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BLBK050-Shenasa September 25, 2008 16:40

Cardiac Mapping

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Commissioning Editor: Oliver WalterDevelopment Editor: Laura BeaumontProduction Controller: Debbie Wyer

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Cardiac MappingThird Edition

EDITED BY

Mohammad Shenasa, MD, FACC,FAHA, FESC, FHRSAttending Physician

Department of Cardiovascular Services

O’Connor Hospital

San Jose, California, USA

Gerhard Hindricks, MDHead, Department of Electrophysiology

University Leipzig, Heart Center

Leipzig, Germany

Martin Borggrefe, MDDepartment of Medicine-Cardiology,

University Hospital of Mannheim,

Mannheim, Germany

Gunter Breithardt, MDProfessor of Medicine (Cardiology)

Head, Department of Cardiology and Angiology

Hospital of the University of Münster

Munster, Germany

FOREWORD BY

Douglas P. Zipes, MDProfessor of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

Editor-in-Chief, Heart Rhythm Journal

A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication

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C© This edition first published 2009, C© 2003, 2009 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishingprogram has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical and Medical business to formWiley-Blackwell.

Registered office: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex,PO19 8SQ, UK

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The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance withthe Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, ortransmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording orotherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without the priorpermission of the publisher.

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Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. Allbrand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks orregistered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product orvendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritativeinformation in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisheris not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance isrequired, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, anddiscussion only, and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promotinga specific method, diagnosis, or treatment by physicians for any particular patient. The publisher andthe author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of thecontents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any impliedwarranties of fitness for a particular purpose. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications,changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use ofmedicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the informationprovided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, amongother things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings andprecautions. Readers should consult with a specialist where appropriate. The fact that an organizationor website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further informationdoes not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or websitemay provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internetwebsites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was writtenand when it is read. No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for thiswork. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataCardiac mapping / edited by Mohammad Shenasa . . . [et al.]. – 3rd ed.

p. ; cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-1-4051-7572-21. Arrhythmia. 2. Electrocardiography. I. Shenasa, Mohammad.[DNLM: 1. Electrocardiography. 2. Electrophysiology. 3. Heart Diseases – physiopathology.

WG 140 C267 2009]RC685.A65C287 2009616.1′28–dc22

2008030334

ISBN: 9781405175722

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Set in 9.5/12pt Minion by Aptara R© Inc., New Delhi, India

Printed & bound in Singapore by Fabulous Printers Pte Ltd

1 2009

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This book is dedicated to those who paved the “roads of cardiac mapping” andto all who taught us: our mentors, colleagues, students and patients.We also dedicate this book to our wives, children, and parentsfor their continuous lifetime support and love

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The CD includes: A database of video clips

A search function

All video clips are referenced in the text where you see this icon.

CD-ROMA companion CD-ROM is included at the front of the book

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Contents

Acknowledgments x

Contributors xi

Preface to the Third Edition xvii

Preface to the Second Edition xviii

Preface to the First Edition xix

Foreword xxDouglas P. Zipes

Part I Historical Perspectives 1

1 Cardiac Activation Mapping: The AmsterdamYears 3Hein J. Wellens

Part II Methodological and TechnicalConsiderations 11

2 Construction and Interpretation ofEndocardial Maps: From BasicElectrophysiology to 3D Mapping 13Lars Eckardt, Gunter Breithardt

3 Cardiac Anatomy for InterventionalElectrophysiology and Mapping 27Siew Yen Ho, Jose Angel Cabrera, DamianSanchez-Quintana

4 Principles of Noncontact Endocardial CardiacMapping 37Kim Rajappan, Richard J. Schilling

5 Principles of NonfluoroscopicElectroanatomical and ElectromechanicalCardiac Mapping 49Yitzhack Schawrtz, Shlomo A. Ben-Haim

6 Principles of NavX Mapping 71Christopher Piorkowski, Gerhard Hindricks

7 Magnetic Navigation: Catheter Ablation 80Sabine Ernst

8 CT Angiography: Cardiac Anatomy forMapping and Ablation of Arrhythmias 86Jerold S. Shinbane, Daniel Goodwin, Leslie A.Saxon, Matthew J. Budoff

