carbon dioxide capturing and storage
TRANSCRIPT
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CARBON DIOXIDE
CAPTURING AND STORAGE
K.RATNAKARARAO08A51A0329
Mechanical Engineering
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INTRODUCTION
Co2 is a greenhouse gas occurs naturally in the atmosphere
Human activities are increasing the concentration of co2 in theatmosphere
Currently 3000 Million Metric tons of co2 is emitted per year dueto human activities
This increases the natural greenhouse effect and there by increasesthe Earths atmospheric temperature
This leads to a change in earths climate
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Increase in concentration of co2 in past
200 years
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Power plants with and with out CCS
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Carbon Dioxide Capturing And
Storage
[CCS]The process involves three main steps Capturing of CO2
Transportation of CO2
Storing the CO2 under ground
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The three main components of CCS
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Sources of CO2 emissions suitable for
Capturing and Storage
The size of the emission source,
Whether it is stationary or mobile,
How near it is to potential storage sites, and
How concentrated its CO2
emissions are.
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Worldwide large stationary CO2 sources with
emissions of more than 0.1 mtco2 per year.
Process Number of sources Emissions (MtCO2 yr-1)
Fossil fuels Power 4,942 10,539
Cement production 1,175 932
Refineries 638 798
Iron and steel industry 269 646
Petrochemical industry 470 379
Oil and gas processing N/A 50
Other sources 90 33Biomass
Bioethanol and
bioenergy
303 91
Total 7,887 13,466
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CO2 CAPTURE
The purpose of CO2 capture is to produce a concentrated
stream of CO2 at high pressure that can readily be transported
to a storage site.
Currently, CO2
is typically removed to purify other industrial
gas streams. Removal has been used for storage purposes in
only a few cases; in most cases, the CO2 is emitted to the
atmosphere .
Capture processes also have been used to obtain commercially
useful amounts of CO2 from flue gas streams generated by thecombustion of coal or natural gas.
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CO2 CAPTURE SYSTEMS USED IN
POWER PLANTS
Post combustion system
Pre-combustion system
Oxyfuel combustion system
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Post-Combustion Systems
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Pre-Combustion Systems
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Oxyfuel Combustion Systems
This system use oxygen instead of air for combustion
of the primary fuel to produce a flue gas that is
mainly water vapour and CO2. This results in a flue
gas with high CO2 concentrations (greater than 80%by volume).
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CO2 TRANSPORTATIONThe most common and economical method for
CO2 transportation is using pipe lines.The first long-distance CO2 pipeline came into
operation in the early 1970s. In the United States,
over 2,500 km of pipeline transports more than 40MtCO2 per year from natural and anthropogenic
sources, and it is mainly used for EOR.
In some situations or locations, transport of CO2by ship may be economically more attractive,
particularly when the CO2 has to be moved over
large distances or overseas.
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CO2 STORAGE (SEQUESTRATION)
Geological Storage
Ocean Storage
Mineral Storage
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GEOLOGICAL STORAGE
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OCEAN STORAGE
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MINERAL STORAGEEarthen Oxide Percent of Crust Carbonate Enthalpy change
(kJ/mol)
SiO2 59.71
Al2O3 15.41
CaO 4.90 CaCO3 -179
MgO 4.36 MgCO3 -117
Na2O 3.55 Na2CO3
FeO 3.52 FeCO3
K2O 2.80 K2CO3
Fe2O3 2.63 FeCO3
21.76 All Carbonates
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RISK OF LEAKAGE
Global risks
Local risks
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COST OF CO2 CAPTURE AND
STOREGE OPERATIONSNatural gas
combined cycle
Pulverized coal Integrated
gasification
combined cycle
Without capture
(reference plant)
0.03 - 0.05 0.04 - 0.05 0.04 - 0.06
With capture and
geological storage
0.04 - 0.08 0.06 - 0.10 0.06 - 0.09
With capture and
Enhanced oil
recovery
0.04 - 0.07 0.05 - 0.08 0.04 - 0.08
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REFERENCES
IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme, Abatement of Methane
Emissions, June1998, ISBN 1 898 373 16 7
IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme, The Reduction of
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the Oil Refining and Petrochemical
Industry, report PH3/8, June 1999 Herzog H, Eliasson B and Kaarstad O, Capturing Greenhouse
Gases, Scientific American, Feb. 2000, 54-61
www.ipcc.ch
www.Greenfacts.org www.ieagreen.org.uk
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THANK YOU