CANADA AND THE LEAGUE CANADA AND THE LEAGUE OF NATIONSOF NATIONS

MARCHING TOWARD MARCHING TOWARD WAR…..AGAINWAR…..AGAIN

DAY 50-51DAY 50-51

PEACE OF PARISPEACE OF PARIS

• IN 1919 THE PEACE OF PARIS WAS SIGNED. THE IN 1919 THE PEACE OF PARIS WAS SIGNED. THE TREATY WAS HOWEVER FLAWEDTREATY WAS HOWEVER FLAWED

• GERMANY NOT REPRESENTED, USSR, NOT GERMANY NOT REPRESENTED, USSR, NOT REPRESENTED, AUSTRIA ETCREPRESENTED, AUSTRIA ETC

• ALL FORMER ENEMIES WERE TREATED HARSHLY ALL FORMER ENEMIES WERE TREATED HARSHLY WHICH LED TO DISCONTENTWHICH LED TO DISCONTENT

• MANY OF THE VICTORIOUS POWERS ALSO UPSET MANY OF THE VICTORIOUS POWERS ALSO UPSET WITH THE TREATYWITH THE TREATY

THE TREATYTHE TREATY

• PEACE OF PARIS FLAWED, DIFFERENCE OF PEACE OF PARIS FLAWED, DIFFERENCE OF OPINION ON HOW TO TREAT DEFEATED OPINION ON HOW TO TREAT DEFEATED POWERSPOWERS

• THE BIG THREE DISAGREED, WILSON? THE BIG THREE DISAGREED, WILSON? CLEMENCEAU? LLOYD GEORGE?CLEMENCEAU? LLOYD GEORGE?

• WHAT CONCEPT OF TREATY DID THEY WHAT CONCEPT OF TREATY DID THEY ADOPT? COMPENSATION, LEGITIMACY, AND ADOPT? COMPENSATION, LEGITIMACY, AND TO KEEP THE PEACE! SOUND FAMILIARTO KEEP THE PEACE! SOUND FAMILIAR

• FRANCE LOST 750,000 HOMES, 23,000 FRANCE LOST 750,000 HOMES, 23,000 FACTORIES, 48,000 KM OF ROAD, 5800 KM OF FACTORIES, 48,000 KM OF ROAD, 5800 KM OF RWY, 1.4 MILLION MEN. RWY, 1.4 MILLION MEN.

• BELGIUM SUFFERED SIMILARLY, SO BOTH WERE BELGIUM SUFFERED SIMILARLY, SO BOTH WERE BENT ON COMPENSATION, BENT ON COMPENSATION,

• USA DID NOT SUFFER SO WANTED JUST PEACE. USA DID NOT SUFFER SO WANTED JUST PEACE. NO SECRET ALLIANCES, REDUCTION IN ALL NO SECRET ALLIANCES, REDUCTION IN ALL NATIONS’ ARMED FORCES, LEAGUE OF NATIONS, NATIONS’ ARMED FORCES, LEAGUE OF NATIONS, RECOGNIZE NATIONAL SELF DETERMINATIONRECOGNIZE NATIONAL SELF DETERMINATION

• ALL GOOD IDEAS, BUT IDEALISTIC. THIS ALL GOOD IDEAS, BUT IDEALISTIC. THIS DUALISTIC APPROACH TO THE PEACE DOOMED DUALISTIC APPROACH TO THE PEACE DOOMED ANY TREATYANY TREATY

COUNTRIES UPSETCOUNTRIES UPSET

• GERMANY?GERMANY?• AUSTRIA?AUSTRIA?• OTTOMAN EMPIRE?OTTOMAN EMPIRE?• ITALY?ITALY?• JAPAN?JAPAN?• USA?USA?• USSR?USSR?

• WITH THESE COUNTRIES UPSET, WHAT IS WITH THESE COUNTRIES UPSET, WHAT IS PROSPECT FOR PEACE?PROSPECT FOR PEACE?

TESTS FOR THE NEW LEAGUETESTS FOR THE NEW LEAGUE

• CURZON LINE WARCURZON LINE WAR

• FIUMEFIUME

• CHANAKCHANAK

• WHAT DOES THIS SHOW THE REST OF WHAT DOES THIS SHOW THE REST OF THE WORLD?THE WORLD?

ALTHOUGH MAP OF 1945THIS SHOWS THE CURZONLINE, AND THE TERRITORYFOUGHT OVER IN 1920

D'ANNUNZIO, AND THE CITY OF RIJEKA OR FIUME

MUSTAFA KEMAL ATATURK CIRCA 1921

ANITKABIR, the mausoleum of Kemal Atatürk, in ANKARA TURNKEY

CONSEQUENCES OF LEAGUE’S CONSEQUENCES OF LEAGUE’S WEAKNESSWEAKNESS• WHILE THE LEAGUE DID DO SOME GOOD, IT IS THE FAILURE WHILE THE LEAGUE DID DO SOME GOOD, IT IS THE FAILURE

TO ACT QUICKLY AND DECISIVELY THAT LEADS TO TO ACT QUICKLY AND DECISIVELY THAT LEADS TO FURTHER ESCALATION OF CHALLENGESFURTHER ESCALATION OF CHALLENGES

• WITH SO MANY COUNTRIES UNHAPPY, IT WAS ONLY A WITH SO MANY COUNTRIES UNHAPPY, IT WAS ONLY A MATTER OF TIME BEFORE GREATER CHALLENGES WOULD MATTER OF TIME BEFORE GREATER CHALLENGES WOULD FACE THE LEAGUEFACE THE LEAGUE

• SHE WAS NOT READY TO MEET THE CHALLENGES, AND SHE WAS NOT READY TO MEET THE CHALLENGES, AND THIS WAS A MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR TO WWIITHIS WAS A MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR TO WWII

• UNHAPPY COUNTRIES COULD, AND MANY DID, LOOK TO UNHAPPY COUNTRIES COULD, AND MANY DID, LOOK TO EXTREME FORMS OF GOV’T TO ACHIEVE THE GOALS THEY EXTREME FORMS OF GOV’T TO ACHIEVE THE GOALS THEY DID NOT ACHIEVE AT THE PEACE OF PARISDID NOT ACHIEVE AT THE PEACE OF PARIS

THE LEAGUE OF NATIONSTHE LEAGUE OF NATIONS

LOOK AT THE POLITICAL CARTOONAND DECIDE WHAT MESSAGE IT ISTRYING TO IMPART.

WHAT SEEMS TO BE THE OPINION OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS HELDBY THE CARTOONIST?

WHAT IS TOTALITARIANISM?WHAT IS TOTALITARIANISM?

• TOTALITARIANISM IS A FORM OF GOV’T IN WHICH THE TOTALITARIANISM IS A FORM OF GOV’T IN WHICH THE LEADER HAS VIRTUAL TOTAL CONTROL OF THE STATELEADER HAS VIRTUAL TOTAL CONTROL OF THE STATE

• SIMILAR TO ABSOLUTE MONARCHY, BUT NOT A KING, SIMILAR TO ABSOLUTE MONARCHY, BUT NOT A KING, AND NO LEGITIMATE RIGHT TO RULEAND NO LEGITIMATE RIGHT TO RULE

• USUALLY TAKES CONTROL BY FORCE AND USUALLY TAKES CONTROL BY FORCE AND INTIMIDATIONINTIMIDATION

• TO MAINTAIN CONTROL THE LEADER MUST BE TO MAINTAIN CONTROL THE LEADER MUST BE RUTHLESS, CUNNING, AND DOMINATE ALL ASPECTS RUTHLESS, CUNNING, AND DOMINATE ALL ASPECTS OF SOCIETYOF SOCIETY

CHARACTERISTICS OF A CHARACTERISTICS OF A TOTALITARIAN STATETOTALITARIAN STATE

• ONE PARTYONE PARTY

• ONE LEADERONE LEADER

• ONE IDEOLOGYONE IDEOLOGY

• COMMAND ECONOMYCOMMAND ECONOMY

• TOTAL CONTROLTOTAL CONTROL

PRECONDITIONS NECESSARY PRECONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR THE RISE OF A FOR THE RISE OF A TOTALITARIAN STATETOTALITARIAN STATE