9 MRI Anatomy for Cardiac Mapping andAblation 101Aravindan Kolandaivelu, Henry R. Halperin,Albert C. Lardo

10 Challenges and Limitations ofElectroanatomical Mapping Technologies 117Jeff M. Hsing, Paul Zei, Henry H. Hsia, Paul J.Wang, Amin Al-Ahmad

Part III Mapping in ExperimentalModels of Cardiac Arrhythmias 127

11 Mapping of Atrial Neural Stimulation andImplications in Atrial Fibrillation 129Pierre Page, Rene Cardinal

12 Mapping of Neurally Based AtrialArrhythmias 141Guo-Dong Niu, Benjamin J. Scherlag, ZhibingLu, Jeffery Edwards, Eugene Patterson,Muhammad Ghias, Annerie Moers, Shu Zhang,Ralph Lazzara, Warren M. Jackman,Sunny S. Po

13 Electrophysiological Mapping of the Rightand Left Ventricle in Animals 152Jacques MT de Bakker, Jerome GM Jungschleger,Marc A. Vos

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viii Contents

Part IV Mapping of SupraventricularTachyarrhythmias 163

14 Endocardial Catheter Mapping in Patientswith Wolff–Parkinson–White Syndrome andVariants of Preexcitation 165Nikolaos Dagres, Hans Kottkamp

15 Cryomapping of the Perinodal Region: A Safeand Effective Technique for Ablation of the AVNodal Reentrant Tachycardia 183Mohammad R. Jazayeri

16 Mapping and Ablation of AVNRT andIts Subtypes 199Stephan Willems, Daniel Steven, BorisLutomsky, Imke Drewitz, Helge Servatius,Thomas Meinertz, Thomas Rostock

17 New Observations on Mapping and Ablationof Atrial Flutter 212Navinder S. Sawhney, Gregory K. Feld

18 Mapping of Macroreentrant AtrialTachycardias 233Mohammad Shenasa, Hossein Shenasa,Chrisopher Piorkowski, Gerhard Hindricks

19 Mapping of Focal Atrial Tachycardias 256Nitish Badhwar, Byron K. Lee, Jeffery E. Olgin

20 Interpretation of Atrial Electrograms DuringAtrial Fibrillation 267Sebastien Knecht, Rajesh Subbiah, MelezeHocini, Pierre Jaıs, Kang-Teng Lim, SeiichiroMatsuo, Leonardo Arantes, Mark D. O’Neill,Nicolas Derval, Frederic Sacher, AntoineDeplagne, Pierre Bordachar, Jacques Clementy,Michel Haıssaguerre

21 Different Mapping Approaches for AtrialFibrillation Ablation 277KR Julian Chan, Feifan Ouyang, Karl-HeinzKuck

22 Integration of NonelectrophysiologicalImaging Technologies into the Mapping ofAtrial Fibrillation 288Tamer S. Fahmy, J. David Burkhardt, AndreaNatale

Part V Mapping of VentricularTachyarrhythmias 299

23 Substrate Mapping for Ablation of VentricularTachycardia in Coronary Artery Disease 301John V. Wylie, Jr., Timothy W. Smith, Mark E.Josephson

24 Mapping of Unstable VentricularTachycardia 310Usha B. Tedrow, William Stevenson

25 Endocardial and Epicardial Mapping ofNonischemic Right and Left VentricularCardiomyopathy 323Mathew D. Hutchinson, Francis E. Marchlinski

26 Role of Mapping in Arrhythmogenic RightVentricular Cardiomyopathy 337Molly Sachdev, Hugh Calkins

27 Mapping of Idiopathic VentricularTachycardias: RV and LV Outflow and SeptalTachycardias 346Mohammad Ali Sadr-Ameli, Majid Haghjoo,Zahra Emkanjoo

28 Role of Different Stimulation Techniques(Pace Mapping, Entrainment Mapping) inDifferent Subset of VentricularTachycardias 357Frank Bogun, Fred Morady

