carbon and molecular diversity the structure and function of macromolecules
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CARBON AND MOLECULAR DIVERSITY
The Structure and Function of Macromolecules
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OBJECTIVESDescribe properties of macromolecules important
to life: • Carbohydrates• Nucleic acids• Proteins• Lipids
• Know how polymers are assembled and dismantled
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ORGANIC MOLECULES
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ATOMS & MOLECULES• There are various ways to write a
chemical formula
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MACROMOLECULES BY WAY
OF POLYMERIZATION
• Monosaccharides
• Nucleotides
• Amino acids
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Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer
Monomer
Monomer
MonomerPolymer
Polymerization
(bonding together of monomers)
GENERIC POLYMERIZATION REACTION
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BUILDING POLYMERS
Constructing
Polymers:
• Dehydration (Condensation) Reaction
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DISMANTLING POLYMERS
Breaking
Down Polymers:
• Hydrolysis Reaction:
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CARBOHYDRATESMonosaccharides:• Building block (monomer)
for
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CARBOHYDRATESMonosaccharides:• Glucose as a linear, ring and
abbreviated ring structure
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CARBOHYDRATES:MONOSACCHARIDES
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CARBOHYDRATESDisaccharides:• 2 Monosaccharides
hooked together
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CARBOHYDRATESPolysaccharides:• Many monosaccharides
hooked together
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NUCLEIC ACIDS• Store and transmit
• Composed of
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NUCLEIC ACIDSA String of Nucleotides• Nucleotide Structure:
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STRUCTURE OF THE NUCLEOTIDE
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NUCLEIC ACIDS• Nucleotides are connected by
– Result of condensation rxns.
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NUCLEIC ACIDS• DNA:
• RNA:
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3´ 5´
C G
U
U
C
CG
G
A
A
RNA Loop
Base Pairing in RNA
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PROTEINNumerous
Functions:
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PROTEINS• Proteins are composed of
20 possible amino acids
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20 AminoAcids
Note: VariableR Group
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PROTEINSWhen Amino Acids Link,a Peptide Results:
• Dipeptide:
– Two amino acids connected
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PROTEINSWhen Amino Acids
Link,
a Peptide Results:
• Polypeptide:
– Many amino acids joined together
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PROTEINSLevels of Organization:
1. Primary
2. Secondary
3. Tertiary
4. Quaternary
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PROTEIN STRUCTURE
Primary Level:
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PROTEIN STRUCTURESecondary Level:
Helix:
• Pleated Sheet:
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PROTEIN STRUCTURE
Tertiary Level:
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PROTEIN STRUCTURE
Quaternary Level:
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PROTEIN
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PROTEIN FORM & FUNCTIONForm & Function Are Correlated!
– The function of a protein depends on its specific
conformation
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LOSS OF PROTEIN FUNCTIONGenetics:
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LOSS OF PROTEIN FUNCTION
The Environment:– Denaturation:
Protein denatured
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LIPIDSLipids:
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LIPIDSFunctions Include:
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LIPIDSLipids:
– Most important types found in cells:
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TYPES OF LIPIDS
Steroids:
– Includes:
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TYPES OF LIPIDSPhospholipids:
– Play structural role
– Are “amphipathic”:
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Fats: • Serve as a source of
– Usually in form of
– Formed through
TYPES OF LIPIDS
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TYPES OF LIPIDSFats:
– Saturated versus unsaturated fats