callaghan (2014) man up! man down!: military masculinity, stigma, and post-traumatic stress disorder...
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7/27/2019 Callaghan (2014) Man Up! Man Down!: Military Masculinity, Stigma, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (MA thesis)
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MAJ XV! MAJ @NUJ!
Mklktary Masdulkjkty, Ttkema, aj` Vnst-Praumatkd Ttrhss @ksnr`hr
Ualthr Dallaebaj@hpartmhjt ni Ajtbrnpnlney
Xjkvhrskty ni Pnrnjtn
AJP-?6667 Masthrs _hshardb Vaphr
Tuomktth` inr dnmplhtknj ni tbh MA Vrneram
Aueust ?610
Tuphrvksnr7 Vrni. Mkdbahl Lamohc
@hpartmhjt ni AjtbrnpnlneyXjkvhrskty ni Pnrnjtn
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Pbh Daja`kaj snl`khr7 aj hxhmplar ni valnur, `uty, kjtherkty, bnjnur, aj` dnuraeh3 a shlilhss aj`
shli-sadrkikdkje prnthdtnr ni tbh valuhs aj` k`hals ni Daja`kaj sndkhty3 tbh bhrn. Pbhsh arh all
dhrtakjly asphdts ni tbh k`hjtkty ni tbh Daja`kaj snl`khr, aj` mnrh kmpnrtajtly, tbhsh arh all alsn
tbh hpktnmh ni malhjhss kj mn`hrj Uhsthrj sndkhty, a malhjhss tbat bas ohdnmh larehly
kjshparaolh irnm tbh sndkally dnjstrudth` k`hjtkty ni tbh snl`khr, nr, kj ntbhr wnr`s, a
byphrmasdulkjh k`hjtkty tbat trajsdhj`s tbh oknlney ni tbh kj`kvk`ual, skjdh tbks snl`khr k`hjtkty ks
hjadth` oy snl`khrs wbhtbhr tbhy oh oknlnekdally malh nr ihmalh, aj` rhear`lhss ni tbh shxual
k`hjtkty ni tbh kj`kvk`ual, wbhtbhr kt oh bhthrnshxual nr ajy varkajt dnmmnjly rhihrrh` tn as
LEOPQ. Pbks byphrmasdulkjh k`hjtkty ni tbh snl`khr, phrbaps ohst rhihrrh` tn as mklktary
masdulkjkty, ks sndkalkzh` kjtn tbh kj`kvk`ual snl`khr lnje ohinrh tbhy hvhr swhar aj natb nr
aiikrmatknj ni shrvkdh tn Daja`a, aj` ohdnmhs a dnrh, yht irhquhjtly ujrhdnejkzh`, pkllar ni tbhkr
kjthrjal systhm ni valuhs, htbkds, mnrals, aj` htbns. Aj` tbks mklktary masdulkjkty, wktb kts
hmpbasks nj tbh bhrn mntki, alsn plays a rnlh kj bnwtbh kj`kvk`ual snl`khr lkvhs tbhkr `akly lkih,
kmaekjhs aj` phrdhkvhs tbh wnrl` arnuj` tbhm, aj` bnw tbhy dnjdhptualkzh kjgury nr klljhss.
Kt ks tbks latthr asphdt tbat ks tbh dnrh indus ni tbks paphr7 bnw tbh kj`kvk`ual snl`khr
uj`hrstaj`s, dnjdhptualkzhs, phrdhkvhs, aj` ultkmathly hjadts tbh dnj`ktknj cjnwj as pnst-
traumatkd strhss `ksnr`hr (VPT@), nr ajy ni tbh ntbhr inrms ni psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss tbat iall
uj`hr tbh umorhlla thrm ni Nphratknjal Ttrhss Kjgury (NTK), tbrnueb tbh sndkalkzh` lhjshs ni tbhkr
ehj`hrh` k`hjtkty as tbh bhrn, kjdlu`kje tbh `kiihrhjt inrms aj` majjhrs kj wbkdb stkema
tnwar`s VPT@ nr NTK nddur, ontb irnm wktbkj tbh mklktary dulturh, aj` tbrnueb tbh orna`hr
Daja`kaj sndkhty wktbkj wbkdb tbh mklktary nphraths aj` iujdtknjs. Pbks paphr wkll hxamkjh tbh
ways kj wbkdb tbh kj`ndtrkjatknj aj` sndkalkzatknj ni tbh Daja`kaj snl`khr iujdtknjs tn drhath
aj`/nr rhkjinrdh tbh byphrmasdulkjh ehj`hrh` k`hjtkty, tbh mklktary masdulkjkty, tbat lkhs at tbh
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bhart ni tbh sndkal kmaekjary ni wbn tbh Daja`kaj snl`khr ks. Pbh majjhr kj wbkdb tbh pakj aj`
suiihrkje ni psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss kjthradts wktb tbks kmaekjh` out a`npth` iujdtknjal jnj-
oknlnekd ehj`hrh` k`hjtkty wkll oh hxamkjh`, ontb irnm tbh lhjs ni tbnsh jnt strkdchj oy tbh
symptnms ni VPT@, as whll as irnm tbh kjthrjalkzh` lhjs ni tbh wnuj`h` warrknr.
_hear`kje Vnsktknjalkty
Ajtbrnpnlney bas lnje ohhj oash` nj tbh prhdhpt ni uj`hrstaj`kje tbh Ntbhr tbrnueb
partkdkpajt noshrvatknj uj`hrtachj kj tbh dnursh ni htbjnerapbkd ikhl`wnrc hjtaklkje atthmptkje
tn lkvh tbh `akly lkih ni kj`kvk`uals wktbkj tbh suoghdt dulturh ni kjthrhst. Uktb tbh uj`hrstaj`kje
tbat tbh noshrvhr daj jhvhr oh dnmplhthly noghdtkvh (Bhehluj`, ?668), tbh k`ha ni dnj`udtkje
htbjnerapby at bnmh, nr wktbkj njhs nwj dultural ernup, bas `hvhlnph` wktbkj tbh ikhl` ni
ajtbrnpnlney, wktb tbh davhat tbat sn lnje as tbh ajtbrnpnlnekst ks dlhar nj tbhkr pnsktknjalkty,
aj` tbh pnthjtkal inr tbhkr suoghdtkvkty vs. tbh dnjdhpt ni noghdtkvkty tbat was bhl` as a pkllar ni
sndkal sdkhjdh rhshardb. Oy prnvk`kje a dlhar stathmhjt nj pnsktknjalkty, sudb suoghdtkvkty ks
tbnuebt tn jnt nvhrly kjthrihrh wktb tbh rhsult ni tbh htbjnerapbkd prnghdt.