29 Endocardial Catheter Pace Mapping ofVentricular Tachycardias 366Mithilesh K. Das, John C. Lopshire, DeepakBhakta, Anil V. Yadav, John M. Miller

30 Electrical and Anatomical Mapping ofDifferent Pathologies: Ischemic, Dilated, andHypertrophic Cardiomyopathies 376Arash Arya, Hans Kottkamp, ChristopherPiorkowski, Gerhard Hindricks

31 Mapping and Ablation of Tachyarrhythmias inPatients with Congenital Heart Disease 385Edward P. Walsh

32 Transthoracic Epicardial Mapping andAblation of Ventricular Tachycardia 401Andre d’ Avila, Mauricio Scanavacca, EduardoSosa


Contents ix

Part VI New Frontiers 411

33 Mapping of Ventricular Tachycardia andFibrillation: Role of the Purkinje System 413Paul B. Tabereaux, Derek J. Dosdall, RaymondE. ldeker

34 Mapping Rotors in Animals and HumansDuring Atrial Fibrillation 423Omer Berenfeld, Jerome Khalifa

35 Role of Mapping in Channelopathies: BrugadaSyndrome, Long-QT Syndrome, andIdiopathic VF 434Sergio Richter, Pedro Brugada

36 Molecular Cardiovascular Imaging withSPECT and PET 454Michael Schafers, Gunter Breithardt, OtmarSchober

37 Optical Mapping: Its Impact onUnderstanding Arrhythmia Mechanisms 463Guy Salama, Bum-Rak Choi

38 The Kinetics of Intracellular Calcium andArrhythmogenesis in Ischemia/Reperfusion: ACalcium-Centric Mechanism ofArrhythmia 474Nabil El-Sharif, Gil Bub, Vikram Lakireddy

39 Role of Body Surface Mapping 485Christian Vahlhaus, Gunter Breithardt, LarsEckardt

40 Electrocardiographic Imaging of HeartFailure Patients with Left Bundle BranchBlock: Effects of Right Ventricular Pacingand Cardiac ResynchronizationTherapy 492Niraj Varma, Ping Jia, Yorum Rudy

41 How to Better Map and Future Directions inCardiac Mapping 501Mohammad Shenasa, Jafar Shenasa, JavadRahimian

Index 520

A CR-ROM with the video clips referred to in the text is included with this book.


Acknowledgments

We wish to thank all the contributors for thesubstantial effort to deliver their state-of-the-artwork in a very timely fashion. We thank MonaSoleimanieh for her assistance from the beginningto the end of this project.

We appreciate the superb job of Gina Almond,Beckie Brand, Laura Beaumont, Oliver Walter, and

Blackwell Publishing who took on this project, andtheir continuous support toward the publicationof this third edition of Cardiac Mapping, the onlycomprehensive text on the subject.

Finally, I would like to personally thank my bro-ther, Dr. Hossein Shenasa, who freed me from mydaily clinical routine so I could finish this project.

The Editors

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Contributors

Amin Al-Ahmad, MDStandford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA

Leonardo Arantes, MDHopital Cardiologique Du Haut-LevequeUniversite Victor Segalen Bordeaux IIBordeaux, France

Arash Arya, MDDepartment of ElectrophysiologyUniversity of Leipzig Heart CenterLeipzig, Germany

Andre d’Avila, MDCardiac Arrhythmia ServiceMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA

Nitish Badhwar, MBBSCardiac ElectrophysiologyDivision of CardiologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of California – San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA, USA

Shlomo A. Ben-Haim, MD, DScCaesarea, Israel

Omer Berenfeld, PhDCenter for Arrhythmia ResearchUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA

Deepak Bhakta, MDKrannert Institute of CardiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, IN, USA

Frank Bogun, MDDivision of CardiologyDepartment of Internal Medicine

University of Michigan Health SystemAnn Arbor, MI, USA

Pierre Bordachar, MDHopital Cardiologique Du Haut-LevequeUniversite Victor Segalen Bordeaux IIBordeaux, France

Martin Borggrefe, MDDepartment of Medicine-CardiologyUniversity Hospital of MannheimMannheim, Germany

Gunter Breithardt, MD, FESC, FACC,

FHRSDepartment of Cardiology and AngiologyHospital of the Westfalische WilhelmsUniversity of MunsterMunster, Germany

Pedro Brugada, MD, PhDHeart Rhythm Management CentreCardiovascular CentreFree University of Brussels (UZ Brussel) VUBBrussels, Belgium

Gil Bub, PhDState University of New YorkDownstate Medical CenterNew York Harbor VA Healthcare SystemBrooklyn, NY, USA

Matthew J. Budoff, MD FACCHarbor-UCLA Medical Center1000 West Carson StreetTorrance, CA, USA

J. David Burkhardt, MD, FACCStaff Cardiovascular MedicineAssociate Program DirectorCardiac Electrophysiology and PacingCleveland ClinicCleveland, OH, USA

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xii Contributors

Jose Angel Cabrera, MD, PhDHospital QuironMadrid, Spain

Hugh Calkins, MDDivision of CardiologyThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA

Rene Cardinal, PhDCentre de RechercheHopital du Sacre-Cœur de MontrealMontreal, Canada

KR Julian Chun, MDDepartment of CardiologyAsklepios Klinik St. GeorgHamburg, Germany

Jacques Clementy, MDHopital Cardiologique Du Haut-LevequeUniversite Victor Segalen Bordeaux IIBordeaux, France

Nikolaos Dagres, MDUniversity of AthensSecond Cardiology DepartmentAttikon University HospitalAthens, Greece

Mithilesh K. Das, MDKrannert Institute of CardiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, IN, USA

Jacques MT de BakkerDepartment of Experimental CardiologyAcademic Medical CenterAmsterdam, The Netherlands

Antoine Deplagne, MDHopital Cardiologique Du Haut-LevequeUniversite Victor Segalen Bordeaux IIBordeaux, France

Nicolas Derval, MDHopital Cardiologique Du Haut-LevequeUniversite Victor Segalen Bordeaux IIBordeaux, France

Derek J. Dosdall, PhDDepartment of Medicine, Division of CardiovascularDisease, Department of Physiology, andDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, AL, USA

Imke Drewitz, MDUniversity Heart Center HamburgDepartment of CardiologyHamburg, Germany

Lars Eckardt, MDDepartment of Cardiology and AngiologyHospital of the Westfalische WilhelmsUniversity of MunsterMunster, Germany

Jeffery Edwards, RNUniversity of Oklahoma Medical CenterOklahoma City, OK, USA

Nabil El-Sherif, MDState University of New YorkDownstate Medical CenterNew York Harbor VA Healthcare SystemBrooklyn, NY, USA

Zahra Emkanjoo, MDDepartment of Pacemaker and ElectrophysiologyRajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research CenterIran University of Medical SciencesTehran, Iran

Sabine Ernst, MDRoyal Brompton and Harefield HospitalNational Heart and Lung InstituteLondon, UK

Tamer S. Fahmy, MD, PhDAssociate Professor, Critical Care Medicine DepartmentCardiac Electrophysiology DivisionCo-director of Experimental Research LabCairo University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt

Gregory K. Feld, MDDivision of CardiologyClinical Cardiac Electrophysiology ProgramUniversity of California, San DiegoSan Diego, CA, USA

Muhammad Ghias, MDUniversity of Oklahoma Medical CenterOklahoma City, OK, USA

Daniel Goodwin, MD, FACCKeck School of MedicineDivision of Cardiovascular MedicineUniversity of Southern California Keck School of MedicineLos Angeles, CA, USA

Majid Haghjoo, MDDepartment of Pacemaker and ElectrophysiologyRajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research CenterIran University of Medical SciencesTehran, Iran


Contributors xiii

Michel Haıssaguerre, MDHopital Cardiologique Du Haut-LevequeUniversite Victor Segalen Bordeaux IIBordeaux, France

Henry R. Halperin, MD, MA,

FAHAJohns Hopkins UniversityDivision of CardiologyBaltimore, MD, USA

Gerhard Hindricks, MD, PhDDepartment of ElectrophysiologyUniversity of Leipzig Heart CenterLeipzig, Germany

