cancer incidence in five continents vol. x
TRANSCRIPT
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Edited by D. Forman, F. Bray, D.H. Brewster, C. Gombe Mbalawa, B. Kohler, M. Pieros,
E. Steliarova-Foucher, R. Swaminathan and J. Ferlay
Cancer Incidence inFive Continents Vol. X
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Published by the International Agency for Research on Cancer,150 cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2014
Distributed byWHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
(tel: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; email: [email protected]).
Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights reserved.
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization concerning the legal
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The mention of speci c companies or of certain manufacturers products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature
that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters.
The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this publication.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate IARC publications whether for sale or for non-commercial distribution should be addressed to the IARC
Communications Group, at: [email protected].
This book is available in electronic format fromhttp://www.iarc.fr/en/publications/pdfs-online/epi/index.php.
How to cite this publication:
General reference: Forman D, Bray F, Brewster DH, Gombe Mbalawa C, Kohler B, Pieros M, Steliarova-Foucher E, Swaminathan R, Ferlay J, editors (2014). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. X. IARC
Scienti c Publication o. 164. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer.
Reference to online information or material related to an individual registry: See pages 119120.
IARC Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Volume X / edited by D. Forman [et al.]
(IARC Scienti c Publications; 164)
1. eoplasms epidemiology 2. eoplasms prevention and controlI.Forman, D. II.Title III.Series
ISB 978-92-832-2165-4 ( LM Classi cation: W1)ISS 0300-5085
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Ibrahim Abd Elbar Seif EldinAhmed HablasMohammad Ramadan
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E. ChokunongaM.Z. Borok
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Vernica BaroJuan Jos Celi
Susana Graciela IbaezZunilda Duarte
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Mara Elena Umaa CidAna Mara Moraga Palacios
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Leticia Fernndez Garrote
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Karen RobbRiaz AlviHeather Stuart-Panko
Reda J. Wilson
Joseph D. RogersChristie R. Eheman
Simple D. SinghJessica B. King
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Marva Dement
Delores GreeneJudy HannaLeslie Dill
Paula MarshallAmanda MoranChristina PanickerAnne Pate
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Yu-Tong HeGuo-Hui Song
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Wei LuWeijian Zhong
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R. SwaminathanV. ShantaS. Balasubramanian
N.SridharS. SivakumarM. PanneerselvamT.S. Sambandam
P. SampathJ. Murugaiyan
A. Parimala
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Akiko IokaHideaki Tsukuma
Ayako MaedaRyoko MatanoKazuhiro Kosa
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Mary ChambersHarry Comber
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Stefania CaroliEnza Di Felice
Lucia MangoneAnnamaria Pezzarossi
Francesca Ferrari
Paolo Giorgi RossiMassimo Vicentini
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Goncalo Forjaz
Vitor Rodrigues
Ana SousaCarla RodriguesJorge CamaraJoao SilvaJose Cabral
Raul Rego
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THE MAPS
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2
Maps
South AtlanticOcean
Congo
AlgeriaLibya Egypt
Tunisia
Malawi
SouthAfrica
Angola
Botswana
Benin
Burundi
Chad
DemocraticRepublic of the
Congo
Cameroon
Comoros
Central African Republic
Cape Verde
Djibouti
Somalia
Kenya
Sudan
South Sudan
Eritrea
Mali
Wes
tern
Sah
ara
Morocco
Ethiopia
The Gambia
Gabon
EquatorialGuinea
Togo
Senegal
Cted'IvoireLiberia
Mauritania
Niger
Nigeria
GhanaSierra Leone
Guinea
Sao Tomeand Principe
Rwanda
United Rep. ofTanzania
Namibia
Zambia
Zimbabwe Mozam
bique
Mad
agas
car
Mauritius
Seychelles
BurkinaFaso
Guinea-Bissau
Swaziland
Lesotho
Runion,France
Mayotte, France
North AtlanticOcean
Gulf ofGuinea
Red Sea
Mediterranean Sea
IndianOcean
MozambiqueChannel
Uganda
Africa
Regional registries
National registries
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3
Maps
Algeria
Stif
Mediterranean
Sea
Morocco
Mauritania
Mali Niger
Tunisia
Libya
North
North Atlantic
Ocean
Libya Egypt
Mediterranean Sea
Benghazi
Gharbiah
Niger
Chad Sudan
Jordan
SyrianArab Rep.
SaudiArabia
Tunisia
Algeria
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Sea
Israel
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Maps
Malawi
ZimbabweMozambique
South Africa
Botswana
Zambia
DemocraticRepublic of the Congo
Mozambique
Channel
Blantyre
Harare
UnitedRepublic ofTanzania
SouthAfrica
Botswana
Lesotho
Swaz
iland
Zimbabwe
PROMEC
Namibia
Mozam
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South
Atlantic
Ocean
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5
Maps
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6
Maps
Mexico
South Atlantic
Ocean
Brazil
Uruguay
Chile
Argentina
Ecuador
Venezuela
Paraguay
Bolivia
Peru
Guyana
SurinameGuiana,France
Guatemala
El SalvadorNicaragua
Costa RicaPanama
Cuba
Jamaica
Haiti
HondurasBelize
DominicanRepublic
Trinidad and Tobago
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Ocean
PuertoRico, USA
Martinique,France
Guadeloupe,France
Grenada
Anguilla, UK
Dominica
Antigua andBarbuda
Caribbean
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Central and South America
Colombia
Regional registries
National registries
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7
Maps
Cuba
Jamaica Kingston and St Andrew
Caribbean Sea
North Atlantic
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Ecuador
Colombia
Quito
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Pasto
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Caribbean Sea
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Brazil
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South Atlantic
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Guiana, FranceGuyana
Venezuela
Colombia
Peru
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Argentina
ChileSouth
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ArgentinaChile
Brazil
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Bo BoProvince
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Mendoza
Crdoba
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United Statesof America
United Statesof America
Hawaii, USA
Canada
Greenland
Arctic Ocean
North Atlantic
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Ocean
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Regional registries
National registries
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10
Maps
Canada
BritishColumbia
North Atlantic
Ocean
United States ofAmerica
NorthwestTerritories
Yukon
Alberta
Manitoba
Ontario
Quebec
Arctic Ocean
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Nova Scotia
PrinceEdwardIsland
Newfoundlandand Labrador
United Statesof
America
Greenland
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SEER 9 and SEER 18
SEER 9 and SEER 18SEER 18
NPCR (42 states)
United States of AmericaWashington State
Canada
Mexico
North
Atlantic
Ocean
Oregon
Idaho
Montana
Arizona
Colorado
Texas
Oklahoma
Missouri
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Illinois
Wisconsin
Michigan
Rhode Island
MaineVermont
Massachusetts
AlabamaGeorgia
SouthCarolina
NorthCarolina
NorthDakota
SouthDakota
Wyoming
Nebraska
TennesseeArkansas
Delaware
New Hampshire
North
Pacific
Ocean
Gulf of Mexico
Alaska
Bahamas
Hawaii
Utah
New Mexico
New Orleans
IowaConnecticut
New Jersey
Seattle
San FranciscoBay Area
Los AngelesCounty Atlanta
Detroit
California
Florida
Indiana
Kentucky
Louisiana
Mississippi
New YorkState
VirginiaWest Virginia
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Maps
Afg
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stan
Arm
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Aze
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Ban
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12
Maps
Turkey
Mediterranean
Sea
Syrian Arab Republic
Antalya
Edirne
zmir
Trabzon
Black Sea
Iraq
Georgia
Armenia
Greece
IslamicRepublicof Iran
Israel
Arabian Sea
SaudiArabia
IslamicRepublicof Iran
Kuwait
Qatar
Bahrain
GolestanProvince
Yemen
Oman
Afghanistan
Caspian
Sea
Riyadh
Eritrea
Sudan
Egypt
Turkey
Azerbaijan
Turkmenistan
Pakistan
Red
Sea
Mediterranean
Sea
Syrian ArabRepublic
Iraq
Jordan
United Arab Emirates
Persian
Gulf
Armenia
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13
Maps
Arabian Sea
Bay of Bengal
China
Pakistan
Myanmar
Bangladesh
Sri Lanka
NepalBhutan
Afghanistan
Lao Peo.Dem. Rep.