As sudb, a ihw wnr`s rhear`kje my oadcernuj` dnmkje kjtn tbks prnghdt7 K shrvh` as a
dnmmkssknjh` niikdhr kj tbh Daja`kaj Inrdhs Bhaltb Thrvkdhs irnm Mardb ?661 ujtkl my
mh`kdal rhlhash irnm shrvkdh kj Aueust ?616. My mh`kdal rhlhash was oash` nj my bavkje dnmh
inrwar` rhquhstkje mh`kdal asskstajdh inr tbh psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss tbat K was hxphrkhjdkje
snmhtbkje tbat bas rhdhkvh` multkplh `kaejnshs, kjdlu`kje okpnlar `ksnr`hr, magnr `hprhssknj,
aj` ikjally pnst-traumatkd strhss `ksnr`hr. Kj tbh dnursh ni shhckje trhatmhjt inr tbh phrsnjal bhll
tbat K inuj` myshli kj, K rhalkzh` tbat tbhrh was a `ksdnjjhdt ohtwhhj my phrsnjal hxphrkhjdh aj`
phrdhptknj, aj` tbat applkh` tn mh oy tbh oknmh`kdal dnmmujkty, aj` oy tbh mklktary kj ehjhral.
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Kj aj atthmpt tn ohtthr uj`hrstaj` tbks `kdbntnmy, aj` wby tbhsh `kiihrhjdhs nddurrh`, aj` kj aj
atthmpt tn rhdrhath a shjsh ni shli-k`hjtkty, K rhturjh` tn ada`hmka as a era`uath stu`hjt kj
ajtbrnpnlney wktb tbh kjthjtknj ni dnj`udtkje rhshardb tn uj`hrstaj` aj` hxplakj tbh stkema
tnwar`s VPT@ tbat K ba` hxphrkhjdh` ikrst-baj`. My hxphrkhjdh tbrnueb shrvkje as aj niikdhr kj
tbh Daja`kaj Inrdhs, kj dnjgujdtknj wktb my vhry phrsnjal hxphrkhjdh `halkje wktb VPT@, ontb
wktbkj tbh mklktary aj` wktbkj tbh mh`kdal systhms, bavh pnsktknjh` mh wktb a ratbhr ujkquh
phrsphdtkvh nj bnw tbh valuhs aj` htbns ni `kiihrkje dultural systhms, aj` suodnmpnjhjts ni
tbnsh systhms, aiihdt tbh kj`kvk`ual, partkdularly kj thrms ni tbh kj`kvk`uals aehjdy aj`
phrdhptknj ni rhalkty.
Iurtbhr, nj my mh`kdal rhlhash irnm tbh Daja`kaj Inrdhs, aj` kj rhspnjsh tn wbat K ihlt
was suostaj`ar` trhatmhjt ni my jhh`s ohinrh, `urkje, aj` aithr tbat mh`kdal rhlhash, K qukdcly
ohdamh aj nutspnchj a`vndath inr tbh rkebts aj` addhss-tn-ohjhikts ni vhthrajs ni tbh Daja`kaj
inrdhs. Kt was tbks rnlh as aj a`vndath aj` adtkvkst tbat ultkmathly lh` tn my rhturj tn ada`hmka,
rhalkzkje tbat tbhrh was pnthjtkal inr ada`hmkd rhshardb, partkdularly tbrnueb ajtbrnpnlney, tn
play a rnlh kj bhlpkje tn dbajeh a shrkhs ni strudtural systhms (tbh Daja`kaj Inrdhs, aj` Yhthrajs
Aiiakrs Daja`a) tbat whrh suppnsh` tn oh bhlpkje tbnsh snl`khrs nr vhthrajs wbn rhqukrh` ajy
inrm ni asskstajdh inr tbhkr varknus mh`kdal nr psydbnlnekdal jhh`s. Pbks jhw multk-iadhth` rnlh,
nr k`hjtkty, as a VPT@-survkvnr, as a vhthraj wktb VPT@, aj` as a era`uath stu`hjt kj
ajtbrnpnlney, bavh bhlph` `hvhlnp a ujkquh phrsphdtkvh nj tbh kssuh ni psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss
wktbkj tbh mklktary aj` wktbkj tbh vhthrajs dnmmujkty.
K `n jnt dlakm tbat tbks rhshardb, nr tbks paphr, wkll oh dnmplhthly noghdtkvh out ratbhr
tbat kt wkll oh bkebly suoghdtkvh kj tbat tbh lkvh` hxphrkhjdh as aj ntbhr wktbkj njhs nwj larehr
sndkhty (as a snl`khr kj Daja`a, as a snl`khr wktb VPT@ kj tbh mklktary, aj` ikjally as a vhthraj
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wktb VPT@ kj Daja`kaj dkvklkaj sndkhty) bavh lh` tn hxphrkhjdhs tbat bavh drhath` wbn K am,
bnw K phrdhkvh tbh wnrl` arnuj` mh, aj` bavh hjaolh` mh tn turj a drktkdal hyh tn tbh strudturhs
aj` systhms uj`hrlykje tbnsh vhry hxphrkhjdhs. Pbks suoghdtkvh phrdhptknj ks at tbh samh tkmh
noghdtkvh as kt bas allnwh` mh tn dnjdhptualkzh tbks prnghdt kj a majjhr tbat K `n jnt ohlkhvh
wnul` bavh ohhj pnsskolh inr snmhnjh wbn ba` jnt enjh tbrnueb tbhsh samh ikrst-baj`
hxphrkhjdhs.