Siew Yen Ho, PhDProfessor of Cardiac MorphologyImperial College LondonRoyal Brompton and Harefield NHS TrustLondon, UK

Meleze Hocini, MDHopital Cardiologique Du Haut-LevequeUniversite Victor Segalen Bordeaux IIBordeaux, France

Henry H. Hsia, MDStanford UniversityStanford, CA, USA

Jeff M. Hsing, MDStanford UniversityStanford, CA, USA

Mathew D. Hutchinson, MDUniversity of Pennsylvania Health SystemPhiladelphia, PA, USA

Raymond E. Ideker, MD,

PhDDepartment of MedicineDivision of Cardiovascular DiseaseDepartment of Physiology, andDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, AL, USA

Warren M. Jackman, MDUniversity of Oklahoma Medical CenterOklahoma City, OK, USA

Pierre Jaıs, MDHopital Cardiologique Du Haut-LevequeUniversite Victor Segalen Bordeaux IIBordeaux, France

Mohammad-Reza Jazayeri, MD,

FACC, FAHABellin Health Hospital CenterGreen Bay, WI, USA

Ping Jia, PhDCardiac Bioelectricity Research and Training CenterCase Western Reserve UniversityCleveland, OH, USA

Mark E. Josephson, MDHarvard-Thorndike Electrophysiology InstituteCardiovascular DivisionBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA

Jerome GM JungschlegerDepartment of Cardiothoracic SurgeryMaastricht UniversityMaastricht, The Netherlands

Jerome Kalifa, MD, PhDCenter for Arrhythmia ResearchUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA

Sebastien Knecht, MDHopital Cardiologique Du Haut-LevequeUniversite Victor Segalen Bordeaux IIBordeaux, France

Aravindan Kolandaivelu, MDJohns Hopkins UniversityDivision of CardiologyBaltimore, MD, USA

Hans Kottkamp, MD, PhDDepartment of ElectrophysiologyClinic Hirslanden Heart CenterZurich, Switzerland

Karl-Heinz Kuck, MDDepartment of CardiologyAsklepios Klinik St. GeorgHamburg, Germany

Vikram Lakireddy, MDState University of New YorkDownstate Medical CenterNew York Harbor VA Healthcare SystemBrooklyn, NY, USA

Albert C. Lardo, PhD, FAHA, FACCJohns Hopkins UniversityDivision of CardiologyBaltimore, MD, USA


xiv Contributors

Ralph Lazzara, MDUniversity of Oklahoma Medical CenterOklahoma City, OK, USA

Byron K. Lee, MDCardiac ElectrophysiologyDivision of CardiologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of California – San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA, USA

Kang-Teng Lim, MDHopital Cardiologique Du Haut-LevequeUniversite Victor Segalen Bordeaux IIBordeaux, France

John C. Lopshire, MDKrannert Institute of CardiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, IN, USA

Zhibing Lu, MDUniversity of Oklahoma Medical CenterOklahoma City, OK, USA

Boris Lutomsky, MDUniversity Heart Center HamburgDepartment of CardiologyHamburg, Germany

Francis E. Marchlinski, MDUniversity of Pennsylvania Health SystemPhiladelphia, PA, USA

Seiichiro Matsuo, MDHopital Cardiologique Du Haut-LevequeUniversite Victor Segalen Bordeaux IIBordeaux, France

Thomas MeinertzUniversity Heart Center HamburgDepartment of CardiologyHamburg, Germany

John M. Miller, MDKrannert Institute of CardiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, IN, USA

Annerie Moers, MDUniversity of Oklahoma Medical CenterOklahoma City, OK, USA

Fred Morady, MDDivision of CardiologyDepartment of Internal Medicine

University of Michigan Health SystemAnn Arbor, MI, USA

Andrea Natale, MD, FACC, FHRSExecutive Medical Director of the Texas Cardiac ArrhythmiaInstituteSt. David’s Medical Center, Austin, TX;Consulting Professor, Division of CardiologyStanford University, Palo Alto, CA;Clinical Associate Professor of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityCleveland, OH, USA

