canoes in ghana
TRANSCRIPT
IDAF / WP/37
CANOES IN GHANA
7
WAF
FAO /DANDA/N0RWAY
Mv 1991
IDAF/WP/ 37
CANOES IN
by
O Guibrandsen
May 1991
Programme de DéveloppementIntégré des Pêches Artisanalesen Atrique de l'ouest - DIPA
Programme for IntegratedDevelopment of ArtisanalFisheries in West Africa - IDAF
GCP/RAF/ 192/DEN
With financial assistance from Denmark and in collaborationwith the Republic of Benin, the Fisheries Department of FAO isimplementing in West Africa a programme of small scale fisheriesdevelopment, commonly called the IDAF Project. This programme isbased upon an integrated approach involving production,processing and marketing of fish, and related activities ; italso involves an active participation of the target fishingcommunities.
This report is a working paper and the conclusions andrecommendations are those considered appropriate at the time ofpreparation. The working papers have not necessarily beencleared for publication by the government (s) concerned nor byFAO. They may be modified in the light of further knowledgegained at subsequent stages of the Project and issued later inother series.
The designations employed and the presentation of materialdo not imply the expression of any opinion on the part of FAO ora financing agency concerning the legal status of any country orterritory, city or area, or concerning the determination of itsfrontiers or boundaries.
IDAF ProjectFAO
Boîte Postale 1369Cotonou, R. Benin
Télex : 5291 FOODAGRI Tél. 330925/330624Fax : (229) 313649
Mr. Oyvind Guibrandsen is a naval architect from Norway.This is the report of a mission to Ghana, undertaken on 6th Maythrough 2nd June 1990.
This report was presented arid discussed at the IDAF/FAO Sub-regional workshop on alternatives to the large dug-out canoe foruse by small-scale and artisanal fishing communities, 26 - 29November 1990 at Accra.
Appreciation of the considerable assistance rendered bystaff of the Department of Fisheries and many others to Mr.Gulbrandsen during his mission is sincerely acknowledged.
9, Eva luat ion
9,1 Cost9.2 Weight9,3 Construction9,4 Strength and durability9.5 Acceptance by the fishermen
C ONTENTSF a g e
Terms of Refe:ence1
2. Background i
2,1 Number and size cl' canoes i
2.2 Replacement need of canoes i
2.3 Timber for canoe replacement2.4 Cost of canoes2.5 Alternative use of V/awa timber
3
Considerations in Design of a New Canoe 5
3.1 General 5
3.2 FIshing method 5
3.3 Dimensions 5
3.4 Shape 6
3,5 Stability 7
3.6 Other safety aspects 8
3.7 Engine 8
3.8 Engine installation 11
3.9 Handling on the beach il
4. Alternative Canoe Types 13
4.1 Alternative canoes - Ghana4.2 Alternative canoes - West Africa
5 Alternative Construction Methods * Wood
5.1 Wooden boat construction in Ghana5.2 Timber species5.3 Impregnation to increase durability5,4- Narine plywood and veneers5.5 Nain problems in pJnked construction
o, Alternative Construction Methods - GRP
Alternative Construction Methods - Aluminium 23
Scantlings 21
8.1 General 21
8.2 Scantlings determined by external forces 21
8.3 Scantlings based on the existing dugout canoe 22
8.4 Scantlings based on classification societies rules 23
1314
15
1516181818
19
25
2626262727
References
Figures:
i, Coastal Nap of GhanaTimber utilizationAlternative outboard engine installationsE/est African canoe typesSenegal canoeSierra Leone canoeGRP canoe, NauritaniaIvory Coast, 9.75 m super pirogue11.7 m Ghana canoe
10, 13,0 m Ghana canoeDifferent plan?: jointsCost and weight of alternative canoes
13, Work plan
Appendices:
xchange Rates - Nay 1990ItineraryPersons metSpecification Poli and EJatsa purseseinesReserve buoyancy in flooded conditionEngine comparisonResource life for timber speciesTimber used for hoatbuilding in West AfricaPlywoodNechanical fasteningsLaminated constructionWeight and cost
Drawings:
2728282828282929
30
31323334353637383940414243
CONTENTS (continued) Page
10 Recommendations 27
10.1 Technical evaluation of wooden construction methods10.2 Design of alternative canoes in wood, GIIF and aluminium10.3 Order of materials and equipment10.4 Construction of prototypes10.5 Trials of prototypes10.6 Second stage design and construction of prototypes10.7 Final trials of prototypes10,8 Training of boatbuilders in the new type of construction
15,1 m Ghana Canoe - Poli net
GEA-? No. 1 General ArrangementGEA-? No. 2 Line sGITA-? No. 3 StabilityGElA-i ITo. LL Poli purseseininb;P'7( i L O i lanufacture
1Li3O m Ghana Canoe - Eiatsa net
GI-IA-2 No, i General ArranLenentGIIA-3 Ib. i lIandlinn on the beachGIIA-3 No. 2 îlethods of planking
444445464850515254555761
74
L Terms of Reference
Following the outlines as set out in the Canoe ReplacementProgramme, and in cooperation with IDAF, the consultant willprepare a feasibility study on the replacement of the largeAli/Poli type dugout beachlanding canoes and on less wastefulconstruction methods for the small dugout canoe in Ghana,
In particular, the consultant will assess the technical andeconomic viability of other boatbuilding methods and materials,including all forms of timber, GRP and aluminium construction,estimating the cost of setting up new construction facilitiesand the required training at both village and commercial levelsof production
2 Background
2l Number and size of canoes
According to Ref, 1 the composition and average sizes ofthe dugout canoes utilized in the marine fisheries are as follows(1986 census)
Broadly speaking there are two groups of canoes, The largeAli/Poli/Watsa canoes of 13-14 m constitute 50% of the fleet.Since the 1986 census canoes in this group have grown to 14-16 mlength with an increase in net size, The remaining canoesdoing beach seine, drift net, set net, line fishing are 7-12 mlong0
22 Reulacement need of canoes
The average service life of the Ghana dugout canoe made fromWawa (Triplochiton scieroxylon) has been given in Ref. 2 as 4-10years, with an average of 6 years0
Assuming 6-7 years as average age, the replacement need wouldbe as follows
Average length overall
m
Number
Ali/Poli/Watsa canoes 12,7 - 14,1 3,969
Beach seine canoes 9,4 - 11,9 797
Set net canoes 6,6 - 9,7 1,852
Seine canoes - 1,004
Drift gillnet canoes 8,0 - 12,3 450
Total 8,072
2
No. of canoes Re-olacement cer year
Ali/Foli/Watsa canoesl4l6 m 3,969 600
Beach Seine/Drift net/Set Net/Hand.linecanoes 7-12 m 4,103 600
2.3 Timber for canoe replacement
Prom one large Wawa tree of' 1.6-1.8 in (5-6 ft) diameters.and 30 m (lOO ft) bole length, it is usually possible to make one.large canoe. 14-16 n and one small canoe 7-12 in. DrawingGHA-1 No, 5 shows the manufacturing process. The number oftrees of this size to cover the replacement need for the Ghanacanoe fleet is therefore 600 trees per year. In addition somecanoes are exported to oThr eountries in the region. Thenumber of these caioes is estimated to 600 of 14-16 in and 7007-12 m. These would require about 100 trees per year forreplacement. The total replacement need is therefore around700 trees, However, not all the trees that are felled can beutilized, Some trees have heart rot which is not discoveredbefo±'e the tree is felled. Ref. 3 gives a figu'e of 3 out of10 trees felled that cannot be utilized and which are thereforeleft in the forest. Therefore the total number of trees felledto cover the replacement need is about 900 per year.
A tree of 1.8 m ( ft) average diameter and a length of30 in will contain 76 m-' of tiber, 900 Wawa trees per yeargive a log volume of 68,000 m-'. About 93% of this timber, or63,000 mS, is left in the forest as wood chips from carving outthe canoe or discarded trees due to heart rot.
In addition to the timLnr for the dugout canoe comes the sawnWawa timber needed for topsides and thwarts, This is approximately1,2 in2 for the 15 in canoe and 0.6 m3 for the 9 m canoe. For 700canoes per year of each size, the requirement would be 1,600 in3yearly of sawn planks, assuming 25% wase. With a saw conversionfactor of 0.55 this gives about 3,000 in2 of logs. Total timberrequirement for canoe replacement is therefore in the region of70,000 m of Wawa logs per year.
2.4 Cost of canoes
The cost of the canoes is as follows, based on average figuresfrom several villages
Cost in forest
Tractor forest-road
Lorry to coast
Cost o± dugout at coast
Total cost of canoe
3
Assuming 1,400 canoes are produced each year, half of 15 mand half of 9 m, the total value of the completed canoes wouldbe
7-12 m canoes 420 million (US 1,2 million)
14-16 m canoes 630 million (US 1,7 million)
15 m canoe 9 m canoe
500,000 300,000
70,000 50,000
180,000 150,000
750,000 500,000
900,000 600,000(uS 2,400) (US; 1,700)
Total value 1,050 million (US 2,9 million)
2.5 Alternative use of Wawa timber
Fig. 2 shows alternative use of a Wawa log, If the70,000 m3 of Wawa logs used yearly for making dugout canoeswere converted into sawn timber, the value would be as follows,assuming a conversion rate of 55% into planks, 32% into smallsizes and firewood and 13% into sawdust (Ref. 15):
Local market :
Sawn timber, 37,000 m3 at 35,000 = 1,300 million (fires rounded-, off)
Small sizes, 22,000 m at 15,000 = 300 million fl n
Total 1,600 million
(US ' 4,4 million)
Flanked up topsides + thwarts 150,000 100,000
Exnort market
Sawn timber, 37,000 m3 at Ø 85,000 = 3,100 million (fires roundedoff)
Small sizes (local), 22,000 m2 at15,000 = 300 million 11 u
4
Total 3,400 million
(US 9,4 million)
If the Wawa log now used for making canoes were convertedinto planks, the canoes would have to be built in another way.A cost estimation of making the equivalent to a 15 m canoe inother materials is given in Sectibn 9. In calculating the totalcost, it is assumed that a 9 m canoe would cost 50% of a 15 mcanoe:
Total value
The yearly gain or loss in value by building the canoes inanother method and converting the Wawa to sawn timber would be
If wood is used as an alternative construction raathod, there isa gain even if the sawn Wawa is sold on the local market. If thesawn Wawa is exported, there is a gain for all construction methods.From a national economy point of view, it would therefore even payto import GRP or aluminium materials,if the Wawa now used in dugoutcanoes could be exported. According to the "Ghana TimberNarketing Board" there is a good market for Wawa abroad. However,since the cost of logging and conversion is the same for all species,the timber companies prefer to export higher value species.
Alter-nativecanoesuilt Sawn Wawa Sawn \Jawain : sold on local market sold on exnort market
Wood: Gain = 500 mill.(US$ 1,4 mill,) Gain = 2,300 mill.(US$ 6,3 mill.'
GRF: Loss = 9 900 mill,(USS 2,5 mill.) Gain = 900 mill.(U5 2,5 mill.
A1um-inium: Loss = 800 mill.(US$ 2,2 mill.) Gain = Ç 1,000 mill,(US 2,8 mill.
15 m canoeof 700 canoes 15 mand 700 canoes 9 m
Wood: 1,0 million (US 2,800) 1,100 million (US $ 2,9 million)
GRP: 2,4 million (US 6,700) 2,500 million (US 6,9 million)
Aluminium: 2,3 million (US 6,400) 2,400 million (US $ 6,7 million)
5
3. Considerations in Desrn of a New Canoe
3.1 General
The problem of finding an alternative to the dugout canoe ismost pressing for the larger Poli and Watsa canoes because of thesize of log required
In the following considerations a size of canoe has beenselected close to the l5l m GHA-i design shown in drawings Nos.l-5, This canoe was measured at Chorkor near Accra, Accordingto the fishermen it represents a good average size of a Poli canoe.The question of alternatives for the smaller dugout canoes sho'ûdbe fairly easy to tackle after a workable solution has been foundfor the larger canoes.
3.2 Fishing method
The general arrangement of the present large canoes is mainlydetermined by the operation of the two main fishing gear.
The Poli ourse seine (Appendix 4 and Drawing GHA-i, No. 4)is a fine mesh net, mostly 13 mm, which, in 1984, was recorded(Ref. 19) to be 450-54C m long and 35-45 rn deep. According toRef. 1 this net has now increased in size to 700 m length and 90 mdepth. This increase in size of net has led to an increase insize of dugout canoes from 12-14 m to 14-16 m length. The Polinet is operated in fairly shallow water where the net touches thebottom. The crew required is 12-15 men. Purseseining withthis ne is a year-round fishing operation, October-December beingthe peak season, The main catch is anchovy (Engranlis encrasicolus)and juvenile Sardinella sm. and small fish like grunt (Brachydenternsauritus).
The Watsa nurse seine (Appendix 4) has 18-50 mm mesh netting.It catches little tunny (Euthynnus aileteratus), Sardinella syp.European Anchovy (Engranhis encrasicolus srm) arid Chub mackerel(Scomber Janonicus). The size of the net is 400-500 m long and.35-50 m deep and is operated by a crew of 10-12 men. Its operationis the speciality of fishermen from Ada, Nungo and Kpone. A typicaldecked canoe for Natsa net is shown in drawing GHA-2, No. L
3,3 Dimensions
The long length and narrow beam of the existing canoe isdetermined by the shape of the log. Even with a differentconstruction method, a drastic change in dimensions to a shorterand. wider boat should not however he made, for the followingreasons
The long length is required for the crew of 12-15 mento be spaced along the canoe for hauling of the purselineand for hauling of the net. See Drawing GHA-1, No. 4.
A long length givcs higher speed with she same engine.Speed is especially important when setting the Natsa net.
Some beaches are so crowded with canoes that a largeincrease in beam mighs create problems of space.
A longer canoe is easier to manhandle on the beach inthat the ends can be more easily lifted for placing
rollers under the bottom
For these reasons a new canoe should be close i:: imensionsto the present one, A slight increase in beam and a smallreduction in length can be accepted:
GTA_l ProposedTraditional New
canoe Canoe
6
Length overall LOA 15.1 m 14.0 m
Bean moulded BÏD 1.90 m 2.18 m
Depth moulded DD 1.10 m 1.05 m
Cubic number 7LOA x BI'ID x DND 32 m 32 m
The proposed dimensions for a new canoe are indicative andhave to be modified for different construction materials to givesatisfactory stability.
3,4 Shape
The keel must be shaped so that the canoe will sit uDrighton the rollers when being hauled on the beach, This means aflat keel about 600-700 mm wide, or alternatively with twoshallo':: 'Teds. The keels must be shallow to give as littlelateral resistance as possibles The ability to side slip isvery important in a surf-crossing canoe, When hit by abreaker with the beam to the sea, the canoe should react bysliding away rather than trinning: over a deep keel. This isbest achieved by rounded sections, but experience from surf boatsin India shows that also flat panels, as with plywood andaluminium, are ácceptable, provided the recuirement 01' a fiat keeland low resistance to side slip is met,
The forward and aft sections should be rounded as on theexisting canoe, except that some sharpening of the bow'swaterline is of advantage to reduce the slamming of the presentcanoes in a head sea.