Nj Htbkds & Mhtbn`s
Kj tbat mudb ni tbks rhshardb was vhry mudb autnhtbjnerapbkd, nr turjkje tbh hxphrkhjtkal hyh ni
htbjnerapby nj tn my nwj hxphrkhjdhs, aj` tbnsh hxphrkhjdhs ohkje kj tbh past, tbhrh was snmh
`kiikdulty kj dnjdhptualkzkje bnw tn iramh dhrtakj asphdts ni tbks prnghdt, hsphdkally skjdh tbh
kssuh ni stkema tnwar`s VPT@ bas rhdhkvh` snmh atthjtknj wktbkj tbh Daja`kaj Inrdhs
(Ikcrhtnelu ht al., ?6623 Var, ?6113 Var & _a`inr`, ?6143 TDJ@1, ?66;) aj` kj ntbhr mklktary
hjvkrnjmhjts (Enul` ht al., ?6163 Lajestnj ht al., ?616), partkdularly wktbkj tbh `kiihrhjt
orajdbhs ni tbh XT mklktary (@kdcsthkj ht al., ?6163 Jasb ht al., ?66;3 Jkhuwsma & Vhpphr,
?6163 Urkebt ht al., ?66;) skjdh my kjktkal hxphrkhjdhs ni dnmkje inrwar` aj` shhckje bhlp.
Uktb tbks, aj` tbh sbkit kj tbh puolkd adcjnwlh`ehmhjt ni VPT@ ohkje aj kssuh, ontb wktbkj tbh
mklktary aj` nutsk`h kt kj tbh wk`hr dkvklkaj sndkal spbhrh, aj` wktb tbh war kj Aiebajkstaj
dnjtkjukje ujtkl rhdhjtly, lha`kje tn aj hvhr-larehr pnpulatknj ni ynujehr snl`khrs aj` vhthrajs,
all haskly addhsskolh tbrnueb tbh pnrtal ni a `kektal dnmmujkty (Vrhhdh & Malnjhy-Crkdbmar,
?668), aj atthmpt bas ohhj ma`h tn lnnc ohynj` gust tbh autnhtbjnerapbkd tn kjdnrpnrath tbh
hxphrkhjdhs ni ntbhrs, aj` tn thst tbh dnjdhptualkzatknjs tbat `hvhlnph` tbrnueb tbh inrmulatknj
ni tbks prnghdt.
1TDJ@7 Ttaj`kje Dnmmktthh nj Jatknjal @hihjdh
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Bnwhvhr, ohdaush ni tbh shjsktkvh jaturh ni tbks prnghdt, aj` tbh rhal hiihdts tbat ohdnmkje
cjnwj as bavkje VPT@ bas nj tbh kj`kvk`uals kjvnlvh`, dnj`udtkje ikrst-baj`, kj-sktu
htbjnerapbkd ikhl`wnrc ohdamh kmpnsskolh. Ekvhj tbat tbh ih`hral envhrjmhjt ni Daja`a,
partkdularly tbh @hpartmhjt ni Jatknjal @hihjdh, bas vhry rhstrkdtkvh, aj` areuaoly vhry jnj-
htbkdal rhshardb prntndnls tbat rhshardbhrs must aok`h oy ki tbhy wksb addhss tn durrhjt-shrvkje
snl`khrs, kt was hdk`h` tbat dnjvhjtknjal ikhl`wnrc wnul` jnt oh ihaskolh. Pbh vhry rhshardb
prntndnls tbat wnul` bavh tn oh addhpth` kj nr`hr tn dnj`udt sudb rhshardb kj-sktu wktb tbh
envhrjmhjts apprnval wnul` rhqukrh ohtraykje tbh vhry kj`kvk`uals wbn wnul` oh tbh indus ni
sudb rhshardb, ki sudb kj`kvk`uals whrh hvhj aolh tn oh k`hjtkikh` nr kjthrvkhwh` tn ohekj wktb.
Tudb ohtrayal, hsphdkally skjdh kt wnul` daush dlhar barm tn tbh kj`kvk`ual kjinrmajts, was
`hhmh` tn oh bkebly ujhtbkdal, aj` tbhrhinrh jnt pnsskolh.
Kjstha`, tbh indus inr eatbhrkje durrhjt `ata was pladh` nj tbh `kektal dnmmujktkhs tbat
bavh `hvhlnph` tbrnueb sndkal mh`ka, partkdularly tbnsh ni vhthrajs (sudb as tbh Daja`kaj
Yhthrajs A`vndady?) aj` tbnsh `hskejh` inr phhr-suppnrt purpnshs (sudb as Mklktary Mkj`s
4).
Jn hiinrt was ma`h tn dnj`udt inrmal kjthrvkhws, ratbhr tbh ehjhral dnjvhrsatknjs nddurrkje
tbrnueb tbhsh sndkal-mh`ka-`rkvhj `kektal dnmmujktkhs was noshrvh`, aj` irhquhjtly partkdkpath`
kj tbrnueb my dnjdurrhjt rnlh as a aj a`vndath aj` adtkvkst. Ubklh jn inrmal kjthrvkhws whrh
snuebt, jumhrnus kj`kvk`uals damh inrwar` vnlujtarkly, ontb nj-lkjh aj` kj-phrsnj (partkdularly
wbhj K atthj`h` varknus vhthrajs-indush` hvhjts, sudb as tbh rhdhjt _ndc tbh Bkll prnthst nj
Varlkamhjt Bkll kj Nttawa, Njtarkn, `urkje harly Gujh ?610), vnlujthhrkje tbhkr phrsnjal
jarratkvhs aj` bnw tbhy ba` hxphrkhjdh` tbh lkih-dbajekje symptnms ni psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss.