Cambodia
VietNam
China
Myanmar
Gulf of
Thailand
Andaman
Sea
Strait of Malacca
South China
Sea
IndonesiaIndonesia
BruneiDarussalam
Sulu
Sea
Celebes
Sea
Philippine
Sea
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Maps
China
BeijingCity
CixianCounty
HainingCounty
Hong Kong
JiashanCounty
Jiaxing City
Macao
Shanghai City
WuhanCity
HarbinCity
Qidong County
YantingCounty
YangchengCounty
ZhongshanCity
Bay of Bengal
South China
Sea
Japan
Republic ofKorea
Daegu
SeoulIncheon
Gwangju
Jejudo
Daejeon
Ulsan
Busan
AichiPrefecture
FukuiPrefecture
Hiroshima
MiyagiPrefecture
NiigataPrefecture
OsakaPrefecture
SagaPrefecture
East China
Sea
North Pacific
Ocean
NagasakiPrefecture
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15
Maps
France
Spain
Austria
BelgiumBelarus
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Ireland
Czech Republic
Finland
Greece
Germany
Switzerland
Norway
Sweden
RussianFederation
Denmark
The Netherlands
Iceland
Malta
Croatia
Poland
Latvia
Lithuania
Ukraine
Serbia
Rep. ofMoldova
Romania
Hungary
The former YugoslavRep. of Macedonia
Albania
Bosnia and
Herzegovina
Montenegro
Mediterranean Sea
Black Sea
UnitedKingdom
North Sea
North Atlantic
Ocean
Luxembourg
Slovenia
Italy
Azores, Portugal
Canary Islands,Spain
Portugal
Slovakia
Estonia
St Petersburg
Europe
Regional registries
National registries
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Maps
Calvados
Spain
Switzerland
Germany
Belgium
Manche
Loire-Atlantique
Tarn
Isre
Doubs
Haut-Rhin
Bas-Rhin
Austria
Italy
France
North Atlantic
Ocean
English Channel
Mediterranean
Sea
Hrault
Somme
Vende
SpainPortugal
France
MoroccoAlgeria
Albacete
Asturias
BasqueCountry Navarra
LaRioja
CiudadReal
Cuenca
Tarragona
Mallorca
Canary Islands, Spain
Azores, Portugal
North Atlantic
Ocean
Mediterranean
Sea
Granada
Murcia
Girona
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Maps
Switzerland
FranceSt Gall-
Appenzell
ZurichBasel
Vaud
GenevaValais
Ticino
Graubndenand Glarus
Germany
Austria
Italy
Neuchtel
Sassari
SouthTyrol
Trento
FerraraRomagna
Italy
Friuli-VeneziaGiulia
Sondrio
ComoVarese
Lecco
Milan
Turin
Biella
Genoa
Reggio Emilia
Florenceand Prato
Umbria
Naples
SouthLombardy
Catania andMessina
SyracuseRagusa
Palermo
Trapani
Nuoro
Catanzaro
Veneto
Switzerland Austria
Slovenia
Croatia
Bosnia andHerzegovina
Hungary
Corsica,France
France
Tyrrhenian
Sea
Adriatic
Sea
Mediterranean
Sea
TunisiaAlgeria
Salerno
Latina
Modena
Parma
MantuaBrescia
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Maps
Baltic Sea
RussianFederation Lithuania
Belarus
Ukraine
Slovakia
CzechRepublic
Germany
Romania
Montenegro
AlbaniaThe former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia
Hungary
Bulgaria
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19
Maps
The Netherlands
Eindhoven
North
Sea
Belgium
Bremen
Free State of Saxony
Hamburg
Mecklenburg-WesternPomerania
Munich
North Rhine-
Westphalia
Saarland
Schleswig-Holstein
France
Switzerland
Austria
Poland
CzechRepublic
Baltic
Sea
Germany
Denmark
Brandenburg
Austria
Tyrol
Vorarlberg
Germany
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Hungary
SloveniaItaly
Switzerland
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20
Maps
Celtic Sea
English Channel
North Sea
North
Atlantic
Ocean
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21
Maps
Australia
SolomonIslands
NewZealand
Hawaii, USA
Fiji
NewCaledonia,
France
FrenchPolynesia,
France
Guam, USA
KiribatiPapuaNew Guinea
Vanuatu
Samoa
Tonga
North Pacific Ocean
South Pacific Ocean
Indian Ocean
Oceania
Regional registries
National registries
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22
Maps
AustraliaWesternAustralia
Indian
Ocean
NorthernTerritory
SouthAustralia
Queensland
New SouthWales
Victoria
AustralianCapital
Territory
Southern Ocean
Tasmania
Coral
Sea
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23
Chapter 1: Introduction
David Forman, David H. Brewster, Betsy Kohler, and Marion Pieros
The main objective of the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents (CI5) series, published by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the International Association of Cancer Registries (IACR), is to present comparable data on cancer incidence for all countries around the world for which high-quality data have been made available by population-based cancer registries. This new volume of CI5 (Volume X) provides information about cancers diagnosed during the period from 2003 to 2007. Every effort has been made to ensure that the information included in this volume can be used with con dence to compare geographical patterns and by comparison with data from earlier volumes temporal trends in cancer. In CI5 Volume I, which was published in 1966 and reported on cancer incidence in the early 1960s, it was stated that the most valuable data are, undoubtedly, the rates obtained by recording the occurrence of every case of cancer in a de ned community over a speci ed period. Such recording remains the core task of cancer registries today, and it is the function of CI5 to report their results using a common format.
CALL FOR DATAFor CI5 Volume X, a call for data and an accompanying questionnaire were sent to all population-based cancer registries that were members of IACR in September 2011. The call for data and the questionnaire were also published on the IACR website, with both documents available in English, French, and Spanish. Registries that wished to submit datasets for Volume X were requested to do so using the IARC portal (see Chapter 6) a new feature for this volume and the question-naire was available for completion online. Detailed instructions for preparing the registry dataset and the accompanying mortality and population information were provided in the call for data. In some countries, registries delegated data submission to their national associations or networks, but each registry was
required to submit its own responses to the questionnaire.
Although the reference time period for Volume X was de ned as 20032007, contributors were also asked to send data for years before and (if available) after the reference period, to allow the volume editors to verify certain aspects of quality, comparability, and completeness for each submission. Not all registries were able to provide data for the whole time period covered by Volume X, but a minimum consecutive series of 3 years was required for a registry to be considered for inclusion.
NUMBER OF DATASETS RECEIVED AND INCLUDEDData were received from 370 cancer registries covering 521 populations in 80 countries. Data from 80 cancer registries, representing 97 populations, were excluded. Volume X consequently presents cancer incidence data from 68 countries, 290 cancer registries, and 424 populations (Table 1.1).
GEOGRAPHICAL COVERAGE IN CI5 VOLUME XThe geographical coverage in CI5 Volume X by continent is shown in Table 1.2. Data are included from 8 of the 15 African countries that submitted data, 11 of the 11 Central and South American countries, 2 of the 2 North American countries, 15 of the 18 Asian countries, 31 of the 33 European countries, and 3 of the 4 Oceanic countries.
The proportions of cancer registries that submitted datasets for Volume X and were accepted for inclusion (by continent) are as follows: Africa: 44% (8/18), Central and South America: 71% (25/35), North America: 94% (66/70), Asia: 62% (63/101), Europe: 87% (118/135), and Oceania: 91% (10/11).
The proportion of the worlds total population covered by the registries included in Volume X is 14%, with the following levels of coverage by continent:
Table 1.1. The number of cancer registry datasets (20032007) submitted to and accepted for CI5 Volume X
Submitted AcceptedCountries 80 68Registries 370 290Populations 521 424
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Introduction
Africa: 2%, Central and South America: 8%, North America: 95%, Asia: 6%, Europe: 42%, and Oceania: 78%.
COVERAGE IN THE 10 VOLUMES OF CI5Fig. 1.1 shows the overall coverage in terms of the number of countries, registries, and populations included in each volume of CI5. A full overview identifying all the registry populations appearing in all 10 volumes, as well as the speci c incidence time periods contributed by each registry, is provided in Table 1.3 at the end of this chapter.
The steady increase in coverage of the worlds population by cancer registration has been accompanied by signi cant developments in standardization of registration methodology, de nitions, and coding. The editors of the present volume, building on the foundation laid in the rst volume, have made every effort to standardize the data presented, or where this was not possible, to draw attention to any differences that might affect comparability between registries. The editorial processes of checking internal coherence, consistency, and completeness are described in Chapters 5 and 6 of this volume, and are broadly based on principles outlined in IARC Scienti c Publication No. 95 Cancer Registration: Principles and Methods (Jensen et al., 1991).
Improved de nition of registration methodology and increased adherence to internationally recognized standards have also led to more stringent editorial processes. With each successive volume of CI5, the editors have become more demanding about the quality of the data published in the book. However, the editors also have to accept that some datasets from registries in less-developed countries may be less complete than those from registries in more-developed countries, because of problems of underdiagnosis due to local medical and economic situations (as opposed to underregistration) and/or problems with enumeration of the population. But these datasets are nevertheless of great interest because they describe cancer incidence in populations for which no other information is available and that retain unique cultural habits that
may provide valuable clues to cancer etiology. On the pages of this volume that present tables reporting each registrys data by site, an asterisk preceding the registry title indicates that special considerations (which may include underregistration) must be taken into account in interpreting the published rates or indicators of quality (see Chapter 5). The speci c reasons for a given asterisk are stated under the heading Notes on the data in the accompanying narrative.