Experience with surf craft in India and Africa shows thatthe most critical phase is when approachirg the beach. If thecraft starts to broach it must immediately he brought back oncourse by the helmsman. This can only be done with a craft1ving a good rudder response. The Ghana canoe has an excellentshape for high manoevrabílity with a rocker in the keel and wellrounded bow and stern sections. The steering oar gives a goodleverage, but requires much skill in handling. In India thesteering oar is not used on the Bay of Bengal Programme (BOBP)craft for surf crossing due to excellent manoevrability with alarge rudder placed directly behind the propeller of the inboard
7
diesel engine. An outboard engine mounted far aft shouldgive a good steering movement, provided the propeller is notsucking air, Different positions of the outboard engineshould be tried to improve manoevrability.
3.5 Stability
Drawing GHAl, No. 3, shows the stability of the presenttype of canoe in the most critical condition : the crew of12 men standing on the thwarts and hauling in the net. Themaximum righting moment at )00 heel is '#00 kg m. The maximumpull from the net is 370 kg before the canoe capsizes.
The stability curve shows that the metacentric heightGP1 = 0.29 m. This is less than the minimum reauired byNordic Boat Standard (NBS), Ref. 12 : Ninimum GN = 0.55 m.For decked boats at 30° heel, theNBS minimum GZ 0.20 m. TheGEA-? has OZ 0.11 m at 30°, Beyond 40° heel the open canoeswamps. The conclusion is that the traditional Ghana canoe hasless stability, measured in GN and GZ, than is considered minimumby NBS. The question of capsize at sea was raised but fewfishermen thought it to be a problem. No statistics exist toquantify this problem. A staff meber of the IDAF projectparticipated in a fishing trip from Axim where the canoe capsizedduring night fishing at sea when hauling in the last part of thePoli purse seine, After capsize the canoe could not be rightedagain. There was nothing to hold onto on the bottom of thecanoe. Only by chance were they spotted by another canoe andrescued. The canoe and the net were also recovered.
There is a need to go deeper into the question oi safety ofth: canoes, Ïhat type of accidents happen and how often?
A watertight deck is a definite advantage from a safety pointof view, both when crossing the surf, to prevent swamping, and toprevent flooding and capsizing when the fish suddenly dives whilethe net is being hauled on board.
The canoes 'sed for \Jatse, purse seining to the east of GreatNingo ha1e a deck (Drawing GIJA-2, No, 1). The deck and bulkheadhowever, are not watertight and of limited benefit from a safetypoint of view, The reason that \iatsa canoes in the east have adeck was said to be that the Watsa net had to be set at high speedto encircle the fast swimming tuna and that the net on top of thedeck could be set quicker than if stacked in the bottom of the canoebetween the thwarts, as on the Poli canoe, A reason for stackingthe Poli net inside the canoe is the gTeater weight ai' this netcompared with the Watsa net.
There is no doubt that a watertight deck with watertightbulkheads separating the net bin and the lead bin from the rest ofthe canoe would increase the safety ol' the canoe, At presentthere is also a bailing compartment in the canoe. This couldpossibly be replaced by a simple bilgepump made locally from aplastic pipe. The disadvantage of a watertight deck would behigher cost and more cumbersome retrieval of the fish when unloading.
8
The question of a longitudinal bulkhead in the 1' ishhold tostop the fish/water mixture from decreasing the stability, due toa free surface effect, needs to be considered esp'cially with anincrease in beam0
3.6 Other safety aspects
The canoes do not carry any navigational lights, nor radarreflectors0 Since most ol' the Poli fishing is carried out atnight, the possibility of being run down by a ship or anotherfishing boat is high0 here again, not enough informationexists to determine the need for and practicability of introducingnavigational lights0
The International Maritime Organization (1MO) guidelinesrecommend that a lifejacket is carried for each crew member0 Onecan question whether this is pracMcal on a canoe, There is theproblem of storing the jackets so that they cannot be stolen, whilststill being easily accessible in an emergency.
The present dugout canoe is unsinkable, This should alsobe top nriority with a new construction method. Preferably somekind of handgrips should be incorporated for the crew to have somethingto hold onto when the canoe is in a bottom up position, bt thismight be difficult to include in a heachlanding cnoe. Appendix 5shows that additional buoyancy of about 0.24- m has to he aded.to a 124. m wooden planked canoe, 1.8 m3 to a GRP canoe and 2.0 m toan aluminium canoe, to give flotation according to Nordic BoatStandard, MES Ref. 12.
3,7 Engine
The standard outboard engine at present used on the Poli andWatsa canoes is the 40 Hp Yamaha Enduro. It develops 24-O Mp at anengine rpm of 5,5OO. The weight is 65 kg. Cost is 840,000from the dealer Japan Motor in Accra, This includes a lO1 importduty, The service speed on a 15 m canoe loaded with net and crew,having a displacement of 4,2 tQrme, is about 8.0 knots. Fuelconsumption at service speed (/4 throttle 30 Hp) is about16 litres per hour, Fuel consumption per nautical mile is 2.0litres,
The fuel cost in Ghanais as follows
Petrol 24-00 per gallon = / 88 per litre
Oil, SAE 40 2,500 per gallon = Ø 550 per litre
Oil is mixed with petrol in a ratio of L/4gallon oil to
5 gallons of petrol. This is an oil petrol ratio of 1:21 whichis much richer than recommended by the manufacturer (1:50).However, the fishermen insist that running on this ratio has ledto breakdown and therefore prefer the richer 1:21 mixture, Thecost of this mixture per litre is
9
petrol 0 8F x =
oil V550x = 26
Total 0 110
Fuel consumption per trip varies a lot, but figures between45-68 litres (10-15 gallons) were mentioned, Taking 55 litres(12 gallons) as an average per trip, and estimating 200 trips peryear, the yearly fuel consumption is 11,000 litres (2,400 gallons).
The following estimate will indicate the relative importanceof the engine and fuel in the total cost picture
YEARLY COST
O
A, Engine valued at 840,000depreciated over 3 years
Fuel cost 200 trips at55 litre/trip, Ø 110 per litre
Engine repair
C. Fishing gear valued at4,000,000 depreciated
over 8 years (replacedpiece by piece)
280,000
1,250,000
200,000
Total cost engine + fuel 1,730,000
Total cost hull lr7O,000/
500,000
Total yearly cost, A + B ± Cexcluding crew cost 2,400,000
From the above it will be seen that the engine and fuelcontributes about 72 of the yearly cost, excluding the crew cost.
B. Canoe valued at )Z 900,000depreciated over 6 years 150,000
Repair cost 20,000
lo
The only alternative to the petrol outboard engine thatcould be envisaged is the diesel outboard or inboard engine.
The Yanmar 27 Hp diesel outboard engine has been testedfor some years in Senegal and Sierra Leone. It has not yetbeen sold commercially, but the trials are encouraging.
Another alternative would be a diesel inboard engine fittedwith a rtractable propeller and rudder for beachianding, suchas tested by FAO in Benin, he tunnel installations tried inBenin would be unsuitable for beachianding because of reducedmanoevrability. The experience in Benin and in other Africancountries shows that only an inboard engine of proven performanceon fishing boats in developing countries should be utilized.
The criteria would be
Power = 25-35 Hp
Hand starting as main starting method
Watercooled with keel cooling
Medium speed, 1,800-2,500 rpm
Removable cylinder liners
Such an engine would be robust and have an estimated servicelife of 6-8 years. Fairly few engines the 25-35 Hp rangeare today made according to the above heavy duty specification
Engine Power Rpm Weight
lçrr
Sabb, 2 JRG 30 1,900 375
Yanmar 2TDG 26 2,100 330
Lister STJ34GP 30 2,300 320
For comparison of the various engines, the table in Appendix 6has been compiled. The fuel cost is based on 200 trips per yearand a distance of 28 nautical miles/trip (3.5 hours at 8.0 knots) =5,600 n. mile/year.
The table shows that a saving of / 750,000 (US 2,000) peryear would be realized if the canoes could be fitted with eithera diesel inboard or a diesel outboard engine.
Several questions need to be answered however, before thislargesaving potential can be realized
(a) The service experience with diesel outboard engines inSenegal and Sierra Leone has been on canoes operatingin moderate or no surf
'i
(b) The service experience with diesel inboard engines inSenegal, Sierra Leone and. Benin has been on canoesworking from beaches or harhours with no surf problem
(e) The higher investment o± a diesel engine will requiresorne kind of a credit scheme to enable the fishermento buy it. This is especially true for the dieselinboard engine which has an investment value almostthree times the petrol outboard engine.
The inboard diesel engine requires a permanentinstallation with watertight bulkheads.
The diesel engines require specialized diesel mechanicsfor repairs.
The diesel engines require clean fuel for satisfactoryoperation. Fuel contaminated with water and dirt isa major source of problems with diesel engines.
In spite of these major disadvantages, and the dismal recordof earlier attempts at fitting diesel engines to canoes in WestAfrica, the potential fuel saving is so great that further trialsare justified both with diesel outboard and diesel inboard engines.
3.8 Engine installation
At present the outboard engine is fitted to a bracket outsidethe starboard. side. The advantage of this position is thatthere is little chance of the purse seine getting entangled in theropeller while setting the net. The disadvantage is that theengine is very exposed to spray and waves and. the damage can beauite extensive in the case of a capsize whensurflanding.
Two alternative outboard engine installations exist
Inside well offset to the side as used on large purseseine canoes in Sierra Leone
Inside well centrally mounted, as used on large p-'rseseine canoes in Senegal.
In both these cases the correct positioning of the engine inrelation to the waterline is critical.
Fig. 3 shows a sketch of the two alternatives, Both thesealternatives should be tried on prototype canoes, together with theconventional side installation, to assess differences in speed.,steering, lifting or tilting when landing.
3.9 Handling on the beach
The canoes are usually hauled out el' the water after eachfishing trip. It is considered too risky to leave the canoe atanchor. Permanently installed moorings could reduce the chanceof the canoe being lost, but these moorings might interfere witbbeach seine operations.
12
The susceptability of TJawa to attack by marine borers wouldalso be a problem with a canoe moored too long in the water.
The handling on the beach is done by manpower only. Usuallytwo ropes are attached to the stem zith about 15-20 people pullingon each rope. In addition '4-8 people are lifting and pushingwith their backs on the stern. Flanks and rollers are placedunder the canoe. Rollers are usually made from a heavy wallsteel pipe of ll'4- mm diameter and 1,8 m length. The canoe isprevented from rolling back between each heave, by placing a woodenwedge between the pipe and the plank,
Beach slopes in Ghana vary between a steep beach of 1:5 aftera storm often associated with a "cliff" of up to i rn height nearthe crest, In calm surf the beach slope could be 1:10 andeven as flat as 1:20, Drawing GKA-3, No, 1 shows that a forceof around 1.0 tonne will be required to pull a 3 tonne canoe onrollers and planks up a beach slope of 1:6. Assuming each manpulls 30 kg in short rythmic hauls, a 3 tonne canoe on rollerswould require about 35 men.
The force required to pull the canoe is directly related tothe weight of the canoe, If the weight is reduced to 1,500 kg,as is possible with aluminium or GRF, the pulirequired is reducedto 500 kg, and this would require only about 20 men.
One improvement on the present sytem would be to get thefixation for the pulling rope to the canoe lower down, The pullwould then he more in the direction of the movement of the canoe,
There exist several methods to reduce the amount of manpowerrequired
Block and tackle
Using two blocks with two sheaves each, One blockattached to a palm tree or a log buried in the sand,the other block to the canoe. The pulling force isthen reduced to about 1/3 of a straight pull on thecanoe, Eleven men would then be able to pull the3 tonne canoe in the above example.
The disadvantage of this system is the amount of roperequired, the problem of sand in the sheaves and theneed for a fixation point,
Manpowered capstan
The BOBP has developed a capstan where i-4- men can pulla 3 tonne canoe, It is made of steel, hot dippedgalvanized. A galvanized steel wire is required forpulling the canoe. A rope has too much stretch andcan give a dangerous whiplash if it breaks,
The disadvantage of ttis system is the space requiredon the beach for the men pushing the capstan bars, andthe need for a good fixation point.
13
Engine driven winch
The BOEF has also developed a beach winch driven byan 8 Hp diesel engine, Ref. 18. Due to the weightit cannot be shifted from place to place. Haulingof several canoes can be achieved by having a snatchblock attached to strong fixation points along thebeach.
Unconventional hauling devices
Two ideas could be worth exploring further
A winch pulled by a lever action
A lift and pull gantry (Drawing GIIA-3, No, 1)
Trials of the most promising hauling devices should he maeto d':termine their suitability in Ghana.
11. Alternative Canoe Types
The easiest solution to the problem of finding an alternativeconstruction method to the Ghana dugout canoes would be to adoptanother proven design. The following is a survey of canoes thathave been tried in Ghana and other West African countries.
Alternative canoes Ghana
There have been some attempts at producing a planked versionof a Ghana canoe
GIH0C, Tema, This is a carvel pl.nked 12.0 m canoewhich suffered from structural problems due to weakframing. The shape is a good approximation of aGhana canoe,
Winneba boatyard. A pinked canoe with inboard dieselengine and propeller in a tunnel, The canoe is flatbottomed with a very different shape from the localcanoes. The engine had a breakdown and the canoe isa:ot in operation.
Woodwork Narine, Takoradi, Flat bottomed 'Dory" typeboats of 8 m and 9 m length made of plywood. The9 m canoe was powered with a 0 lip inboard dieselengine. The hull shape is very different from atraditional canoe.
A 10.8 m catamaran of Gifford type which was tried outfor one year (1977-yo) from a beach near Elrnina andKromantse.
None of the above alternatives has succeeded in entering themarket, Experience in other developing countries shows that itis difficult to gain acceptance for a new craft if it is radicallydifferent in proportions and shape from the traditional craft.There have to be very good reasons for changes.
1 4
Before the construction of Terna harbour, planked surfboatswere used to bring merchandise between the ships and the shore.These surfboats were about ?,6 rn (25 ft) long and of carve?planking copper fastened to closely spaced transverse bent frames.The timber used in planking and framing was Danta. Theconstruction leaves a very cluttered interior with frames andstringers, and this is a definite disadvantage in a fishing canoewhere the catch is loaded in bulk in the canoe0 It is alsodoubtful whether the construction would be strong enough for acraft l4l5 in long.
