car-sharing: emerging trends and best practices · car-sharing: emerging trends and best practices...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices · Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices United States car-sharing experience Social benefits Government role in supporting](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051605/600a42e890da5f569a181e84/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Lecturer Urban Transportation Planning Tufts University
Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices
![Page 2: Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices · Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices United States car-sharing experience Social benefits Government role in supporting](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051605/600a42e890da5f569a181e84/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
United States car-sharing experience
Social benefits
Government role in supporting & regulating car-sharing
Today’s Presentation
![Page 3: Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices · Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices United States car-sharing experience Social benefits Government role in supporting](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051605/600a42e890da5f569a181e84/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Types/ Operations/ Impacts Traditional (two-way) One-way Person to Person (Peer to Peer)
Car-sharing types
![Page 4: Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices · Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices United States car-sharing experience Social benefits Government role in supporting](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051605/600a42e890da5f569a181e84/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
.5 KM Walk Zone
3 KM Bike Zone
![Page 5: Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices · Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices United States car-sharing experience Social benefits Government role in supporting](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051605/600a42e890da5f569a181e84/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices · Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices United States car-sharing experience Social benefits Government role in supporting](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051605/600a42e890da5f569a181e84/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
AM AM
One-way car-sharing
![Page 7: Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices · Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices United States car-sharing experience Social benefits Government role in supporting](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051605/600a42e890da5f569a181e84/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices · Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices United States car-sharing experience Social benefits Government role in supporting](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051605/600a42e890da5f569a181e84/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
One-way car-sharing
More likely to compete with taxis and public transit Requires receiving parking Usually fleet needs rebalancing
o What impact does this have on congestion? Need more data on social cost benefit impact on parking and congestion
![Page 9: Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices · Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices United States car-sharing experience Social benefits Government role in supporting](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051605/600a42e890da5f569a181e84/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Person to Person (Peer to Peer) Car-sharing types
![Page 10: Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices · Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices United States car-sharing experience Social benefits Government role in supporting](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051605/600a42e890da5f569a181e84/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Ratings Are Very Important
![Page 11: Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices · Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices United States car-sharing experience Social benefits Government role in supporting](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051605/600a42e890da5f569a181e84/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Advantages • No pressure to make money for vehicle owner • Cars located almost anywhere at no marginal cost! Disadvantages • Low quality control until ratings established • Access control equipment can be costly if revenue is
not high Insurance is a key issue and must be resolved before startup!
![Page 12: Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices · Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices United States car-sharing experience Social benefits Government role in supporting](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051605/600a42e890da5f569a181e84/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• Low-cost alternative to car-ownership • Parking • Congestion (less driving) • Social equity • Reduced fleet costs for governments
Social Benefits
![Page 13: Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices · Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices United States car-sharing experience Social benefits Government role in supporting](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051605/600a42e890da5f569a181e84/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Consumer product: Low cost car-access • Pay only for what you use • A car that fits each specific trip • Comes with parking Space
Social Benefits
![Page 14: Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices · Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices United States car-sharing experience Social benefits Government role in supporting](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051605/600a42e890da5f569a181e84/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Auto ownership A 2010 study estimated that each shared car replaces 9 to 13 cars More recent research in US (2013) shows that: • 25% members sold car on joining • 25% who didn’t sell car would otherwise own a car • In total 50% of members would otherwise have a car Zipcar member to car ratio exceeds 70 to 1 Therefore each shared car may replace as many as 35 private automobiles Shaheen & Cohen 2013
Social Benefits
![Page 15: Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices · Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices United States car-sharing experience Social benefits Government role in supporting](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051605/600a42e890da5f569a181e84/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
A word about member to car ratios… Zipcar member to car ratio exceeds 70 to 1 Socar & Greencar average about 300 to 1 User satisfaction = reservation success Zipcar reservation success rate 99% (2005)
Social Benefits
![Page 16: Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices · Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices United States car-sharing experience Social benefits Government role in supporting](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051605/600a42e890da5f569a181e84/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Parking Impacts Regionally: Worldwatch Institute estimates there are 3 spaces for every car
• Home • Work • Shopping
Regionally: 9 to 13 less cars result in the freeing up 27 to 39 parking spaces
Social Benefits
![Page 17: Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices · Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices United States car-sharing experience Social benefits Government role in supporting](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051605/600a42e890da5f569a181e84/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
27% to 43% less driving 2015 Study: 49% less greenhouse gas emissions Shaheen & Cohen 2013
Important Driving Costs Become Pay-as-you-go • Depreciation • Insurance • Gas • Parking
Social Benefits
$10 (USD)/ Hour
![Page 18: Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices · Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices United States car-sharing experience Social benefits Government role in supporting](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051605/600a42e890da5f569a181e84/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
2015 Study/ Chen/ Kockelman University of Texas at Austin Carsharing’s Life-Cycle Impact on Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
![Page 19: Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices · Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices United States car-sharing experience Social benefits Government role in supporting](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051605/600a42e890da5f569a181e84/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Zipcar-share members report monthly savings of $435 (USD) over owning a car
Equity • Access to employment interviews • Lower cost shopping opportunities • Save money on not owning a private vehicle
Social Benefits
![Page 20: Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices · Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices United States car-sharing experience Social benefits Government role in supporting](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051605/600a42e890da5f569a181e84/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Government Role
![Page 21: Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices · Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices United States car-sharing experience Social benefits Government role in supporting](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051605/600a42e890da5f569a181e84/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Most crucial! Remove existing barriers– US in 2000: Car-sharing neither prohibited or permitted.
