carbon sequestration · forest carbon sequestration •carbon is sequestered in forests used to...
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CARBON SEQUESTRATION By plantations and harvested wood products
as a climate change mitigation option
Iain Kerr | PAMSA
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Sequestration in Draft Carbon Tax Bill
Sequestration refers to increases in
the amounts of carbon contained in
forests, forest products and landfills.1
1 Miner, R. and J. Perez-Garcia (2007). "The greenhouse gas and carbon profile of the global forest
products industry." Forest Products Journal 57(10).
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Sequestration in Draft Carbon Tax Bill
• 2015: National Treasury included carbon sequestration in
Draft Carbon Tax Bill.
• Sequestration by trees in carbon tax calculation and small
afforestation as an offset play vital role in mitigating
climate change. (www.thepaperstory.co.za)
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Sequestration in harvested wood products
• Sequestration, especially in harvested wood products (HWP), is expected to increase in importance as demand for products increases.• Due to population growth and increasing
standards of living.
• Growth can also include substitution of wood-based products for more greenhouse gas-intensive products.• e.g replacing concrete beams with
wooden beams in construction
• Significant benefits via avoided emissions.
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Cycling of wood in wood and paper
products
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Forest carbon sequestration
• Carbon is sequestered in forests used to supply fibre
to the industry and in forest products. Because the
stocks of carbon in sustainably managed forests,
averaged over time and area, are relatively stable,
net sequestration is determined primarily by the fate
of carbon transferred into products. (Miner and Perez-Garcia, 2007)
• Not entirely true in South African context:
Although there has been little increase in land
planted to trees over the years, yields have
increased significantly. This is due to very
successful tree breeding programmes that
have been implemented by PAMSA members.
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South African plantation productivity
• Ave. productivity increase from 1980 to 2015:• 3.2 m3ha-1y-1 (32%) (FSA, 2017)
• During same period, afforested area increased by only 5.1%.
• Assuming average wood density remained similar throughout, this implies carbon storage increase in growing stock of about 32%.
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Plantation area (1980 to 2015)
Source: Forestry South
Africa (Godsmark, 2013)
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Plantation forest carbon flows (Gg C)
(2011)Total input of carbon 5,328 Gg; total output 4 470 Gg.
Thus, overall increase in carbon stock of 857.3 Gg.
This amounts to 1.9% increase based on initial stock
of 44,310 Gg at start of 2011.
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Half-lives of harvested wood products
• Harvested Wood Products (HWPs) considered as means
of carbon sequestration in second commitment period of
Kyoto Protocol.
• IPCC has introduced average (service) life multiplied by
ln(2) as so-called “Half-Life” (HL) to define period for
accounting carbon sequestration in wood products.
Braun, M., et al. (2016). "Apparent Half-Life-Dynamics of Harvested Wood Products (HWPs)
in Austria: Development and analysis of weighted time-series for 2002 to 2011." Forest Policy
and Economics 63: 28-34.
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Harvested wood products
• HWP according to the IPCC good practice guidance (2003) include
wood and paper products.
• Does not include carbon in harvested trees that are left at harvest sites.
• Carbon in HWP pool is accounted for based on semi-finished wood
product categories: sawnwood, wood-based panels and paper and
paper products with default half-lives of 35, 25 and 2 years,
respectively, stipulated by the IPCC (agreed in Durban at COP17).
• HWP originating from imported wood must be excluded from the
accounting. HWP originating from deforestation activities must be
accounted for on the basis of instantaneous oxidation.
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HWP categories for paper
• Paper comes in many
grades.
• Each grade consists of
different types of pulp with
different levels of lignin in
each.
• Lignin is resistant to
biodegradation
• Therefore one would expect
each to have a different half-life
if, at the end of life, it ends up in
landfill.