• POLITICAL PRECONDITIONSPOLITICAL PRECONDITIONS• ECONOMIC PRECONDITIONSECONOMIC PRECONDITIONS• SOCIAL PRECONDITIONSSOCIAL PRECONDITIONS• NATIONALISTIC PRECONDITIONSNATIONALISTIC PRECONDITIONS• PSYCHOLOGICAL PRECONDITIONSPSYCHOLOGICAL PRECONDITIONS• THE MAN ON THE WHITE HORSE, THE THE MAN ON THE WHITE HORSE, THE

SAVIOURSAVIOUR

ITALY AND MUSSOLINIITALY AND MUSSOLINI

• ALL OF THE PRECONDITIONS, WERE IN ITALY ALL OF THE PRECONDITIONS, WERE IN ITALY AFTER PEACE OF PARISAFTER PEACE OF PARIS

• THIS LED TO PEOPLE’S DISSATISFACTION WITH THIS LED TO PEOPLE’S DISSATISFACTION WITH GOV’TGOV’T

• AFTER FIUME THEY WERE FUMING!AFTER FIUME THEY WERE FUMING!

• TURNED TO THE SAVIOUR MUSSOLINITURNED TO THE SAVIOUR MUSSOLINI

MUSSOLINI SPEAKING TO CROWD IN FRONT OF Piazza Venezia.

HIS BALCONY IS TO THE RIGHT

THE BALCONY TODAY

PIAZZA VENEZIA INUNDATED WITH TITANS

RISE OF MUSSOLINIRISE OF MUSSOLINI• BENITO MUSSOLINI, VIOLENT CHILD FROM BENITO MUSSOLINI, VIOLENT CHILD FROM

ROMAGNAROMAGNA

• DESERTED FROM ARMY, SOCIALIST EDITOR, DESERTED FROM ARMY, SOCIALIST EDITOR,

• SOLDIER IN WWISOLDIER IN WWI

• FOUNDS FASCIO DE COMBATTIMENTO PARTYFOUNDS FASCIO DE COMBATTIMENTO PARTY

• 150 MEMBERS TO 350,000 IN 2 YEARS150 MEMBERS TO 350,000 IN 2 YEARS

• GOV’T USE THEM TO FIGHT COMMUNISTSGOV’T USE THEM TO FIGHT COMMUNISTS

• BROWNSHIRT MARCH ON ROME, GOV’T REACTS BROWNSHIRT MARCH ON ROME, GOV’T REACTS TOO LATETOO LATE

• MUSSOLINI IN POWER IN 1921, THREE YEARS MUSSOLINI IN POWER IN 1921, THREE YEARS AFTER FOUNDING PARTYAFTER FOUNDING PARTY

GERMANYGERMANY

• COMMUNIST REBELLIONCOMMUNIST REBELLION

• WEIMAR INEFFICIENCYWEIMAR INEFFICIENCY

• SOCIAL DISCONTENTSOCIAL DISCONTENT

• RISE OF NATIONAL SOCIALIST PARTYRISE OF NATIONAL SOCIALIST PARTY

• YOUNG SPY JOINS PARTY AND BEGINS TO YOUNG SPY JOINS PARTY AND BEGINS TO LEAD…HITLERLEAD…HITLER

WEIMAR REPUBLICWEIMAR REPUBLIC• THE NOVEMBER CRIMINALSTHE NOVEMBER CRIMINALS

• 42 YEARLY PAYMENTS OF REPARATIONS, 42 YEARLY PAYMENTS OF REPARATIONS, DEFAULT YEAR TWODEFAULT YEAR TWO

• FRANCE/BELGIUM INVADE, LEAGUE OKAYFRANCE/BELGIUM INVADE, LEAGUE OKAY

• HYPERINFLATION, UNEMPLOYMENT PEOPLE HYPERINFLATION, UNEMPLOYMENT PEOPLE LOOK FOR SAVIOURLOOK FOR SAVIOUR

• WORLD FEELS BAD, RENEGOTIATES TREATY. WORLD FEELS BAD, RENEGOTIATES TREATY.

