cancer survival in africa, asia, the caribbean and central america

Cancer Survival in Cancer Survival in

Africa, Asia, the Caribbean Africa, Asia, the Caribbean

and Central Americaand Central America

International Agency for Research on CancerWorld Health Organization

Edited by:

R. Sankaranarayanan, MD

R. Swaminathan, MSc, PhD

IARC Scientific Publications

No. 162

Cancer Survival in

Africa, Asia, the Caribbean

and Central America

Also available online at http://survcan.iarc.fr

http://survcan.iarc.fr

INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) was established in 1965 by the World Health Assembly, as anindependently financed organization within the framework of the World Health Organization. The headquarters of theAgency are at Lyon, France.

The Agency conducts a programme of research concentrating particularly on the epidemiology of cancer and the study ofpotential carcinogens in the human environment. Its epidemiological studies are supplemented by studies of the mechanismsof carcinogenesis carried out in the Agency's laboratories in Lyon. The promotion of collaborative research among scientistsworldwide is a strong feature of the Agency's activities. The Agency also conducts a programme for the education andtraining of personnel for cancer research.

The publications of the Agency are intended to contribute to the dissemination of authoritative information on differentaspects of cancer research. Information about IARC publications and how to order them is also available via the Internet at:http://www.iarc.fr/


Cancer Survival in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean

and Central America

Edited byR. Sankaranarayanan, MD

R. Swaminathan, MSc, PhD

IARC Scientific Publications No. 162

International Agency for Research on CancerLyon, 2011

International Agency for Research on Cancer

World Health Organization

Published by the International Agency for Research on Cancer,150 cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon cédex 08, France

© International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2011

Distributed by WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland

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IARC Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Sankaranarayanan, R. (Rengaswamy)

Cancer survival in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean and Central America / edited by R. Sankaranarayanan, R. Swaminathan.

(IARC Scientific Publications; 162)

1. Africa - epidemiology 2. Asia - epidemiology 3. Central America - epidemiology4. Caribbean Region - epidemiology 5. Neoplasms - epidemiology 6. Neoplasms - mortality 7. Survival Rate I. R Swaminathan II. Title III. Series

ISBN 978 92 832 21 62 3 (NLM Classification W1)ISSN 0300-5085

Design and layout: K. Guinot

Printed in France


Contents

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

List of contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

Chapter 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Sankaranarayanan R

Chapter 2 Stastistical methods for cancer survival analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Swaminathan R and Brenner H

Chapter 3 Loss-adjusted hospital and population-based survival of cancer patients . . . . . . . 15Ganesh B, Swaminathan R, Mathew A, Sankaranarayanan R and Hakama M

Chapter 4 Cancer survival in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean and Central America:Database and attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Swaminathan R, Lucas E and Sankaranarayanan R

Chapter 5 Cancer survival in Hong Kong SAR, China, 1996−2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Law SC and Mang OW

Chapter 6 Cancer survival in Qidong, China, 1992−2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Chen JG, Zhu J, Zhang YH and Lu J

Chapter 7 Cancer survival in Shanghai, China, 1992−1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Xiang YB, Jin F and Gao YT

Chapter 8 Cancer survival in Tianjin, China, 1991−1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Xishan H, Chen K, Min H, Shufen D and Jifang W

Chapter 9 Cancer survival in Costa Rica, 1995−2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Ortiz-Barboza A, Gomez L, Cubero C, Bonilla G and Mena H

Chapter 10 Cancer survival in Cuba, 1994−1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Garrote LF, Alvarez YG, Babie PT, Yi MG, Alvarez MG and Cicili ML

Chapter 11 Cancer survival in The Gambia, 1993−1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Bah E, Sam O, Whittle H, Ramanakumar A and Sankaranarayanan R

Chapter 12 Cancer survival in Barshi, India, 1993−2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Jayant K, Nene BM, Dinshaw KA, Badwe RA, Panse NS and Thorat RV

Chapter 13 Cancer survival in Bhopal, India, 1991−1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107Dikshit R, Kanhere S and Surange S

Chapter 14 Cancer survival in Chennai (Madras), India, 1990−1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115Swaminathan R, Rama R, Nalini S and Shanta V

V


Chapter 15 Cancer survival in Karunagappally, India, 1991−1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125Jayalekshmi P, Gangadharan P and Sebastian P

