cardiovascular physiology qiang xia (夏强), phd department of physiology room c518, block c,...
TRANSCRIPT
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Cardiovascular Physiology
Qiang XIA ( 夏强 ), PhDDepartment of Physiology
Room C518, Block C, Research Building, School of MedicineTel: 88208252
Email: [email protected]
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Regulation of Cardiovascular Activities
Lecture Outline
•Nervous Regulation
•Humoral Regulation
•Autoregulation
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Nervous Regulation
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Innervation of cardiovascular system
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Nervous regulation of the circulation
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Cardiac mechanisms of norepinephrine
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Mechanisms of norepinephrine
—increase Na+ & Ca2+ permeability
• If , phase 4 spontaneous depolarization,
autorhythmicity
• Ca2+ influx , phase 0 amplitude & velocity ,
conductivity
• Ca2+ influx , Ca2+ release , [Ca2+ ]i , contractility
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Asymmetrical innervation of sympathetic nerve
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Cardiac mechanisms of acetylcholine
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Mechanisms of acetylcholine
—increase K+ & decrease Ca2+ permeability
• K+ outward , |MRP| , phase 4 spontaneous
depolarization , autorhythmicity
• Inhibition of Ca2+ channel, phase 0 amplitude &
velocity , conductivity
• Ca2+ influx , [Ca2+ ]i , contractility
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Cardiac effect of parasympathetic stimulation
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Interaction of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
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Predominance of autonomic nerves
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Cardiovascular Center
A collection of functionally similar neurons that
help to regulate HR, SV, and blood vessel tone
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Vasomotor center
Located bilaterally mainly in the reticular substance of the medulla and of the lower third of the pons
– Vasoconstrictor area– Vasodilator area– Cardioinhibitor area – dorsal nuclei of the
vagus nerves and ambiguous nucleus
– Sensory area – tractus solitarius
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Vasomotor center
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– Reticular substance
of the pons
– Mesencephalon
– Diencephalon
– Hypothalamus
– Cerebral cortex
– Cerebellum
Higher cardiovascular centers
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Baroreceptor Reflexes
• Arterial baroreceptors– Carotid sinus receptor– Aortic arch receptor
• Afferent nerves (Buffer nerves)
• Cardiovascular center: medulla• Efferent nerves: cardiac sympathetic nerve,
sympathetic constrictor nerve, vagus nerve• Effector: heart & blood vessels
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Baroreceptor neurons function as sensors in the homeostatic maintenance of MAP by constantly monitoring pressure in the aortic arch and carotid sinuses.
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Characteristics of baroreceptors:
Sensitive to stretching of the vessel walls
Proportional firing rate to increased
stretching
Responding to pressures ranging from 60-
180 mmHg
Receptors within the aortic arch are less
sensitive than the carotid sinus receptors
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The action potential frequency in baroreceptor neurons is represented here as being directly proportional to MAP.
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Baroreceptor neurons deliver MAP information to the medulla oblongata’s cardiovascular control center (CVCC);the CVCC determines autonomic output to the heart.
i.e., MAP is above
homeostatic set point
i.e., reduce cardiac output
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Reflex pathway
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Click here to play theBaroreceptor Reflex Control
of Blood PressureFlash Animation
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Typical carotid sinus reflex
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Maintaining relatively
constant arterial
pressure, reducing the
variation in arterial
pressure
Physiological Significance
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Other Cardiovascular Reflexes
Click here to play theChemoreceptor Reflex Control
of Blood PressureFlash Animation
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Humoral Regulation
• Vasoconstrictor agents• Vasodilator agents
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Renin-angiotensin system
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Juxtaglomerular cell
Renin
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– Constricts resistance vessels
– Acts upon the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
– Stimulates the release of vasopressin
– Facilitates norepinephrine release from sympathetic nerve endings
– Stimulates thirst centers within the brain
Physiological effects of angiotensin II
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Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
• Sources
Epinephrine----
adrenal medulla
Norepinephrine----
adrenal medulla
sympathetic nerves
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Catecholamines
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
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Effects Epinephrine Norepinephrine
Receptor -adrenoceptor ++ +++
-adrenoceptor ++ +
Heart heart rate + + (in vitro)
- (in vivo)
cardiac output +++ ±
Vessels constriction (skin, visceral) + +++
relaxation (SM, liver) - +++
total peripheral resistance ± +++
Blood pressure systolic +++ +++
diastolic ± ++
MAP + ++
Clinical application positive inotropic pressor agent
agent
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Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH)
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Endothelium-derived vasoactive substances
•Vasodilator factors
PGI2--prostacyclin
EDRF, NO--endothelium-derived relaxing factor, nitric oxide
EDHF--endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizing factor
•Vasoconstrictor factors Endothelin
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Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
•Produces natriuresis and diuresis •Decreases renin release•Reduces total peripheral resistance via vasodilatation•Decreases heart rate, cardiac output
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Autoregulation
Definition:
Intrinsic ability of an organ to maintain a constant
blood flow despite changes in perfusion pressure,
independent of any neural or humoral influences
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The End.