CONTENT AND LAYOUT OF THE BOOKThe contact information for all contributing registries, along with the names of the individuals who collaborated in the preparation of this volume, is provided at the beginning of this book. Maps showing the location of each contributing registry are provided on pages 222.
Following this introduction, Chapter 2 describes the registries in terms of geographical location, legislative background, and registration practices. Chapter 3 presents the system of classi cation used to report the incidence data, and addresses the issue of comparability of coding practices between the registries. For selected cancers, the data have been analysed by histological subtype within site. Chapter 4 introduces the histological groupings used and explains the rationale behind them.
Issues that can affect comparability between registries and validity of registry data are discussed in Chapter 5, as are the methods by which the submitted datasets were assessed; and Chapter 6 describes how the raw data received for CI5 were processed. Chapter 7 describes the summary measures of incidence used, and Chapter 8 explains the structure of the various tables included in this book and on the CI5 website (http://ci5.iarc.fr).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe editors would like to thank Eric Masuyer and S bastien Antoni, who spent considerable time processing the data and questionnaire responses sent by each submitting registry, and subsequently handled the iterative communications and requests for
Table 1.2. Geographical coverage in CI5 Volume X by continent
Countries Registries PopulationsSubmitted Accepted Submitted Accepted Submitted Accepted
Africa 15 8 18 8 18 8Central and South America 11 11 35 25 35 25
North America 2 2 70 66 196 180Asia 18 15 101 63 115 73Europe 33 31 135 118 136 118Oceania 4 3 11 10 21 20Total 80* 68* 370 290 521 424*The sum of the number of individual countries is greater than the total, re ecting the fact that some countries (i.e. France and the USA) have territory on more than one continent.
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Introduction
clari cation from the registries; Mathieu Laversanne, who created the maps; and Isabelle Savage, who acted as the CI5 Volume X Editorial Board secretary, supported by Katiuska Veselinovic. The editors would particularly like to thank the many directors and registrars from all the cancer registries that submitted data to this volume, for their efforts to produce cancer incidence data and make them available to the world. Their work is the cornerstone of descriptive cancer epidemiology, and provides a basis for future cancer research and control policies.
REFERENCEJensen OM, Parkin DM, MacLennan R, Muir CS, Skeet
RG, editors (1991). Cancer Registration: Principles and Methods. IARC Scienti c Publication No. 95. Lyon: IARCPress.
Fig. 1.1. Coverage in the 10 volumes of CI5. * ear data rst available.
Volume I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX XPublication
year 1966 1970 1976 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007* 2013*
Period (approx.) 196062 196367 196872 197377 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307
Countries 29 24 29 32 36 49 50 57 60 68Registries 32 47 61 79 105 138 150 186 225 290
Populations 35 58 79 103 137 166 183 214 300 424
0
100
50
150
250
350
450
Countries
Registries
Populations
No.
cov
ered
200
300
400
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Introduction
Table 1.3. Geographical coverage (and speci c time periods) in the 10 volumes of CI5
Vol. I Vol. II Vol. III Vol. IV Vol. V Vol. VI Vol. VII Vol. VIII Vol. IX Vol. XAfricaAlgeria, Algiers 199397 Algeria, S tif 198689 199093 199802 200307Egypt, Gharbiah 199902 200307France, R union 198892 199394 The Gambia 198789 199798 Libya, Benghazi 200305Malawi, Blantyre 200307Mali, Bamako 198789 198892 199496 Mozambique, Louren o Marques 195660
Nigeria, Ibadan 196062 196065 196069 Senegal, Dakar 196974 South Africa, Cape Province: Bantu 195659 Coloured 195659 White 195659 South Africa, Johannesburg: Bantu 195355 South Africa, Natal Province: African 196466 Indian 196466 South Africa, PROMEC 200307Tunisia, Central Region 199802 Tunisia, North 200305Uganda, Kyadondo County 195460 199193 199397 199802 200307Zimbabwe: European 199092 Zimbabwe, Bulawayo: African 196367 196872 Zimbabwe, Harare: African 199092 199397 199802 200306
Central and South AmericaArgentina, Baha Blanca 199397 199802 200307Argentina, Concordia 199094 199397 Argentina, Crdoba 200307Argentina, Mendoza 200307Argentina, Tierra del Fuego 200307Brazil, Aracaju 200306Brazil, Bel m 198991 Brazil, Belo Horizonte 200305Brazil, Braslia 199801 Brazil, Campinas 199195 Brazil, Cuiab 200002 200306Brazil, Fortaleza 197882 200306Brazil, Goinia 198889 199093 199598 199902 200307Brazil, S o Paulo 1969 1973 1978 199802 200307Chile 195961 Chile, Region of Antofagasta 200307Chile, Bo Bo Province 200307Chile, Valdivia 199802 200307Colombia, Bucaramanga 200307Colombia, Cali 196264 196266 196771 197276 197781 198286 198791 199296 199802 200307Colombia, Manizales 200307Colombia, Pasto 200307Costa Rica 198082 198487 198892 199397 199802 200307Cuba 196872 197377 1986 Cuba, Villa Clara 199597 200407Ecuador, Cuenca 200307
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Introduction
Table 1.3. (Contd) Geographical coverage (and speci c time periods) in the 10 volumes of CI5
Vol. I Vol. II Vol. III Vol. IV Vol. V Vol. VI Vol. VII Vol. VIII Vol. IX Vol. XEcuador, Quito 198587 198892 199397 199802 200307France, Martinique 198182 198387 199395 199802 200307Jamaica, Kingston and St Andrew 195863 196466 196772 197377 200307
The Netherlands Antilles (except Aruba) 197378 197882
Paraguay, Asuncin 198889 Peru, Lima 199091 Peru, Trujillo 198487 198890 199802 UK, Bermuda: Black 198387 White and other 198387 USA, Puerto Rico 196263 196466 196872 197377 197882 198387 198891 199293 200307Uruguay 200507Uruguay, Montevideo 199092 199395
North AmericaCanada 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307Canada, Alberta 196062 196366 196972 197377 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307Canada, British Columbia 196972 197377 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307Canada, Manitoba 196062 196366 196972 197377 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307Canada, Maritime Provinces (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island)
196972 197377 197882 198387
Canada, New Brunswick 196264 196566 197882 198386 198892 199397 199802 200307Canada, Newfoundland and Labrador 196062 196366 196972 197377 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307
Canada, Northwest Territories and Yukon 197377 197882 198387
Canada, Northwest Territories 198392 198397 199802 200307Canada, Nova Scotia 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307Canada, Ontario 196971 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307Canada, Prince Edward Island 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307Canada, Quebec 196366 196972 197377 197881 198387 198892 199397 200307Canada, Saskatchewan 196062 196366 196972 197377 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307Canada, Yukon 198392 198397 200307USA, NPCR: 199802 200307 American Indian 200307 Asian and Paci c Islander 200307 Black 199802 200307 White 199802 200307USA, SEER: Black 198387 198892 199397 White 198387 198892 199397 USA, SEER (9 registries): 199802 200307 Black 199802 200307 White 199802 200307USA, SEER (14 registries, then 18 registries): 199802 200307
Asian and Paci c Islander 199802 200307 Black 199802 200307 Hispanic White 199802 200307 Non-Hispanic White 199802 200307 White 200307USA, Alabama: 199802 200307 Black 199802 200307 White 199802 200307USA, Alaska: 199802 200307 American Indian 200307
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28
Introduction
Table 1.3. (Contd) Geographical coverage (and speci c time periods) in the 10 volumes of CI5
Vol. I Vol. II Vol. III Vol. IV Vol. V Vol. VI Vol. VII Vol. VIII Vol. IX Vol. XUSA, Arizona: 199802 200307 American Indian 200307 Asian and Paci c Islander 200307 Black 200307 White 200307USA, Arkansas: 200307 Black 200307 White 200307USA, California: 199802 200307 American Indian 200307 Asian and Paci c Islander 199802 200307 Black 199802 200307 Hispanic White 199802 200307 Non-Hispanic White 199802 200307 White 200307USA, California, Alameda County: Black 196064 196973 197377 197882 198387 White 196064 196973 197377 197882 198387 USA, California, Central Valley: Hispanic White 198892 Non-Hispanic White 198892 USA, California, Los Angeles County: 199802 200307
Asian and Paci c Islander 200307 Black 197277 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307 Chinese 197277 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307 Filipino 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307 Hispanic White 198892 199397 199802 200307 Japanese 197277 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307 Korean 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307 Non-Hispanic White 198892 199397 199802 200307 Other White 197277 197882 198387 Spanish-surnamed White 197277 197882 198387 White 200307USA, California, San Francisco Bay Area: 199802 200307
Asian and Paci c Islander 200307 Black 196973 197377 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307 Chinese 196973 197377 197882 198892 199802 Filipino 197882 198892 199802 Hispanic White 198892 199397 199802 200307 Japanese 197377 197882 198892 199802 Non-Hispanic White 198892 199397 199802 200307 White 196973 197377 197882 198387 200307USA, Colorado: 199802 200307 Asian and Paci c Islander 200307 Black 200307 White 200307USA, Connecticut: 196062 196365 196872 197377 198892 199397 199802 200307 Black 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307 White 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307USA, District of Columbia: 199802 Black 199802 White 199802 USA, Delaware: 200307 Black 200307 White 200307