Chapter 16 Cancer survival in Mumbai (Bombay), India, 1992−1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133Yeole BB, Kurkure AP and Sunny L

Chapter 17 Cancer survival in South Karachi, Pakistan, 1995−1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Bhurgri Y

Chapter 18 Cancer survival in Manila, Philippines, 1994−1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Laudico A and Mapua C

Chapter 19 Breast cancer survival in Rizal, Philippines, 1996−1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151Esteban DB, Lumague RM and Laudico AV

Chapter 20 Cancer survival in Busan, Republic of Korea, 1996−2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Shin HR, Lee DH, Lee SY, Lee JT, Park HK, Rha SH, Whang IK, Jung KW, Won YJ and Kong HJ

Chapter 21 Cancer survival in Incheon, Republic of Korea, 1997−2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163Woo ZH, Hong YC, Kim WC and Pu YK

Chapter 22 Cancer survival in Seoul, Republic of Korea, 1993−1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171Ahn YO and Shin MH

Chapter 23 Breast cancer survival in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 1994−1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Hamdan NA, Ravichandran K and Dyab AR

Chapter 24 Cancer survival in Singapore, 1993−1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183Chia KS

Chapter 25 Cancer survival in Chiang Mai, Thailand, 1993−1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199Sumitsawan Y, Srisukho S, Sastraruji A, Chaisaengkhum U, Maneesai P and Waisri N

Chapter 26 Cancer survival in Khon Kaen, Thailand, 1993−1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211Suwanrungruang K, Vatanasapt P, Kamsa-Ard S, Sriamporn S and Wiangnon S

Chapter 27 Cancer survival in Lampang, Thailand, 1990−2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217Martin N, Pongnikorn S, Patel N and Daoprasert K

Chapter 28 Cancer survival in Songkhla, Thailand, 1990−1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227Sriplung H and Prechavittayakul P

Chapter 29 Cancer survival in Izmir, Turkey, 1995−1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237Eser S

Chapter 30 Cancer survival in Kampala, Uganda, 1993−1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243Wabinga H, Parkin DM, Nambooze S and Amero J

Chapter 31 Cancer survival in Harare, Zimbabwe, 1993−1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249Chokunonga E, Borok MZ, Chirenje ZM, Nyabakau AM and Parkin DM

Chapter 32 An overview of cancer survival in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean and Central America: the case for investment in cancer health services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

Sankaranarayanan R, Swaminathan R, Jayant K and Brenner H

VI


Foreword

The success of early detection and cancer treatmentmay be measured by improvements in survival fromcancer. Long-term survival reflects cure and is apositive measure that can be used by planners andhealth professionals to discuss the outcome of cancerdiagnosis and treatment. It is also the result of mostinterest to patients, their families and the generalpublic.

Cancer survival estimated from hospitals and clinicaltrial settings at best reflects the selectiveexperience of groups of patients in specific settings,and cannot be generalized as reflecting the overallefficiency of the cancer health services in a givenregion or country. On the other hand, estimates ofpopulation-based survival based on all cancerpatients diagnosed by all means in a givengeographical region or country incorporate theinfluence of different socio-economic factors,natural histories, health-seeking behaviours,awareness, early detection practices and treatmentavailability and accessibility. Therefore, suchestimates reflect the general efficiency of cancerhealth services and provide a key indicator ofprogress in cancer control in a given region. Suchestimates can be derived from studying the survivalexperience of cancer patients registered inpopulation-based cancer registries.

Comparative data on cancer survival from differentregions could serve as the baseline for futureimprovement, through adequate and determinedinvestments in improving awareness, health servicesinfrastructure and accessibility. Population-basedsurvival studies that have systematically analysed thesurvival outcomes of cancer patients are readilyavailable in Europe, North America and other more-developed regions. However, they are relatively rarefrom countries in Africa, Asia and Central America.This gap was offset to an extent by the appearance,in 1999, of the first volume of the InternationalAgency for Research on Cancer (IARC) scientificpublication on Cancer Survival in DevelopingCountries.