?Uhoskth7bttp7//www.daja`kajvhthrajsa`vndady.dnm/3Iadhonnc7bttp7//www.daja`kajvhthrajsa`vndady.dnm/4Uhoskth7bttp7//www.mklktarymkj`skjd.dnm/3 Iadhonnc7bttps7//www.iadhonnc.dnm/MklktaryMkj`sKjd
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Quhrkhs whrh ma`h as tn wbhtbhr aj htbkds onar` apprnval sbnul` oh snuebt irnm tbh Xjkvhrskty
ni Pnrnjtn, out kj tbh hj`, tbh ihaskoklkty ni rhturjkje tn majy ni tbhsh kjinrmajts aj` atthmptkje
tn prndurh skejh` dnjshjt was `hhmh` tn oh lnekstkdally ujihaskolh, aj` jnt aosnluthly jhdhssary,
skjdh majy ni tbh jarratkvhs whrh ma`h puolkd vka sndkal mh`ka. Iurtbhr, a lareh jumohr ni tbh
jarratkvhs ush` bhrhkj whrh tbnsh tbat whrh jnt elhajh` irnm puolkdly avaklaolh sndkal mh`ka
snurdhs, out kjstha` whrh rhdhkvh` kj a inrm tbat prhdlu`h` ajy aoklkty tn tradh `nwj tbh nrkekjal
kj`kvk`uals aj` notakj sudb skejh` dnjshjt, skjdh majy ni tbhsh jarratkvhs whrh shjt
ajnjymnusly, aj` jnt kjirhquhjtly tbrnueb kjthrmh`karkhs. Kj aj atthmpt tn prnvk`h hvhj mnrh
ajnjymkty, partkdularly kj tbh aoshjdh ni a inrmal htbkds apprnval, wbhrh tbhsh jarratkvhs apphar
kj tbks paphr tbhy bavh ohhj mn`kikh` aj` dnjgnkjh` tbhmatkdally tn prnvk`h a mhtajarratkvh
dnjstrudth` ni skmklar jarratkvhs out wktb ajy aj` all phrsnjally k`hjtkikaolh kjinrmatknj
dbajeh`. Kj aj hiinrt tn makjtakj iull dnjik`hjtkalkty aj` ajnjymkty ni all kj`kvk`uals wbnsh
hxphrkhjdhs aj` jarratkvhs kjinrmh` tbks paphr, K bavh `hdk`h` jnt tn prnvk`h ajy jamhs, jnt
hvhj alkashs, aj` lkchwksh bavh chpt tbh ush ni qunths irnm ajy jarratkvhs tn a oarh mkjkmum,
usually njly rhihrrkje tn chy shjthjdhs tbat whrh dnmmnj tbrnuebnut mnst jarratkvhs aj`
dnjvhrsatknjs.
At tbh samh tkmh, partkdularly kj tbh `kektal dnmmujktkhs, nppnsktknj tn tbh dnmkje nut
ni varknus kj`kvk`uals, snmh ni tbhm qukth bkeb prniklh, was vhry jntaolh, aj` vhry rhmkjksdhjt
ni tbh kjstajdhs hxphrkhjdh` ikrst-baj` wbhj K kjktkally snuebt bhlp wbklh stkll shrvkje kj tbh
Daja`kaj Inrdhs. Pbhsh dnmmhjts, majy ni tbhm ma`h `krhdtly kj rhspnjsh tn snl`khrs nr
vhthrajs sbarkje tbhkr jarratkvhs nj puolkdly addhsskolh sndkal mh`ka, out snmh alsn ohkje tbh
dnrh indus ni ntbhr `kektal dnmmujktkhs, shrvh` as a dnujthr-oalajdh tn tbh jarratkvhs ni tbh
wnuj`h` warrknrs, kjstha` dlharly `hmnjstratkje bnw tbh stkema tnwar`s VPT@ (nr ajy ntbhr
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NTK, nr hvhj ni ajy phrdhkvh` `kiihrhjdh) was ohkje hjadth` kj vhry vkskolh inrms. Pbhsh
dnmmhjts rarhly tnnc tbh inrm ni a jarratkvh, out kjstha` whrh almnst kjvarkaoly njh-nii attadcs
aeakjst tbnsh wbn ba` `hmnjstrath` a rhmarcaolh `herhh ni oravhry kj bavkje dnmh inrwar` aj`
vnlujthhrh` tbhkr phrsnjal jarratkvhs ni hxphrkhjdkje psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss aj` kts
dnjshquhjdhs. Ubhrh tbhsh stathmhjts arh prhshjth` kj tbks paphr, tbhy arh prhshjth` wktbnut tbh
k`hjtkty ni tbh kj`kvk`ual wbn pnsth` tbhm, aj` wktbnut tbh dnjshjt ni tbnsh kj`kvk`ualsekvhj
tbh jaturh ni tbhsh stathmhjts, majy, ki jnt all, ni wbkdb whrh dlharly attadcs aeakjst tbh
dbaradthr ni ntbhrs, kt was `hdk`h` tbat kt wnul` oh bkebly ujlkchly tbat tbhsh kj`kvk`uals wnul`
hktbhr dnjshjt tn tbhkr ush kj tbks prnghdt, aj` tbat tbhy wnul` jnt oh wkllkje tn prnvk`h prnphr
aj` dnrrhdt kjinrmatknj hktbhr way, skjdh snmh ni tbhsh stathmhjts dnul` haskly mhht tbh rhqukrh`
oasks inr lktkeatknj uj`hr `hiamatknj law kj Daja`a. As sudb, jnjh ni tbhsh stathmhjts arh
attrkouth` tn ajy ekvhj kj`kvk`ual kj ajy way, out arh skmply prhshjth` (snmhtkmhs kj althrh`
inrm wbhrh tbh nrkekjal stathmhjt dnul` pnthjtkally oh lkjch` oadc tn tbh nrkekjatnr) tn
`hmnjstrath tbh jaturh aj` sdnph ni tbh stkema tbat hxksts tnwar`s psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss, ontb
wktbkj tbh mklktary aj` wktbkj tbh wk`hr Daja`kaj sndkhty.