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29
Introduction
Table 1.3. (Contd) Geographical coverage (and speci c time periods) in the 10 volumes of CI5
Vol. I Vol. II Vol. III Vol. IV Vol. V Vol. VI Vol. VII Vol. VIII Vol. IX Vol. XUSA, Florida: 199802 200307 Asian and Paci c Islander 200307 Black 199802 200307 White 199802 200307USA, Georgia: 199802 200307 Asian and Paci c Islander 200307 Black 199802 200307 White 199802 200307USA, Georgia, Atlanta: 199802 200307 Black 197577 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307 White 197577 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307USA, Idaho 199802 200307USA, Illinois: 199802 200307 Asian and Paci c Islander 200307 Black 199802 200307 White 199802 200307USA, Indiana: 199802 200307 Black 200307 White 200307USA, Iowa 196971 197377 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307USA, Kentucky 199802 200307
USA, Louisiana: 199802 200304 200607
Black 199802 200304 200607
White 199802 200304 200607USA, Louisiana, Central Region: Black 198892 199393 White 198892 199397
USA, Louisiana, New Orleans: 200304 200607
Black 197477 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200304 200607
White 197477 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200304 200607USA, Maine 199802 200307USA, Massachusetts: 199802 200307 Asian and Paci c Islander 200307 Black 200307 White 200307USA, Michigan: 199802 200307 Asian and Paci c Islander 200307 Black 199802 200307 White 199802 200307USA, Michigan, Detroit: 199802 200307 Black 196971 197377 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307 White 196971 197377 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307USA, Mississippi 200307USA, Missouri: 199802 200307 Black 199802 200307 White 199802 200307USA, Montana: 199802 200307 American Indian 200307USA, Nebraska: 200307 Black 200307 White 200307USA, Nevada 195966 USA, New Hampshire 200307
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30
Introduction
Table 1.3. (Contd) Geographical coverage (and speci c time periods) in the 10 volumes of CI5
Vol. I Vol. II Vol. III Vol. IV Vol. V Vol. VI Vol. VII Vol. VIII Vol. IX Vol. XUSA, New Jersey: 199802 200307 Black 199397 199802 200307 White 199397 199802 200307USA, New Mexico: 198387 199397 199802 200307 American Indian 196972 197377 197882 198892 199397 199802 Hispanic 196972 197377 197882 Hispanic White 198892 199397 199802 200307 Non-Hispanic White 198892 199397 199802 200307 Other White (Anglo) 196972 197377 197882 White 200307USA, New York City 197882 198387 USA, New York State: 199802 200307 Asian and Paci c Islander 200307 Black 199802 200307 White 199802 200307USA, New York State (except New York City): 195961 196971 197377 197882 198387 199397
Black 199397 White 199397 USA, North Carolina: 200307 American Indian 200307 Asian and Paci c Islander 200307 Black 200307 White 200307USA, North Dakota 200307USA, Ohio: 199802 200307 Asian and Paci c Islander 200307 Black 199802 200307 White 199802 200307USA, Oklahoma: 199802 200307 American Indian 200307 Black 200307 White 200307USA, Oregon: 199802 200307 Asian and Paci c Islander 200307 Black 200307 White 200307USA, Pennsylvania: 199802 200307 Asian and Paci c Islander 200307 Black 199802 200307 White 199802 200307USA, Rhode Island: 199802 200307 Black 200307 White 200307USA, South Carolina: 199802 200307 Black 199802 200307 White 199802 200307USA, South Dakota 200307USA, Tennessee: 200307 Black 200307 White 200307USA, Texas: 199802 200307 Asian and Paci c Islander 200307 Black 199802 200307 White 199802 200307USA, Texas, El Paso: Latin 196066 196870 Other than Latin 196066 196870
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31
Introduction
Table 1.3. (Contd) Geographical coverage (and speci c time periods) in the 10 volumes of CI5
Vol. I Vol. II Vol. III Vol. IV Vol. V Vol. VI Vol. VII Vol. VIII Vol. IX Vol. XUSA, Utah 196670 197377 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307USA, Vermont 199802 200307USA, Virginia: 200307 Asian and Paci c Islander 200307 Black 200307 White 200307USA, Washington State 199802 200307USA, Washington, Seattle 197477 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307USA, West Virginia 199802 200307USA, Wisconsin: 199802 200307 Black 200307 White 200307USA, Wyoming 200307
AsiaBahrain: Bahraini 199802 200307China, Beijing City 199397 200307China, Changle 199397 China, Cixian County 199397 200307China, Guangzhou 200002 China, Haining County 200307China, Harbin City, Nangang District 199802 200307
China, Hong Kong 197477 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307China, Jiashan County 199397 199802 200307China, Jiaxing City 200307China, Macao 200307China, Qidong County 198387 198892 199397 200307China, Shanghai City 1975 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307China, Taiwan 199797 China, Tianjin 198182 198387 198892 199397 China, Wuhan City 199397 200307China, Yangcheng County 200307China, Yanting County 200307China, Zhongshan City 199802 200407India, Ahmedabad 198387 199397 India, Bangalore 1982 198387 198892 199397 200507India; Barshi, Paranda, and Bhum 198892 200307
India, Bhopal 200407India, Chennai (formerly Madras) 1982 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307India, Dindigul, Ambilikkai 200307India, Karunagappally 199192 199397 199802 200307India, Mizoram 200307India, Mumbai (formerly Bombay) 196466 196872 197375 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307
India, Nagpur 198082 199397 199802 India, New Delhi 199396 199802 200307India, Poona 197377 197882 199397 199802 200307India, Sikkim State 200307India, Trivandrum 199192 199397 199802 200507Iran (Islamic Republic of), Golestan Province 200507
Israel: 196063 199397 199802 200307 All Jews 196066 196771 197276 197781 198286 198892 199397 199802 200307 Jews born in Africa
or Asia 196066 196771 197276 197781 198286 198892 199397
Jews born in Europe or America 196066 196771 197276 197781 198286 198892 199397
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32
Introduction
Table 1.3. (Contd) Geographical coverage (and speci c time periods) in the 10 volumes of CI5
Vol. I Vol. II Vol. III Vol. IV Vol. V Vol. VI Vol. VII Vol. VIII Vol. IX Vol. X Jews born in Israel 196066 196771 197276 197781 198286 198892 199397 Non-Jews 196066 196771 197276 197781 198286 198892 199397 199802 200307Japan, Aichi Prefecture 199802 200307Japan, Fukui Prefecture 199802 200307Japan, Fukuoka 197475 Japan, Hiroshima 197880 198185 198690 199195 199600 200307Japan, Miyagi Prefecture 195960 196264 196871 197377 197881 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307Japan, Nagasaki Prefecture 197377 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307Japan, Niigata Prefecture 200307Japan, Okayama 1966 1969 Japan, Osaka Prefecture 197071 197377 197982 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307Japan, Saga Prefecture 198486 198892 199397 200507Japan, Yamagata Prefecture 198386 198892 199397 199802 Republic of Korea 199802 200307Republic of Korea, Busan 199697 199802 200307Republic of Korea, Daegu 199798 199802 200307Republic of Korea, Daejeon 199802 200307Republic of Korea, Gwangju 199802 200307Republic of Korea, Incheon 199802 200307Republic of Korea, Jejudo 200002 200407Republic of Korea, Kangwha County 198692 199397
Republic of Korea, Seoul 199397 199802 200307Republic of Korea, Ulsan 199902 200307Kuwait: 200307
Kuwaiti 197982 198387 198889 199293 199498 199802 200307
Non-Kuwaiti 197982 198387 198889 199293 199498 199802 200307
Kyrgyzstan 198687 Malaysia, Penang: 199802 200407 Chinese 200407 Indian 200407 Malay 200407Malaysia, Sarawak 199802 Oman: Omani 199397 199801 Pakistan, South Karachi 199597 199802 Philippines, Manila 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307Philippines, Rizal 197882 198387 199397 200307Qatar: Qatari 200307Saudi Arabia, Riyadh: Saudi 200307Singapore: 199802 200307 Chinese 195061 196872 197377 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307 Indian 196872 197377 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307 Malay 196872 197377 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307Thailand, Bangkok 199597 200307Thailand, Chiang Mai 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307Thailand, Chonburi 200307Thailand, Khon Kaen 198889 199093 199397 200307Thailand, Lampang 199397 199802 200307Thailand, Songkhla 199396 199802 200407Turkey, Antalya 199802 200307Turkey, Edirne 200407Turkey, zmir 199802 200307Turkey, Trabzon 200507Viet Nam, Hanoi 199193 199397 Viet Nam, Ho Chi Minh City 199598
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33
Introduction
Table 1.3. (Contd) Geographical coverage (and speci c time periods) in the 10 volumes of CI5
Vol. I Vol. II Vol. III Vol. IV Vol. V Vol. VI Vol. VII Vol. VIII Vol. IX Vol. XEuropeAustria 199802 200307Austria, Tyrol 198892 199397 199802 200307Austria, Vorarlberg 199397 199802 200307Belarus 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307Belgium 200407Belgium, Antwerp 199802 Belgium, Flanders 199801 Belgium, Flanders (except Limburg) 199798
Belgium, Limburg 199798 Bulgaria 199802 200307Croatia 198891 199397 199802 200307Cyprus 199802 200307Czech Republic 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307
Denmark 195357 195862 196367 196872 197376 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307