The Agency presents here the second volume in theseries, which includes survival data from 27 cancerregistries in 14 countries from Africa, Asia, theCaribbean and Central America. This study would nothave been possible without the availability ofpopulation-based cancer registries, thusunderscoring the urgent need for organizing suchinformation systems in sentinel populations in theleast-represented areas of sub-Saharan Africa,central Asia and the Middle East.

For this volume, the response from registries hasbeen overwhelming: the geographic coverage has awider representation, the number of registriesparticipating increased nearly threefold, and thenumber of cancer sites and incident cases analysedhas increased manifold compared to the first volume.This provides a unique example of cooperation at theinternational level for improvement in cancercontrol, and the Agency is proud to play its part inthis collaborative effort.

Considerable emphasis has been placed on improvingfollow-up for vital status of cancer patients byinstituting a variety of innovative active and passivefollow-up methods and on improving overall dataquality by appropriate validation studies, althoughsome level of overestimation of survival cannot beruled out. The understanding and applicability ofcancer survival estimates can be further improved bybetter collection of data for clinical stage andtreatment of cancer as well as for vital status by thepopulation-based cancer registries.

The striking inequalities in cancer survival betweencountries and within countries described in thisvolume are largely related to the differences ingeneral awareness, availability of early detectionpractices, trained human resources, diagnosis andtreatment and the development and accessibility tocancer services, as well as, to a lesser extent, toissues of data quality and reliability. The findingsdescribed in this scientific publication emphasize theneed for urgent and adequate investments incomprehensive cancer control, including improvingpublic and professional awareness, early detection,prompt treatment using locally feasible yet effectiveregimens, health services infrastructure and humanresources development, as well as ensuring referralpathways and improved and equitable accessibility tohealth services.

The differences in cancer survival reported inpopulations observed between and within countriesstudied in this volume provide valuable insights forfuture planning and investment by governments inprimary prevention activities, early detectioninitiatives and tertiary care to achieve meaningfulcancer control. They should also prove a stimulus tothose involved in cancer prevention and control toredouble their efforts to ensure that all cancerpatients have the best possible chance to survivetheir own experience of this disease.

Christopher P. WildDirector

VII


Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the generoussupport of the following organizations for this cancersurvival study:

• Association for International Cancer Research (AICR), St. Andrews, UK

• Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer (ARC) Villejuif, France

• The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation,Seattle, USA

We are thankful to all the personnel and agenciesinvolved in data acquisition for this multinationalstudy.

We are grateful to Ms. Evelyn Bayle, Ms. Odile Bouvy,Mr John Daniel, Ms. Krittika Guinot, Dr. Richard Muwonge and Dr. Catherine Sauvaget for their assistance in the preparation of thispublication.

Final analysis was carried out during the post-doctoral fellowship awarded by the InternationalAgency for Research on Cancer (IARC) to Dr. Rajaraman Swaminathan.

IX


List of contributors

Introductory chapters

Brenner HDivision of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging ResearchGerman Cancer Research Centre69115 HeidelbergGERMANYE-mail: [email protected]

Ganesh BDivision of Hospital Cancer Registry and BiostatisticsTata Memorial CentreE.Borges RoadMumbai 400012INDIAE-mail: [email protected]

Hakama MFinnish Cancer RegistryInstitute for Statistical and Epidemiological CancerResearchFI-00130 HelsinkiFINLANDE-mail: [email protected]

Jayant KBarshi Cancer RegistryNargis Dutt Memorial Cancer HospitalAgalgaon Road, Barshi 413401Solapur District. MaharashtraINDIAE-mail: [email protected]

Lucas EScreening GroupEarly Detection and Prevention SectionInternational Agency for Research on Cancer69008 LyonFRANCEE-mail: [email protected]

Mathew ADepartment of Clinical Research and EpidemiologyRegional Cancer CentreMedical College CampusThiruvananthapuram 695011INDIAE-mail: [email protected]

Sankaranarayanan RScreening GroupEarly Detection and Prevention SectionInternational Agency for Research on Cancer69008 LyonFRANCEE-mail: [email protected]

Swaminathan RDivision of Epidemiology and Cancer RegistryCancer Institute (W.I.A)Chennai 600036Tamil NaduINDIAE-mail: [email protected]

XI


List of contributors

Registry chapters

CHINA, Hong Kong SARHong Kong Cancer Registryc/o Department of Clinical OncologyQueen Elizabeth Hospital30 Gascoigne Road, KowloonHong Kong SARCHINATel: (852) 2958-6021Fax: (852) 2958-5559E-mail: [email protected]

