Brandon

Red Deer

Jasper

MedicineHat

SwiftCurrent

ThunderBay

Churchill

Fort McMurray

Kamloops

PrinceGeorge

PrinceRupert

Rankin Inlet

Saskatoon

Peace River

Moose Jaw

Banff

Inuvik

Dawson

CalgaryVancouver

Abbotsford

Edmonton

Regina

Victoria

Whitehorse

Winnipeg

Yellowknife

Resolute

NORTHWESTTERRITORIES

NUNAVUT

YUKONTERRITORY

ALASKA(United States)

BRITISH COLUMBIA

ALBERTA

SASKATCHEWAN MANITOBA

BanksIsland

QueenCharlotte

Islands

VancouverIsland

VictoriaIsland

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Great BearLake

Great SlaveLake

LakeAthabasca

LakeWinnipeg

LakeManitoba

LakeWinnipegosis

BeaufortSea

ARCTICOCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

334

Canada’s Provinces and Territories

334-351_Atlas_F1 2/2/07 10:29 AM Page 334

Windsor

London Hamilton

Sault Ste.Marie

Sudbury

Alert

CornerBrook

Iqaluit

Labrador City

Moncton

Sherbrooke

Sydney

Yarmouth

Montréal

Charlottetown

Fredericton

Toronto

HalifaxQuébec City

St. John’s

Chicoutimi-Jonquière

Ottawa

ONTARIO

QUÉBEC

NOVA SCOTIA

P.E.I.NEWBRUNSWICK

NEW

FOUNDLAND AND

LABRADO

R

DevonIsland

Cape Breton Island

Elle

smer

eIs

lan

d

ST. PIERREAND MIQUELON

(France)

NorthBay

Baff inIs land

GREENLAND

ICELAND

Lake Erie

LakeNipigon

Lake Ontario

Lake

Mic

higa

n

Lake

LakeHuron

Superior

Baffin Bay

FoxeBasin

HudsonBay

Labrador Sea

Gulf ofSt. Lawrence

UngavaBay

James Bay

Davis Strait

ATLANTICOCEAN

Legend

National capital

Provincial capital

City

International boundary

Provincial or territorialboundary

Legend

National capital

Provincial capital

Cities and towns

International boundary

Provincial or territorialboundary

0 250 500

kilometres

N

S

WE

335

334-351_Atlas_F1 2/2/07 10:29 AM Page 335

336

PACIFICOCEAN

BeaufortSea

N

A

D

EN

E

Yellowknife

ç

Hare

Kaska

Babine

Carrier

StoneySarcee

Tsuu T’ina

BlackfootSiksika, Piikani

BloodKanai Assiniboine

SaulteauxAnishinabé

PlainsCree

W o o d s C r e e

Shuswap

ChilcotinTsilhqot’in

LillooetStl’atl’imx

BellaCoola

Se

ka

ni

Kutchin

Han

Tagi

shTa

hlta

n

Ko

ote

nai

Ktu

na

xa

Oka

naga

nDogrib

Tlingit

BeaverDunne-za

SlaveyDene Tha’

Mo

un

tain

Tu t c h o n e

GrosVentre

Tho

mp

son

SALISHAN

Haida

Heiltsuk

Hai

sla

Wakashan

Nootka

We

st

er

n

I nu i t

E sç ç

Secwepemc

Nla

ka’p

amux

Nuxaulk

Nuu-cha-nulth

Wet’suwet’en

C h i p e w y a nD e n e S u l i n é

Tlicho

First Nations People at Contact with Europeans

334-351_Atlas_F1 2/2/07 10:29 AM Page 336

337

ATLANTICOCEAN

Baffin Bay

HudsonBay

Labrador Sea

0 250 500

kilometres

N

SW

E

Haudenosaunee

E a s t e r nI

n

ui

t

Erie

Huron

Attikamek

Laure

nt i

anA l g o n q u i n

E a s t e r n

I nu

it

EastCree

Maliseet

Naskapi

MontagnaisInnu

Innu

Beothuk

Moh

awk

On

eida

On

ond

aga

Cayug

a

Seneca

Wenro

We s t

Ma

i n

Cr e e

Oj i b

wa

A n i s h i n a b é

M i ’ k m a q

Ottawa

k i m o A l e u t

I n n u

Legend

Legend

Ouendat

This map shows the locations of First Nations people at the time of their first sustained contact with Europeans. The times of contact vary, depending on the area. For the East Coast and Great Lakes–St. Lawrence River region, the date was 1534; for the southern Plains of what is now Canada, it was 1754; for the West Coast it was 1778.

