcrtcgi`c,Duhotf Zoìrk

y in Ribritcrok hiIhubcboò`, Dunok

Cnc`hiti prklc`hkncs hinobocs hi nc

bkbo`c bcrtcgiìrc.

Is in ôòbk nolrk hi bkbo`c isbrotk pkr erotc`guircs, cacs hibcsc, aubfcbfcs hin sirvobok, vi`hihkrcs hi pisbchk, cnlcóo-nis, pisbchkris y vi`hihkris hi kstrcs i` nc pncyc, y buycsribitcs istã` isbrotcs c ac`k.

Foboaks u` torcdi hi hks aon idiapncris y tkhks si vi`hoirk`=vcrocs iapriscs i`tri inncs in LLUC, nk bkaprcrk` pcrc rigcnkhi @cvohch y 3.::: si vi`hoirk` i` ncs nolrirács bkak nc Nolri-rác @cbok`cn qui fcboi`hk u`c ispibocn ixbipboò`, bkaprò 7::idiapncris.

Grcbocs c nc hoeusoò` hi nks aihoks hi bkauòbcboò`, nc `ktobocnnigò c Zcrás y u` lui` hác, ks nnigò nc o`votcboò` hin Gkurac`hWkrnh Bkkmlkkm Cwcrhs - Zcros Bkkmlkkm Ecor <:33, nc eirochi Nolrks hi Bkbo`c aãs oapkrtc`ti hin Au`hk, pcrc qui uis-trk nolrk euirc in o`votchk hi fk`kr.




Lniys hin Rkbkrrk \kssk y C`c Xunoc Gòaiz i` in stc`h hinks Gkurac`h Wkrnh Bkkmlkkm Cwcrhs - Zcrás Bkkmlkkm

Ecor <:33, nc eiroc hi Nolrks hi Bkbo`c y hi Uo`ks, aãsoapkrtc`ti hin au`hk, i` nc bucn in nolrk „Bkbo`c Broknnc

Bcrtcgiìrc hi Uihhã Uihhã‑ eui o`votchk hi fk`kr.

I` riprisi`tcboò` hi sus bkapcói-rks, sinibbok`caks c C`c Xunoc y cLniys hin Rkbkrrk \kssk. Nc proai-

rc pkrqui is bk`kbohc i` tkhc Bcr-tcgi`c bkak nc rio`c hi nks erotks ync virhch, nis hogk qui so ustih `kfc prklchk u`c cripc hi fuivk hiC`c Xunoc, k scli nk qui is nc cripchi fuivk. I` buc`tk c Lniys, is u`caudir bkrhklisc hispnczchc pkr ncvokni`boc, qui buc`hk nnigò c Bcr-tcgi`c i` u` bcapcai`tk hi his-

pnczchks, cpri`hoò c fcbir in„acbfubfk‑.

„_k ù`bc pi`sï qui pkhác vocdcr c

Zcrás y aubfk ai`ks qui ti`hrác nc

kpkrtuòhch hi i`siócrnis c fcbir

erotks c nks bfies aãs ecaksks hin

au`hk y ai`ks qui ai tkbcrác eor-

acr cutògrceks i` nks nolrks, pirk

nk qui aãs ai nncaò nc cti`boò` is qui tkhks isks grc`his bkboìrks

ai prigu`tclc` qui bòak si ai-

tác in fuivk y buc`hk nis akstrï qui

proairk si fcbác nc cripc y nuigk

si ni ibfclc in fuivk bruhk y si

vknvác c ibfcr nc cripc cn scrtï`, `k

ai nk pkhác` briir. _ cfá i`ti`há isk

hin o`tirbcalok hi scliris qui tc`-

tk fclnc` nks prkeis hi Xrc`sekraiaks‑, ceorac C`c Xunoc bk` su pábcrcsk`rosc hi cluinc.




Zcrc Lniys, in prkbisk toiì ktrc òptobc. Ru fostkroc istã ctchc cn hiscrrcogk, y nckpkrtuòhch hi cpri`hir c niir y isbrolor, ni piraotoò rienidcr nc ispirc`zc qui cenkrci` in sir fuac`k i` nks akai`tks aãs hoeábonis4 „Buc`hk istãlcaks i` in bcapc-

ai`tk hi hispnczchks bchc quoi` cpkrtclc nk qui ti`ác, u` pnãtc`k pkr cbã, crrkz

pkr cnnã, u` pkquotk hi bcrì y csá pk`ác` i` in ekgò` y fcbác` u`c skpc hi crrkz auy robc qui nncaclc` acbfubfk y isc skpc soiapri ai fc ribkrhchk nc sknohcrohch, nc

ei y chiaãs is auy robc, pkr isk buc`hk cpri`há c isbrolor y ai hodirk` hin nolrk hi

bkbo`c eui nk proairk qui si ai kburroò y buc`hk nc Cnbcnhisc nc prklò y ai hodk qui

fclác risbctchk u` pnctk i` vács hi ixto`boò` ai si`tá auy krgunnksc‑.

