cancer a. the nature of cancer def - sudden uncontrolled growth of cells
TRANSCRIPT
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CANCERCANCERA. THE NATURE OF CANCER
def - sudden uncontrolled growth of cells
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1. FEEDS ON THE BODY’S NUTRIENTS
RESULTS FROM ANGIOGENESIS - FORMATION OF NEW BLOOD VESSELS
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2. DEPLETES BODY’S SUPPLY OF NUTRIENTS
AMINO ACIDS, GLUCOSE, FATTY ACIDS
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3. BLOCKS PASSAGEWAY FOR MATERIAL FLOW
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4. DISRUPTS, OR PREVENTS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
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5. SECRETE PROTEASES
LEADS TO METASTASIS
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6. BLOCKS DIFFERENTIATION
CELLS PRODUCED LACK SPECIALIZATION, THEIR FUNCTION IS THEREFORE INHIBITED
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7. NO CONTACT INHIBITION
LEADS TO METASTASIS CELLS MOVE OVER UNDER
AND THROUGH NEIGHBORING CELLS
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8. LACK ANCHORAGE DEPENDENCY
CELLS FLOAT FREELY CELLS DO NOT REMAIN AT
ORIGINAL SITE LEADS TO METASTASIS
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9. GENETIC INSTABILITY
HIGH MUTATION RATE LEADS TO DRUG RESISTANCE CONTAIN GENETIC
ABBERRATIONS
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10. GROWTH FACTOR REQUIREMENTS ARE LOW
RECEPTORS TO REGULATE GROWTH MALFUNCTION
IT DOESN’T REQUIRE MUCH TO INITIATE GROWTH
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B. POSSIBLE CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
1. GENETIC PREDISPOSITION 2. CARCINOGENS 3. DIET 4. RADIATION 5. VIRUSES
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C. MOLECULAR LEVEL
1. ONCOGENES – GENES THAT TRIGGER RAPID CELL DIVISION
(GAS PEDAL) FORM WHEN PROTO-ONCOGENES
MUTATE TO FORM ONCOGENES
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discovery discovered because of a viral link
to some cancers and also from the ability to transfer genes from cancer cells to normal cells resulting in cancerous growth in the previously normal cells. THIS IS KNOWN AS TRANSFORMATION
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2. TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES
GENES THAT SUPPRESS CELL GROWTH, KEEP IT IN CHECK
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discovery - from the fusion of a normal cell
with a cancer cell resulting in no cancer activity
ex. - retinoblastoma - arises from a deletion of a gene on chromosome #13
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p53 gene
tumor suppressor gene found on chromosome #17 plays a role in lung, breast,
colon/rectal cancers some leukemias and lymphomas - about 1 out of 3 cancers
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3. DNA REPAIR GENES
OVER 130 HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED MAY BE INVOLVED IN MANY KINDS OF CANCERS XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM
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E. RESULTS 1. GROWTH SURROUNDED BY
A MEMBRANE 2. ANGIOGENESIS 3. ENZYMES RELEASED BY
CANCER CELLS DISSOLVE THE MEMBRANE
4. CANCER METASTASIZES
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5. CANCEROUS GROWTHS SPRING UP ELSEWHERE
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F. HOW CANCER ELUDES THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
1. CANCER CELLS ARE SELF CELLS, SOMETIMES THE CHANGE IN SURFACE PROTEINS IS SO SLIGHT THAT IT GOES UNNOTICED
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2. THEY CAN EMIT DECOY ANTIGENS INTO THE BLOODSTREAM IN HIGH NUMBERS, AS ANTIBODY BINDS TO DECOYS, TUMOR GOES UNNOTICED
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3. NON COMPLEMENT BINDING ANTIBODIES SURROUND BUT DO NOT HARM THE TUMOR
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4. PIECE OF TUMOR BREAKS OFF - CLUMP IS DESTROYED, IMMUNE SYSTEM’s RESPONSE FOCUSED ON THE CLUMP, TUMOR REMAINS - A STATE OF SUPPRESSION OCCURS
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5. ANTI-ANTIBODIES SHUT DOWN AN ATTACK, ALONG WITH T SUPPRESSOR CELLS
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G. PREVENTION
1. HABITS smoking excessive alcohol consumption excessive exposure to the sun diet (low fat, high fiber, low in
pickled, smoked, cured foods
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2. POSSIBLE POSITIVE ACTIONS
intake of vitamins A, C, D,E beta carotene calcium avoid exposure to carcinogens,
radiation, sunlight
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H. WARNING SIGNS
CHANGE IN BOWEL/BLADDER HABITS
A SORE THAT DOES NOT HEAL
UNUSUAL BLEEDING OR DISCHARGE
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Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
Obvious change in wart or mole Nagging cough or hoarseness
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I. EARLY DETECTION/SCREENING
PAP SMEAR - cervical carcinoma Breast/testicular self exam Prostate/ colon-rectal exams Mammography Annual exams Ames Test – for carcinogenicity
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SOME CANCERS CANNOT BE OR ARE NOW DIFFICULT TO DETECT AT EARLY STAGES – ESPECIALLY LUNG CANCERS
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J. TREATMENTS 1. SURGERY 2. RADIATION 3. CHEMOTHERAPY 4. IMMUNOTHERAPY-active – ex
cancer vaccines and passive -ex monoclonal antibodies
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5. PROTON THERAPIES – easier to aim, cancer cells poor at repair
6. ANGIOSTATIC DRUGS7. GENE THERAPY8. BONE MARROW
TRANSPLANTATION9. HORMONE THERAPY –
tamoxifen to block estrogen receptors in breast cancer
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10. COMBINATION THERAPIES11. HIGH INTENSITY
THERAPIES
12. PHOTODYNAMIC
THERAPY – photosensitizing agent injected, remains in cancer cells longer, 2-3 d later exposed to light
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13. TARGETED THERAPIES- Enzyme inhibitors- Apoptosis inducing drugs- gleevec
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FUTURE? GENE THERAPY? PROBLEM OF
DELIVERY MORE TARGETED APPROACHES CLASSIFY CANCER
ACCORDING TO THE MUTATION, NOT THE LOCATION
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Go to the following web site:
www.goorulearning.org Look up cancer – diagnosis and treatment
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