Estonia 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307Finland 195961 196265 196670 197176 197781 198286 198792 199397 199802 200307France, Bas-Rhin 197577 197881 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307France, Calvados 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307France, Cte-dOr 199397 France, Doubs 1977 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307France, Haut-Rhin 198892 199397 199802 200307France, H rault 198892 199397 199802 200307France, Isre 197982 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307France, Loire-Atlantique 199802 200307France, Manche 199497 199802 200307France, Somme 198384 198892 199397 199802 200307France, Tarn 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307France, Vend e 199802 200307Germany, Brandenburg 199802 200307Germany, Bremen 200307Germany, Eastern States (ex-GDR) 196466 196872 197377 197882 198387 198889
Germany, Free State of Saxony 199802 200307Germany, Hamburg 196062 196366 196972 197377 197879 199802 200307Germany, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania 199802 200307
Germany, Munich 199802 200307Germany, North Rhine-Westphalia 199802 200307
Germany, Saarland 196872 197377 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307Germany, Schleswig-Holstein 200307Hungary, Szabolcs-Szatmr-Bereg County 196266 196971 197377 197882 198387
Hungary, Vas County 196266 196872 197377 197882 198387 Hungary, Miskolc 196266 Iceland 195563 196472 197382 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307Ireland 198082 198386 198892 199497 199802 200307Italy, Biella 199597 199802 200307Italy, Brescia 199901 200306Italy, Catania and Messina 200305Italy, Catanzaro 200307Italy, Como 200307Italy, Ferrara 199192 199397 199802 200307Italy, Florence and Prato 198587 198891 199397 199802 200305Italy, Friuli-Venezia Giulia 200307Italy, Genoa 198687 198892 199396 199800 200306
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34
Introduction
Table 1.3. (Contd) Geographical coverage (and speci c time periods) in the 10 volumes of CI5
Vol. I Vol. II Vol. III Vol. IV Vol. V Vol. VI Vol. VII Vol. VIII Vol. IX Vol. XItaly, Latina 198385 198891 200407Italy, Lecco 200307Italy, Liguria 199697 Italy, Lombardy, South 200305Italy, Macerata 199192 199397 199800 Italy, Mantua 200305Italy, Milan 199902 200306Italy, Modena 198892 199397 199802 200307Italy, Naples 199802 200307Italy, Northeast 199597 199802 Italy, Nuoro 200307Italy, Palermo 200307Italy, Parma 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307Italy, Ragusa 198687 198892 199397 199802 200307Italy, Reggio Emilia 199802 200307Italy, Romagna 198587 198992 199397 199802 200307Italy, Salerno 199801 200307Italy, Sassari 199397 199802 200307Italy, Sondrio 199802 200307Italy, South Tyrol 200305Italy, Syracuse 199902 200307Italy, Trapani 200306Italy, Trento 200306Italy, Trieste 198387 198992 Italy, Turin 198485 198891 199397 199802 200307Italy, Umbria 199496 199802 200307Italy, Varese 197677 197881 198387 198892 199397 199800 200307Italy, Veneto 198892 199396 199801 200306Latvia 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307Lithuania 199397 199802 200307Malta 196972 199293 199397 199802 200307The Netherlands 198992 199397 199802 200307The Netherlands, three provinces 196062
The Netherlands, Eindhoven 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307The Netherlands, Maastricht 198688 198892 199397 199802 Norway 195961 196466 196872 197377 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307Poland, Cieszyn Area 196872 197377 Poland, Cracow 196566 196872 197377 197881 198386 198892 199397 199802 200306Poland, Katowice District 196566 197072 197374 Poland, Kielce 198892 199396 199802 200307Poland, Lower Silesia 198487 198892 199397 200307Poland, Nowy S cz 196872 197377 197881 198386 Poland, Opole 198587 Poland, Podkarpackie 200307Poland, Warsaw (rural areas) 196566 196872 197377 198387 Poland, Warsaw (urban area) 196566 196872 197377 198082 198387 198992 199397 199802 Portugal, Azores 200307Portugal, Porto 199802 Portugal, South Region 199901 Portugal, Vila Nova de Gaia 198387 199397 Romania, Banat Region 1967 Romania, Cluj County 197478 197982 198387 Romania, Timi County 197072 Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg 198387 199497 199802 200307
Serbia, Central 199802 200307Slovakia 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307
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35
Introduction
Table 1.3. (Contd) Geographical coverage (and speci c time periods) in the 10 volumes of CI5
Vol. I Vol. II Vol. III Vol. IV Vol. V Vol. VI Vol. VII Vol. VIII Vol. IX Vol. XSlovakia, Western 197377 Slovenia 195660 196165 196872 197376 197881 198287 198892 199397 199802 200307Spain, Albacete 199192 199397 199801 200307Spain, Asturias 198891 199295 199600 200307Spain, Basque Country 198687 198891 199801 200307Spain, Canary Islands 199395 199701 200306Spain, Ciudad Real 200407Spain, Cuenca 199397 199802 200307Spain, Girona 199497 199802 200307Spain, Granada 198587 198892 199397 199802 200307Spain, La Rioja 200307Spain, Mallorca 198892 199396 200307Spain, Murcia 198487 198892 199396 199701 200307Spain, Navarra 197377 197882 198386 198791 199397 199802 200307Spain, Tarragona 198083 198487 198892 199397 199801 200307Spain, Zaragoza 196872 197377 197882 198385 198690 199195 199600 Sweden 195961 196265 196670 197175 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307Switzerland, Basel 198182 198387 198892 199397 200307Switzerland, Geneva 197072 197377 197982 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307Switzerland, Graub nden 198992 Switzerland, Graub nden and Glarus 199397 199802 200307
Switzerland, Neuchtel 197476 197882 198387 198892 199396 199802 200307Switzerland, St Gall-Appenzell 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307Switzerland, Ticino 199697 199802 200307Switzerland, Valais 198992 199397 199802 200307Switzerland, Vaud 197577 197882 198387 198892 199396 199802 200307Switzerland, Zurich 198082 198387 198892 199396 200307Ukraine 200307UK, England 199397 200307UK, England and Wales 197982 198386 198890 UK, England, East of England Region 198892 199397 199802 200307
UK, England, Merseyside and Cheshire 195963 196366 196872 197577 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802
UK, England, North Western 197377 197982 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307UK, England, Northern and Yorkshire 199802 200307
UK, England, Oxford Region 196366 196872 197477 197982 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307UK, England, South and Western Regions 196062 196265 196670 197982 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307
UK, England, South Thames 196062 196366 197377 197882 198387 198892 199397 (South Metropolitan) 196771UK, England, Thames 199802 200307UK, England, Trent 196366 196770 197476 197982 198387 199397 199802 200307UK, England, Wessex 198892 UK, England, West Midlands 196062 196366 196872 197376 197982 198386 198892 199397 199802 200307UK, England, Yorkshire 198387 198892 199397 UK, Northern Ireland 199397 199802 200307UK, Scotland 196366 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307UK, Scotland, Ayrshire 197072 UK, Scotland, East 197377 197882 198387 UK, Scotland, North 197377 197882 198387 UK, Scotland, North East 197377 197882 198387 UK, Scotland, South East 197377 197882 198387 UK, Scotland, West 197577 197882 198387 198892 UK, Wales 200307Yugoslavia, Vojvodina 198892 199397
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36
Introduction
Table 1.3. (Contd) Geographical coverage (and speci c time periods) in the 10 volumes of CI5
Vol. I Vol. II Vol. III Vol. IV Vol. V Vol. VI Vol. VII Vol. VIII Vol. IX Vol. XOceaniaAustralia, Australian Capital Territory 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307
Australia, New South Wales 197377 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307Australia, Northern Territory: 199397 199802 200307 Indigenous 200307 Non-Indigenous 200307Australia, Queensland 1982 199397 199802 200307Australia, South Australia 1977 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307Australia, Tasmania 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307Australia, Victoria 1982 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307Australia, Western Australia 1982 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307France, French Polynesia 198892 199802 New Zealand: 196062 199397 199802 200307 Maori 196266 196871 197276 197882 198387 198892 200307 Non-Maori 196266 196871 197276 197882 198387 198892 Paci c Polynesian
Islanders 197882 200307
Other 200307USA, Hawaii: 196063 199802 200307 Chinese 196064 196872 197377 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307 Filipino 196064 196872 197377 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307 Hawaiian 196063 196064 196872 197377 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307 Japanese 196063 196064 196872 197377 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307 White 196063 196064 196872 197377 197882 198387 198892 199397 199802 200307
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37
Chapter 2: Registration techniques
David Forman, Charles Gombe Mbalawa, Betsy Kohler, and Rajaraman Swaminathan
A major function of the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents (CI5) series is to provide data to those interested in comparing the incidence rates of speci c cancers in different populations and over time. But users of these data are advised to consider the factors that may lead to artefactual differences and thereby result in potentially misleading comparisons. The primary purpose of this chapter is to describe variations between the cancer registries included in CI5 Volume X including variations in populations, the methods used to collect data on new cases, and the sources of data accessed.