4.2 Alternative canoes - West Africa
Traditional canoes
Pig. 4 shows types of canoe construction used in Jest Airica.Types A, C and E are planked contructions. Type A, from Senegal,'(Fig. 5) is an almost frameless construction, the strength of whichis dependent on the thickness of the keel plank and the driftbolted connection between the various members0 The lack offraming gives a rather flexible hull and watertightness isachieved by a strip cut from a f irehose nailed in place with tarunder0 The advantage of this construction is a clean insidewithout obstructions, The main disadvantage is the problem ofstrength of the drift-bolt joints and the need to dismantle mostof the canoe when a plank has to be changed. The pronounced \T
in the transverse section of these canoes is important indistributing the load from the keel plank into the sides when thecanoe is resting on one roller midship on the beach, A flatterbottom would need transverse framing. The V-shape means that thestability is low in light condition, but improves with loading.
Type C is the 15-l? rn pianked canoe used in Sierra Leone,modelled on the large Ghana canoes (Fig. 6). These canoes areof conventional carvel construction. They are not strong enoughfor surfcrossing and the plank seams would open up when left to dryon the beach.
Type E is a construction method used in Nigeria for 7-8 in
canoes. There are no frames and the planks are held togetherby staples on the outside. Watertightness is achieved by nailinga strip of galvanized iron + caulking over the joint.
Types A, C and E represent three different methods of buildinga wooden boat. None of them are satisfactory for direct transferto conditions in Ghana. They could however provide a startingpoint for further development, and should be included in theinvestigation proposed into various ways of achieving transfer ofstresses and watertightness between planks.
Introduced 'clanked canoes
FAO has introduced two new canoe types in Senegal and GuineaBissau. The 14.8 m SEN-1 of which a total of six have been builtin Senegal and Guinea Biseau, and the 9.0 m canoe GBS-1 of whichtwo have been built in Guinea Bissau. The construction methodused is seambatten planking which solves sorne of the problems withwatertightness and transfer of stresses between the planks. Theseambattens on the inside are a disadvantace when the fish isloaded directly into th canoe, as when purse seining since itbecomes difficult to clean the boat.
15
The two SEN-1 built in Dakar are still afloat, wheninspected in June 1990, five years after launching. Theboats have not been operated in surflanding condition, Theinboard aircooled diesel engines originally fitted have,however, broken down and been replaced by a diesel outboardengine in one case, and a second-hand diesel inboard engine inanother case.
(e) Glassfibre reinforced plastic (GRF) canoes
Several attempts have been made to introduce GRIP canoes:
9.75 m Super pirogue' Ghana type in the Ivory Coast (Fig. 8)
9,12 rn beachlanding canoe by FAO in Nigeria
9,1 rn Yamaha canoes in Senegal and Sierra Leone
12.0 m Yamaha and Yanmar canoes in Nigeria, Senegaland Mauritania
12 m GRIP pirogues of Italian manufacture in Narritania
8.4 m GRIP pirogue SOSACHIN, Senegal, produced locallyat a cost of US 7,200 (1990)
The only success reported is ijMauritania where the inboarddiesel powered 12.0 m Yamaha and Yanmar canoes have been wellaccepted by the local fishermen. There has, however, been asubstantial subsidy involved, A modified version of these 12 rncanoes has been built by an FAO supported boatyard (Fig. 7).The price in 1988 was US i 4,OO for the hull only. A comparablesize traditional Senegal canoe costs about US $ 1,500,
The main difficulty in introducing GRIP canoes has been tIflehigh cost compared with traditional canoes.
5, Alternative C-mstruction Nethod.s - Wood
5.1 Wooden boat construction in Ghana
Ghana is the most important country in West Africa for woodenboatbuilding. It is the main supplier of dugout canoes to Benin,Togo, Ivory Coast aLd: Liberia, and it has been the biggest producerof wooden planked, harbour-based boats of 9 m to 22 m length.These boats are of the FAO V-bottom type, introduced in 1970. Dueto a drop in trigger fish catches, and a han on more trawlers, newconstruction has come to a halt and most of the boatyards are nowclosed down, The facilities and the trained staff exist andcould relati\ely easily be converted to construction of woodencanoes. The main commercial boatyards are
Other boatyards did exit hut have been closed down,
Terna GIHOC BoatyardWinneba Winneba ShipyardElmina Yartel BoatyardSecondi GIHOC BoatyardTakoradi Woodwork Narine
16
The above boatyards are equipped with woodworking machinerysuch as circular saws, bandsaw and. thicknosser/planer.
The quality of work scen on fishing boats in Ghana is quitevariable. In sorne cases the scantlings and fastenings areinsufficient and the workmanship ranges from good to poor. Anynew design would require supervision from an outside consultantboatbuilder to ensure good quality in the rrototypes. Onlyboatyards with a good reputation for quality of work shcld beselected
52 Timber snecies
A summary of the properties of Ghanaìan timbers is given inRef. l'. At present only three species are widely used in Ghanafor boatbuid.ing, see next page
The main difference between he T;Jawa (Obeche) at present usedfor canoes and the Odum (Iroko) used in harbourbased boats, is theweight and durability, Odum being 7C heavier hut of much greaterdurability Odum can be expected. to last at least twice as longas Wawa, that is 12-15 years against 6-7 years.
Durability is often linked with high weight, and, while thisis acceptable for framing and keel, a less durable but lightertimber is often selected for planking.
The main criteria when selecting a timber for planking are
Little movement in service. A beachlandinc' craft issubjected to great variation in humidity; wet at sea,dry on the beach It is important that a timber forplanking has little movement in service, that is whenthe moisture content (lic) varies between l5 and 25.
Weight of maximum 700 kg/m3 at l5 A lightertimber will give a lighter canoe,
l4edium or high durability.
Not prone to splitting when driving nails.
Good long term availability.
Wawa satisfies all the above requirements, except fordurability. Regarding availability, Appendix 7 gives anindication of estimated resource life of commercial species.Odum, the timber now extensively used in boatbuilding, islikely to be exhausted in 2-3 decades with the present rate offelling, whilst Wawa approaches sustainability,
The Consultant Timber Specialist will prepare a list ofpotential species of Ghanaian timbers suitable for boatconstruction, Appendix 8 gives partic-ilars of timber used forboatbuilding in other West African countries.
1 )
The lower price is the one obtainable from small localsawmills. The higher price from larger commercialsawmills,
17
BOATBLTILDING TINEER AT PRESENT USED IN GIYNA
Spec je s
Nawa (Obeche)Triplochitonsclerozylon
Odurn (Iroko)Chlorophoraexcelsa
Kusia (Opepe)Nauc leadiderichii
Density atl2 NC
Naturaldurability
Novernentin service
Use
Price/rn3Local
1)rnket
Price/rn3Exportmarket
381- kg/rn3
non-durable
small
Dugout canoes
30,000-50,000US 80-l'-d-0
90,000US 250
652 kg/rn3
Very durable
small,
Frames,plankingabovewaterline,deck,Lessresistant tomarine borersthan Opepe
70,000-90,000US 190-250
199,000US 530
758 kg/rn3
Very durable
small
Keel, plankingunder waterline,Checks andcracks over thewaterline.
Ø 80,000-90,000US 220-250
18
5,3 Imrregnation to increase durability
Bupaul Woodtreatment GE Ltd. has a OCA treatment plant nearTakoradi mainly for treating teak poles used in telephone andpower transmission lines, The cost of treatment is 49,000per rn3 with a retention of chemicals of 24 kg per m3. The highcost of treatment makes it less attractive at present for use inboatbuilding but, as timber prices continue to escalate, it couldbe an interesting alternative in the future, permitting a greatincrease in durability of species with low natural durabilityCare must he used indisposai of the offcuts from pressuretreated timberas they should not be used. for firewood due topoisonous fumes.
5,!-!- Narine plywood and veneers
Ghana has a substantial production of plywood and veneers.The plywood is produced as Jater Boil Proof (UBE) with Phenolglue. Piarine plywood according to ISO or British StandardES 1088 is not produced due to problems of inspection, The.JEP plywood is produced with mixed redwoods in the veneers,Mahogany and Sapele. iowever, plywood can be ordered fromcompanies such as African Timber and Plywood (Ghana) Ltd. with aspecified very durable timber, such as 1akore, in all veneersand no splicing of veneers,
The cost of the Mrl:or9 JEF plywood would be 1,1 millionfor a minimum order of 5 m-', This gives a price per m3 of
220,000. The ordinary WBP plywood costs about 120,000 perm). See price list and Lloyds specification for veneers inAppendix 9.
5,5 Main eroblems in elanked construction
A dugout canoe has no joints and no fastenings. It is aconstruction method found all over the world where large treesare still available. Pressure on forest resources has forceda development towards planked construction in many places.Building a craft from planks introduces two major problems thathave to be overcome
watertightness in the joints between the planks
sufficient strength in the connection between the planks.
The solutions to these two problems are extremely varied(Fig. Î).
Basically there are two methods of joining wood together:
t':echancal fastenings (nails ana oos)
1iaterproof glue
When selecting alternative wood construction for Ghana canoes,the advantages and disadvantages of these two fastening methods
have to be considered:
Nechanical Fastenings (Appendix 10)
Advantage:
19
Suitable for village constructionDoes not require well dried timberlias flexibility for changes in humidity
of timberRepairs generally easy at the village
level.
Disadvantage: Does not give the same strength asglued construction, therefore weightis heavier
Watertightness in joints is moredifficult to achieve.
Glue (Appendix 11)
Advantage: Strength in all directions can beachieved and thereby a reductionin weight
Joints can he made completelywatertight.
Disadvantage: Requires well dried timber andconstruction under cover, thereforeless suitable for villageconstruction
Cost of imported glue can he high,but amount of glue is dependenton construction method
Repair is generally more difficultthan when using mechanicalfastenings.
6. Alternative Construction ethods - GR?
At present there is no company making GR? boats in Ghana,Japan Notcrs did establish a boatyard in Tema some years agowith a view to producing the Yamaha type of GR? beachiandingcraft. However, this venture was abandoned due to the highcost of the GR? canoe versus the traditional canoe. No localcompany could be located that make other objects from GR? suchas bathtubs or basins. The local cost of tue raw materialspolyester resin and fibreglass mat, have to be estimated on thebasis of cost in Europe as of June 1990 (minimum 10 tonne/year):
Polyester resin: US 3.00 er kgGelcoat: US 5.18Chopped Strand Nat (CSN) 11E'T glass: US 3,65 "
Transport cost Europe-Tema is assumed to be US : 0,30 per kg.
Local cost CI? Tema is therefore:
Polyester resin: US Ì 3.30 = 1,200 per kgGelcoat: US 5,43 = 2,000Chopped Strand Nat: US $ 3.95 = 1,400
20
The rost appronriate construction method in Ghana wouldbe single skin with hand lay-up of the laminate To increaseimpact strength, the use of woven roving alternate with choppedstrand mat should be considered0 GRF must be protected againstabrasion when the canoe is hauled up on the beach0 Experiencefrom Sri Lanka indicates that this is best achieved with a 10 mmlayer of sand-resin mixture along the keeL Wooden abrasionkeels are difficult to fix to the resin hull in a way that willfacilitate replacement
Lloyds (Ref0 8) recommend that the resin is stored at atemperature not exceeding 200G and not below 0°C, In Ghanathis would mean storage in a chilled room0 It is then importantthat the resin is allowed time to rise to the temperature of themoulding shop before it is used0
The temperature and humidity in the moulding shop should bemonitored0 Variations that wifl lead to moisture condensationon moulds and materials must be avoided0 As long as theseprecautions are taken, no major difficulty is foreseen in mouldingGRE boats in Ghana0 The existing commercial boatyard couldfairly easily be converted to GRE construction0
7, Alternative Construction ethods - Aluminium
Ghana Aluminium Products Ltd. in Tema are producing variousarticles in aluminium, such as corrugated roofing sheets,watertanks and also a few aluminium boats of 5-9 m length. Anunfinished fishing boat of 11.5 m length was seen in the workshop.An 8.5 m (28 ft) passenger transport boat was quoted at 5 million,excluding engine. ihe company is well equipped with tools andequipment for welded aluminium production. The question of costof an aluminium alternative to the Ghan. áanoe can only be determinedby obtaining a quotation from the company and from aluminiumboatyards in Europe, but àn indication can be had based on materialprices.
The cost of aluminium plates was given as 1,200-1,500 andextrusions at 2,000, Import duty on aluminium is 10%, Thequotations obtained in Europe, inclusive 10% tax, indicate a priceper kg GlU Tema:
Plates US 4,l0 1,500Profiles US 470 1,700
Elates and profiles must be of an alloy approved for boatconstruction.
Although Ghana is a large producer of aluminium ingots, onlyplates up to 2,'4- mm are rolled locally, All materials forbuilding aluminium canoes therefore llave to be imported.
Construction-of the aluminium canoe would be on a jig,preferably a turnable jig that allows i'IIG welding in the mostconvenient position.
21
8. Scantlings
8.1 General
To perform a cost estimation it is necessary to know thescantlings, that is the dimensions of frames, frane distanceand skin thickness of the bottom and side.
There are no existing comparable craft to the Ghana canoeworking in the same arduous condition of surf landing in ary partof the world. As shown under t, .ìe are not in the position thata craft of proven construction can be transferred from anothercountry to Ghana0
Three approaches to determining scantlings are consideredbelow0
8.2 Scantlings determined by extbrnal forces
There are three main types of loads that have to be considered:
The canoe resting on the beach with one roller midship.This case is fairly well defined with a known load beingthe weight of the canoe with fishing gear0
Hydrostatic and dynamic loads on bottom and sides0The determination of these loads can be made either r
the basis of Ref. 9 or Ref. 12.
(o) mpact loads when the canoe is thrown broadside on to asandy beach where the load is distributed over a largerarea, or towards a rock where the load acts on a limitedarea, These latter loads are the most difficult toassess.
It will be necessary to make thorough investigation of theloads that can be expected ad what thickness ci' planking isrequired with various construction methods. This investigationshould be made by an institute with experience in theoretical andpractical analysis of wooden structures, The target would be togive a rational basis for determining scantlings for wooden craftunder 15 n length.
The investigation should focus on tuo aspects critical towooden boats subjected to the rigours of beachlanding
Rastenings
Watertightness under wetting and drying cycles,
Conventional carvel construction is unsuitable for heachlandingbecause the method gives low shear strength between t :e planks andcor uatortightness unaer brot ing anc dr in: c;ces e L nods ofimproving the shear strength and :atertightness should beinvestigated and drawing, G1JA-', Ho. 2 gives some ideas,Hatertightness can be achieved by double planI:in with a watertightmerbrane between, but the weight ol' this plaml:ing will he '4C
22
higher to maintain the same strength in bendìnr assuming no shearis transmitted between the two clank layers, Also from arepair point of' View, single planking is preferable.