CHINA, QidongQidong Cancer RegistryDepartment of EpidemiologyQidong Liver Cancer Institute785 Jianghai Zhong RoadQidong 226200 JiangsuCHINATel: (86) 513-833-46201Fax: (86) 513-830-86803E-mail: [email protected]

CHINA, ShanghaiShanghai Cancer RegistryShanghai Cancer Institute2200 Xie Tu RoadShanghai 200032CHINATel: (86) 21-6404-3057Fax: (86) 21-6404-1428E-mail: [email protected]

CHINA, TianjinTianjin Cancer RegistryDepartment of EpidemiologyTianjin Cancer Institute & HospitalHuanhu Xi Road Tiyuan Bei, Hexi district, Tianjin 300060CHINATel: (86) 22-23340123 Ext 5226Fax: (86) 22-23359984E-mail: [email protected]

XIII


Law SCMang OW

Chen JGZhu JZhang YHLu JH

Xiang YBJin FGao YT

Xishan HChen KMin HShufen DJifang W

XIV


COSTA RICAUniversidad de Costa RicaSede Rodrigo FacioEscuela de Salud PúblicaSan Predro Montes de OcaSan JoséCOSTA RICATel: (506) 351-7760Fax: (506) 221-1167E-mail: [email protected]

CUBARegistro Nacional de Cancer de CubaInstituto Nacional Oncologia y Radiobiologia29 y F VedadoCP 10 400 La HabanaCUBATel: (53) 7-552584Fax: (53) 7-552593E-mail: [email protected]

THE GAMBIANational Cancer Registry, The Gambiac/o IARC-Gambia Hepatitis Intervention StudyMRC Laboratories, FajaraP.O.Box 273, BanjulTHE GAMBIATel: (220) 495229Fax: (220) 496117E-mail: [email protected]

INDIA, BarshiBarshi Cancer RegistryNargis Dutt Memorial Cancer HospitalAgalgaon Road Barshi 413401Solapur District Maharashtra INDIA*Tata Memorial HospitalDr. E.Borges Road, Parel, Mumbai 400012INDIATel: (91) 2184-222699Fax: (91) 2184-226657E-mail: [email protected]

INDIA, BhopalBhopal Cancer RegistryDepartment of PathologyGandhi Medical CollegeBhopal INDIA*Tata Memorial HospitalDr. E.Borges Road, Parel, Mumbai 400012INDIATel: (91) 22-2413 9318Fax: (91) 22-2416 8440E-mail: [email protected]

Ortiz-Barboza AGómez LCubero CBonilla GMena H

Garrote LFAlvarez YGBabie PTYi MGAlvarez MGCecili ML

Bah ESam OWhittle HRamanakumar ASankaranarayanan R

Jayant KNene BMDinshaw KA*Badwe RA*Panse NSThorat RV

Dikshit R*Kanhere SSurange S

XV


INDIA, ChennaiMadras Metropolitan Tumour RegistryCancer Institute (WIA)38 Sardar Patel RoadChennai 600036INDIATel: (91) 44-22350131Fax: (91) 44-24912085E-mail: [email protected]

INDIA, KarunagappallyNatural Background Radiation RegistryVavvakkavu P.O.Karunagappally 690528Kollam District KeralaINDIATel: (91) 476-620609E-mail: [email protected]

INDIA, MumbaiBombay Cancer RegistryIndian Cancer Society74 Jerbai Wadia Road, ParelMumbai 400012INDIATel: (91) 22-4122351Fax: (91) 22-4122351E-mail: [email protected]

PAKISTAN, South KarachiKarachi Cancer RegistrySindh Government Services Hospital (Premises)M.A.Jinnah RoadKarachi 75600PAKISTANTel: (92) 21-5868421Fax: (92) 21-21-5868421E-mail: [email protected]

PHILIPPINES, ManilaManila Cancer RegistryPhilippine Cancer Society Inc.P.O.Box 3066310 San Rafael St., San Miguel1005 ManilaPHILIPPINESTel: (63) 2-734-2114Fax: (63) 2-734-2128E-mail: [email protected]