Guo-Dong Niu, MDCardiovascular Institute & Fuwai HospitalBeijing, China

Jeffrey E. Olgin, MDCardiac ElectrophysiologyDivision of CardiologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of California – San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA, USA

Mark D. O’Neill, MBBCh, DPhilHopital Cardiologique Du Haut-LevequeUniversite Victor Segalen Bordeaux IIBordeaux, France

Feifan Ouyang, MDDepartment of CardiologyAsklepios Klinik St. GeorgHamburg, Germany

Pierre Page, MDCentre de RechercheHopital du Sacre-Cœur de MontrealMontreal, Canada

Eugene Patterson, PhDUniversity of Oklahoma Medical CenterOklahoma City, OK, USA

Sunny S. Po, MD, PhDUniversity of Oklahoma Medical CenterOklahoma City, OK, USA

Christopher Piorkowski, MDDepartment of ElectrophysiologyUniversity of Leipzig Heart CenterLeipzig, Germany

Javad Rahimian, PhDSouthern California Permanente Medical GroupDepartment of Radiation OncologyLos Angeles, CA;Lecturer


Contributors xv

University of California-Los AngelesDepartment of Radiation OncologyLos Angeles, CA, USA

Kim Rajappan, MD, MRCPThe Department of CardiologySt Bartholomew’s Hospital and Queen Mary CollegeUniversity of LondonLondon, UK

Sergio Richter, MDHeart Rhythm Management CentreCardiovascular CentreFree University of Brussels (UZ Brussel) VUBBrussels, Belgium

Thomas RostockUniversity Heart Center HamburgDepartment of CardiologyHamburg, Germany

Yoram Rudy, PhDCardiac Bioelectricity and Arrhythmia CenterWashington University in St. LouisSt. Louis, MO, USA

Molly Sachdev, MD, MPHDivision of CardiologyThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA

Frederic Sacher, MDHopital Cardiologique Du Haut-LevequeUniversite Victor Segalen Bordeaux IIBordeaux, France

Mohammad Ali Sadr-Ameli, MDDepartment of Pacemaker and ElectrophysiologyRajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research CenterIran University of Medical SciencesTehran, Iran

Damian Sanchez-Quintana, MD, PhDUniversidad de ExtremaduraBadajoz, Spain

Navinder S. Sawhney, MDDivision of CardiologyClinical Cardiac Electrophysiology ProgramUniversity of California – San DiegoSan Diego, CA, USA

Leslie A. Saxon, MD FACCKeck School of MedicineDivision of Cardiovascular MedicineUniversity of Southern California Keck School of MedicineLos Angeles, CA, USA

Mauricio Scanavacca, MDArrhythmia ServiceHeart Institute (InCor)University of Sao Paulo Medical SchoolSao Paulo, Brazil

Michael Schafers, MDEuropean Institute of Molecular Imaging–EIMIUniversity of MunsterMunster, Germany

Benjamin J. Scherlag, PhDUniversity of Oklahoma Medical CenterOklahoma City, OK, USA

Richard J. Schilling, MD, FRCPThe Department of CardiologySt. Bartholomew’s Hospital and Queen Mary CollegeUniversity of LondonLondon, UK

Otmar Schober, MD, PhD, FESCDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity of MunsterMunster, Germany

Yitzhack Schwartz, MDStructural Heart DiseasePediatric Cardiology, and GUCHRambam Healthcare CampusMeyer Children’s HospitalHaifa, Israel

Helge ServatiusUniversity Heart Center HamburgDepartment of CardiologyHamburg, Germany

Hossein Shenasa, MD, MSc, FACCDepartment of Cardiovascular ServicesO’Connor HospitalSan Jose, CA, USA

Jafar Shenasa, MScHeart and Rhythm Medical GroupSan Jose, CA, USA

Mohammad Shenasa, MD, FACC, FAHA,

FESC, FHRSDepartment of Cardiovascular ServicesO’Connor HospitalSan Jose, CA, USA

cardiac mapping - hörbücher search function all video clips are ... jos´e angel cabrera, damian...

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