3.3 Scantlinis based on the existing dugout canoe
One approach to determine the scantlings of a new canoe is tobase it on the existing canoe made from awa. If' the new canoewas a dugout made from a stronger timber, the thickness could bereduced to maintain the same strength in bending, Por example,taking a plank simply supported with a uniform loading q it canbe shown that the thickness of the plank is
t 0.86 X S
where
S distance between the surrortsi' modulus of rupture of' the timber
Prom Ref. .14
Wawa f = 53Odum f = 86
It can be shown that for the same bending strength, Odum canhave 0.79 x thickness of Wawa,
Assuming a bottom thickness of the dugout canoes from \Jawa ison the average 170 mm. A canoe made of Odum would then be 135 mmthick, The canoe of' Odum would however, be 3LI heavier than theone made of Wawa. This approach is clearly not feasible, itdoes not take into account the reason why the canoe made of Wawahas to be so thick:
Deterioration of' the timber because of low naturaldurability. This means that the modulus ofrupture diminishes drastically over the years
Low abrasion resistance on the bottom leading toreduction in thickness and eventually cracking.
In both these respects Odum would be much better, Assunjxmthat after 5,years te mdulus of' rupture of Wawa has been reducedfrom 53 N/mm to 10 /mm, and the strength of Odum unaffected,the Odum planking would be 0.34 x thickness of Wawa and the bottomthickness reduced to 58 mm, The canoe of Odum would then be42% lighter than the Wawa canoe,
Another important asrect when considorin{: the strength of adugout canoe is that timber has yery little strength in tensionacross the grain, in fact, only /40 of the strength along the grain.
Transverse frames in a planked hull will effectively take careof these stresses and thereby permit a reduction in hull thickness,
23
The conclusion is that using the existing dugout canoe asa basis for determining scantlings is of limited use when changingradically the construction method.
8.4 Scantlings based on classification societies rules
The thickness of the bottom skin has been determined forvarious stiffener spacing according to the rules of the followingclassification societies:
Lloyds Notorboat (Lloyds), Ref. 8American Bureau of Shipping (ABS), Offshore Racing Yachts, Ref. 9Sea Fish Industry Authority (SFJA), UK, Fishing Boats, Ref. 10Nordic Boat Standard (NBS), Fishing boats, Ref. 12
The scantlings have been calculated for a canoe of tIìefollowing dimensions. The size in cubic number is equivalentto the GHA-1, 15.1 m canoe, but the beam has been slightlyincreased and the length reduced:j
Length over all . 14.0 mBeam moulded 2.18 mDepth moulded 1.05 mCubic number 32 m3
The classification societies give a choice between a closelyframed boat with a thin hull planking and a boat with wider framespacing and thicker planking. ABS and NBS also make modificationfor curvature of the shell and ABS for the aspect ratio of theunsupported skin panel in moulded and plywood construction.
Generally for greater local impact resistance it is better tohave a thick Skin with wider frame spacing,
(a) WoodBOTTON FLANK ING T H ICKNESS (mm)up to 150 mm above waterline
From the above table one will note that the different
Stiffener spacing
400 mm 800 mm
Carvel Flanking Lloyds 36ABS 3?NBS 47'SFJA 27
Flywood or Lloyds 27 39Cold t'ioulded ABS 17 26
BBS 18 35
Strip Flanked BBS 33 66
24
classification societies give very different thickness of
bottom planking. NBS recuire carvel flanking o± ¿7 mmthickness, whilst SJFA give 27 mm for the same fishing boat.Nobody can say that boats built according to SFJA rules are toowèak, One reason is that Lloyds, ABS and N3S base theirscantlings on length, while SJFA use Cubic Wumber = Length x Beam xDepth. Lloyds, AB.S and NBS assume a craft of unormalt Westerntype where Beam/Length ratios are fairly constant. For a longnarrow craft such as the Ghana canoe, this gives unrealisticfigures. Scantlings must be related to the size of the craftand the Cubic Number is a much better measure for size thanlength only. It therefore seems that the SFJA approach is themore rational.
One can conclude that there is limited help in utilizing thepresent classification rules in determining the scantlings of anew wooden Ghana Canoe.
:on cost estimation however, it is necessary to make someassumptions.
The material dimensio:.. s given in Appendix 12 must not beconsidered. final, but they will be sufficiently accurate to givean indication of cost, The types of wooden constructionselected are thought to cover the most suitable. ones. Thesingle plank skin construction in 12 A and B would require newsolutions to stress transfer aìt1. watertightness between the planks.The construction methods selected. are (Appendix 12):
A Longitudinal plankingB Cross plankedC Strip plankingD Flywood,B Strip planking + cold moulded,
Alternatives A, B and D would be fairly easy to repaircompared with C, and B. For weight and cost calculationsOdum has been selected both because it is well known locally
represents the upper limit in weight and cost. The weightis 650 kg/rn3 at 12% NC. In the calculations 700 kg/m has beenused to account for water absorbtion. The cost used in thcalculations is the highest recorded locally = 90,000 perIt is assumed that wastage in planing and cutting is 50% of thenet timber volume in the canoe. Other timbers selected bythe Consultant Timber Specialist could give a substantial savingboth in weight and cost and have a better long term availabilitythan Odum.
The weight and cost for the 14.0 m canoe has been determinedby using the midship section and calculating the volume and weightfor one metre length oî vessel, The total weight and materialvolume is then calculated by taking this figure and multiplying by0.93 x Length over all = 0.93 x 14 m = 13 m which is a goodapproximation.
Labour ces-t has been based on a monthly wage for a skilledcarpenter of 15,000 (US . 42).
25
(b) Glassfihre Peinforced Plastic - GFI
The following table 2;ives the bottom thicknesses, outsidethe keel area, required by the various classification societies:
Stiffener spacing
400 mm 800 mm
Lloyds 9.8 mm 18.5 mm
ABS 8.4 il.
BS 108 T l2"SFJA 9.8 15.9
From the above table one will note that in GRP there is muchless variation in required bottom thickness between the variousclassification societies than for wood. For an estimation ofcost, a stiffener spacing of 800 mm and a bottom thickness of15.9 mm according to the SFJA proposal has been selected, Thekeel has been increased to a thickness of 20.4 mm while the sideshave a thickness of 9.9 mm (Appendix 12 F)
(o) Aluminium
The following table gives the required thickness accordingto NBS and ABS, Scantlin:s tables for aluminium are notavailable for Lloyds and SFJA.
Stiffener spacing
400 mm 800 mm
ABS 4.9 mm 6.0 mm
NBS 4.6 mm 5.6 mm
For cost estimation a bottom thickness of 6.0 mm has beenselected with a stiffener spacing of 600 mm. The keelthickness has been increased to 8 mm and the sides reduced to4 mm. See Appendix 12 G,
9, Evaluation
From Appendix 12, the following summary can be made(See also Fig, 12):
26
Cost
900,000
985,000
990,000
930,000
915,000
1,151,000
2,416,000
2,277,000
9.1 Cost
Broadly speaking the five wooden alternatives lie in thesame cost group of 0,9-1,2 million, whilst the GEF andaluinium boats lie in another group 2,3-2,4 million,
As long as a dugout canoe of 15 m is available at a priceof 0,9 million, it is difficult to see that any fishermanwould pay more than the double for a GRF or aluminium canoe,unless he is convinced that it has major advantages in otherrespects, such as lower weight, not attacked by marine borersand longer durability. It is difficult for an outsider tojudge how a Ghanaian f iâherman will reason when having a choiceof several alternative canoes at different costs, The bestway is to demonstrate the different alternatives and let thefisherman himself make the choice.
For the wooden versions the price range is not far fromwhat is at present paid for a dugout canoe.
9.2 Weight
The aluminium canoe is less then half tie weight of thedugout canoe. This will improve handling on the beach andincrease the service speed The GRF canoe is also light,followed by the wooden canoe made from marine plywood. Thewooden planked canoes are about the saine weight as the dugoutcanoe,
9,3 Construction
The four wooden alternatives A, B, C and D could be builtin a village provided sufficient training can be given.However, it would be natural to start with one of the existingwooden boatyards.
The wooden cold moulded alternative E is onlysuitable for an established boatyard. The GEF canoealternative F can be built in one of the existing boatyardswith sufficient training The aluminium canoe, alternativeG, can at present only be made by Ghana Aluminium Products Ltd.
Wei:ht
kg
Existing 15 m dugout canoe 2,900
Alternatives
A Wocen, planked 2,800
B Wooden, planked 2,800
C Wooden strip-planked 2,400
D Wooden, plywood 2,000
E Wooden, strip ± cold moulded 2,200
1,800
G Aluminium 1,300
in Tema.
9,4 Strength and durability
Generally it is easier to achieve strength and durabilitywith GRF and aluEinium than wooden construction, Actualstrength and durability can, however, only be determined bytesting prototypes in beachlanding operation over a long period.
9,5 Acceptance by the fishermen
This can only be determined by demonstration of canoes inactual fishing operation0 Only when the fishermen arewilling to buy the new canoes with their own, money can it besaid that the canoe is accepted0
10. Recommendations
Experience from the BOSE project in India and Sri Lanka,shows that developing new beachiand craft requires a long termeffort. The development of an alternative to the Ghana dugoutcanoe will take about 4 years0 Fig. 13 shows the proposedtime schedule. The proposal is based on the experience of theSOBE of utilizing, to the maximum extent possible,Thkilled localpersons to provide the conti:uous supervision required inboatbuilding and repair and in engine repair0 The localpersonnel should be attached to the project for the wholeduration and have a direct liaison with a designated FAO officerwith the Jest African Regional Froject who should pay periodicvisits to the project. Short term input in boat design,boatbuilding and marine engineering will be provided by FAOConsultants
The work tasks of the project will be split up as follows
10.1 Technical evaluation of wooden construction methods
Because of local availability of materials and skill, and lowcost, wood is the most attractive material for alternative canoeconstruction. A narrowing down ci' the many wood constructionalternatives is however required. This should be done throughcollaboration between FAO, a Eaval Architect and a selected woodtechnology organizat:ion, The purpose would be to
provide a rational approach for determining; woodscantlings with different construction mothods
make a theoretical analysis oi' strength requirementin a Ghana canoe in bending, tors,ion and shear, andhow the various construction methods respond to thesestresses
analysemethods of joining planks with mechanicalmeans that provide transfer of forces, watertightnessand easy repair
provide information on choice ol' epoxy or phenolresorcinal glue ik laminated. cons'bruotion
27
28
execue required tests to clarify aspects not coveredby existing theory.
10.2 Design of alternative canoes in woods GEF and aluminium
The technical evaluation of different wood constructionmethods should lead to the selection of 3-4 different methodsto be tested out in full scale in actual fishing operations,The Naval Architect will prepare detailed working drawings forthese alternatives in wood,
The designs will involve the following options
Petrol or diesel outboard engine mounted outsideoi inside in a well
Diesel engine with liftable propeller and rudder,possibly in a canoe used for long-range handliningwhere yearly fuel consumption is high
(e) Decked or open arrangement
In addition a naval architect with experience in OLP and/oraluminium will prepare drawings for one GTIP and one aluminiumversion. Quotations for the GRP and aluminium versions she- ldbe obtained from boatyards in Europe and from Ghana AluminiumFroducts Ltd.
10,3 Order of materials end euinment
Based on specification from the Naval Architect, therequired orders will be placed so that delivery can be assuredbefore commencement of construction.
10.4 Construction of orototypes
The decision on building one OLP and one aluminium prototypeshould be taken after receiving quotations. The constructionof four to five wooden prototypes should take place in Ghana ata selected boatyard and under the supervision of an FAO ConsultantBoatbuilder. A skilled Ghanaian hoathuilder should be thecounterpart to the FAO expert and be attached to the projectfull time, Engine installation should be carried out by aConsultant rarine Enineer in cooperation with the localcounterpart.
10,5 Trials of orototyoes
Triais should be carried out in one selected location withfishing operations over a minimum one year period. Trialswill also be made with different types of beach hauling devices.A skilled Ghanaian mechanic should provide full time back up,together with the hoatbuilder
10.6 Second stage design and construction of orototypes
The trials should reveal the most suitable constructionmethod and required modifications. godified drawings will
29
need. to be prepared by the Naval Architect and about two moreprototypes built for final evaluation0 Design andconstruction of smaller canoes, using the same constructionmethod, will be undertaken0
lO7 Final trials of prototypes
Final trials will be made in a similar way to the firsttrials, but possibly extended to other areas of the coast.
lO8 Training of boatbuilders in the new type of construction
Training of boathuilders should only start when the finaltrials are completed and it is clear which type of canoe andconstruction method is the most acceptable to the fishermen0The training period should extend over a minimum of two years.
30
REFERENCES
Canoe Replacement Programme for West Africa, FAO, Rome 1989
Study on the Ghanaian Dug-Out Canoe and prospects for itsutilization in other West African Countries. H.0. Laryeaand N.A. Nensah. FAO, April 1984
Report of Travel to Ghana by AOD.RO Coackley. IDAF TRAM 28June 1986
4, Report of Travel to Ghana by G.T. Sheves and P.T, Holler.GOP/REP, October 1988
Report of Travel to Ghana by G.T. Sheves and P.T. Holler.GCP/RAF, March 1990
Structural Timber Design and Technology by C.J. Nettem.Timber Research and Development Association, U.K. 1986
The Gougeon Brothers on Boat Construction, Wood West SystemMaterials0 USA, 1985
8. Rules and Regulations for the Classification of Yachts andSmall Craft, Lloyds Register of Shipping, 1978
Guide for Building and Classing. Offshore Racing Yachts.American Bureau of Shipping, 1986
Rules for Construction of Wooden Fishing Vessels, Sea FishIndustry Authority, U.K., 1987
Rules for Construction of Glass Reinforced Plastic FishingVessels of less than 24,4 metres, Sea Fish IndustryAuthority, U.K., 1987
Nordic Boat Standard, 5.5 15 metres, 1983
Forest Product Research Institute, Information Bulletin,No. 6, "End use Guide for Ghanaian timber species", Kumasi,1987
Forest Product Research Institute. Information Bulletin,No. 9, "Users Guide of some Ghanaian Secon ary and PrimaryTimber Species", Kumasi, 1989
15, Ghana Forest Inventory Project Seminar Proceedings,29-30 March 1989, Accra, ODA-UL
A preliminary account o± attempts to introduce alternativetypes of small craft into West Africa, IDAF \:f 3 1985
Further development of beach landing craft in India andSri Lanka. BOBP/fF/45, Madras 1986
Hauling devices for beachlanding craft, BOBP/WP/5l, Madras1986
Catalogue of smallscale fishing gea: of Ghana, FAO, Rome1984
odi.