All contributors were required to complete an online questionnaire to provide descriptive information about their registry. For each registry, information was collected about the nature and size of the geographical area covered, the reporting facilities and data sources, the procedures for case nding and data abstraction, the coding methods, the type of data collected on incident cases, and the methods of follow-up for vital status. The information provided by each registry included in this volume is tabulated in Tables 2.12.3 at the end of this chapter, and in the detailed registry descriptions that follow the introductory chapters.
Table 2.1 lists the registries that contributed to this volume (grouped by geographical area) and provides information about several variables that describe each registrys characteristics, population size, and some basic aspects of operation. The signi cance of each variable included in Table 2.1 is described here.
Population: The size of the total population at risk on which a rate estimate is based in uences the accuracy of that estimate. Rate estimates based on small numbers of individuals are more susceptible to the effects of random variation than are estimates based on large populations. Detailed descriptions of each cancer registry are provided later in this volume, along with the age distribution of the estimated population(s) at risk and the speci c sources of the population data. These are usually of cial sources such as census data, and projections based on information about birth, death, and migration rates. Estimates tend to be more accurate for years closer to a census, and estimates based on interpolations between censuses tend to be more accurate than are projections based only on the previous census. The estimated populations for each registry, listed in Table 2.1, are the estimated average total populations (rounded to the nearest 1000)
covered during the reporting period (generally 20032007, although some registries provided data for a shorter time period).
Surface area (km and Population in urban area Cancer registries in more-developed countries
(such as North American and European countries, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand) may cover very large geographical areas entire provinces, states, or countries while the covered populations in less-developed countries are often limited to urban centres. This is due to well-recognized problems with the diagnosis and enumeration of cancer cases in rural populations. Although the calculated incidence rate for an urban area may be a reasonable estimate of the true rate in that community, the rate may not be representative of the entire country in which the registry is located, since lifestyles in rural and urban populations may be very different.
Latitude: The incidence rates of some cancers vary with latitude. This variation may provide evidence of the role of ultraviolet radiation (sunlight) in the etiology of certain cancers; however, similar variations in the rates of other cancers remain unexplained. Information about latitude is provided in Table 2.1 for those interested in investigating this phenomenon further.
Year registry started and Year population-based Developing a highly complete
and accurate cancer registry takes time, and data from recently established registries should therefore be interpreted with some caution. Rates may be underestimated due to incomplete registration. Alternatively, during the early years of data collection, prevalent cases (especially from death certi cate diagnosis) may be erroneously included as new incident cases, resulting in the overestimation of incidence rates.
Legislation or administrative orders making cancer a reportable disease and requiring the reporting of cancers to a registry do not guarantee completeness of reporting. Conversely, the absence of such reporting requirements does not necessarily prevent complete case nding. However, laws or rules requiring reporting generally do enhance registry operations, by ensuring access to (or reporting from) all facilities that diagnose or treat cancer.
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38
Registration techniques
An increasing number of registries must operate under privacy regulations that govern the con dentiality of all patient-level data they handle. Such regulations may affect both the ease with which registries can collect data and their ability to share their data with the research community.
and Estimated cases missed because of problems
When a registry catchment area has a well-reputed cancer care centre that provides treatment and diagnosis to the population, the number of non-residents treated in the area may be higher than usual. If these non-resident cancer cases are included in the cancer registry database, local rates may be overestimated. Conversely, if there is a cancer centre within reasonable travelling distance outside of a catchment area, that areas rates may be underestimated.
Screening programmes (and starting years, if The nal ve columns of Table 2.1 indicate
the starting years of population-based screening programmes for breast, cervical, colorectal, prostate, and oral cancers within the registration areas. These dates are important to consider because the accelerated detection of prevalent cases can in ate incidence estimates, especially during the early years of screening programmes. The abbreviation NA (for not applicable) indicates that a programme does not yet exist in the area.
CASE FINDING, ABSTRACTING, AND CODING
Table 2.2 lists the usual data sources (primarily diagnostic and clinical facilities) from which cases are identi ed by each participating cancer registry, and which therefore serve as the basis for the information that is abstracted and recorded by the registry. The most important of these sources are typically pathology laboratories, hospital records (from both public and private hospitals), and death certi cates. Together, these sources can provide a reasonably high level of reporting. However, access to records from radiotherapy and oncology departments, hospital discharge records, imaging facilities, and haematology laboratories can also be important. Some registries also obtain information from hospices and palliative care services, outpatient departments, general practitioners, and health insurance companies.
Information from autopsy services is also used by some registries, but the inclusion of cases identi ed as incidental ndings at autopsy may spuriously increase incidence rates. However, with autopsy becoming an increasingly infrequent routine procedure, this source of error is likely to be minor.
In general, the more sources used for case nding, the more complete and accurate the reporting; signi cant omissions may raise concerns that case nding is incomplete. For example, the absence of any information from radiotherapy facilities would likely be due to a lack of such facilities in the registration area, which might therefore suggest that some cases are missed because
patients must go outside the registration area for care. On the other hand, the unavailability of some sources does not necessarily indicate underregistration; for example, the absence of private hospital information in a country with universal public health care may not affect registration. The use of multiple sources of case nding requires ef cient record matching and de-duplication procedures to ensure that all records pertaining to the same case are brought together in a single registration, so that multiple recordings of the same cancers do not lead to the overestimation of incidence rates.
Table 2.3 indicates whether certain patient-level variables are recorded by each of the cancer registries included in CI5 Volume X, which may be of interest to researchers wishing to conduct studies in collaboration with the registries. For example, some registries record unique identifying (ID) numbers (such as national identity numbers, social security numbers, or national health insurance numbers), and this can be very useful for record-linkage studies. Some registries are required to use ID numbers as an alternative to storing patient names (or addresses) in their databases. The other patient-level variables included in Table 2.3 are ethnic group (or race/colour), stage of disease at diagnosis (for selected cancers), and nature of the initial clinical treatment received. The most basic patient-level variables (which are nearly always collected by high-quality population-based registries) are not included in Table 2.3 since they can be assumed to be recorded by all registries in this volume. These universally recorded variables include name, sex, date of birth (or age), permanent residential address, incidence date (usually the date of diagnosis, hospitalization, or rst treatment), and primary site and histological type of the cancer diagnosed preferably coded according to theOncology (ICD-O) schema (see Chapters 3 and 4).
Table 2.3 also indicates whether there is systematic vital status follow-up of registered patients. This is essential for registries wishing to conduct survival analysis. Information is also provided about whether follow-up is carried out passively (by access to death certi cates) and/or by active follow-up of live cases.