Bk` istks idiapnks, quiriaks ixpriscr qui vosolonozcr c ùistrks istuhoc`tis isu`c hi ùistrcs prokrohchis. Rònk i` istc ekrac, pkhrã` scnor hi nc acrgo`cnohchi o`bnuorsi i` ùistrc skboihch, puis bkak siócnc` Guotcrt, @chcn y Uonc (<:3:),

„nc ohi`toeobcboò` soalònobc y nc pcrtobopcboò` i` cbtovohchis hi nc bkauòhch (cb- boò`-trc`sekracboò`) aknhic` in si`tohk hi bkauòhch y hi pirtiì`boc c nks gru-

pks fuac`ks, tktcnai`ti ìbiscroks pcrc nc supirvovi`boc hi nc ispiboi‑ 5.

5. GYOXC\X, A., @CHCN, D., y UONC, O. (<:3:). Nc bk`strubboò` `crrctovc hi nc Ohi`tohch i` u` bk`tixtk ihubctovk O`tirbunturcn Náaoti. I`4 \ivostc hi Eonkskeác y Zsobknkgác , Ukn. 9 (<3), pp. 77-?8.




In cbirbcaoi`tk cn pkhir y ncs acòeistcbokìs acsovcs

Bknkaloc ribk`kbi nc hovirsohch i` su Bk`stotuboò` Zknátobc hi 3??3, `k sònk hitopk bunturcn, so`k hi hoeiri`bocs skbocnis y ibk`òaobcs, bkak bk`sibui`boc hi

sognks hi oìquohchis i` ncs bkauòhchis rurcnis, o`hági`cs y cerkhisbi`hoi`-tis= y cu`qui cn pcribir, `ks fiaks cbkstualrchk c vovor i` aihok hi ncs his-ogucnhchis, nc ôòbc ekrac hi trc`sekracr ùistrc skboihch is prkakvoi`hk nc„rienixovohch skbocn‑, bkak pnc`tic Gohhi`s (<::8), cn rieirorsi c nc ìbisohchhi ùistrc skboihch hi rienixok`cr sklri nks grc`his bcaloks qui si vovi` i` nccbtucnohch7.

Zcrc rienixok`cr sklri istks prkbisks, in Rostiac Xrc`sekraiaks pnc`tic nc pksolo-nohch hi qui isti idirbobok o`tinibtucn si fcgc i` ekrac acsovc aihoc`ti nc kbupc-

boò` eásobc hi ispcboks vihchks pcrc ncs pklncbokìs acrgo`cnis, ispcboks i` hk`hiinnks sic` in bi`trk hi cti`boò`, y puihc` cbirbcrsi cn pkhir, `k pcrc pihorni so`kpcrc sir ribk`kbohks.

7. GOHHI@R, C. (<::8). Rkboknkgác . Achroh4 Cnoc`zc.




I` isti si`tohk, hiliaks ribk`kbir qui nc Cnbcnhisc hi Bcrtcgi`c, Duhotf ZoìhkEnòriz, eui eu`hcai`tcn i` in prkbisk, pkrqui pcrc innc eui auy `cturcn i`bk`trcrsibk` su gi`ti, bk` nks fclotc`tis hi nc ktrc Bcrtcgi`c i` pni`c Bouhch Firkobc, kársu aôsobc, bc`tcr in foa`k hi Zcni`qui y nnkrcr bk` u` si`toaoi`tk hi achri, buc`-hk isbubfò hi sus nkgrks y in si`toaoi`tk bk` in bucn ixprisc` nk qui fc` nkgrchk

pkr aihok hin istuhok.

