Carbon

Chapter 4

Carbon

Organic chemistry

Study of carbon compounds All life contains carbon

Carbon

4 valence electrons 4 covalent bonds Single, double and triple bonds Oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen

Urea

Hydrocarbons

Molecules containing only carbon & hydrogen

Chains Rings Branch

Hydrocarbons

Octane

A fat molecule

Hydrocarbons

Isomers

Compounds with the same molecular formula But different structures & properties Structural isomers: Different covalent arrangements of their

atoms Geometric isomers: Same covalent arrangements but differ in

spatial arrangements

Isomers

Enantiomers: Isomers that are mirror images of each

other

Fig. 4-7

Pentane

(a) Structural isomers

(b) Geometric isomers

2-methyl butane

cis isomer: The two Xs areon the same side.

trans isomer: The two Xs areon opposite sides.

(c) Enantiomers

L isomer D isomer

Structural isomers

(R)-ibuprofen (S)-ibuprofen

Eantiomers

Fig. 4-UN9

L-dopa D-dopa

Fig. 4-8

Drug

Ibuprofen

Albuterol

Condition

Pain;inflammation

Asthma

EffectiveEnantiomer

S-Ibuprofen

R-Albuterol

R-Ibuprofen

S-Albuterol

IneffectiveEnantiomer

Functional groups

Chemical groups attached to a carbon Unique chemical properties

Fig. 4-9

Estradiol

Testosterone

Functional groups

1. Hydroxyl -OH Alcohols 2. Carboxyl -COOH Organic acids

Functional groups

3. Carbonyl C=O Aldehydes and ketones 4. Amino -NH2

Amines

Functional groups

5. Sulfhydryl -SH Thiols 6. Phosphates -OPO3

-3

7. Methyl -CH3

Functional groups

Functional groups

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate