a

R

Cancer

a

R

Lung

Breast (women)

Colon

BladderProstate (men) Fat

Bone

Muscle

Lymph nodes

Bloodstream

What are some different kinds of cancer?

a

R

How are Normal and Cancer Cell Division Different?

Cancer cell division

Normal cell division

a

R

How are normal and cancer growth different?

a

R

What is the difference between a

benign tumor and a malignant tumor?

Malignant

Time

Benign

a

R

Why are malignant tumors dangerous?

a

R

What is cancer screening?

a

R

Why is cancer screening important?

a

R

What are some types of cancer screening?

a

R

How is cancer diagnosed?

a

R

What is a biopsy?

How is the biopsy analyzed?

a

R

What does a pathologist look for examining biopsy tissue?

a

R

What does a pathologist look for when he examines biopsy tissue with a microscope?

Milddysplasia

Carcinoma in situ (severe dysplasia)

Cancer(invasive)

Normal

Hyperplasia

a

R

What is the relationship between

tumor grade and patient prognosis?

PatientSurvival

Rate

Years

High gradeIII or IV

Low gradeI or II

a

R

What does Stage III cancer mean?Five-Year Survival Rates forPatients with Melanoma (by stage)

Stage at Time of Initial Diagnosis

100%

50%

I II III

Stage III Cancer

a

R

What Causes Cancer?

a

R

How could you explain the differences in the cancer incidence in different countries?

a

R

Is the incidence of these cancers due to genes, behavior, or environmental risk?100

50

50

Stomach Cancer

U.S.Japan Japanese familiesin U.S.

100

70

7

0

Colon Cancer

U.S.Japan Japanese familiesin U.S.

a

R

What increases peoples’ risk of cancer?

Sunshine X-ray

a

R

How do you know if you have genes that make getting cancer more likely?

Genetic Testing

a

R

What happens to genes to cause cancer?

a

R

How do mutations in oncogenes lead to cancer?

Receptor

DNA

Cell proliferation

Cell nucleus

Transcriptionfactors

Signaling enzymes

Growth factor

a

R

How do mutations in tumor suppressor genes lead to cancer?

Tumor Suppressor Gene Proteins

DNA

Signalingenzymes Transcription

factors

Cell proliferation

a

R

How do mutations in the p53 gene lead to cancer?

a

R

How do mutations in DNA Repair Genes cause cancer?

a

R

What other kinds of mutations can lead to cancer?

Genes Implicated in Cancer

a

R

Why does cancer risk increase with age?

Risk

Age

Colon

Breast

a

R

What can people do to prevent cancer?

a

R

Does industrial pollution cause cancer?

a

R

Is There a Cancer "Epidemic"?

a

R

How would you answer each of these questions?