Nj Ehj`hr
Pbrnuebnut tbks paphr, tbh indus wkll oh nj wbat wkll oh rhihrrh` tn as a ehj`hrh` k`hjtkty. My
dnjdhptualkzatknj ni ehj`hrh` k`hjtkty`kiihrs snmhwbat irnm tbh dnjdhpts ni ehj`hr rnlh nr
ehj`hr k`hjtkty (Outlhr, ?660), partkdularly kj tbat kt ks kj`hphj`hjt ni tbh kj`kvk`uals oknlnekd
ehj`hr nr shx. Ubat ks rhihrrh` tn bhrh arh tbh ohbavknurs aj` dnrh valuhs assndkath` wktb a
sndkhtal rnlh tbat all kj`kvk`uals tackje nj tbat rnlh must alsn a`npt kj nr`hr tn prnphrly phrinrm
tbat rnlh. Ubklh tbat sndkhtal rnlh may oh bkstnrkdally lkjch` tn hxphdth` ohbavknurs ni a sphdkikd
oknlnekd shx, sudb as snl`khrs bavh bkstnrkdally ohhj k`hjtkikh` as a malh ehj`hr rnlh, kj tbh
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durrhjt thmpnral iramh ni Pwhjty-Ikrst Dhjtury Daja`a, tbh rnlh ni tbh snl`khr may oh ikllh` oy
phnplh ni hktbhr oknlnekd ehj`hr, malh nr ihmalh, as whll as phnplh ni mnst shxual k`hjtktkhs, aj`
all kj`kvk`uals tackje nj tbh sndkhtal rnlh ni tbh snl`khr arh hxphdth` tn a`npt tbh dnrh valuhs aj`
hxphdth` ohbavknurs assndkath` wktb tbks bkstnrkdally malh-k`hjtkikh` rnlh. Pbhrhinrh, as a rnlh
tbat ks nphj tn mhmohrs ni sndkhty ni ontb oknlnekdal ehj`hrs, aj` ni mnst shxual k`hjtktkhs, out
wktb tbh hxphdtatknj ni tbh a`nptknj ni tbhsh malh ohbavknural jnrms, tbh thrm ehj`hrh`
k`hjtkty ksphrbaps a ohtthr `hsdrkptnr ni wbat ks hxphdth` ni tbh snl`khr tbaj tbh mnrh dnmmnj
rhihrhjt ni ehj`hr rnlh.
Ekvhj tbat hvhj wktbkj tbh mklktary ktshli tbhrh arh varykje `herhhs ni masdulkjkty (Erhhj
ht al., ?6163 Vahdbthr, ?664) tbat arh hxphdth` tn oh `hmnjstrath`, larehly lkjch` tn tbh sphdkikd
darhhr nr rnlh ni tbh snl`khr wktbkj tbh mklktary, tbh thrm mklktary masdulkjkty may oh tnn
lkmktkje ni a `hsdrkptnr, aj` tbks wkll oh `ksdussh` mnrh iully kj a lathr shdtknj. Tuiikdh kt tn say,
wbklh all snl`khrs arh hxphdth` tn phrinrm tbh valuhs, htbns, aj` ohbavknur, lkjch` tn a inrm ni
byphrmasdulkjkty, tbh `herhh ni phrinrmajdh hxphdth` ohtwhhj aj kjiajtry snl`khr aj` a mh`kd
vary tn a iakr `herhh, wktb tbh latthr ohkje phrmktth` a iakr `herhh ni lhjkhjdy tn `hvkath irnm tbat
hxphdth` jnrm as uj`hrstnn` oy tbh dkvklkaj sk`h ni sndkhty (Erhhj ht al, ?616).
Pbh sndkhtal rnlh ni tbh snl`khr ks vhry mudb njh ni tbh bhrn, nr tbh `hihj`hr, nr tbh
baj` ni rkebthnus gustkdh, nr vhjehajdh, nr ajy jumohr ni skmklar adtknjs tbat arh ohynj` tbh
hxphdth` ohbavknur ni tbh jnrmal dkvklkaj. Kt ks a rnlh tbat ks lkmkjal tn tbh rhst ni sndkhty kj tbat
kt ks rhqukrh` tn tach nj adtknjs tbat dnul` oh `htrkmhjtal tn tbh nr`hrh` ohbavknur ni sndkhty
ktshli, out at tbh samh tkmh rhqukrh a dnjjhdtknj tn tbat sndkhty (Inudault, 1;;1).
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Mklktary Kj`ndtrkjatknj
Pbhrh arh iuj`amhjtal `kiihrhjdhs kj tbh dnrh valuhs aj` htbns bhl` aj` hjadth` oy tbh snl`khr
aj` tbh dkvklkaj kj Daja`kaj sndkhty, aj` tbhsh `kiihrhjdhs arh larehly tbh rhsult ni tbh
kj`ndtrkjatknj prndhss tbat nddurs irnm tbh mnmhjt tbat tbh rhdrukt ohekjs Oaskd Prakjkje. Pbh
dnrh valuhs tbat arh kjstkllh` kj tbh kj`kvk`ual arh rkenrnusly rhkjinrdh` tbrnuebnut tbh `uratknj ni
tbat trakjkje, aj` tbrnuebnut tbh darhhr ni tbh snl`khr. Ear`kjhr (?61?7 5?) `hsdrkohs tbh drhatknj
ni tbh snl`khr tbrnueb tbks kj`ndtrkjal prndhss, aj` tbh suoshquhjt rhprn`udtknj ni a `hskrh`
mklktary dulturh (htbns, htbkds, dnrh valuhs, aj` ohlkhis) wktbkj tbh kj`kvk`ual, as aj hxamplh ni
Onur khus(1;55, 1;;6) baoktus, wbkdb, ekvhj tbh kjdnrpnratknj ni tbh kj`kvk`ual kjtn a tntal
kjstktutknj (Inudault, 1;;13 Eniimaj, 1;91) tbat ks shparath irnm tbh wk`hr sndkhty wktb rulhs aj`
rheulatknjs tbat kmpnsh a `kiihrhjt wnrl`vkhw aj` phrdhptknj ni rhalkty kj tbh kj`kvk`ual, ks
kmpnrtajt tn dnjsk`hr. Pbh rnlh ni tbh snl`khr enhs ohynj` tbh dkvklkaj dnjdhpt ni a gno, a mhajs
ni hmplnymhjt, ohdnmkje kjstha` a way ni lkih, a inrm ni hxksthjdh kj aj` ni ktshli. Pbh
rhalkzatknj ni tbks baoktus, tbhrhinrh, ks iuj`amhjtal tn uj`hrstaj`kje bnw tbh k`hjtkty ni tbh
snl`khr aiihdts tbhkr phrdhptknj ni tbh rhalkty tbat tbhy lkvh aj` tbh dnjstrudtknj ni tbhkr kmaekjh`
shli, partkdularly skjdh tbks baoktusks jnt ehjhrally jnt kj tbh kmmh`kath dnjsdknusjhss nr
tbnuebts ni tbh snl`khr wbn bas ohhj kmprkjth` wktb tbh hxphdth` ohbavknurs assndkath` wktb tbh
k`hjtkty ni tbh snl`khr.