PHILIPPINES, RizalRizal Cancer Registry Department of HealthRizal Medical CenterPasig Boulevard, Pasig City1600 Metro Manila PHILIPPINESTel: (63) 2-532-1879Fax: (63) 2-532-1879E-mail: [email protected]

Swaminathan RRama RNalini SShanta V

Jayalekshmi PGangadharan P

Yeole BBKurkure APSunny L

Bhurgri Y

Laudico AMapua C

Esteban DBLumague RMLaudico A

XVI


REPUBLIC OF KOREA, BusanBusan Cancer RegistryDivision of Cancer Control and EpidemiologyNational Cancer Center Research Institute809 Madu-Dong, Ilsan-GuKoyangKyonggi 411-764REPUBLIC OF KOREATel: (82) 31-920-2003 Fax: (82) 31-920-1520E-mail: [email protected]

REPUBLIC OF KOREA, IncheonIncheon Cancer RegistryThe College of Medicine,Inha UniversityIncheonREPUBLIC OF KOREATel: 82-2-740-8394Fax: 82-2-747-4830Email: [email protected]

REPUBLIC OF KOREA, SeoulSeoul Cancer RegistryDepartment of Preventive MedicineSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulREPUBLIC OF KOREATel: (82) 2-740-8322Fax: (82) 2-764-9416E-mail: [email protected]

SAUDI ARABIA, RiyadhKing Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research CentreNon-Communicable Diseases Ministry of HealthRiyadhSAUDI ARABIATel: (966) 505482874E-mail: [email protected]

SINGAPORESingapore Cancer RegistryCentre for Molecular Epidemiologyc/o Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, National University of SingaporeMD3, 16 Medical DriveSINGAPORE 117597Tel: (65) 68744977Fax: (65) 67791489Email: [email protected]

THAILAND, Chiang MaiChiang Mai Tumour RegistryMaharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai HospitalFaculty of MedicineChiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai 50200THAILANDTel: (66) 53-947730Fax: (66) 53-217144E-mail: [email protected]

Shin HRLee DHLee SYLee JTPark HKRha SHWhang IKJung KWWon YJKong HJ

Woo ZHHong YCKim WCPu YK

Ahn YOShin MH

Hamdan NARavichandran KDyab AR

Chia KS

Sumitsawan YSrisukho SSastraruji AChaisaengkhum UManeesai PWaisri N

XVII

THAILAND, Khon KaenKhon Kaen Provincial Cancer RegistryCancer Unit, Srinagarind HospitalFaculty of MedicineKhon Kaen UniversityKhon Kaen, 40002THAILANDTel: (66) 43-202485Fax: (66) 43-202485E-mail: [email protected]

THAILAND, LampangLampang Cancer RegistryLampang Cancer Center, Lampang 52000THAILANDTel.: (66) 5433-5262 Ext.168Fax : (66) 5433-5273Email: [email protected]

THAILAND, SongkhlaSongkhla Cancer RegistryFaculty of MedicinePrince of Songkhla UniversityHat Yai, Songkhla 90110THAILANDTel: (66) 19901340Fax: (66) 74212900E-mail: [email protected]

TURKEY, IzmirIzmir Cancer RegistryIzmir Provincial Health DirectorateKIDEM, Il Saglik Mudurlugu35210 AlsancakIzmirTURKEYTel: (90) 232 4410571Fax: (90) 232 4418111E-mail: [email protected]

UGANDA, KampalaKampala Cancer RegistryDepartment of PathologyMakerere University Faculty of MedicineP.O.Box 7072 KampalaUGANDATel: (256) 41-531730Fax: (256) 41-245580E-mail: [email protected]

ZIMBABWE, HarareZimbabwe National Cancer RegistryParirenyatwa HospitalP.O.Box A 449Avondale, HarareZIMBABWETel: (263) 4-791631 Ext 152Fax: (263) 4-794445E-mail: [email protected]

Suwanrungruang KVatanasapt PKamsa-ard SSriamporn SWiangnon S

Martin NPongnikorn SPatel NDaoprasert K

Sriplung HPrechavittayakul P

Eser S

Wabinga HParkin DMNambooze SAmero J

Chokunonga EBrook MZChirenje ZMNyabakau AMParkin DM


ISBN 978 92 832 21 62 3

cancer survival in africa, asia, the caribbean and central america

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