Two names appear for many First Nations people. The top one is the name given by Europeans. The name in red is the one preferred by First Nations people.

334-351_Atlas_F1 2/2/07 10:29 AM Page 337

338

Territorial Evolution of North America

N

S

W

E

BRITIS

HCO

LON

IES

N E W

F RA

N

C

EACADIA

R U P E R T ’ S L A N D

0 500 1000

kilometres

BRIT

ISH

CO

LON

IESQUÉBEC

IND

IAN

TERRITORY

NOVASCOTIA

LOUISIANA

NEWFOUNDLAND

N

S

W

E

0 500 1000

kilometres

R U P E R T ’ S L A N D

ALASKA

LOW

ER

CANADA

UPPER CANADA

THE

NORTH-WESTERN

TERRITORY

OREGONTERRITORY

M E X I C O

UNITED STATES

N

S

W

E

0 500 1000

kilometres

NEWFOUNDLAND

R U P E R T ’ S L A N D

1608–1763 1763–1791

1791–1841

Legend

French

British/American

British

American

Colonial or territorial border

After 1776, the British Coloniesbecame the United States.

The term “Indian Territory” ishistorical. Today we use“First Nations.”

334-351_Atlas_F1 2/2/07 10:29 AM Page 338

339

Territorial Evolution of Canada

PRINCEEDWARDISLAND

ALASKA

THE

NORTH–WESTERN

TERRITORY

BRITISHCOLUMBIACA

NAD

AEA

ST

NEWBRUNSWICK

NOVASCOTIA

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Legend

British Territory/ColonyAmerican

British Columbia reachedits present boundaries in1866

Colonial or territorialborderUnresolved border

PROVINCE

OF

CANADA

NEWFOUNDLAND

R U P E R T ’ S L A N D

CANADA WEST

0 500 1000

kilometres

N

S

WE

1866

ONTARIO

NEWBRUNSWICK

NOVASCOTIA

PRINCEEDWARDISLAND

BRITISHCOLUMBIA

N.W.T.

District ofAssiniboia

District of

District

DistrictofAlberta

MANITOBA

District ofSaskatchewan

NORTHWEST TERRITORIES

District of Franklin

District ofMackenzie

District of

UngavaAthabasca

ofKeewatin

YUKONTERRITORY

N

S

WE

0 500 1000

kilometres

(United Kingdom)

NEWFOUNDLAND

QUÉBEC

1898

QUÉBEC

ONTARIO

NEWBRUNSWICK

NOVASCOTIA

PRINCEEDWARDISLAND

District ofKeewatin

NORTHWEST TERRITORIES

District of Franklin

ALBERTA

SASK

ATC

HEW

AN

0 500 1000

kilometres

BRITISHCOLUMBIADistric

t of

Ungava

YUKONTERRITORY

MANITOBA

District ofMackenzie

N

S

WE

(United Kingdom)

NEWFOUNDLAND

1905

ONTARIO

NEWBRUNSWICK

NOVASCOTIA

PRINCEEDWARDISLAND

NEWFOUNDLAND

AND LABRADOR

BRITISHCOLUMBIA

ALBERTA

MANITOBA

SASK

ATC

HEW

AN

QUÉBEC

NORTHWESTTERRITORIES

YUKON

TERRITORY NUNAVUT

0 500 1000

kilometres

N

S

WE

2001

334-351_Atlas_F1 2/2/07 10:29 AM Page 339

340

Nelson River

Churchill River

Yuko

nRi

ver

Mackenzie

River

Peac

e River

Col

umbia Ri

ver

Atha

bascaRi

ver

Liard

Nahanni

River

River

Fras

erRi

ver

SaskatchewanN.

River

Rive

r

Thel

onEl

lice

Rive

rRiv

er

Albany RSaska

tchewan

S.