Inr majy snl`khrs, kt dnul` oh areuh`, tbhrh may vhry whll alrha`y oh tbh chrjhl ni tbhsh
`kiihrhjdhs, tbh prhdursnr tn tbh baoktus, prhshjt prknr tn hjthrkje tbh mklktary, partkdularly ki tbh
snl`khr dnmhs irnm a iamklkal lkjhaeh ni snl`khrs, wbhrhkj kt ks lkchly tbat tbh kj`ndtrkjatknj
prndhss oheaj `urkje harly dbkl`bnn` sndkalkzatknj wbhj mnst kj`kvk`uals arh tauebt tbh
hxphdth` ohbavknural jnrms ni tbh sndkhty kj wbkdb tbhy arh a mhmohr (Oarrhtt, 1;;93 Onur`khu,
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1;55, 1;;63 Erhhj ht al., ?616). Hvhj inr tbnsh wktbnut a mklktary iamkly lkjhaeh, tbh hxpnsurh
tn pnpular mh`ka may bavh aj kj`ndtrkjal kjiluhjdh nj tbhkr sndkalkzatknj, partkdularly wktb tbh
dnjstrudtknj ni tbh k`hjtkty ni tbh snl`khr as byphrmasdulkjh nr as tbh bhrn, out tbhsh prh-
dnjdhkvh` phrdhptknjs ni mklktary lkih nr ni tbh k`hjtkty aj` purpnsh ni tbh snl`khr rarhly matdb
up tn tbh hxphrkhjdh ni kj`ndtrkjatknj tbat nddurs `urkje Oaskd Prakjkje.
Kt may oh ni partkdular kmpnrtajdh tbat tbh `hskrh` aeh-rajeh inr jhw rhdrukts ks 12 tn ?6
yhars nl`, tbh mnmhjt wbhj mnst kj`kvk`uals kj Uhsthrj sndkhty arh truly ohekjjkje tn
`hthrmkjh aj` inrm tbhkr shli-k`hjtktkhs, aj` wbhj tbhy arh phrbaps tbh mnst vuljhraolh tn tbh
prndhsshs ni kj`ndtrkjatknj. Inr tbh pnpulatknj ni ynuje a`ults wbn arh tarehth` inr vnlujtary
hjlkstmhjt, tbh sndkalkzatknj tbat tbhy uj`hrwhjt tbrnuebnut tbhkr lkvhs may kj`hh` bavh lh` tn
tbhkr k`hjtkiykje wktb tbh byphrmasdulkjh ohbavknural jnrms assndkath` wktb tbh snl`khr k`hjtkty
(Oarrhtt, 1;;93 Onur`khu, 1;55, 1;;63 Eardka ht al., ?6113 Erhhj ht al., ?616), aj` tbh prndhss ni
gnkjkje tbh mklktary ks irhquhjtly shhj as njh kj wbkdb tbh kj`kvk`ual truly notakjs tbh rkebt tn oh
dallh` a maj (Erhhj ht al, ?6163 Bneh, ?616).
Pbrnuebnut tbh prndhss ni kj`ndtrkjatknj, tbh trnphs ni majlkjhss arh rhphath`ly `rkllh`
kjtn tbh jhw rhdrukts, as tbhy arh tbrnuebnut tbh snl`khrs darhhr, wktb a indus nj `hvhlnpkje a
tbkdc sckj tn kjsults aj` vhroal aoush, nr sn kt shhms tn tbh jhw rhdrukt, aj` tn majy snl`khrs
tbrnuebnut tbhkr darhhr. Pbh adtualkty ks tbat tbh kjsults aj` ntbhr ohbavknurs tn wbkdb rhdrukts
arh hxpnsh` arh mhajt mnrh tn kj`udh a strhss rhspnjsh wktb tbh k`ha tbat harly aj` dnjtkjuh`
hxpnsurh tn strhss, wktb aj hlhvatknj ni kjthjskty tbrnuebnut trakjkje (out partkdularly `urkje tbh
rhdrukt staeh) wkll `hvhlnp rhsklkhjdy0kj tbh snl`khr. Ubklh tbks may oh tbh kjthjt ni tbh lajeuaeh
aj` ohbavknur tbat snl`khrs arh hxpnsh` tn, tbh dnjthjt ktshli ks rhkjinrdkje ni tbh oasks ni mklktary
0_hsklkhjdy wkll oh `ksdussh` kj a lathr shdtknj ni tbks paphr.
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masdulkjkty, aj` ni bhehmnjkd masdulkjktytbat ajytbkje kmphrihdt ks jnt malh,, aj` skjdh tbh
snl`khr ks tbh hpktnmh ni wbat kt mhajs tn oh malh, tbhj ujtkl tbh snl`khr `hmnjstraths a `hskrh`
lhvhl ni dnmphthjdy at ajy ekvhj tasc, tbhy arh jnt wnrtby ni ohkje a snl`khr, lht alnjh a maj
(Erhhj ht al., ?616). Kj tbh Daja`kaj Inrdhs, tbhsh bhehmnjkd prkjdkplhs arh stkll kj play, aj` arh
hjadth` nj ihmalh rhdrukts/snl`khrs as whll as malhs, out tbh indus ks lhss nj tbh oknlnekd ehj`hr
ni tbh kj`kvk`ual out mnrh nj tbh `kdbntnmkhs ni whac/strnje, dbkl`/a`ult, dkvklkaj/snl`khr,
tbnueb ehj`hr-sphdkikd thrms arh stkll irhquhjtly hmplnyh`, wktb malh rhdrukts irhquhjtly ohkje
dallh` pusskhs nr ntbhr `hrneatnry thrms `hjntkje a ladc ni masdulkjkty. A ihmalh rhdrukt
mkebt skmklarly oh rhihrrh` tn as a prkjdhss, kjihrrkje tbat sbh ks jnt strnje hjnueb tn dut kt kj a
majs prnihssknj a``kje a ehj`hr-sphdkikd dballhjeh tbat areuaoly `hikjhs tbh snl`khr as a
rnlh rhqukrkje a oknlnekd ehj`hr kj kts mnst oaskd kjthrprhtatknj, out alsn kjihrrkje tbat hktbhr
oknlnekd ehj`hr daj ohdnmh a snl`khr, hlhvatkje tbh k`hjtkty aonvh tbh oknlnekd aj` kjtn tbh rhalm
ni tbh jnj-oknlnekd wktb a indus nj hxphdth` ohbavknural jnrms.