1. Newsprint
2. Coated free sheet
3. Uncoated free sheet
4. Coated groundwood
5. Tissue and sanitary
6. Speciality
7. Kraft packaging
8. Linerboard
9. Corrugating medium
10. Solid bleached board
11. Recycled board
12. Construction paper and board
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HWP disposed to landfill
If, when taken out of use,
products are disposed of in
a modern landfill, the
literature indicates that they
will stay there indefinitely
with almost no decay.Skog, K. E. and G. A. Nicholson (1998). "Carbon
cycling through wood products: the role of wood and
paper products in carbon sequestration." Forest
Products Journal 48(7): 75-83.
Newspaper from day after JFK was
assassinated (23 November 1963) found
preserved in a landfill in East LA.
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HWP disposed to landfill
Estimated maximum proportions of
wood and paper converted to CO2 or
CH4 in landfills.
Product type Maximum % carbon converted
Solid wood 3
Newsprint 16
Coated paper 18
Boxboard 32
Office paper 38
What about:
• Dissolving pulp
• Lignosulphonate
• Xylose
• Nanocellulose
• And other products
from biorefineries?
(Skog and Nicholson 1998)
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Carbon sequestered by HWP in Denmark
Schou, E., et al. (2015). "Carbon sequestration in harvested wood products (HWP)”
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Carbon sequestered by HWP in Ireland
Carbon inflow to HWP in end uses in Ireland (Gg) from 1961 to 2009
Donlan, J., et al. (2012). "Carbon storage in harvested wood products for Ireland 1961–2009." Biomass and Bioenergy 46: 731-738.
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Carbon stored in HWP in U.S.
• Skog and Nicholson (1998) calculated that the United
States accumulated 2.7 Pg of carbon in the pool of wood
and paper products in use and in landfills and dumps
between 1910 and 1990.
• On an annual basis, net sequestration of carbon in U.S.
wood and paper products (additions including net
imports, minus emissions from decay and burning each
year) is projected to increase from 61 Tg/year in 1990 to
74 Tg/year by 2040.
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Carbon storage in South African HWP
SA GHG Inventory 2015:
• 732 Gg CO2 stored in HWP (199 Gg C).
• IPCC Tier 2 approach used.
• Updated FAO data was incorporated.
PAMSA STUDY:
• Total carbon stored in solid
HWP in 2011: 7,968 Gg CO2
(2,984 Gg C)
• Offset approx. 3% of CO2
emissions from South Africa.
• IPCC Tier 3 production
approach used.
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Carbon storage in South African HWP
HWP sequestration in South African HWP in 2011
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Modelling of HWP product pools
Components most frequently
missing are:
• decomposition in landfills,
• recycling and
• existence of a value chain
substitution effect
In general, no single model
can be considered as best
standard against which all
others can be compared.
Jasinevičius, G., Lindner, M., Pingoud, K., & Tykkylainen, M. (2015). Review of models
for carbon accounting in harvested wood products. International Wood Products
Journal, 6(4), 198–212
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Conclusions and recommendations
HWP can play a significant role in mitigating climate
change.
No standard methodology for
determining carbon stored in HWP.
SA needs to decide on an agreed accounting
method for determining HWP pools.
Definition of HWP should include by-
products from forest products industry.
Determine half-lives of all local HWP including
all grades of SA conditions.
Make available more land for growing of plantation
trees as offset; to produce more HWP (mentioned in
draft LEDS).
Substitution of HWP for more energy intensive materials such as steel, bricks and mortar etc.
is a mitigation opportunity.
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About PAMSA
• Represents more than 95% of paper, paper packaging and
tissue manufacturers in South Africa.
• Actively advancing ‘story of paper’ since foundation in 1992.
• Some industry members have global footprints, but origins
are firmly rooted in SA, as forest and land owners, and pulp
and paper producers, as well as recyclers.
• As an industry we focus on conscientious environmental
stewardship, resource efficiency, innovation and
transformation.
www.thepaperstory.co.za
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The wonder of wood, the potential of pulp
Timber and wood
Printing & writing
Packaging Tissue
ViscoseBio-fuels and
chemicals
Xylitol Nanocellulose
Farmed trees provide our world with conventionaland innovative products.
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THANK YOUwww.thepaperstory.co.za
Twitter and Instagram @paperrocksza