The last two columns of Table 2.3 indicate whether each registry follows any standard rules for recording incidence date for example, the rule sets published by IARC/IACR (Parkin et al., 1994) and whether each registry can reliably identify subsequent primary cancers diagnosed in an individual previously diagnosed with an initial primary. Some of these recorded variables can provide information relevant to the care of cancer patients and the outcome of disease but are not used in this publication. If required for a speci c research study, the data must be obtained from the individual registries.
REFERENCEParkin DM, Chen VW, Ferlay J, Galceran J, Storm HH,
Whelan SL (1994, revised and reprinted 1996, reprinted 1998). Comparability and Quality Control in Cancer Registration. IARC Technical Report No. 19. Lyon: IARCPress.
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39
Registration techniques
Tab
le 2
.1. B
ackg
roun
d in
form
atio
n o
n th
e re
gis
trie
s in
clud
ed in
CI5
Vo
lum
e X
Estim
ated
po
pula
tion,
20
032
007*
Surfa
ce
area
(k
m2 )
Popu
latio
n in
urb
an
area
(%
)La
titud
eYe
ar
regi
stry
st
arte
d
Year
po
pula
tion-
base
d
data
rs
t av
aila
ble
Canc
er
repo
rtabl
ePr
ivac
y re
gula
tions
ap
ply
Non-
resi
dent
s tre
ated
in
side
re
gist
ratio
n ar
ea
(%)
Estim
ated
ca
ses
mis
sed
beca
use
of
pro
blem
s ac
cess
ing
data
so
urce
s
(%)
Scre
enin
g pr
ogra
mm
es (a
nd s
tarti
ng y
ears
, if a
vaila
ble)
Brea
stCe
rvix
Colo
rect
umPr
osta
teO
ral c
avity
Afric
aAl
geria
, St
if1
434
000
6 50
4NA
40N
1986
1986
YN
2010
NANA
NANA
NAEg
ypt,
Gha
rbia
h3
947
000
1 94
330
31N
1998
1999
YY
101
NANA
NANA
NALi
bya,
Ben
ghaz
i1
552
000
804
000
7032
N20
0220
03N
Y15
NANA
NANA
NANA
Mal
awi,
Blan
tyre
940
000
2 01
260
30S
1989
1993
YN
1010
2001
2000
NANA
NASo
uth
Afric
a, P
ROM
EC1
076
000
14 3
12NA
32S
1984
1996
YY
020
NA20
00NA
NANA
Tuni
sia, N
orth
4 85
1 00
028
162
7036
N19
9419
94N
Y30
NANA
NANA
NANA
Ugan
da, K
yado
ndo
Coun
ty1
867
000
1 91
471
0N
1951
1960
NNA
70NA
NANA
NANA
NAZi
mba
bwe,
Har
are:
Afri
can
1 43
0 00
083
610
019
S19
8519
90N
N75
75NA
NANA
NANA
Cent
ral a
nd S
outh
Am
eric
aAr
gent
ina,
Bah
a B
lanc
a29
1 00
02
300
9038
S19
8919
89N
Y15
6NA
1970
NANA
NAAr
gent
ina,
Cr
doba
1 32
2 00
057
610
031
S20
0320
03Y
Y0
15NA
NANA
NANA
Arge
ntin
a, M
endo
za1
637
000
148
827
7932
S20
0020
03Y
Y5
519
9119
91NA
NANA
Arge
ntin
a, T
ierra
del
Fue
go11
5 00
021
571
9754
S20
0320
03Y
YNA
NANA
NANA
NANA
Braz
il, Ar
acaj
u49
2 00
018
210
010
S19
9619
96N
YNA
NANA
NANA
NANA
Braz
il, Be
lo H
orizo
nte
2 33
6 00
033
110
019
S20
0020
00N
YNA
NANA
NANA
NANA
Braz
il, Cu
iab
768
000
4 48
298
15S
1999
2000
NY
6015
YY
NANA
NABr
azil,
Forta
leza
2 33
5 00
031
510
07
S19
7119
83N
N30
NANA
NANA
NANA
Braz
il, G
oin
ia1
194
000
739
9916
S19
8619
88N
N40
1NA
NANA
NANA
Braz
il, S
o Pa
ulo
10 8
96 0
001
523
9423
S19
6919
69N
N30
NANA
NANA
NANA
Chile
, Reg
ion
of A
ntof
agas
ta54
1 00
012
6 04
998
23S
1998
1998
YY
2NA
1995
1987
NANA
NACh
ile, B
o B
o P
rovin
ce37
7 00
014
988
6937
S20
0320
03N
Y8
319
9519
87NA
NANA
Chile
, Val
divia
372
000
18 4
7268
39S
1992
1993
YY
0NA
1995
1987
NANA
NACo
lom
bia,
Buc
aram
anga
1 02
4 00
01
479
947
N20
0020
00N
Y50
NANA
NANA
NANA
Colo
mbi
a, C
ali
2 04
1 00
012
110
03
N19
6219
62N
N40
NANA
NANA
NANA
Colo
mbi
a, M
aniza
les
377
000
508
805
N20
0120
02N
Y40
0NA
NANA
NANA
Colo
mbi
a, P
asto
382
000
1 18
182
1N
1998
1998
YY
610
NANA
NANA
NACo
sta
Rica
4 26
3 00
051
100
7110
N19
7719
80Y
YNA
NANA
NANA
NANA
Cuba
, Villa
Cla
ra81
3 00
08
069
NA22
N19
9519
64Y
NANA
NANA
NANA
NANA
Ecua
dor,
Cuen
ca45
5 00
012
073
2S
1996
1996
NY
55NA
NANA
NANA
NA
*Som
e re
gist
ries
prov
ided
dat
a fo
r a
shor
ter
time
perio
d.
-
40
Registration techniques
Tab
le 2
.1. (
Co
ntd
) Bac
kgro
und
info
rmat
ion
on
the
reg
istr
ies
incl
uded
in C
I5 V
olu
me
X
Estim
ated
po
pula
tion,
20
032
007*
Surfa
ce
area
(k
m2 )
Popu
latio
n in
urb
an
area
(%
)La
titud
eYe
ar
regi
stry
st
arte
d
Year
po
pula
tion-
base
d
data
rs
t av
aila
ble
Canc
er
repo
rtabl
ePr
ivac
y re
gula
tions
ap
ply
Non-
resi
dent
s tre
ated
in
side
re
gist
ratio
n ar
ea
(%)
Estim
ated
ca
ses
mis
sed
beca
use
of
pro
blem
s ac
cess
ing
data
so
urce
s
(%)
Scre
enin
g pr
ogra
mm
es (a
nd s
tarti
ng y
ears
, if a
vaila
ble)
Brea
stCe
rvix
Colo
rect
umPr
osta
teO
ral c
avity
Ecua
dor,
Qui
to1
521
000
360
100
0S
1984
1985
NY
520
NA19
96NA
NANA
Fran
ce, M
artin
ique
397
000
1 08
098
14N
1981
1983
NY
80
2003
1991
NANA
NAJa
mai
ca, K
ings
ton
and
St A
ndre
w65
6 00
048
0NA
18N
1958
1958
NNA
NANA
NANA
NANA
NAUS
A, P
uerto
Ric
o3
911
000
9 10
4NA
18N
1951
1951
YN
NANA
NANA
NANA
NAUr
ugua
y3
315
000
176
215
9432
S19
8719
87Y
Y0
9NA
NANA
NANA
North
Am
eric
aCa
nada
32 2
37 0
009
970
610
8050
N19
6919
69Y
YNA
0NA
NANA
NANA
Cana
da, A
lber
ta3
336
000
661
688
8052
N19
4219
51Y
Y7
NA19
9020
0320
07NA
NACa
nada
, Brit
ish C
olum
bia
4 20
6 00
089
2 67
785
50N
1966
1969
YY
211
1988
1960
NANA
NACa
nada
, Man
itoba
1 18
0 00
055
0 00
060
55N
1937
1956
YY
NANA
1995
2001
2007
NANA
Cana
da, N
ew B
runs
wic
k74
8 00
073
437
5147
N19
5519
89N
YNA
NA19
96Y
NANA
NACa
nada
, New
foun
dlan
d an
d La
brad
or51
3 00
037
1 36
458
49N
1955
1955
YNA
NA2
YY
NANA
NACa
nada
, Nor
thw
est T
errit
orie
s43
000
1 34
6 10
6NA
64N
1986
1992
YY
0NA
2004
YNA
NANA
Cana
da, N
ova
Scot
ia93
8 00
055
491
6045
N19
6419
64Y
Y5
019
9119
92NA
NANA
Cana
da, O
ntar
io12
524
000
1 07
0 00
085
44N
1964
1964
NY
1NA
NANA
NANA
NACa
nada
, Prin
ce E
dwar
d Is
land
138
000
5 68
445
47N
1969
1969
YN
NANA
YY
NANA
NACa
nada
, Que
bec
7 58
5 00
01
667
441
8050
N19
6119
81Y
Y1
819
98Y
NANA
NACa
nada
, Sas
katc
hew
an99
6 00
059
1 67
065
51N
1932
1944
YY
00
1990
YNA
NANA
Cana
da, Y
ukon
32 0
0047
4 71
160
61N
1987
1987
YY
036
1990
YNA
NANA
USA,
NPC
R26
3 76
7 00
09
157
841
7637
N19
9519
95Y
NNA
019
9119
91NA
NANA
USA,
SEE
R-9
27 9
29 0
003
300
000
NA
NA
N
1973
1973
YN
NANA
NANA
NANA
NAUS
A, A
laba
ma
4 55
6 00
013
5 76
556
33N
1996
1996
YY
NA0
1996
1996
NANA
NAUS
A, A
lask
a66
8 00
01
717
854
6661
N19
9619
96Y
Y8
NA19
9519
95NA
NANA
USA,
Ariz
ona
5 97
6 00
029
5 27
480
33N
1980
1995
YN
55
1993
1993
NANA
NAUS
A, A
rkan
sas
2 78
0 00
013
7 73
256
35N
1996
1996
YNA
NANA
YY
NANA
NAUS
A, C
alifo
rnia
35 7
62 0
0015
5 97
385
34N
1988
1988
YNA
NANA
YY
NANA
NAUS
A, C
alifo
rnia
, Los
Ang
eles
Cou
nty
9 77
7 00
010
518
9534
N19
7019
72Y
N14
1NA
NANA
NANA
USA,
Cal
iforn
ia, S
an F
ranc
isco
Bay
Area
4 16
2 00
06
427
9738
N19
7319
73Y
N18
NANA
NANA
NANA
USA,
Col
orad
o4
681
000
269
620
8640
N19
6819
88Y
N2
NA19
9119
9120
06NA
NAUS
A, C
onne
ctic
ut3
479
000
14 4
1388
41N
1935
1935
YY
NANA
1995
1995
NANA
NA
*Som
e re
gist
ries
prov
ided
dat
a fo
r a
shor
ter
time
perio
d.