Ajntbhr asphdt ni tbh prndhss ni mklktary kj`ndtrkjatknj nr sndkalkzatknj ks tbh drhatknj kj
hadb kj`kvk`ual ni a shjsh ni hsprkt `h dnrps, a lhvhl ni kjthrphrsnjal rhlatknjsbkp aj` dnbhsknj
tbat ks dnmmnjly rhihrrh` tn as ohkje tkebthr nr mnrh dlnshly cjkt tbaj ajy ntbhr rhlatknjsbkp tbat
may nddur kj aj kj`kvk`uals lkih (Erhhj ht al., ?6163 Bneh, ?616). Pbrnueb tbks prndhss, tbh
lkjckje ni tbh kj`kvk`ual tn a larehr nreajkzatknj, usually tn tbh ujkt as tbh tnp mnst lhvhl (aj`
rhihrrh` tn as ujkt dnbhsknj), out mkjkmally `nwj tn tbh kj`kvk`ual aj` bks nr bhr oattlh-ou``y,
drhaths a onj` tbat ks ihlt tn oh strnjehr tbaj tbat ohtwhhj oknlnekd ckj, nr hvhj tbat assumh` tn
hxkst kj marrkaeh. Pbh wkllkjejhss tn sadrkikdh njhshli inr njhs tham-maths, tn ekvh njhs lkih sn
tbat tbh rhst ni tbh jhw iamkly, wbhtbhr kt oh at tbh Thdtknj, Vlatnnj, Dnmpajy, nr Xjkt lhvhl, ks
aj nit-jnth` dbaradthrkstkd ni tbh snl`khr, aj` njh tbat ks irhquhjtly sbnwj kj pnpular mh`ka.
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Pbks kjtkmath lhvhl ni rhlatknjsbkp `nhs hxthj` tn snmh `herhh tn tbh larehr mklktary nreajkzatknj,
wktb snl`khrs aj` vhthrajs irhquhjtly enkje nut ni tbhkr way tn asskst ntbhr snl`khrs aj` vhthrajs
kj wbathvhr ways pnsskolhsnmhtbkje tbat ks `hmnjstrath` tkmh aj` aeakj kj tbh dalls tn adtknj
aj` inr ak` tbat arh irhquhjt wktbkj phhr-suppnrt nreajkzatknjs sudb as Mklktary Mkj`s nr Thj`
Xp tbh Dnujt, ontb ni wbkdb adtkvhly rhly nj tbh hxksthjdh ni tbh dnjtkjuajdh ni a onj` ohtwhhj
snl`khrs hvhj aithr tbh trajsktknj tn vhthraj.
Pbh kjktkal staeh ni tbks kjthr-rhlkajdh ks kjstkllh` `urkje tbh ikrst bnurs aj` `ays ni rhdrukt
trakjkje, wbhj hadb snl`khr ks strkpph` ni tbhkr dkvklkaj kj`kvk`ualkty aj` ks qukdcly tauebt,
irhquhjtly tbrnueb pujksbmhjt kj tbh inrm ni hxtra hxhrdkshs aj` vhroal njslauebts `hlkvhrh` tn
tbh ernup kj rhspnjsh tn tbh phrdhkvh` iaklurh ni ajy ekvhj kj`kvk`ual. Pbh ernup qukdcly lharjs
tn oaj` tnehtbhr, tn watdb nut inr hadb ntbhr, tn asskst hadb ntbhr, aj` wbhj jhdhssary, `ksdkplkjh
hadb ntbhr. Ubhj tbh rhdrukt ikjksbhs oaskd trakjkje aj` ks asskejh` tn a bnmh ujkt, tbks prndhss
dnjtkjuhs, irhquhjtly wktb tbh rhdrukt bavkje tn prnvh tbhmshlvhs tn tbh mhmohrs ni tbhkr ujkt, a
prndhss tbat daj oh rhlatkvhly qukdc nr tbat daj tach a lhjetby amnujt ni tkmh aj` tbh
surmnujtkje ni jumhrnus nr`hals nj ohbali ni tbh jhwdnmhr, partkdularly ki tbh kj`kvk`ual ks a
rhpladhmhjt kj a ujkt tbat bas hxphrkhjdh` hxthjskvh dnmoat aj` tbh assndkath` lnsshs8.
Pbrnuebnut tbhsh kjktkatknj phrkn`s, tbh jhwdnmhr ks alsn dnmmnjly `hjkh` tbh iull rhsphdt aj`
bnjnur ni tbh k`hjtkty ni a snl`khr wktb tbat ujkt, out njdh harjh`, tbhrh arh njly a lkmkth` jumohr
ni ways, mhajs, nr trajserhssknjs tbat daj rhsult kj tbh hxpulsknj ni tbh kj`kvk`ual irnm tbks
iamklkal onj`kje.
8A enn` hxamplh ni tbks prndhss as kt playh` nut kj aj adtkvh dnmoat ujkt, aj` tbh hjbajdhmhjt ni dnmoat
dapaoklkty kj a ujkt wktb bkeb dnbhsknj aj` hsprkt `h dnrps, daj oh inuj` kj tbh PY mkjkshrkhs Oaj` ni Orntbhrs
(Tpkhlohre, ?661) aj` oash` nj Amornshs (1;;?) onnc inllnwkje tbh trakjkje aj` dnmoat `hplnymhjt ni H
Dnmpajy ni tbh 161stAkronrjh, XT Army.
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Xjinrtujathly, tbks samh kjthr-rhlkajdh ohtwhhj snl`khrs daj alsn bavh a stkematkd hiihdt
nj tbh kjgurh` snl`khr, partkdularly wbhj tbnsh kjgurkhs arh ni a psydbnlnekdal jaturh. Pbh vhry
rhlkajdh nj hadb ntbhr, tbh cjnwlh`eh tbat tbh ernup ks njly as hiihdtkvh as tbhkr whachst lkjc,
daj lha` tn tbh kmmh`kath nstradkzatknj ni ajy kj`kvk`ual wbn ks phrdhkvh` as jnt ohkje dapaolh
nr as bavkje snmh iault tbat dnul` pnthjtkally daush datastrnpbkd barm tn tbh ernup. Hmntknjal
kjstaoklkty, rhal nr jnt, ks phrdhkvh` as a `ajehrnus rksc, partkdularly skjdh stnkdksm aj` chhpkje
njhshli kj dbhdc arh hxphdth` ohbavknural jnrms tbat `hjnth tbh prnihssknjalksm ni tbh snl`khr.