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Fig. 3 Alternafive Outboardmotor installations
1.0-
Wawa
Driftbolt 10
60--C aitce dr a t
100 700
C a Ice dr a t
Type A SenegalPurse seine Canoe
Frames grown80 80
Spacing 600
Type C Sierra LeonePurse seine Canoe
Galvanized ron stripnailed in placewith caulking under
Keel 80 100
Canvas strip from firehosenailed in place with tar under
Thwart 40 300
Dugout Wawa
Cleats 30 40
Type B Sierra LeoneSrnalt Bonga Canoe
Type E NigeriaGilinet Canoe
lanking 25 iiiigbofastened with steel st3es
Raised TopsidesWawa
Type D Ghana.Purse seine Canoe
'- Shear stralce25 100
Fig. 4 West African Canoe Types
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SHELL-FORMING EDGE-FASTENEDGROUP FA5TENftIG5MULTI-5RIN THROUGH WOODEN \ENOBWAY(161
KS cs oR TNtALL5,'\"\'HEADED,WEDGED OR PLAIN.
BURSLEDON I
SINGLE SKIN
LAP
RE VERSE 1 31
BEVELLED (4)
RABBETTED (5
MODIFIEDLAP
PROF LED
GU)P5RAT (71
MODIFIED
E D G E -TO-
ED G EARTICULATED
EDGE-TO-EDGE
BATTEN SEAMSEXT E R N AI.
UI)
METAL BOLTS OR NAILS
NORMAL CLENCHED OVER ROVES(2)OR WASHERS.
METAL BOLTS OR HAI LS
FITTED(91
BUTTED1101
NAIL POINTS T1ßNEDOI/ER TOUE FIAT
GAIJGES
(6SEWN
7'Z(81E 0G
OBLIQUEKOREA (25)
DOGSBLIND -MEDIEVAL
(27)
1W 5E PT3
41
DOWELSS.VIETI'IAM (29
SL)CCES5IVEHAILII«
(2b
CLINKER (I7V
ML)U1) L)VLr rLrL4/CYPHER, ROVES
PLA'(
LPsP, NAILS HOOYED OVER ADIROt4DACIÇ(19)
50 AS TO RE-ENTER TI-lESHIP-LAP OR PLANKS
CHASE.
FRANCE (tB)-
S. ENGUNO(2oI -
INSIDE LA?- HA(5N0'(1221
L
INTERNAL(12)
MULTI- SITIN DOUBLE DIACOHAUI3) -qEDGE-TO->ç\\STAGGERED
EDGE NAVAL CARVELII4) -t-- MORTI5ES-GRA D CONGLUE 1311
\\\- AIL THESE MULTI-SKIN 5'(STEMS EMPLOY LUTING- " " OR GLUE BEIWEEN THE LA'(EI15, WHICH MP BE
AHCOFT5 SYSTM '- '- -' SEWN, RIVETTE D OR STAPLED TOGETHER.
THE INSIDE OF THE VESSEL IS TO THE RIGHT OF EACH SKETCH
PLANK JOiNTSLEAK STOPPERSDR'( SEAMS - WITH GOOD WOODAND WORKMANSHIP MT LAPPEDJOINTS NEED NO INITIAL STOPPING,BUT WEAR AND TEAR MAY CALL FON5OME FOBM OF CAULKING LATER.
BRUISED SEAMS -AFTER CLOSE FITTING,THE EDGES ARE SCORED,THEN WHEN RE-ASSEMBLED,THE SEAM IS SCALDED WITH
BOILING WATER
LUTING GENERALLY \:N/(34ìA SOFT STOPPING LAIDIN A JOINT BEFORE ASSEI4BIA GROO4E OB COVE MA' BE CUTIN ONE PLANII.TO NC&DIHE LISTING.
PAlING A I-lARD \SETTING STOPPING PUTOVER A JOINT 10'RETAIN CASUL1SINGORTO SEAL THE SIOINT.
(371
PLUGGING -DRIVING SOFT WOOD
Ç PLUGS INTO HOLESCHINA AFTER SEWING.
(251
CAULNS)NG FIBRE-S.
MOSSE5 OR SPLINES DRIVEN
IN AFTtR ASSEMBLY. FIBRESMAY BE MIXED WITH HARD ¿1OR SOFT SETTING MASTIC.
I33)
(35)
(36)
(351
/ATTENIHG LATHES
MORTISESNAILED OVER OR SEWN INi
i IETNAM SCAMS TO ETA\N THEO) STOPPING IN THE SEAM.
140)
FLUSH-GLUCSTRADITIONM1-'Ç GLUES USED INCOI-UUNCT 10H W ITA FASTE-NI NGS ACTED
ASSTOFilNG. IAODCRH GAP-FILLINGARTIFICIAL RESINS COMBINE ThEFUNCTIONS OF BOTH THE STOPPINGAND THE FASTENINGS BIST MAKEREPAIR WORK MORE DIFFICULT.
11 Different plank joints
from: B. Greenhill: Archeolo;y of the boat, 1976
Ply
woo
dL
I
GR
P
Alu
min
ium
It
I
N
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ould
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nked
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ip p
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Fig. i
WORK PLAN
10.1.
10.2
l0.
lO,L
10.5
10.6
10.7
10,0
year 1.
year
year
year
Lyear
5
Technical evaluation
cf
-r
>
construction methods
Desiqn of prototypes
Order of equipment
Construction of prototypes
Trials of prototypes
Second staqe construction
of prototypes
final trials of prototypes
Trcinin
of boatbuilders
]'A() Technical Officer, Cest
Africa i?e0ional Project
Concufiant havai Architect
Consultant Boathuilder
Consultant Carine LnCineer
Local personnel:
Coordinator
Ihoatbuilder
j:fr-
1
fr-4
l-4
-t
4
44
Appendix i
EXCHANGE HATES PLAY 1990
i UK - 590
i US î = 360
i DM = 215
Appendix 2
IT INERAI?Y
Arrival Departure
Grimstad 6/5Home 6/5 11/5Cotonou 12/5 15/5Accra 15/5 17/5Kumasi 17/5 18/5Accra 18/5 25/5Takoradi 25/5 2/5Elmina 24/5 25/5Accra 25/5 29/5Dakar 29/5 51/5Rome 1/6 2/6Grimstad 2/6
45
Appendix 3
PERSONS NET
F.M.K. Day Acting Director of Fisheries, AccraMr, Armah, Deputy Director of Fisheries, AccraT.Y.B. Opoku, Regional Fishery Officer, TakoradiMr. Witty, Regional Fishery Officer, Cape CoastJ.C. MacCarthy, Factory Manager, GIFOC Boatyard, TemaS.D. Abayah, General Manager, GIHOC Boatyard, Sekondi1K. Yartel, Managing Director, Yartel Boatbuilding Company, ElminaA. Venables, Managing Director, Woodwork Marine, TakoradiE. Tonks, Managing Director, Winnoba ShipyardN.B, Asare, Executive Director, Dupont Wood Treatment Ltd.N.A. Bentil, Shipping Manager, AT & P Ltd., TakoradiJ.L. Kwong, General Manager, Alli.ed Chemical & Metal Works Ltd.,Takoradi
K.K.P. Ghartey, Project Manager, Forest Resource ManagementPro j e c t
T. Nolan, ODA Forest Resource Management ProjectD.A. Quaye, Gbese Fishermens Association, AccraMr, Hammond, Gbese Fishermens Association, AccraR.J. Abou-Chedid, Expandable Polystyrene Products Ltd.A.G, Addal-Nensah, Head Timber Engineering Section, Forest
Products Research InstituteJ.N,N. Lcquaye, Ghana Aluminium ProductsW. Q-B. West, Senior Regional Fisheries Officer, RAFRJ.J. Neijer, Programme Officer, RAFIIE. Ossinga, Regional Fisheries Officer, RAFR
. Gianni, Fishing Technologist, IDAF, CotonouG.T. Sheves, FAOJ.M.M. Turner, Naval Architect, FAO, RomeH. Tsubata, Naval Architect, FAO, Rome
PE
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48
Appendix 5
RESERVE BUOYANCY IN FLOODED CONDITION
The present 15 m dugout canoe has a wood volume of' about6O m3 This gives a submerged buoyancy of about 6,000 kg.
The weights are as follows
Canoe 2,800 kg
Lead + purse rings 320 kg
Outboard motor + tank 80 kg
Total weight 3,200 kg
The reserve buoyancy is therefore 6,000 kg - 3,200 kg = 2,800 kg,
The present canoe will therefore float fairly high when filledwith water
A canoe built in another method with heavier wood, will alsofloat, but have a reduced reserve buoyancy, Assumin the case ofa planked canoe having a net volume of' timber of 3,1 m,corresponding to a buoyancy of 3,100 kg submerged.
The weights are as follows
Ca:oe (700 kg/rn3) 2,OO kgEquipment (as above) 4-OO kg
Total weight 2,800 kg
The reserve buoyancy is therefore 3,100 kg - 2,800 kg = 300 kg.
The Nordic Boat Standard (NES) (Nef, 12) requires that a craftin swamped condition shall be able to support an additional load of:
p = 50 + 50 (LOA - 2,5)
For a 15 m canoe this gives an additional weight of 630 kg Tosatisfy this criterium, the wooden canoe requires 680 kg - 300 kg =380 kg additional buovancy The buoyancy can be of polystyreneblocks or total 0.- m,.available locally at a cost of 52,000 perm3, The cost of the blocks for the wooden anoes is thereforeV 21,000.
The aluminium canoe has the following weight
Total weight 1,700 k'
'The swamped buoyancy of the canoe is about 400 kg.
Canoe 1,300 kgEquipment (as above) 400 kg
49
A-oDendix 5 (continued)
Reserve buoyancy is therefore negative with 1,700 kg- LJQ kg =1,300 kg, With the same additional weight as above = 680 kg, thetotal requirement of flotation is 1,309 kg ± 680 kg 1,980 kg.The buoyancy required. is therefore 2 m- of polystyrene blocks at acost of l0L.,000
The GRP canoe has the following weight
Total weight 2,100 kg
The swamped buoyancy of the RP canoe is about 1,000 kg.Reserve buoyancy is therefore negative with 2,100 kg 1,000 kg =1,100 kg. With additional weight of 680 kg required extrabuoyancy is 1,780 kg or about 1.8 rn of buoyancy blocks. The costof these blocks is 94,000.
The buoyancy blocks should be pl ced. fore and aft so that alevel flotation in swamped condition is ensured. The blocksmust be enclosed so that they are not damaged or stolen,
Canoe 1,1700 kg
Equipment (as above) 4-00 kg
50
Appendix 6
ENG INH COMPARISON
YAMAHA 40petrol
outboard
YANNAR 27dieseloutboard
SABE 30diesel
inboard
Engine max0 power (Hp) 40 27 30
Engine max0. rpm 5,500 4,500 1,900Engine weight, kg 65 87 375Engine cost, US 2,100 3,700 6,100
(no tax) 750,000 1,330,000 2,200,000
Service li±e years 3 4 6
Depreciation/year 250,000 330,000 370,000
Service speed, knots 8,0 7,5 8,0
Service power, Hp 30 22 25
Fuel consumption, 1/h 16,0 5,5 6.2
Litre/naut, mile 2,0 0.73 0,78Fuel cost /1 114 81 81
Fuel cost /n.mile 228 59 63Relative Lud cost % 100 26 28
Fuel cost/year
200 trips x 28 n.miles 1,280,000 330,000 350,000
Repair cost/year 180,000 300,000 200,000
Total yearly cost
(1) + (2) + (3) 1,710,000 960,000 920,000
51
Apoendix 7
RESOUECE LIFE FOR TINBER SPEC LbS
From Ref 15
Growth exceeds felling rate. There is a net increase in the resource.These species should be exploited more heavily.
Table i shows that the traditional redwoods and Odum are likely to be exhaustedwithin 2-3 decades at present rates of felling. Wawa, the present most heavilyfelled specIes (32% of all forest extraction), has a stock life of about 114 years.Given the conservative nature of the yield tables, this approximates to asustained yield and is acceptable. Species such as Dahoma, KyenKyen andAvodire are uriderutilised, and should be exploited more heavily.
Table 1 Estimated resource
Species Girthlimit
life for some commercial species
Resource Annual> Glimit growth
m3 m3/yr
Rate ofextraction
m3/yr
Resourcelifeyrs
Odum 11 ft 1 408 000 28 650 172 983 10Edlnam 468 000 7 155 33 167 18Sapele 702 000 13 496 41 135 25Utile 465 000 8 081 31 891 20Mahogany 692 000 31 488 66 877 20Afromosia 0 0 7 190 0
Wawa 7 ft 26 356 000 135 779 366 064 114Guarea 524 000 4 592 10 972 82Dahoma 5 254000 75 569 14 915KyenKyen 3 726 000 33 331 14 801Hyedua 154 000 1 966 10 620 18Mansonia 695 000 2 753 5 830 226Danta 1 254 000 10 098 24 787 85Avodire 2 365 000 13 548 269
TIf
lBU
SED
FO
B I
3OA
TB
IJIL
DIN
G T
fliE
S'T
AFR
ICA
TR
AD
E x
i.ri
LO
CA
L 1
AM
EL
CD
DT
]TIC
NM
ÏEIG
ET
AT
l 3kg
/a
NA
TU
RA
LD
UT
AB
I1L
ITT
fR
ES1
STA
1CD
TO
tkU
BO
F,E
RS
IClr
ET
TE
ITIN
&V ICE
USE
IN
BC
AT
BtJ
TL
T)I
flG
Afr
ican
Mah
ogan
ylvor7Coast:
Acajou Sassais
!haya ivorensis
560
Moderate
Lo:
Medium
Ivori' Coast, Senegal:
Plan
l:ing
Afrormosia
Gha
na:
Kokrodus
Afrornosia elata
700
Very durable
Small
Substitute for
teaJ
:in
plaring and
deck
ing
Afzelis
Ghana:
Papan
Nigeria:
Apa
Ivory Coast:
Lingue
G.Bissau:
Pau Conta
!fze
1îa
africana
SOC
Very durable
Medi
Sa11
Nigeria:
keel
, ste
r,planking
unde
rwater
Albizia
Ghana:
Auicmi'o-Sanina
Ivory Coast:
Jatandza
Albizia ferruginca
700
Very durable
-Snail
Danielija
G.Bissau:
Peu incenso
Senegal:
Sant
anDaniellia oliven
560
--
Medium
Guinea Biseau:
Plan
king
Danta
Ivor
yCoast:
:otibe
flesogordonia
papaverifera
750
Dur
able
Med
ius
Medium
Ghana, Nigeria:
steam
bent frames
Ekki
Ghana:
Kak
uIvory Coast:
Azobe
Lopnira elate
1,050
Very durable
Rib
Medium
Ghana:
keel shoe
Idigbo
Gha
na:
Eni
reIvory Coast:
Framire
Sier
ra ie
one:
Oon
.ko,
Bah
iigenia:
Black Afara
Ter
nina
lisivorensis
550
Moderate
Lo:
edium
Sierra Leone, ivory
Coast, Uigenia
Dla
nkin
c of
cai
ioes
Irok
oG
hana
:O
dun
Sierra Leone:
Sernei
G.Bissau:
Bicho anarelo
Chl
orop
hora
excelsa
650
Ver:.' durable
Medina
Medium
Gha
na:
Frames,
plan
king
over water-
line, deck
Ivory Coast:
i:eel,
frames, deck
Mah
ogan
ydry zone
Senegal:
Cailcedrat
G.Eissau:
Bissilon
Mhaya zenegalensis
010
Durable
-edium
Senegal:
Canoe bo:tom
and lower planking
GEjssau:
frames
TRADE
NA
ME
LO
CA
LNANE
SCIENTEFIC NAME
WEIGET
AT 12
kg/n
KATURAL
DURABILITY
DESISTACE
TO MARINE
BO
RE
RS
OV
EiE
tTIi
SER
VIC
E
USE I1
BOATBULLDING
tiakore
Ghana:
Baku
Tieghene lia
heckeli
670
Very durable
ediun
tediva
Underwater planking
Klangen
Ghana:
Kyankon
Sierra Loene:
Yawii
Tarrietia utilis
64-O
Koderate
Low
Kediun
Ivory Coast, Sierra
Leone:
Planking
Obeche
Ghana:
l!awa
Ivory Coast:
Sanba
Triplochiton
scierorylon
390
Ver:: low
Ver: low
Low
Ghana:
Dugout canoes
Crepe
(BilinGa)
Ghana:
Kusia
Ivory Coast:
Radi
Sierra Leone:
Bundui
Brunston
auclea
diderrichii
750
Very durable
high
itediun
Ghana, Sierra Leone:
Keel and plsrt:ing
under waterline
Sapelì
Ivory Coast: Aboudilo
Se-negai:
Aboudikro
Entandrophragaa
cylindricun
s
640
Koderate
Low
¿'ed±u
Ivory Coast, Senegal:.