-
41
Registration techniques
Tab
le 2
.1. (
Co
ntd
) Bac
kgro
und
info
rmat
ion
on
the
reg
istr
ies
incl
uded
in C
I5 V
olu
me
X
Estim
ated
po
pula
tion,
20
032
007*
Surfa
ce
area
(k
m2 )
Popu
latio
n in
urb
an
area
(%
)La
titud
eYe
ar
regi
stry
st
arte
d
Year
po
pula
tion-
base
d
data
rs
t av
aila
ble
Canc
er
repo
rtabl
ePr
ivac
y re
gula
tions
ap
ply
Non-
resi
dent
s tre
ated
in
side
re
gist
ratio
n ar
ea
(%)
Estim
ated
ca
ses
mis
sed
beca
use
of
pro
blem
s ac
cess
ing
data
so
urce
s
(%)
Scre
enin
g pr
ogra
mm
es (a
nd s
tarti
ng y
ears
, if a
vaila
ble)
Brea
stCe
rvix
Colo
rect
umPr
osta
teO
ral c
avity
USA,
Del
awar
e84
0 00
05
047
8339
N19
7219
80Y
Y12
NA19
9719
9720
0220
02NA
USA,
Flo
rida
17 7
01 0
0013
8 88
791
28N
1981
1981
YY
10NA
NANA
NANA
NAUS
A, G
eorg
ia9
122
000
148
959
8033
N19
9519
95Y
NNA
NA19
9319
60NA
NANA
USA,
Geo
rgia
, Atla
nta
3 30
1 00
04
500
100
33N
1975
1975
YN
NANA
1993
1960
NANA
NAUS
A, Id
aho
1 42
9 00
021
6 50
065
45N
1969
1971
YY
51
NANA
NANA
NAUS
A, Il
linoi
s12
683
000
143
986
8740
N19
8519
86Y
YNA
NANA
NANA
NANA
USA,
Indi
ana
6 25
9 00
094
330
NA40
N19
8719
87Y
NANA
NANA
NANA
NANA
USA,
Iow
a2
953
000
145
800
5542
N19
7319
73Y
N9
NANA
NANA
NANA
USA,
Ken
tuck
y4
185
000
39 4
8657
38N
1991
1995
YY
40
1990
1985
2001
NANA
USA,
Lou
isian
a4
395
000
134
382
7530
N19
8819
88Y
Y6
NANA
NANA
NANA
USA,
Lou
isian
a, N
ew O
rlean
s84
3 00
07
217
9930
N19
7419
74Y
Y6
NANA
NANA
NANA
USA,
Mai
ne1
311
000
91 6
6039
44N
1981
1983
YY
4NA
1995
1995
NANA
NAUS
A, M
assa
chus
etts
6 46
4 00
027
340
NA42
N19
8019
82Y
NANA
NAY
YNA
NANA
USA,
Mic
higa
n10
076
000
264
180
NA45
N19
8119
85Y
Y4
NA19
9619
96NA
NANA
USA,
Mic
higa
n, D
etro
it4
046
000
5 09
4NA
42N
1949
1973
YY
20
1991
1991
NANA
NAUS
A, M
ississ
ippi
2 88
9 00
012
1 53
145
32N
1993
1996
YY
NANA
NANA
NANA
NAUS
A, M
issou
ri5
810
000
69 7
0473
38N
1972
1985
YY
NA4
1992
1992
NANA
NAUS
A, M
onta
na93
6 00
038
1 16
0NA
47N
1979
1979
YY
NANA
YY
YNA
NAUS
A, N
ebra
ska
1 75
2 00
020
0 52
051
41N
1987
1987
YY
10NA
1991
1991
2005
NANA
USA,
New
Ham
pshi
re1
301
000
24 2
1651
43N
1986
1987
YN
202
1992
1992
NANA
NAUS
A, N
ew J
erse
y8
615
000
7 83
694
40N
1979
1979
YY
3NA
YY
NANA
NAUS
A, N
ew M
exic
o1
918
000
314
159
6535
N19
6619
69Y
Y5
019
9219
92NA
NANA
USA,
New
Yor
k St
ate
19 3
28 0
0012
3 23
491
40N
1940
1976
YY
12NA
1988
1994
1997
NANA
USA,
Nor
th C
arol
ina
8 71
0 00
013
9 58
153
35N
1989
1990
YY
4NA
1993
1993
NANA
NAUS
A, N
orth
Dak
ota
636
000
193
482
NA47
N19
9719
97Y
Y8
NA19
97Y
NANA
NAUS
A, O
hio
11 4
80 0
0011
6 10
5NA
40N
1991
1996
YY
NANA
1994
1994
NANA
NAUS
A, O
klaho
ma
3 54
6 00
017
7 85
0NA
35N
1995
1997
YY
NANA
YY
YNA
NAUS
A, O
rego
n3
630
000
251
180
8144
N19
9619
96Y
Y0
0NA
NANA
NANA
USA,
Pen
nsylv
ania
12 4
32 0
0011
9 28
373
40N
1982
1985
YY
10NA
1994
1994
NANA
NAUS
A, R
hode
Isla
nd1
065
000
3 14
091
41N
1986
1986
YY
111
NANA
NANA
NAUS
A, S
outh
Car
olin
a4
274
000
80 6
5066
34N
1993
1996
YN
NA0
1991
1991
NANA
NA
*Som
e re
gist
ries
prov
ided
dat
a fo
r a
shor
ter
time
perio
d.
-
42
Registration techniques
Tab
le 2
.1. (
Co
ntd
) Bac
kgro
und
info
rmat
ion
on
the
reg
istr
ies
incl
uded
in C
I5 V
olu
me
X
Estim
ated
po
pula
tion,
20
032
007*
Surfa
ce
area
(k
m2 )
Popu
latio
n in
urb
an
area
(%
)La
titud
eYe
ar
regi
stry
st
arte
d
Year
po
pula
tion-
base
d
data
rs
t av
aila
ble
Canc
er
repo
rtabl
ePr
ivac
y re
gula
tions
ap
ply
Non-
resi
dent
s tre
ated
in
side
re
gist
ratio
n ar
ea
(%)
Estim
ated
ca
ses
mis
sed
beca
use
of
pro
blem
s ac
cess
ing
data
so
urce
s
(%)
Scre
enin
g pr
ogra
mm
es (a
nd s
tarti
ng y
ears
, if a
vaila
ble)
Brea
stCe
rvix
Colo
rect