Buc`hk bk`vkbcaks c nks proairks 9.::: dòviìs y chuntks qui bunao`crk` su tirbirgrchk i` nc Znczc hi nc Chuc`c pcrc binilrcr su grchk y i`bk`trcrsi bk` nc Cnbcnhiscy in Ribritcrok hi Ihubcboò`, euirk` nnigc`hk i` in trc`spkrti pôlnobk, aonis hi fka-lris y audiris hi tkhcs ncs ihchis pcrc kbupcr pkbk c pkbk tkhc nc pnczc. Nc ektk quirigostrò isi akai`tk, eui sinibbok`chc pkr nc Y@IRBK, pcrc o`bnuornc i` in oèkrai




Hi hiribfc c ozquoirhc4

Curkrc Bcrronnk Gunnk,

Horibtkrc Idibutovc

y Zihcgògobc

hi nc Eu`hcboò`

Xrc`sekraiaks=

Duhotf Zoìhk Enòriz,

Cnbcnhisc hi Bcrtcgi`c=

Dunok Cnc`hiti,

Ribritcrok hi Ihubcboò`

hi Bcrtcgi`c=

y @krac \kaã`,

Horibtkrc hi Bklirturc

hi nc Ribritcrác hi

Ihubcboò`, binilrc`hk

nc grchucboò` hi

bobnk 3 hi 9.:::

dòviìs y chuntks

i` nc Znczc

hi nc Chuc`c.

Clron << hi <::?.

hi nc sotucboò` hi nc ihubcboò` hi dòviìs y chuntks i` in Au`hk,tiac qui si hosbutoò i` BK@EO@XIC UO i` Lrcson.

Ro` ialcrgk, nk aãs oapkrtc`ti hi isi akai`tk eui qui au-bfks hi quoiìs kbupcrk` nc pnczc, irc nc proair viz qui si ctri-

vác` c trcspcscr ncs aurcnncs y chi`trcrsi i` in o`tirokr hinBkrrcnotk hi Zoihrc. Rá, csá bkak nk nii`, iscs aurcnncs bk`struo-hcs pcrc hiei`hir in tiskrk ispcókn hi nks porctcs, bk` in trc`s-burror hi nks sognks si bk`vortoò i` in sáalknk hi sipcrcboò` hincs hks Bcrtcgi`cs. Zkr istc rczò`, eui auy soalònobk pcrc uis-trks istuhoc`tis, bkapri`hir qui iscs aurcnncs cfkrc tcaloï`sk` hi innks.

Isi aosak hác, nc Cnbcnhisc si bkaprkaitoò pknátobc y pôlnobc-

ai`ti c bk`toùcr in prkbisk ihubctovk y nnivcrnk fcstc bunao`crbk` in grchk hi lcbfonnir. Suoiìs istuvoirk` i` nc Znczc hi ncChuc`c isi hác, istã` tirao`c`hk nc aihoc, `kvi`k grchk y sinkgrò bk`virtor c Bcrtcgi`c, i` nc proairc bouhch bknkaloc`cnolri hi c`cneclitosak y qui istks aonis hi fkalris y audirispuihc` bk`toùcr sus istuhoks.

Isi hác tcaloï`, Dustk bc`tò pkr proairc viz, in foa`k hi Xrc`sekr-aiaks, y in „vovc vovc vovc, vovc Xrc`sekraiaks ‑ si fc vuintk u`cohi`toeobcboò` ausobcn hi tkhks nks qui istcaks i` isti prkbisk.



„Nc @kbfi Lnc`bcXrc`sekraiaks‑ i` in

Istchok hi LïoslknK`bi hi @kvoialri.Kbtulri <5 hi <:3:.

C pcrtor hi isi akai`tk, `ksfiaks tkachk ncs aurcnncspcrc qui nks proairks i`cpri`hir c niir y isbrolor, bk-nkbcrc` sus ai`scdis c nc Bou-hch. Ncs biriak`ocs hi grc-hucboò` si fcbi` i` in istc-hok hi lïoslkn K`bi hi `k-

voialri , i` u` cbtk soalònobkqui istuhoc`tis y hkbi`tishi`kao`c` nc `kbfi lnc`bc,buc`hk tkhks pri`hi` u`cvinc i` siócn hi qui i` innks,si fc pri`hohk nc nuz hin bk-`kboaoi`tk.




<9.::: istuhoc`tis si riuòirkì` in istchok hi eôtlkn,

Dcoai Akrò`, pcrc ribolor cnZrisohi`ti hi nc \ipôlnobc.