Planking, decking
Scented
Guarea
Ghana:
Kwabohoro
Ivory Coast:
Bosse
Guarea cedrata
650
Durable
-Kediun
Teak
Tectona grandis
660
Very durable
ediun
Low
Increasingly available
fron plantatjon
in
Nigeria and Benin
Utile
Ivory Coast:
Sipo
Entandrophrana
utile
600
Koderate
Low
tediun
Special order with only Plakore veneers would be 220,000 perMinimum order 5 m3
Table 4.1.2 Suitable timbers for moulcjed hullConstruction
54
Appendix 9
FLY WOOD
Price : June 1990 from African Timber and. Plywood (Ghana) LtdO,T ak o rad i
Water Boil Proof (WBP)
Table 4.1.3 Guidance on the selection of timbers for usein marine plywood
NOTESlt should be noted that behaviour towards marine borers andinsects, including termites, is not equated to this durability scale,Because of reduced durability; the use of Shores spp. below thedensity quoted is not recommended unless it is treated with apreservative.
Common name Botanical name
Density at15 per cent
moisturecontent,kg/m3
Naturaldurability
ofheartwood
Durable hardwood timbers in natural state
Agba Gosswellerodendron 500 Durableba/samiferum
Gedu Nohor Entandrophragma 540 Moderatelyartgoiertse durable
Guares Guarea .cpp, 580 Durable
ldigbo Termina//a ivorensis 540 Durable
African Khaya .cpp. 500 ModeratelyMahogany durable
Makore M/musopsheckefl/ 620 Verydurable
Omu Entandrophragma 620 M oderatelycandol/el durable
Light Red )Meranti Shorea .cpp. 530 Moderately
Light Red I (see Note 2) durableSeraya J
Sapele Entarìdrophragma 620 Moderatelycylindricum durable
Utile Entandrophragma 660 Durableuf//e
Timbers requiring preservative treatment
Douglas Fir Pseudotsuga 530 Moderatelytaxi!o//a durable
Gaboon/ Aucomea kla/neana 430 Non-Okoume durable
Mixed redwoodswith tax
4 mm 2,0356 mm 2,3879 mm 3,476
12 mm 4,18015 mm 4,78518 mm 5,555
Species Group
Ag ba B
Cedar, Central American B
Cedar, Honduras A
Mahogany, African A
Mahogany, Honduras A
Makore A
Average densityair-dried, kg/rn3
515
485
485
530
545
625
55
Appendix 10
NEC HAN ICAL FASTEN INGO
liechanical fastenings are less dependent on care of theboatbuilder in selecting seasoned timber and in the correctstorage and mixing of the glue. From this point of view,mechanical fastenings are more suitable for village constructionthan glued construction. Nails are the most commonly usedfastening in workboat construction. The holding power of a nailis dependent on nail diameter, length and corrosion protection.The following table gives information about fastenings used in Ghana.
FASTENINGS AT PRESENT USED BY BOATYARDS
TJngalvanized and electroplated nails should not be used inboat construction. The locally produced roofing nails used bythe boatyards have a good holding power because of the twistedshank, but the shiny electroplated finish provides very lowcorrosion protection in seawater. From the point of view ofavailability and cost, the best nail would be a specially maderound wire nail from GIHCC Netals ltd. Ordinary wire nailsfound in the shops are too thin in relatìon to the length.however, on special order, the factory can produce nails ofgreater diameter in relation to the length. For example a75 mm (3u) nail which ordinarily is only 4-.0 mm (8 ONG) indiameter, can be produced at 5.3 mm (5 ONG), giving . good sizeboat fastening. For the same weight of fastening, a round wire
Type of FasteningDimension
diameter x lengthmm
Corrosionprotection Price
Round wire nail, local
Round wire nail
Iron rod, local
5.5 x 125
6,0 x 150
10
None
None
None
320/kg 1)
320/kg
Twisted roofing nail,local
Twisted roofing nail
Twisted roofing nail,imported
Twisted roofing nail,imported
Copper nails, imported
Bolts, imported
Li x 65
5.2 x 75
5.5 x 75
7.0 x 120
3/en 6"
electroplated
hot dipgalvanized
n II TI
2)1900/kg
1900/kg
1600/kg
1600/kg
6500/kg
800/piece
Sold in cases of 25 kg from GIHOC Netals Ltd., Accra2) Sold from Sallman Industries, Accra.
56
AoDendix 10 (continued)
nail will have a higer holdinL: power than a square nail andthere is therefore little reason to select the traditional squareboat nail if round nails of the same weight per nail are available.
The nails should be hot dip galvanized locally. There arelocal manufacturers of galvanized roofing sheets that could do this,but it is not known at what price. Alternatively FAO should holda course for the boatyards in the correct procedure of hot dipgalvanizing of nails, bolts and other smaller items. The nuts forbolts will need to be tapped out 0.80 mm (l/32fl) before galvanizingto give room for the zinc coating.
The cost of locally produced wire nails of the correct size,and locally hot dip galvanized, silpuld be less than half of thatat present paid for the electroplated roofing nails.
The following table will give a guide when selecting roundwire nails
Plank thickness Nail
Imported square copper nails cannot he considered because ofthe high cost ( 6,500/kg). An alternative could be nails madelocally from scrap copperwire, The,coppsr nail is only to beused as a rivet and it is doubtful whether it is worth the extracost, compared with hot dip galvanized fastenings in the largesize of craft considered.
mm
length
in
diameter
mm mm SUG
17 50 2 45 721 63 21/2 5.0 6
25 75 3 5.6 5
30 90 31/2 6.0 4
33 100 4 6.6 3
57
Appendix 11
LAPi INA TED CONSTRUC T ION
The strength of a glue joint is dependent on moisture contentof the woods Optimum strength is achieved at 12-15 per centmoisture content (P40) (Ref 6) Ref 7 recommends an evenlower I4C al' 8-12 per cent. Ref 8 gives maximum l5 and Ref 97-.l6 By air dryiug it should he possible t aciieve 18-22 percent in the coastal areas o±' Ghana and satisfactory joints can beachieved at this level according to Pef E3 It is importantthat the difference in moisture content between the different partsto be laminated is maximum 5 per cent. A moisture contentdifference of 10 per cent is accepted for plywood and timberbecause of greater dimensional sability. Ref. 6 also gives amaximum difference oI' mcisture content between gluing and in-servicecondition of 5 per cent.
Planking under the waterline generally has 20-25% MC and overthe waterline 15-20% NC. If wosd much drier than these fìguresis used in a boat, it will result in swelling of the timber thatcan put great strain on connections ii' there is no room for theexpansion of the timber. One of the main criteria for a goodplanking timber is low movement in service, African t'iahoganywill swell tangentically 2% between 15% MC and 25% MC. This meansthat a plank 200 mm wide will swell to 204 mm and over a Width of1.0 m the swelling would be 20 mm. This movement will lead tovery high forces on fastenings, or to the planking buckling awayfrom the frame, If dry timber is used, expansion joints in theform of caulking seams are required. Glued constructionconsisting of several layers at an angle of ¿i50 to each other willexperience high stresses on the glue line, An open fishing boat,such as a Ghana canoe, will, in the bottom parts, be wetted both onthe outside and the inside, while the topsides will be drying out.This has to be taken into account when using glued construction,From an optimum strength point of view, timber of 10-15% MC ispreferred. I1rom an equilibrium moisture content point of view20-25% NC on the bottom parts and 15-20% MC on the top sides ispreferable.
The time requiréd to air dry timber to 20% MC will mainlydepend on air humidity and specie of timber. For a 25 mm thick plankstored under cover, it can take lJ/2 months in dry weather and6 months in more humid weather. A 50 mm plank will take from6 months to two years to dry to a 20% nC.
The conclusion on the use of glued construction is the needfor control on humidity and if tests indicate that sufficientstrength can be obtained with wood of 18-20% MC, this is preferablebecause
(a) widespread use of kiln dried timber is not atpresent feasible in Ghana, and
( ) the NC difference with actual service conditionwill be minimfzed.
58
Appendix 11 (continued)
Proper air drying might be difficult to achieve in a village.The village carpenters do not keep a store of timber for airdrying. The timber is bought from the sawmill and used at once.If it is 25 mm thick and has been stored at the sawmill for sometime, this could be satisfactory. Thicker planks will definitelynot be sufficiently dry to avoid shrinkage in the top sides,
It has been claimed (Ref. 7) that a minimum of two coats ofepoxy resin over t'e wood surface will form an adequate moisturebarrier to prevent the dry wood required for high strengthlaminations from increasing its moisture content. This isprobably true for yachts that are not subjected to abrasions, butwould be of little value in a Ghana canoe subjected to wear fromhauling up the beach on the outside, and from fishing gear andpeople on the inside,
Epoxy glue is sold at the following price (SF System):
5 x Pack of 198 kg SP 106 Resin +54.2 kg SP 207 Slow hardener 3479
+ Insurance and freight 282
Total CJF Tema 3761
Total weight 697 1
Cost CIF per kg = f540 5,200
The use of Phenc'i. Resorcinol glue (PFF) should be investigatedas an alternative to epoxy. This glue has some advantagescompared with epoxy : lower cost, longer working life and bondwood of higher MC, It also causes less allergic reaction suchas dermatitis in some workers after prolonged exposur. Themain disadvantage of PFF glue is the need for high pressureduring curing and less gap filling properties than epoxy. Somework has been done to overcome these disadvantages with gapfilling (thickened) formulation used in minesweeper constructionin the USA. A non-profit volunteer technology transferorganization, "Aprropriate Technology Transfer Associates" (ATTA),has done some application work for canoes using this technology.The present state of development in this field should be ascertained,The figure on the next pare shows their method for panel makingusing vacuum begging to obtain sufficient pressure. Furtherdevelopment along this line could be justified.
For cost calculation the following application rates for epoxyresin have been used, (from Ref. 7), including 20 wastage
Initial coating - 5.9 m2/kg
Secondary and build up coats - 5.92.Inerlamnate adiesive coaL - 2,2 rn /g
(per glue line)
LCUTVE4ER
'4lIII'
ff4.
2, PANE-L LIW-UP
FIksrL44i'ER OF
VEJEE
3. V4cuuM BAG1
VEEE1 TRPrô 3 J.wiù
SPWiALL ¿ia3o LoN4,SPEtj E.S
GAP-flLLJA LVE
LAYER
'1
THIC- AfJD£ RiPPEr FRc'M4 rIN. 1A-iETER¡RO-i vARiouS
WL'RKf?,J6 SURFACE(FLAT PLYWÖot')
SEc.oZ'-PLAS'rIC FiLMLAMER
FOR VAuu AGG(
VACUUM D1ST1BUflONVAC.tJUM HOSE SCREEN T0P BOTTOM
VE4EERLA( E RS
PLASTIC FiLM SEALED TO FORM BAGVACUuM PUMP PROVIDES PRESSURE o FAELAss&SLY WHILE GLUE SETS
-P W F
5 y
A-OTJCflcX il (continued)
PP1TA Figure I7.-.
PANEL MAKING MET-1Ot USfNG GAP-FILLING GLUE
C
Total weight
Volume of timber:
61
Appendix l2A
[IGLTT AND COST
WOOD - LONG ITUD INAL PLAN}D
Weight/rn = 0,288 x 700 kg/rn3 = 202 kg
Total weight 202 x 13 = 2600 kg
+ fastenings etc, = 150 kg
2750 kg
0,288 m3 x 1,5 x 13 = 5.6
N o. Item Dimension
(mm)
Quantity Volume
rn
1 Floor 45 x 120 x 1000 1 0,014
2 Gusset block 45 x 190 x 400 2 0,017
3 Gussets 21 x 190 X 800 4 0,032
4 Side frame 45 x 90 x 600 2 0,012
5 Keel plank 58 x 700 1 0,049
6 Rubbing strake 25 x 600 1 0,015
7 Chine 45 x 190 2 0,017
8 Outer Chine 30 x 130 2 0,008
9 Sheer battens 45x45 4 0,008
10 Bottom planking 30 x 630 2 0,038
11 Side planking 25 x 630 2 0,032
12 Coarning 30 x 90 2 0,005
13 Rail cap 30 x 190 2 0,011
14 Thwarts 40 x 600 x 1900 1 0,038
Total 0,288 m3
Cost:Tiflther 5.6 rn3 X 90,000 = 504,000Fastenings = 80,000Paint, etc. = 70,000Flotation 0,4 m = 21,000
Total materials = 675,000Labour cost:
4 men x 4 months x ç/ 15,000 = 180,000Overhead + profit = 130,000
Total 985,000
12 B
ÇR
OS
S F
LAN
KE
D
Fra
me
spac
ing
1200
63
Appendix l2B
WEIGHT AND COST
WOOD - CROSS FLANKED
rn3
No. Item Dimension
(mm)
Quantity Volume
rn
1 Floor 70 x 200 x 1200 1 0,014
2 Side frame 70 x 90 x 600 2 0,007
3 Chine block 70 x 200 x 350 2 0,003
4 Gussets 30 x 200 x 700 4 0,014
5 Keel 70 x 700 1 O,OL9
6 Rubbing strake 25 x 600 1 0,015
7 Cheek 45 x 70 2 0,006
8 Chine 70 x 150 2 0,021
9 Outer Chine 40 x 80 2 0,006
10 Sheer batten 45 x 60 2 0,005
11 Bottom planking 40x600 2 0,048
12 Side planking 28 x 630 2 0,035
13 Coaming 30 x 120 2 0,007
14 Thwart 40 x 600 x 1900 1 0,038
15 Rail cap 30 x 200 2 0,012
Total 0,290
Hull weight/rn = 0,290 m3 x 700 kg/rn = 203kg
Total weight
Gross volume timber = 0,290 m3 X 13
2800 kg
x 1.5 = 5.7 rn3.