RedRiver

Qu’Appelle River

Attawapi

skat Ri

Back River

Winisk

Sever

n

Rive

r

Rive

r

Stewart River Great BearLake

Great SlaveLake

LakeAthabasca

LakeNipigon

LakeWinnipeg

LakeManitoba

LakeWinnipegosis

BeaufortSea

AmundsenGulf

HudsonBay

Gulf ofAlaska

ARCTICOCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

Talston River

Brandon

Sault Ste.Marie

Jasper

MedicineHat

SwiftCurrent

Thunder Bay

ChurchillFort McMurray

Kamloops

PrinceGeorge

PrinceRupert

Rankin Inlet

Saskatoon

Peace River

Moose Jaw

Banff

Inuvik

Dawson

CalgaryVancouver

Abbotsford

Edmonton

Regina

Victoria

Whitehorse

Winnipeg

Yellowknife

Resolute

NORTHWESTTERRITORIES

NUNAVUT

YUKONTERRITORY

BRITISH COLUMBIA

ALBERTA

SASKATCHEWAN MANITOBA

ONTARIO

SouthamptonIsland

165ºW

75105ºW

120ºW

135ºW

150ºW

90ºW

45ºN

180ºW

90ºW105ºW120ºW

Red Deer

QueenCharlotte

Islands

VancouverIsland

BanksIsland

DevonIsland

VictoriaIsland

Elle

smer

eIs

lan

d

Lake Superior

LakeMichigan

Physical Features and Regions of Canada

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341

St. L

awren

ceRi

ve

rOttawa River

Mis

sina

ib

i Rive

ry Riv

er Eastmain River

Churchill River

Groun

dhog

Rive

r

iver

SaguenayRiver

CaniapouscanRiver

GooseRiver

MooseRiver Harricanaw

River

ManicouaganRiver

Sainte MargueriteRiver

PetitMecatinaRiver

MistassiniRiver

Perib

onka

Rive

r

Lake Erie

Lake Ontario

LakeH

uron

BaffinBay

FoxeBasin

Labrador Sea

Bay of Fundy

UngavaBay

James Bay

Davis Strait

ATLANTICOCEAN

Hudson Strait

Gulf ofSt. Lawrence

Cabot Stait

N

S

WE

Legend

National capital

Provincial capital

Major urban centre

Bodies of waterRiver

International boundary

Provincial or territorialboundary

Windsor

London Hamilton

Sudbury

Alert

CornerBrook

Iqaluit

Labrador City

Moncton

Sherbrooke

Sydney

Yarmouth

Montréal

Charlottetown

Fredericton

Toronto

HalifaxQuébec City

St. John’s

Chicoutimi-Jonquière

OttawaNorthBay

Elevation

5000 m

200500100020003000

sea level

Ice cap

QUÉBEC

NOVA SCOTIA

P.E.I.NEWBRUNSWICK

NEW

FOUNDLAND AND

LABRADO

R

BelcherIslands

Cape Breton Island

ANTICOSTIISLAND

15ºW

5ºW60ºW

45ºW30

ºW

60ºN

75ºW 60ºW 45ºW

45ºN

0 500 1000

kilometres

N

S

W

E

Legend

Arctic region

Regions of Canada

Cordillera region

Interior Plains region

Canadian Shield region

Great Lakes–St. LawrenceLowlands region

Atlantic region

0 250 500

kilometres

ST. PIERREAND MIQUELON

(France)

Baff inIs land

Nares Strait

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342

Prim

e M

erid

ian

0º15ºW30ºW45ºW60ºW90ºW 75ºW105ºW120ºW135ºW150ºW165ºW180ºW

SPAIN

NOR

FRANCE

PORTUGAL

IRELAND

GREENLAND(Denmark)

ICELAND

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

CANADA

ALASKA(United States)

MEXICOTHE BAHAMASCUBA

HAWAII(United States)

PANAMA

EL SALVADORGUATEMALA

BELIZEHONDURAS

NICARAGUA

COSTA RICA

JAMAICADOMINICAN

REPUBLIC

ARGENTINA

BOLIVIA

COLOMBIA

VENEZUELA

PERU BRAZIL

FRENCH GUIANASURINAME

GUYANA

CHILE

ECUADOR

PARAGUAY

URUGUAY

Falkland Islands(United Kingdom)

South Georgia Island(United Kingdom)