Zcrc nc vosotc hin Zrisohi`ti hi nc \ipôlnobc, Ãnvcrk Yroli

Uïniz, eui ìbiscrok riuòr c tkhks nks istuhoc`tis i` inriboï` riakhinchk istchok hi eôtlkn, Dcoai Akrò` , pkr-qui eui in ôòbk nugcr i` hk`hi si puhk riuòr <9.:::pirsk`cs qui quirác` ixpriscr y fcbirsi si`tor yc k bkakacrgo`chks, so`k bkak pcrtábopis hi u` prkbisk bknibtovkhi vosolonozcboò` y ihubcboò`.




Xkhcs istcs tkacs hi nks ispcboks pôlnobks aãs sogòeobctovks, fc` istchk cbkapc-

óchcs hi u` cbirbcaoi`tk i`tri istuhoc`tis, hkbi`tis y cutkrohchis nkbcnis, ycqui nc cnbcnhisc Duhotf Zoìhk Enòriz y in Ribritcrok hi Ihubcboò` Dunok Cnc`hiti,`k sònk si fc` riuòhk bk` nks istuhoc`tis, nks fc` isbubfchk i o`tirbcalochkohics i` istks ivi`tks, so`k qui hurc`ti istks tris cóks, fc` ribkrrohk ncs o`stotu-bokìs y fc` hocnkgchk i` ncs prkpocs cuncs bk` hkbi`tis y istuhoc`tis.




In pcpin hi nks aihoks hi bkauòbcboò`Nc vosolonozcboò` hi istcs bkauòhchis y sus nkgrks ihubctovks, vcnkris y roquizcs,fcbi` qui nks hiaãs bknkaloc`ks pcrtobopiaks hi ncs prãbtobcs hi su bkauòhch,nk bucn bkak siócnc \klirts (<::7), `ks o`vknubrc i` nc o`tirpritcboò` hin au`hk y`ks fcbi pcrtábopis hi nc bk`strubboò` hi ricnohch qui innks istã` fcboi`hk6, puisùistrk hovirsk Zcás, tcaloï` istã bkèkrachk pkr nks aonnkìs hi dòviìs y chun-tks qui nubfc` pkr bunao`cr su ihubcboò` o`bk`bnusc k pkr o`griscr i` in sostiacihubctovk, bk` nc ispirc`zc hi aidkrcr sus bk`hobokìs hi vohc. Nks òóks, nks dòvi-ìs, nks fkalris y ncs audiris hi ùistrc skboihch, ìbisotc` vosolonozcr c istcs

pirsk`cs, sclir qui `k sk` u`c ao`krác y qui istã` cpkrtc`hk c nc bk`strubboò` hiu` au`hk aidkr pcrc tkhks.

Is bncrk qui `k pkhiaks nkgrcr u` virhchirk prkbisk bknibtovk y acsovk hivosolonozcboò`, so` in cpkyk hi nks aihoks hi bkauòbcboò` qui c nk ncrgk y c`bfk hinZcás i` nc pri`sc isbrotc, nc rchok y nc tinivosoò`, fc` i`ti`hohk nc oapkrtc`boc hiclrornis u` ispcbok c istks fkalris y audiris, pcrc qui si ixprisi` y nis vcnkri`su bunturc y sus scliris.

Y`c auistrc hi isti trclcdk, nc i`bui`trc` i` nc soguoi`ti ribkponcboò` qui o`bnuyicngu`ks hi nks aãs hi 3:: crtábunks y risiócs hi rchok y pri`sc qui nks aihoks hibkauòbcboò` nis fc` hihobchk c istks fkalris y audiris qui si fc` fibfk voso-lnis grcbocs c nc ihubcboò`.

6. \KLI\XR, C.N.H. (<::7). Ncs rincbokìs i`tri nc ohi`tohch y in cpri`hozcdi. I`4 Bunturc y Ihubcboò`.

Nkgrkók4 Eu`hcboò` Oèc`boc y Cpri`hozcdi.



<?: Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak



Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <?3



<?< Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak



<?8 Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak




Nc Cnbcnhisc hi Bcrtcgi`c, Duhotf Zo`ihk Enòriz,binilrc`hk bk` nks istuhoc`tis bcrtcgi`irks

nc hibncrctkroc „Bcrtcgi`c tirrotkroknolri hi c`cneclitosak‑.




Lolnokgrceác

L\Y@I\, D. (3??7). Nc ihubcboò`, puirtc hi nc bunturc. Achroh4 Uoskr.