Cost:Timber 5.7 rn3 x 90,000 = 510,000Fastenings = 80,000Faint etc, = 70,000Flotation 0.4 m = 20,000
Total materials = 680,000
Labour cost:4 men x 3 months x Ø 15,000 = 180,000
Overhead and profit = 130,000
Total 990,000
Weight timber hull = 203 x 13 = 2600 kg
+ fastenings etc, = 200 kg
12 C
ST
RIP
PLA
NK
INF
ram
e sp
acin
g80
0
/ ,,,,
,1a w
oo
/0
o
i J45
x200
oo 15
PLw
.230x9
0
45x1
30
o40
x600
65
A'opendix 120
NKIGHT AND COST
WOOD - STRIP PLANKING
Weight timber per m = 0,240 m3 x 700 kg/rn3Weight hull = 168 kg x 13 m
+ fastenings etc.
Total weight'
1 Floor 45 x 200 x 1200 1 0,014
2 Side frame 45 x 130 x 850 2 0,012
3 Gussets 15 p1w 4
4 Keel 70 x 700 1 0,049
5 Rubbing strake 25 x 700 1 0,0175
6 Bottom planking 38 x 750 2 0,057
7 Side planking 25 x 650 2 0,033
8 Rubbing strip 30x45 2 0,003
9 Coaming 30x90 0,005lO Thwart 40 x 600 x 1900 0,038
11 Rail cap 30 x 200 2 0,012
Total 0,240 m3
Quantity: Sawn timber = 0,240 x 13 x 1.5
Cost:
Timber, 4.68 m x 90,000FasteningsEpoxy glue 15 kg Ø 3,200D--,-4-_J_ ,_1_J.iu
Flotation 0,4 m
Total materials
Labour cost'4 men x 21/2 months x 15,000
Overhead and profit
Total =
4.68 m
V
421,000100,00048,00040,00021,000
630,000
150,000150,000
930,000
No, Item Dimension Quantity Volume
(mm) m3
168 kg
2180 kg
200 kg
2380 kg
12 D
MA
RIN
E P
LYW
OO
D
Fra
me
spac
ing
Long
itudi
nal =
600
Tra
nsve
rse
800
Appendix l2D
WEIGhT AND COST
145 kg
Weight hull = 145 13 = 1885 kg + fastenings 2000 kg
67
7
WOOD - PAR lITE PLYWOOD
ro T4-L UCIfl Dimension Quantity Volume
(mm) m3
i Floor 45 x 200 x 1200 1 0,014
2 Chine block 45 x 200 x 600 2 0,014
3 Gussets 15 p1w
4 Side í'rame 45 x 90 x 600 2 0,005
5 Keel 70 x 700 1 0,049
6 Rubbing strake 25 x 6OO 1 0,015
7 Chine 45 x 150 2 0,014
B Outer chine 28 x 70 2 0,001+
9 Sheer batten 45 X 45 2 0,004
10 Bottom planking 2 x 15 p1w
il Side planking 15 p1w
12 Thwart support 45 x 70 2 0,006
13 Thwarts 15 x 600 p1w 1
14 Outer batten 20 x 45 2 0,002
15 Rail cap 30 x 150 2 0,009
Total 0,136 m
Gross volume timber = 0,136 x 13 x 1.5 = 2.65 m3
Gross volume plywood = 0,066 x 13 x 1.2 = 1.03
Cost:Timber, 2.65 m37x 90,000 239,000Plywood, 1,03 m- x 220,000 227,000Fastenings 70,000Epoxy glue 15 kg X 3,200 48,000Paint, etc,Flotation 0,4 m
40,00021,000
Total materials 645,000
Labour cost:4 men x 2 months x 15,000 120,000
Overhead + profit 150,000
Total 915,000
Weight timber per m = 0,136 x 700 = 95kgWeight plywood per in = 0,066 x 750 = 50kg
12E
ST
RIP
PLA
NK
ING
+C
OLD
MO
ULD
ED
Fra
me
spac
ing
800
Ox6
00
70x7
00
2x15
PLw
.
30x2
00
69
Appendix 12E
WEIGHT AND COST
WOOD - STRIP + COLD PIOULDED
No. Item Dimension Quantity Volume(mm) rn
1 Floor 45 x 200 x 1200 1
2 Side frame 45 x 130 x 850 2 0,012
3 Gusset 15 p1w
4 Keel 70 x 700 1 0,049
5 Rubbing strake 25 x 7O0 1 0,0186 Strip plank,
bottom25 x 700 2 0,035
7 Strip plank, side 15 x 700 2 0,021
8 Veneers 3 x 2600 3 -9 Rubbing strip 30 x 45 2 0,003
10 Coaming 30 x 90 2 0,00511 Thwart 40 x 600 x 1900 1 0,03812 Rail cap 30 x 200 2 0,012
Total 0,207 rn3
Weight timber per rn = 0,207 rn3 X 700 kg/rn3 145 kg
Weight veneer = 0,023 x 700 kg/rn3 = .6 kg
Total weight per m 161 kg
Weight of hull = 161 X 13 = 2090 kg± i'astenings etc. = 150 kg
= 2240 kg
Quantity of sawn timber : 0,207 X 13 x 1,5 = 4,04 rn3
Quantity of veneers : 0,023 X 13 1,5 = 0,45
Cost: -
Timber, 4,04 m7x 90,000 = 364,ocoVeneers, 0,45 rn-> x 200,000 = 90,000Fastenings = 30,000Epoxy glue 80 kg x 3,200 = 256,000Paint, etc.
3 30,000Flotation 0,4 rn = 21,000
Total materials = 791,000Labour cost:4 men x 3 months x 15,000 = 180,000
Overhead + profit ' = 180,000
gotal 1,151,000
Fra
me
dist
ance
800
Bas
ic1x
300
+ 6
x600
71
Aonendix l2i'
WFIGHT AND COST
G2P
Weight 08MWeight resin = 31,3 x 2,5Weight of gelcoat
Total GNP materials
+ Wood
Weight per m length
Weight of hull = 143,9 x 13
Materials:Chopped strand mat, CSI+ 12% wastage
Total CS1"J
Polyester resin+ 12% wastage
CSM Total Area 05Mg/m2 g/m2 m' kg
Per m length : kg
31,3mr- 7(Oh,)07
= 111,9
= 32,0
= 143,9
= 1870 kg
407 kg49 kg
I r+)0
1018 kg122 kg
1 Basic lay up 1 x 300 + 6 x 600 3900 4,3 16,82 Bottom
reinforcement 4 x 600 2400 2,8 6,73 Keel
reinforcement 4 X 600 2400 1,2 2,94 Sheer
reinforcement 1 X 300 ± 6 x 600 3900 0,5 2,05 Frame 1 x 300 + 3 x 600 2100 1,4 2,9
Total 31,36 Wooden thwarts 40 x 600 x 1900 = 0,038 m7 Rubbing strake 50 x 80 x 2 = 0,008 m2
Total wood 0,046 m3
Total Dolyester resin
Wood : 0,046 m + 1,5
1140 kg
0,069 m3
Flotation materialCost:
Chopped strand mat 456 kg x 1,400 = 635,000Polyester resin 1140 kg x 1,200 = 1,368,000Gelcoat 35 kg 2,000 = 70,000Timber 0,069 m) 90,000 = 6,000Flotation 1,8 m = 94,000Total materials = 2,176,000Labour: 4 men x 0,5 month x 20,000 40,000Overhead + profit = 200,000
Total = 2,416,000
= 6uieds w
eJj
NflIN
INfl1V
J ZL
73
Aprendix 12G
rEIGEiT AND COST
ALUN IN lUN
Frame spacing : Transverse = 080 m Longitudinal = O6O m
No. Item Dimension No Weight(mm) kg
i Floor 4 x 260 X 800 1 2,32 Bottom frame 4 x 220 x 600 2 2,93 Side frame 4 x 200 x 600 2 2,64 Keel plate 8 x 750 1 16,25 Bottom plate 6 x 600 2 21,16 Side plate 4 x 650 2 14,07 Keel 5 X 50 X 100 2 5,48 Keel reinforcement .8 x 100 2 4,39 Chine reinforcement 63 x 5 1 2,5
10 Sheer tube 80 x 5 2 6,4
Total materials - -I Qfl'-?- J_,(_)/( ,
Labour cost:4 men x 1 month x 20,000 = 80,000
Overhead + profit = 300,000
Total = 2,277,000
Total 7r? y
ii Wooden thwarts 40x600x1900 0,038Weight aluminium/m = 77,7 kgWeight wooden thwarts/m = 22,0 kg
Weight of hull/m = 99,7 kg
Weight of hull = 99,7 x 15 = 1296 kg
Net weight aluminium plates 825 kg+ wastage 15% = 124 kg
Total plates = 949 kg
Net weight aluminium extrusions 186 kg+ wastage 15% = 28 kg
Total extrusions = 214 kg
Net volume timber = 0,038+ wastage 50% Total = 0,057 m-
Cost:
Aluminium plates, 949 kg x 1,500 = 1,424,000Aluminium extruions, 214 kg x 1,700 = 364,000Timber, 0,057 m-' x 90,000 = 5,000Flotation 2,0 m3 104,000
74
DRA WING S
l5l rn Ghana Canoe - Poli net
GKA-1 No i General Arrangement
GHA-i No. 2 Lines
GHA-i No. 3 Stability
GRA-i No0 4- Poli purseseining
GHA-i No 0 5 Manu±'acture
l4O rn Ghana Canoe - Watsa net
GHA-2 No. i General Arrangement
GHA-3 No. i Handling on the beach
GHA-3 No0 2 Methods of planking
SA
O
SC
ALE
1005
01
2
____
____
____
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+50e
3m
L. 0
05'
.t
Set
'0,0
5 '5
e ca
noe
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Parti culars
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all
LOA
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190
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epth
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110m
Tob
t num
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plac
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t lig
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rew
12
men
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atem
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oad
.550
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Out
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so S
pS
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pend
00 n
5' s
Can
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red
at C
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15.1 m Ghana Canoe
GENERAL ARRANGEMENT
120
0e,
fHA i
Li
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çt S
pace
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ooS
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lop
of
Knu
ckle
-
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8
r-.
500
910
B u
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Par
ticul
ars
120
(,O
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Oep
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CU
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o 8M
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6 In
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--I
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rd m
inim
umF
=O
55
mi-
Oiu
plac
emen
tu
5 bo
nne
RA
TIO
S W
L-C
L/8/
68V
/tOlL
l°28
Out
boar
derig
ine
40 h
p, S
ervi
ce s
peed
at V
,í'/ 0
3, V
B O
kno
5.1
m G
hana
Can
oe
LIN
ES
GH
A-1
2
32
LOA
1510
m
BM
On
190
m
Leng
th o
ver
all
Bea
m r
ioul
ded
2
Ois
plac
enl
in to
nne
56
7B
3.6 fannie
77
/
T
iA'
0
.
/G Zr 0,11
\32 \)( 1,08 m- 'Àt
WORST STABILITY CONDITION
Crew of 12 men standing on the thwarts and pullingthe nef over the side.At 30 angle of heel, the righting moment RM r' G ZRM = 3600 kg x 0.11 m r 400 kgm The maximum pull from
the net can be 370 kgbefore the canoe capsizes.The crew compensates by shifting position.At 40° angIe of heel water starts to come overthe side and stability is lost.
i Maximum pull r 370 kg
10 20 30 ¿Q 50 60
Angle of heel
0'0
0,30
020
EN 010
o-Buoy -
Poli net 1985 250 15 fathoms
1 Setting the purseseine
3 CLosing the net slowly and hauling the buoy rope.
DEVELOPMENT OF
Coiled Oiirseiine
- Jais roc e ir.iJo 'h 'aari err saes
Method shown is as observed on a fishing tripfrom Accra beachDeparture at 0100, Return at 0800
Mesh site ma
Sourte ADoG Str
78
im
P UP S E SE NE
1990
Buoy rope I not purselJnel
2 Dropping the end buoy and going back to the first buoy
Remouabie purseline iead
HaJt purseiine
.L9oid purseiine und drops n water
4 Hauling the purseline
Loedoiqot catchin compartments lined with fishnet
15.1 m Ghana canoe
POLI PURSESEINING
DESIGN 7- z/6---b"-Griinsiad, iuiy 1990
Purseline eue:around z ai
s e,Ci
S Hauling the net 6 Brailing
8 Recoiling half of the purselinerhe purseiine s carried from the canoe lo the store
7 Re stacking half of the purselineutter ref urlsinq to the beach
Poli net 1990 400 50 fathoms -canoe
SCALE DESIGN NO DRAWING NO
GHA i 4
4- 1
Men
pus
hing
The
gan
try
nan
also
be
plac
ed a
lt
Wrig
ht o
t o a
non
:000
kg
Slo
pe s
how
n is
16
g
SIo
pefo
oeis
100
06g
600
kg
Fric
tion
torc
e be
twee
n th
e ca
noe,
rol
lers
and
plan
ksW
eigh
t of c
anoe
o F
rictio
n co
effic
ient
Fric
tion
coef
ficie
nt o
n to
llero
005
Fric
tion
forc
e00
0001
565
0 kq
Fric
tion
coef
ficie
nt o
n sa
nd0,
5-0.