Car rental taxes Define Car-sharing:
• Short term; • Self service; • For residents (not visitors); • Distributed network • Car available 24 hours a day
Government Role
![Page 22: Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices · Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices United States car-sharing experience Social benefits Government role in supporting](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051605/600a42e890da5f569a181e84/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Very helpful! • On street parking • Building development regulations • Car-sharing for government fleets • Support low income programs
Government Role
![Page 23: Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices · Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices United States car-sharing experience Social benefits Government role in supporting](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051605/600a42e890da5f569a181e84/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Government Role
Parking
![Page 24: Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices · Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices United States car-sharing experience Social benefits Government role in supporting](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051605/600a42e890da5f569a181e84/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Don’t lock up parking for too long with car-share operators Be open to competition and innovation
Government Role
![Page 25: Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices · Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices United States car-sharing experience Social benefits Government role in supporting](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051605/600a42e890da5f569a181e84/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Real Estate Development Regulations Parking: • Major contributor to the cost of housing • Limits number of units built • Constrains architects ability to work with a building site
Government Role
![Page 26: Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices · Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices United States car-sharing experience Social benefits Government role in supporting](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051605/600a42e890da5f569a181e84/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Building Development Housing (based on units built) More than 50 units (but less than 200): 1 car-sharing space must be provided 200+ Units: 2 car-share spaces plus 1 for every 200 units
Government Role
City of San Francisco
![Page 27: Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices · Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices United States car-sharing experience Social benefits Government role in supporting](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051605/600a42e890da5f569a181e84/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Building Development Non-housing (based on parking spaces) More than 25 parking spaces/ less than 50: 1 car-share space 50 or more: 1 plus one parking space for every 50. On the building site, or within 800 feet of the site. No cost to car-sharing company for using space
Government Role
![Page 28: Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices · Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices United States car-sharing experience Social benefits Government role in supporting](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051605/600a42e890da5f569a181e84/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Chicago: 100 Zipcars instead of 350 fleet vehicles Saved City $7M (USD) over 3 years. Resident use of cars?
Government Role
Fleet Management
![Page 29: Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices · Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices United States car-sharing experience Social benefits Government role in supporting](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051605/600a42e890da5f569a181e84/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
100 Cars/ 80 of them electric Target 7,000 low income residents
Government Role
![Page 30: Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices · Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices United States car-sharing experience Social benefits Government role in supporting](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051605/600a42e890da5f569a181e84/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
• Establish Goals • Collect data • Require data
Government Role
![Page 31: Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices · Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices United States car-sharing experience Social benefits Government role in supporting](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051605/600a42e890da5f569a181e84/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Why Is Carsharing Important to Government? • More mobility • More sustainable transportation • Fewer cars • Easier parking • Less traffic • Less pollution
![Page 32: Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices · Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices United States car-sharing experience Social benefits Government role in supporting](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051605/600a42e890da5f569a181e84/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
• Collect data • Require data from car-sharing organizations
Parking on street How many parking spaces freed up? Sometimes measured as “would you otherwise own a car”. Do one-way car-sharing vehicles still reduce car-ownership? Driving Are people on average driving less?
Government Role
![Page 33: Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices · Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices United States car-sharing experience Social benefits Government role in supporting](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051605/600a42e890da5f569a181e84/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Less Competition for Parking • 1 carshare cars= 9 to 13 private cars
33 Sources: TPT Permit data and 2000 Census, 2013 ACS Estimate
41,812 38,468
42,615 44,300
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
2000 2014
Change in Resident Parking Permits and # Households
# Permits # Households
8% decrease in permits
4% increase in households
![Page 34: Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices · Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices United States car-sharing experience Social benefits Government role in supporting](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051605/600a42e890da5f569a181e84/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
16%
4%
26%
7%
40%
7% I got rid of my only car
I got rid of my second car
I didn’t buy a car (or second car) when I otherwise would have
I kept my car, but use carsharing forspecial purposes (such as van rental)
I didn’t have a car before I joined and I still don’t
I had no change in my car ownership
From: Cambridge Residents Responses: 977
City of Cambridge Survey, January 2015
Survey: If you ARE a carshare member now or WERE a carshare member in the past, how has carsharing affected your car ownership? After I became a member:
34
![Page 35: Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices · Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices United States car-sharing experience Social benefits Government role in supporting](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051605/600a42e890da5f569a181e84/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
More Sustainable Commutes
Source: 2010-2012 ACS JTW 35
![Page 36: Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices · Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices United States car-sharing experience Social benefits Government role in supporting](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051605/600a42e890da5f569a181e84/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
• Collect data • Require data from car-sharing organizations
Low income Programs How much money is saved by users? What are they using that money for? Intensity of use? How many trips per day per public space are made? How many complaints have been filed?
By how many unique individuals?
Government Role
![Page 37: Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices · Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices United States car-sharing experience Social benefits Government role in supporting](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051605/600a42e890da5f569a181e84/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
How Often Zipcars Are Used, Average
• Turnover = 1.7 reservations per day • Vehicles are in active use 9 to 11 hrs per day • 89% of reservations are made between 6 am and 10 pm • 36 out of 300 cars reserved 10 pm to 5 am, including full-day
reservations
![Page 38: Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices · Car-Sharing: Emerging Trends and Best Practices United States car-sharing experience Social benefits Government role in supporting](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051605/600a42e890da5f569a181e84/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Conclusion
Data from the US shows strong public benefits to car-sharing Capturing data crucial to rationalize government & public support