MAURITANIAMALI

ALGER

MOROCCO

TOGOBEN

GHANA

IVORY COAST

LIBERIASIERRA LEONE

GUINEA

BURKINAGAMBIA

CAMEROO

CONG

EQUATORIAL GUINE

WESTERNSAHARA

SENEGAL

GUINEA BISSAU

UNITED KINGDOM

NORTHATLANTIC

OCEAN

SOUTHATLANTIC

OCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

ARCTIC OCEAN

Equator

The World

334-351_Atlas_F1 2/2/07 10:29 AM Page 342

343

90ºE15ºE 30ºE 45ºE 60ºE 75ºE

105ºE 120ºE 135ºE 150ºE 165ºE 180ºE

RUSSIAFINLAND

ITALY

SWEDEN

WAY

GERMANY

E

TURKEY

POLAND BELARUS

UKRAINE

ANTARCTICA

KENYA

ETHIOPIA

ERITREA

SUDAN

EGYPT

NIGER

NIGERIASOMALIA

NAMIBIA

LIBYA

CHAD

SOUTH AFRICA

TANZANIA

ZAIRE

ANGOLA

IA

MADAGASCAR

MOZAMBIQUE

BOTSWANA

ZAMBIA

GABON

CENTRAL AFRICANREPUBLIC

TUNISIA

GREECE

UGANDA

SWAZILAND

LESOTHO

MALAWI

BURUNDIRWANDA

MAURITIUSRÉUNION

NIN

N

ZIMBABWE

O

EA

DJIBOUTI

JORDANISRAEL

LEBANONCYPRUS

ARMENIA AZERBAIJANGEORGIA KYRGYZSTAN

TAJIKISTAN

KUWAIT

QATARBAHRAIN

UNITED ARABEMIRATES

YEMEN

SYRIA

IRAQ IRAN

OMAN

SAUDIARABIA

AFGHANISTAN

PAKISTAN

INDIA

CHINA

KAZAKHSTAN

TURKMENISTAN

UZBEKISTAN

MYANMAR

THAILANDCAMBODIA

NEPAL

BHUTAN

VIETNAM

SRI LANKA

LAOSBANGLADESH

MALAYSIA

PAPUANEW

GUINEA

BRUNEI

SINGAPORE

PHILIPPINES

TAIWAN

INDONESIA

JAPAN

MONGOLIA

SOUTHKOREA

NORTHKOREA

AUSTRALIA

NEWZEALAND

M

NEWCALEDONIA

SOLOMON ISLANDS

FEDERATED STATESOF MICRONESIA

VANUATU

TUVALU

FIJI

INDIANOCEAN

ARCTIC OCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

0 1000 2000 3000

kilometres

15ºN

0º

30ºN

45ºN

60ºN

75ºN

90ºN

15ºS

30ºS

45ºS

60ºS

75ºS

334-351_Atlas_F1 2/2/07 10:29 AM Page 343

Population Distribution of Canada

344

YUKONTERRITORY

NORTHWESTTERRITORIES

NUNAVUT

BRITISHCOLUMBIA

ALBERTASASKATCHEWAN

MANITOBA

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345

Legend

Population Distribution

One dot = 200 people

0 500 1000

kilometres

N

S

W E

ONTARIO

QUÉBEC

NEWBRUNSWICK

NOVASCOTIA

PRINCEEDWARDISLAND

NEWFOUNDLAND ANDLABRADOR

334-351_Atlas_F1 2/2/07 10:29 AM Page 345

346

Francophone Population in Canada

HudsonBay

ARCTIC OCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

ALASKA(United States)

Edmonton

Regina

Winnipeg

Ottawa

Victoria

Whitehorse

Yellowknife

Iqaluit

Québec City

St. John’s

Fredericton Halifax

Charlottetown

SASKATCHEWANMANITOBA

NORTHWESTTERRITORIES

NUNAVUT

YUKONTERRITORY

BRITISH COLUMBIA

ALBERTA

ONTARIO

QUÉBEC

NEWBRUNSWICK

NOVA SCOTIA

P.E.I.