7F
rictio
n fe
rne
on s
end
1500
- 20
0010
g
Eye
bol
ted
fo c
anoe
The
can
oe m
oons
1.0
m fo
r ea
ch p
uT
he fe
et a
re th
en r
educ
ed io
leog
lan
d sw
ung
forw
ard
for
anot
her
p
1000
Tot
al
Iota
12m
m O
alva
nw
ire
30 -
40 m
en
Slo
pe fo
rce
Fric
tion
forc
eP
ullin
g on
Tw
o ro
pes
500
kg45
0 kg
950
kg
ST
RA
IGH
T P
ULL
30-
60 M
EN
GA
NT
RY
LEV
ER
AG
Em
1:2
,6
pulli
ng O
n tu
o ro
pes
L R
atch
et w
inch
1:7
PO
RT
AB
LE W
INC
H
LEV
ER
AG
E n
17
i can
als
o br
pow
ered
by
a lig
htue
ight
pet
rol e
ngin
e
0000
0er
still
req
uire
d as
bal
last
8 m
en
--P
lyw
ood
plat
form
with
san
d an
chor
s
mar
e pu
lling
unc
ross
bar
s
Win
ch a
nd p
latfo
rm m
ust b
e lig
ht e
noug
hfo
r 6
men
to c
arry
lioa
e o
120
kg I
bloc
ked
to s
and
anch
or-
oD
I
SE
EN
FR
OM
A8O
V
A
FI)
0 E
NG
INE
DR
IVE
N W
INC
H O
R M
AN
UA
L C
AP
ST
AN
-- E
ngin
e dr
icen
win
ch o
r m
anua
l cap
stan
14
men
I
GA
NT
RY
SE
EN
igo
tt ot
to- G
anT
ry m
ade
rom
alu
min
ium
Can
oe fi
ned
to g
antr
yat
Ihis
poi
nt
- Q
uick
rel
ease
to r
educ
ele
oght
ol
eel
SC
ALE
DE
SIG
N -
GR
lt-IS
TA
O,A
U5
teto
Gha
na C
anoe
BE
AC
H H
AU
LIN
G00
5lbR
NO
Ipoy
Wlta
o N
O
GH
A-3
i
Z -
JO
INT
Syl
ine
mad
e fr
omhi
gh d
ensi
ty p
olye
thyl
ene
Nyl
on m
osqu
ito n
ettin
g __
Jan
d bi
faam
asfic
com
ptun
d
SP
LIN
E
DO
UB
LE P
LAN
KIN
G
SO
ME
ME
TH
OD
S O
F A
CH
IEV
ING
WA
TE
RT
IGH
TN
ES
S A
ND
IRA
NS
FE
R O
F F
OR
CE
S B
ET
WE
EN
PLA
NK
S
Bat
ten
mad
e fr
omhi
gh d
onsi
fy y
elpe
thyl
one
Ser
rate
d un
ders
ide
hmm
Ply
uood
Bi f
uro
es t
io Hot
dip
gal
vani
zed
nail
SH
IP L
AP
BA
TT
EN
(in
side
)
o
SH
EA
TH
ING
HO
I dip
gal
vani
zed
stee
l J
Sta
ples
mad
e tr
en li
ef d
ip g
alva
nize
d st
eel
er tr
en s
tain
less
ste
el
DO
WE
LT
EN
ON
Hot
diy
gal
vuni
znd
nail
'AIt
AllS
nqq
gST
RIP
PLA
NK
ING
SC
ALE
Of P
iStil
i4&
eufd
Gha
na C
anoe
PLA
NK
ING
SE
RR
AT
ED
Met
hod
vise
d in
Indi
a
Sul
king
gro
ove
DR
AW
ING
DE
S IS
H H
O
2G
HA
3
FOREST
Tree of 1,6 m diameterand 30m length of logcan give one 15 m canoeand one 9 m canoe
VILLAGE
The dugout is finishedfopside plankingstarted
TRANSPORT FROM THE FO T TO THE VILLAGE
Topside plankingcomplete
Top s culsheer curcha in saw
i correctusing Outside shape is cut Inside hollowed outd adze, and rounded,
151m Ghana Canoe
1 rt s ins f aIledMANUFACTURE
SCAL DESiGN NO ORAiNG NO
DESiGN :
GHA-i 5GRIMSTAO -
SC
ALE
IO05
0
1h05
h10
SE
CT
ION
\rec
laIr
,
LeeO
I;ne
re'
CO
NS
tItli
C T
IO
agth
nie
r' al
lO
lear
n m
acW
edD
epth
ran
ulde
dE
cha
rrue
nber
lIth
OL0
AO
rspi
acer
cron
l IrI
rIC
rew
12
men
Pur
se n
ene
,Wun
saO
mpl
acem
ent h
alt l
oad
Cut
brca
rd e
rgin
eS
ervi
ce s
peed
A
Ii'r,
Pur
elc,
e -, PA
RI I
C (
IL A
RS
Can
oe r
naan
urnd
at A
d
LOA
140m
8110
2 C
C n
r
0110
- 1
15 r
a01
10,0
110,
322
nr
2000
kg
050
kg50
0 kç
6150
kg
40 S
pO
kea
ts
14.0
m G
hana
Can
oe-
Wat
sa
etni
cod
GE
NE
RA
L A
RR
AN
GE
ME
NT
.1I
20C
lSIL
hrre
rLU
nAtr
15G
,i
GH
A-2
LIS
TE
DE
S R
APP
OR
TS
DIP
A -
LIS
T O
F lO
AF
RE
POR
TD
ocum
ents
de
trav
ail/W
orki
ng p
aper
s
De
Gra
auw
, IL
A.,
Etu
de d
e pr
éfac
tibili
té te
chni
que
de l'
amén
age-
1985
men
td'
abri
spo
urla
pêc
he m
ariti
me
artis
anal
eau
Bén
in. C
oton
ou, P
roje
t DIP
A. 5
5 p.
, DIP
A/W
P/1.
Bla
ck M
icha
ud, M
.J.,
l4is
sion
d'id
entif
icat
ion
des
com
mun
auté
s19
85lit
tora
les
de p
êche
urs
artis
ans
au B
énin
.C
oton
ou,
Proj
et D
IPA
, 24
p., D
IPA
/WP/
2.
Gui
bran
dsen
, O.A
., Pr
elim
inar
y ac
coun
t of
atte
mpt
s L
o in
trod
uce
1985
alte
rnat
ive
type
sof
smal
l cra
ftin
to W
est A
fric
a.C
oton
ou, l
OA
F Pr
ojec
t, 51
p.,
DA
F/W
P/3.
Gul
bran
dsen
, O.A
., U
n co
mpt
e-re
ndu
prél
imin
aire
sur
les
tent
ati-
1985
ves
d'in
trod
uire
des
type
sal
tern
atif
sde
petit
esem
barc
atio
ns e
n A
friq
ue d
e l'O
uest
.C
oton
ou,
Proj
etD
IPA
, 53
p., D
IPA
/WP/
3.
Jori
on P
.J.M
., T
he in
flua
nco
of s
ocio
-eco
nom
ie a
nd c
ultu
ral
1985
stru
ctur
es o
n sm
all-
scal
e co
asta
l fis
heri
es d
evel
opm
ent
in B
énin
. Cot
onou
, Pro
jet D
IPA
, 59
p., I
DA
F/W
P/4.
Jori
on P
.J .M
., L
' inf
luen
ce d
es s
truc
ture
s so
cio-
écon
omiq
ues
1965
le d
ével
oppe
men
t des
pêc
hes
artis
anal
es s
ur le
adu
Bén
in. C
oton
nu, P
roje
t DIP
A, 5
9 p.
, DIP
A/W
P/4.
Tan
dber
g, A
., Pr
elim
inar
y as
sess
men
t of
the
nutr
ition
al s
ituat
ion
1986
ofsu
bsis
tenc
e fi
shen
nen'
sfa
mili
es. C
oton
ou,
Proj
etD
IFA
, 31
p. I
DA
F/W
P/5.
Wijk
stro
m, O
., R
ecyc
lage
des
per
sonn
els
pêch
e en
ges
tion
et c
omp-
1986
tabi
lité.
Cot
onou
, Pro
jet D
IPA
, 25
p. D
IPA
/WP/
6.
Col
lart
, A.,
Dev
elop
men
t pla
nnin
g fo
r sm
all-
scal
e fi
sher
ies
in19
86W
est A
fric
a, p
ract
ical
and
soc
io-e
cono
mic
asp
ects
of
fish
pro
duct
ion
and
proc
essi
ng. C
oton
ou, l
OA
F Pr
ojec
t,34
p.,
IDA
F/W
P/7.
Col
lait,
A.,
Plan
ific
atio
n du
dév
elop
pem
ent d
es p
êche
s ar
tisan
e-19
66le
s en
Afr
ique
de
l'oue
st ;
prod
uctio
n et
trai
tem
ent d
upo
isso
n,se
s as
pect
s rn
atér
iels
,tech
niqu
eset
soc
io-
écon
omiq
ues.
Cot
onou
, Pro
jet D
IPA
, 67
p. D
TPA
/WP/
7.
Van
der
Mee
ren,
A.J
.L.,
Soci
o-ec
oncm
ic a
spec
ts o
f in
tegr
ated
f i-
1985
sher
ies
deve
lopm
ent
inru
ral
fish
ing
villa
ges.
Cor
onou
, lO
AF
Proj
ect,
29 p
., ID
AF/
WP/
8.
mur
côte
s
2
Hal
ing,
L.J
., et
Wijk
stro
m, O
., L
as d
ispo
nibi
lites
en
mat
érie
l19
86po
ur la
péc
ha a
rtis
anal
e. C
oton
au, P
roje
t DIP
A, 4
7 p.
,D
IPA
/WP/
9.
Ake
ster
S.J
., D
esig
n an
d tr
ial o
f sa
iling
rig
s fo
r ar
tisan
al f
i-19
86sh
erie
s cf
Sie
rra
Leo
ne. C
oton
ou, l
OA
F Pr
ojec
t, 3l
p.,
IDA
F/W
P/lO
-
Vét
illar
t, R
., R
appo
rt d
etud
e pr
élim
inar
ie s
ur l'
amén
agem
ent d
'un
1986
abri
pour
lapê
che
mar
itim
e ar
tisan
ale
a C
oton
ou.
Cot
onou
, Pro
jet P
IPA
, 31
p., D
IPA
/WP/
11.
Van
Hoo
f, L
., Sm
all-
scal
e fi
sh p
rodu
ctio
n an
d m
arke
ting
in S
hen-
1986
ge,
Sier
raL
eone
.C
oton
ou,
lOA
FPr
ojec
t,36
p.,
IDA
F/W
P/l2
.
Eve
rett,
G.v
., A
ri o
utlin
e of
Wes
t Afr
ican
sm
all-
scal
e fi
sher
ies.
1986
Cot
onou
, lO
AF
Proj
ect.
32 p
., ID
AF/
WP/
13.
Bla
ck-M
icha
ud, J
., et
J. J
ohns
on, P
artic
ipat
ion
com
mun
auta
ire
aux
1987
proj
ets
inté
grés
dea
pêc
hes
artis
anal
es. E
n co
urs
depr
épar
atio
n (D
IPA
/WP/
14).
Ano
n.,
Rep
ort o
f th
e se
cond
ID
AF
liais
on o
ffic
ers
mee
ting;
1987
Free
tow
n,Si
erra
Leo
ne(l
i-
14N
ovem
ber
1986
).co
tono
u, lO
AF
Proj
ect,
66 p
., ID
AF/
WP/
l5.
Ano
n.,
Com
pte-
rend
u de
la d
euxi
ème
réun
ion
des
offi
cier
s de
1987
liais
ondu
DIP
A.
Cot
onou
,Pr
ojet
DIP
A,
27p.
,D
IPA
/WP/
16.
Cam
pbel
l, N
.J.,
Rep
ort o
f th
e pr
epar
ator
y te
chni
cal m
eetin
g on
1987
prop
ulsi
on in
fis
hing
can
oes
in W
est A
fric
a (F
reet
own,
15-1
8N
ovem
ber
l986
).C
oton
ou,
lOA
F Pr
ojec
t,88
p.,
IDA
F/W
P/l7
.
Dav
y D
.B.,S
eam
ansh
ip, S
ailin
g an
d M
otor
isat
ion.
Cot
onou
, ID
AF
1987
Proj
ect,
85 p
. ,1D
AF/
WP/
lB.
Anu
si-D
o'i,
B.,
and
3. W
ood,
Obs
erva
tions
on
fish
ing
met
hods
in19
88W
est A
fric
a. C
oton
ou, T
hAF
Proj
ect,
53 p
., ID
AF/
WP/
19.
Ano
n.,
Rep
ort o
f th
e th
ird
ThA
I' lia
ison
off
icer
s m
eetin
g (C
o-19
88to
neu,
2 -
4 D
ecem
ber
1987
). C
oton
ou, L
OA
F Pr
ojec
t, 88
p., I
DA
F/W
P/2O
.
Ana
r..,
Com
pte-
rend
u de
la tr
oisi
ème
réun
ion
des
offi
cier
s de
1988
liais
on d
u D
IRA
(2-
4 D
écem
bre
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). C
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roje
tPI
PA, 8
5 p.
, 01R
A/M
P/PO
.
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ries
in
Ghana.
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IDAF
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69
P.,
IDAF/WP/21.
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1988
IDAF Project, 41 p., IDAF/WP/22.
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1988
l'Ouest. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 44 p. DIPA/WP/22.
Coackley, A.D.R., Observations on small fishing craft develop-
1989
ments in West Africa.
Cotonou, IDAF Project,
22 p.,
IDAF/WP/23.
Zinsou, J. et W. Wentholt, Guide pratique pour la construction et
1989
l'introduction du fumoir
"chorkor".
Cotonou,
Projet
DIPA, 33 p., DIPA/WP/24.
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1989
and introduction of the chorkor smoker. Cotonou, IDAF
Project, 29 p., IDAF/WP/24.
Chauveau, J.P., F. Verdeaux, E. Charles-Dominique et J.M. Haakon-
1989
sen,
Bibliographie sur
les communautés de pêcheurs
d'Afrique de l'Ouest
-Bibliography on the fishing
communities in West-Africa. Cotonou, Projet DIPA - IDAF
Project, 220 p., DIPA-IDAF/WP/25.
Everett, G.V., Small-scale fisheries development issues in West
1989
Afrïca. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 47 p., IDAF/WP/26.
Haakonsen, J.M., et W. Wentholt, La pêche lacustre au Gabon. Co-
1989
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1990
sheries craft, propulsion, gear and security in the
IDAF region ; Cotonou, 25 - 26 September 1989. Cotonou,
IDAF Project, 111 p., IDAF/WP/28.
Anon.
Report of the fourth IDAF liaison officers meeting (Da-
1990
kar,
21
-23 November 1989). Cotonou, IDAF Project,
135 p., IDAF/WP/29.
Anon.
Compte-rendu de la quatrième réunion des officiers de
1990
liaison
du
DIPA.
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121
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DIPA/WP/29 -
1-loundékon, B.R., D.E. Tempelman et IJf f A.M., Report of round ta-
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ble
meeting
on
women's
activities
and
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12
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+annexes,
IDAF/WP/30.
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1990
re
sur les activités
féminines et
le développement
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en Afrique de l'Ouest. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 14 p., +
annexes, DIPA/WP/30.
A.M. IJf f, Socio-economic conditions in Nigerian fishing communi-
1990
ties - Based on studies along the Benin and 1mo river
estuaries. Cotonou, IDAF Project, ll3p., IDAF/WP/3l.
M.0. Okpanef e, A. Abiodun and J.M. Haakonsen, The fishing commu-
1991
ruties of the Benin River estuary area: Results from a
village survey in Bendel State, Nigeria. Cotonou, IDAF
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Anon.,
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