[[[[[[[[[. (<::2). Nc eãlrobc hi fostkrocs. Hiribfk, notircturc, vo hc.Aïxobk4 Ek`hk hi Bunturc Ibk`òaobc.

BCRXINNR, A. (3?66) Nc irc hi nc oèkracboò`. Ibk`kaác, skboihch y

bunturc. In pkhir hi nc ohi`tohch . Ukn. <. Achroh4 Cnoc`zc.

E\IO\I, Z. (3??5). Zknátobc y ihubcboò`. Aïxobk4 Rognk VVO.

GOHHI@R, C. (<::8). Rkboknkgác . Achroh4 Cnoc`zc.

GYOXC\X, A., @CHCN, D., y UONC, O. (<:3:). Nc bk`strubboò` `crrctovc

hi nc Ohi`tohch i` u` bk`tixtk ihubctovk. O`tirbunturcn Náaoti. I`4 \i- vostc hi Eonkskeác y Zsobknkgác. Ukn. 9 (<3), pp. 77-?8.

NÒZIT, E., y GC\BÁC, B. (n?69). Ekracboò` y Ivcnucboò` hin Ihubchkr .Eihircboò` Ispcóknc hi Rixknkgác (Ih.). I`4 Rixucnohch i` u` au`hk

i` bcalok . Achroh4 Lc`bk Ixtirokr.

\KLI\XR, C.N.H. (<::7). Ncs rincbokìs i`tri nc ohi`tohch y in cpri`-

hozcdi. I`4 Bunturc y Ihubcboò`. Nkgrkók4 Eu`hcboò` Oèc`boc y Cpri`-

hozcdi.




ibncrcr c Bcrtcgi`c Xirrotkrok Nolri hi C`cneclitosak, is so` nugcr c huhcsu` fotk i` nc fostkroc hi ùistrk pcás, puis si trctc hi cvc`zcr i` nc supi-

rcboò` hi ncs lribfcs skbocnis qui cô` fky pchibi nc skboihch bcrtcgiìrc.Is pkr innk, qui isti ribk`kboaoi`tk piraoti o`hobcr qui nks iseuirzks hi nc chao-òstrcboò` hi nc bouhch, i` bclizc hi su cnbcnhisc, Duhotf Zoìhk Enòriz fc` nkgrchko`bohor i` nc supircboò` hi nc pklrizc istrubturcn y bk` innk aidkrcr nks á`hobis hihiscrrknnk fuac`k.

Isti nkgrk bklrc acykr rinivc`boc, pkrqui c piscr hi nks iseuirzks ricnozchks pkrnks hosto`tks gkloir`ks, hi capnocboò` hi bklirturcs y uòvirscnozcboò` hi nc ihubc-boò`, `k sònk `k fiaks buapnohk ncs aitcs prkpuistcs i` ncs bkèiri`bocs au`hoc-

nis hi Dkatoi` y Hcmcr hi nkgrcr u`c Ihubcboò` pcrc Xkhks, so`k qui chiaãs inc`cneclitosak i` Caïrobc Ncto`c cnbc`zc nc boerc hi 29 aonnkìs hi pirsk`cs, aoi`-trcs qui i` in au`hk, in tktcn is hi 72: aonnkìs. Zkr nk tc`tk, hibncrcr c Bcrtcgi`cXirrotkrok Nolri hi C`cneclitosak, `k si bk`stotuyi i` u` soapni cbk`tiboaoi`tk hibcrãbtir nkbcn, so`k qui is u` ai`scdi, `k sònk c ùistrk pcás, hk`hi cô` birbc hin7% hi nc pklncboò` sueri isti encgink, so`k c tkhk in au`hk, hi qui sá is pksolninkgrcrnk, bk` in hibohohk nohirczgk cbchïaobk, o`tinibtucn y pknátobk y nc vknu`tch hinbk`du`tk hi nc skboihch.

Ogucnai`ti, hiliaks ribk`kbir qui isti oapkrtc`ti nkgrk si o`sbroli i` nks is-euirzks qui hishi nc skboihch bovon bknkaloc`c voiì` fcboï`hksi c trcvïs hi oa-pkrtc`tis akvonozcbokìs= nc proairc, oòbochc i` in Bcroli Bknkaloc`k, buyk pro`bopcn

In Akvoaoi`tk Zihcgògobk y Rkbocn Rcnuhc

cn @uivk Xirrotkrok Nolri hi C`cneclitosak

H

Zkr YLCNHK I@\OSYI AITC \OBC\HKZrisohi`ti Ziracì`ti hin Bk`grisk Olirkcairobc`k y hin Bk`gri-sk @cbok`cn pkr u`c Ihubcboò` hi Bcnohch. Horibtkr \igok`cn hi ncKHCII pcrc Bknkaloc, Zirô y Uiìzuinc. Zrisohi`ti hi nc Bkao-soò` @cbok`cn hi Riguoaoi`tk cn Z@HI <::5-<:35 i` Bknkaloc.



Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak <??

ekrk hi ixprisoò` is in Bk`grisk @cbok`cn pkr u`c Ihubcboò` hi Bcnohch qui voiìricnozã`hksi hishi in cók <::9 y nc sigu`hc, nc pkrti`tksc akvonozcboò` hi birbc hi

8:.::: pirsk`cs qui piraotoò nc bk`strubboò` hin Znc` @cbok`cn Hibi`cn hi ihubc-boò` <::5 ‒ <:35= ncs bucnis si fc` crtobunchk, du`tk bk` ktrks oapkrtc`tis prkbi-sks `cbok`cnis y rigok`cnis, i` nk qui fky hi`kao`caks in Akvoaoi`tk Zihcgògobky Rkbocn4 „Xkhks pkr u`c Ihubcboò` hi Bcnohch, Fcboc u` Grc` Cbuirhk @cbok`cn‑,qui si susbrolorã, hin <8 cn <5 hi kbtulri, i` in O Bk`grisk Olirkcairobc`k y OU@cbok`cn pkr u`c Ihubcboò` hi Bcnohch y in OOO I`bui`trk hi Hkbi`tis Olirkcairo-bc`ks, i` Bcrtcgi`c hi O`hocs, i` in acrbk tcaloï` hin Lobi`ti`crok hi nc O`hipi`-hi`boc hi istc bouhch.

Eo`cnai`ti quoirk einobotcr, c `kalri hin Akvoaoi`tk Zihcgògobk y Rkbocn4 „Xkhkspkr u`c Ihubcboò` hi Bcnohch, fcboc u` Grc` Cbuirhk @cbok`cn‑ c nc hkbtkrc DuhotfZoìhk Enòriz, bcroókscai`ti bk`kbohc pkr su puilnk bkak nc acrác aunctc , buyko`hosbutohk nohirczgk skbocn piraotoò nc bk`strubboò` hi u` prkyibtk hi bouhch o`bnu-yi`ti, aãs iquotctovk y lcschk i` nc hogòhch fuac`c= cpkychc pkr Dunok Cnc`hitiCrrkyk, ribk`kbohk bkak in aidkr sibritcrok hi ihubcboò` hin pcás y bk` inhoribbok`caoi`tk y nc kroi`tcboò` pihcgògobc hi nc Eu`hcboò` Xrc`sekraiaks, quigrcbocs c su o`tigrcn i o``kvchkr aïtkhk, eui pksolni i` tc` sknk tris cóks nkgrcr inklditovk hi supircr in c`cneclitosak (qui bk`du`tcai`ti bk` nc hisirboò` si fc`

bk`virtohk i` in „bã`bir‑ hin sostiac ihubctovk). Csá aosak fcbiaks nnigcr ùis-trc bcnurksc einobotcboò` c nks fïrkis hi nc ùivc o`hipi`hi`boc, c nks aonis hi fka-lris y audiris, qui fky fc` rktk ncs bchi`cs hi nc og`krc`boc.



Nks prktcgkòstcs

Nks prktcgkòstcs hi istc fczcóc sk` nks aonis hi istuhoc`tis c quoiìs ncai`tc-lniai`ti `k pkhiaks `kalrcr u`k pkr u`k pkr qui sk` tc`tks qui ti`hrácaks quihupnobcr ncs pãgo`cs hin nolrk y nks ribtkris, hkbi`tis y iquopks hi nc Ribritcrác hiIhubcboò` y nc Eu`hcboò` Xrc`sekraiaks hi Bcrtcgi`c pcrc quoiìs pihoaks tkhkin ribk`kboaoi`tk.



2:< Bcrtcgi`c nolri hi c`cneclitosak

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Bcrtcgi`c hi O`hocs <:33




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Hkbi`tis trc`sekrachkris y trc`sekrachkrcsBcrtcgi`c hi O`hocs <:33.




Ribritcrác hi Ihubcboò` hi Bcrtcgi`c

Xrc`sekraiaks Bcrtcgi`c

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