NEWFOUNDLAND AND

LABRADOR

0 400 800

kilometres

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Legend

Percentage ofFrancophones

80 to 10050 to 8025 to 505 to 250 to 5

TorontoATLANTIC

OCEANN

S

WE

334-351_Atlas_F1 2/2/07 10:29 AM Page 346

347

Climate of Some Canadian Cities

J

Tem

per

atur

e

Prec

ipita

tion

0

50

100

150

200

40

20

0

20

40

6°

F MAM J J A S ON D

°C mm

THUNDER BAYTotal Precipitation: 712 mm

J

Tem

per

atur

e

Prec

ipita

tion

0

50

100

150

200

�40

�20

0

20

40

6°

F MAM J

CALGARYTotal Precipitation: 413 mm

J A S ON D

°C mm

J

Tem

per

atur

e

Prec

ipita

tion

0

50

100

150

200

�40

�20

0

20

40°C mm

6°

F MAM J

RESOLUTETotal Precipitation: 150 mm

J A S ON D J

Tem

per

atur

e

Prec

ipita

tion

0

50

100

150

200

�40

�20

0

20

40

6°

F MAM J

MONTRÉALTotal Precipitation: 1056 mm

J A S ON D

°C mm

J0

50

100

150

200

�40

�20

0

20

40

6°

F MAM J J A S ON D

Tem

per

atur

e

Prec

ipita

tion

°C mm

HALIFAXTotal Precipitation: 1508 mm

J0

50

100

150

200

�40

�20

0

20

40

6°

F MAM J J A S ON D

Tem

per

atur

e

Prec

ipita

tion

°C mm

VANCOUVERTotal Precipitation: 1199 mm

Legend

Temperature

Precipitation

334-351_Atlas_F1 2/2/07 10:29 AM Page 347

Vegetation in Canada

YUKONTERRITORY

NORTHWESTTERRITORIES

NUNAVUT

BRITISHCOLUMBIA

ALBERTA

SASKATCHEWAN MANITOBA

ONTARIO

QUÉBEC

NEWBRUNSWICK

NOVASCOTIA

PRINCEEDWARDISLAND

NEWFOUNDLAND ANDLABRADOR

N

S

W

E0 400 800

kilometres

Baffin BayBeaufort

Sea

HudsonBay

Labrador Sea

James Bay

ARCTIC OCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

ATLANTICOCEAN

ALASKA(United States)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Legend

Tundra

Open woodland and bogs

Parkland

Grassland

Mixed forest

Broadleaf forest

Coastal forest

Boreal forest

High altitude forest

Glaciers

Little or no vegetation

348

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349

Energy Resources in Canada

BanksIsland

DevonIsland

Elle

smer

eIs

land

Baff inIs land

NORTHWESTTERRITORIES

NUNAVUT

BRITISHCOLUMBIA

ALBERTA

SASKATCHEWAN MANITOBA

ONTARIO

QUÉBEC

NOVA SCOTIA

P.E.I. NEW

BRUNSWICK

Baffin Bay

BeaufortSea

HudsonBay

Labrador Sea

Gulf of St. Lawrence

James Bay

Davis Strait

ARCTIC OCEAN

PACIFIC OCEAN

ATLANTIC OCEAN

N

S

WE

C

C

C

C

CC

N N

N

C

Legend

Oil and gas fields

Coal

Nuclear plants

Major hydroelectricpower sites

C

N

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Victoria Island

ALASKA(United States)

YUKONTERRITORY

NEWFOUNDLAND AND

LABRADOR

334-351_Atlas_F1 2/2/07 10:29 AM Page 349

350

Agricultural Products and Forestry Resources in Canada

N

S

W

E

Baffin Bay

BeaufortSea

HudsonBay

Labrador Sea

Gulf ofSt. Lawrence

James Bay

Davis Strait

ARCTIC OCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

ATLANTICOCEAN

NOVA SCOTIA

P.E.I.

NEW BRUNSWICK

NEWFOUNDLAND AND

LABRADOR

BanksIsland

DevonIsland

Elle

smer

eIs

land

Baff inIs land

NORTHWESTTERRITORIES

NUNAVUT

YUKONTERRITORY

BRITISH COLUMBIA

ALBERTASASKATCHEWAN

MANITOBA

ONTARIO

QUÉBEC

Legend

Forestry

Agricultural andForestry Resources

Tree fruits

Vegetables

Potatoes

Wheat

Grain

Cattle

Beef cattle

Dairy cattle

Agriculturalareas

UNITED STATESOF AMERICA

GREENLAND

ALASKA(United States)

VictoriaIsland

0 400 800

kilometres

334-351_Atlas_F1 2/2/07 10:29 AM Page 350

Transportation in Canada

SaintJohn

Toronto

Windsor

Halifax

Sydney

Montréal

Calgary

Legend

Trans-Canada Highway

Highways and roads

Major railways

Airports

Ports

Busiest Ports

VancouverSept-ÎlesContrecoeurSaint JohnQuébec/Levis

Busiest Airports

TorontoVancouverMontréalCalgaryEdmonton

HudsonBay

ARCTIC OCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

ATLANTICOCEAN

0 400 800

kilometres

Sept-Îles

ALASKA(United States)

UNITED STATESOF AMERICA

Edmonton

QuébecCity

GrandePrairie

Dawson Creek

Prince Rupert

Whitehorse

Yellowknife

Hay River

PrinceGeorge

Regina

Saskatoon

Rankin Inlet

Ottawa

Winnipeg

Churchill

St. John’sCornerBrook

Fredericton

Moncton

Iqaluit

VancouverVictoria

N

S

W

E

351

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