• EXTEND PAYMENTS, TREATY OF LOCARNO EXTEND PAYMENTS, TREATY OF LOCARNO (1925), KELLOGG BRIAND PACT (1928)(1925), KELLOGG BRIAND PACT (1928)

• BY 1930 LEAGUE AND OTHER TREATIES FINALLY BY 1930 LEAGUE AND OTHER TREATIES FINALLY STARTING TO WORK, ALL COMES CRASHING STARTING TO WORK, ALL COMES CRASHING DOWN WITH DEPRESSIONDOWN WITH DEPRESSION

FINAL FAILURES OF THE FINAL FAILURES OF THE LEAGUELEAGUE

• WITH DEPRESSION NEW PROBLEMS WITH DEPRESSION NEW PROBLEMS FACED BY WORLDFACED BY WORLD

• MANY COUNTRIES BEGAN TO EXPAND MANY COUNTRIES BEGAN TO EXPAND INFLUENCE TO END DEPRESSIONINFLUENCE TO END DEPRESSION

• LEAGUE DOES NOT STOP, DON’T WANT LEAGUE DOES NOT STOP, DON’T WANT WARWAR

• MANCHURIAN CRISIS OF 1931; MANCHURIAN CRISIS OF 1931; LEAGUE DOES NOT INVOKE ARTICLE LEAGUE DOES NOT INVOKE ARTICLE TEN OR SIXTEENTEN OR SIXTEEN

• ETHIOPIAN CRISIS OF 1935; AGAIN ETHIOPIAN CRISIS OF 1935; AGAIN LEAGUE DOES LITTLE. WA RIDDELL LEAGUE DOES LITTLE. WA RIDDELL PROPOSES OIL, BUT NEVER DONEPROPOSES OIL, BUT NEVER DONE

• NOW GERMANY REALLY TURNS TO NOW GERMANY REALLY TURNS TO HITLER HITLER

RISE OF NAZI GERMANYRISE OF NAZI GERMANY• FRIEKORPSFRIEKORPS

• BLACKSHIRTSBLACKSHIRTS

• ECONOMIC CRISIS SOLVED, HITLER’S RISE STALLEDECONOMIC CRISIS SOLVED, HITLER’S RISE STALLED

• HITLER’S BEER HALL PUTSCH HITLER’S BEER HALL PUTSCH

• JAIL, MEIN KEMPF JAIL, MEIN KEMPF

• AFTER DEPRESSION, HITLER’S LEGAL RISE BEGINSAFTER DEPRESSION, HITLER’S LEGAL RISE BEGINS

• BECOMES CHANCELLOR 1933 APPOINTED BY BECOMES CHANCELLOR 1933 APPOINTED BY HINDENBURGHINDENBURG

• SECRETLY RAISES ARMY TO 300,000SECRETLY RAISES ARMY TO 300,000• LUFTHANSALUFTHANSA• GLIDER NATIONAL SPORTGLIDER NATIONAL SPORT• TANK DEAL WITH USSRTANK DEAL WITH USSR• LEAVES LOCARNOLEAVES LOCARNO• AUTOBAHNAUTOBAHN• VOLKSWAGENVOLKSWAGEN• 1935 ARMY UP TO 550,0001935 ARMY UP TO 550,000• SAAR RETURNS HOME 90% VOTESAAR RETURNS HOME 90% VOTE• DEAL WITH ENGLAND FOR 1/3 TONNAGE OF DEAL WITH ENGLAND FOR 1/3 TONNAGE OF

NAVY, EQUAL SUBSNAVY, EQUAL SUBS• 1936 RHINELAND REOCCUPIED1936 RHINELAND REOCCUPIED• 1937 CONDOR LEGION TO SPAIN1937 CONDOR LEGION TO SPAIN• AUNSCHULUSS OF 1938AUNSCHULUSS OF 1938• SUDETENLAND OF CZECHOSLOVAKIASUDETENLAND OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA• MARCH 1939 TAKES THE RESTMARCH 1939 TAKES THE REST• DEMANDS POLANDDEMANDS POLAND

START OF WARSTART OF WAR

• PACT WITH SOVIET UNIONPACT WITH SOVIET UNION

• SEPTEMBER 1,1939 INVADES POLANDSEPTEMBER 1,1939 INVADES POLAND

• SEPTEMBER 3 BRITAIN GOES TO WARSEPTEMBER 3 BRITAIN GOES TO WAR

• SEPTEMBER 10SEPTEMBER 10THTH CANADA DECLARES CANADA DECLARES WAR FOR FIRST TIMEWAR FOR FIRST TIME