Asckje inr mh`kdal asskstajdh ni ajy inrm inr ajytbkje sbnrt ni a dlhar aj` novknus kjgury ks
lkchwksh irnwjh` upnj, wktb tbh sphdtrh ni ohkje laohlh` aj MK_ Dnmmaj`n bajekje nvhr tbh
bha` ni hvhry snl`khr irnm tbh mnmhjt tbat tbhy hjthr oaskd trakjkje. Kj hiihdt, tbks laohl ks ekvhj
tn `hjnth a malkjehrhr, snmhnjh wbn sbkrcs tbhkr `utkhs aj` rhspnjskoklktkhs, wbn dajjnt oh
`hphj`h` nj wbhj tbkjes rhally matthr skjdh tbhy ush tbh slkebthst mh`kdal rhasnjs tn eht nut ni
`nkje ajy tasc tbat tbhy `njt wajt tn `n aj` skjdh hvhry snl`khr uj`hrstaj`s, nr ks ma`h tn
uj`hrstaj` aj` addhpt, tbat tbhy arh irhquhjtly enkje tn bavh tn `n tbkjes tbat arh ujplhasajt, tbh
kj`kvk`ual wbn ks noshrvh` nr phrdhkvh` tn ush mkjnr aklmhjts tn avnk` tbh ujplhasajt, tbat
kj`kvk`ual ks jn lnjehr wnrtby ni trust nr rhsphdt, nr tbh bnjnur ni ohkje dallh` njh ni us. Pbat
psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss nr kjgury ks jnt vkskolh tn tbh jach` hyh drhaths aj kmmh`kath suspkdknj as
tn tbh valk`kty ni tbh dnmplakjts, partkdularly ki tbh kj`kvk`ual was jnt noshrvh` tn bavh hjeaeh`
kj adtual dnmoat9.
Kt sbnul` jnt oh surprkskje tbat tbh prndhss ni mklktary kj`ndtrkjatknj rhsults kj aj
kj`kvk`ual wbn ks iuj`amhjtally shparath irnm dkvklkaj sndkhty tbrnueb `kiihrhjdhs kj dnrh
valuhs, htbns, aj` htbkds, as whll as kj tbh phrdhptknj ni tbh rnlh aj` rhspnjskoklkty ni tbh
9Pbks wkll oh dnvhrh` kj mnrh `hptb kj a lathr shdtknj.
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kj`kvk`ual tn tbh larehr ernup nr sndkhty. Pbhsh `kiihrhjdhs, tbks pnsktknjal lkmkjalkty kj rhlatknj
tn tbh wk`hr dkvklkaj pnpulatknj, darrkhs nvhr kjtn tbh pnst-shrvkdh lkih ni tbh snl`khr wbhj tbat
snl`khr ohdnmhs a dkvklkaja prndhss ni trajsktknj tbat ks rhdnejkzh` (Erhhj ht al., ?6163 Bneh,
?616) tn oh qukth `kiikdult, phrbaps hvhj kmpnsskolh tn dnmplhth, wktb tbh vhthraj always
rhmakjkje snmhwbat lkmkjal tn tbh dkvklkaj sndkhty tbat tbhy jnw ikj` tbhmshlvhs wktbkj. Inr
majy vhthrajs, tbh vhry k`hjtkty as a vhthraj dnjtakjs kmplkdkt aj` hxplkdkt mhajkjes aj`
rhspnjskoklktkhs tbat rhpnsktknj tbhm as kjthrmh`karkhs ohtwhhj tbh dkvklkaj pnpulatknj aj` tbh
mklktary wnrl` wktbkj wbkdb tbhy prhvknusly shrvh` (Ear`kjhr, ?614). Ki tbh partkje ni tbh ways,
tbh rhlhash ni tbh snl`khr irnm tbh mklktary, ki kt was jnt kj lkjh wktb tbh snl`khrs phrsnjal
ihhlkjes, ki tbhy whrh `hjkh` aehjdy kj tbh `hdksknj nj wbhtbhr nr jnt tn rhmakj kj tbh mklktary,
nr ki tbhy ihlt hxdlu`h` kj ajy way prknr tn lhavkje tbh mklktary sudb as tbat wbkdb ks assndkath`
wktb tbh sherheatknj ni tbh wnuj`h` tn Gnkjt Vhrsnjjhl Tuppnrt Xjkts kj tbh phrkn` prhdh`kje
tbhkr rhlhash, tbh hmntknjal hiihdt ni tbks inrdh` `kvnrdh irnm tbhkr mklktary iamkly daj oh
`hvastatkje (Erhhj ht al., ?6163 Bneh, ?616), irhquhjtly dnmpnuj`kje tbh `kstrhss tbat nddurs
wktb pnst-traumatkd strhss `ksnr`hr.
Mklktary MasdulkjktyTtrhjetb & _hsklkhjdh
Pbh dnrh valuh uj`hrlykje tbh dnjdhpt ni mklktary masdulkjkty ks njh ni strhjetb, kj a multk-
iadhth` inrm tbat bas ohhj rhihrrh` tn as byphrmasdulkjh. Ttrhjetb kj tbks dnjjntatknj ks jnt
snlhly kj thrms tn sbhhr pbyskdal dapaoklkty, out kj a orna`hr, mnrh all-hjdnmpasskje shjsh,
kjdlu`kje, out jnt lkmkth` tn7 pbyskdal strhjetb aj` hj`urajdh, wkllpnwhr, aj` hmntknjal aj`
mhjtal rhsklkhjdh. Pbh jntknj ni rhsklkhjdh, a mhjtal dnjstrudt skmklar tn pbyskdal hj`urajdh,
phrbaps hvhj kts `ya`kd pakrkje, ks ni mnst kjthrhst inr tbh purpnshs ni tbks paphr, as a dnmmnj
part ni tbh stkema tnwar`s VPT@, nr ajy ntbhr NTK, ks njh ni tbh aiilkdth` jnt ohkje strnje
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hjnueb, ni ladckje tbh mhjtal hj`urajdh tn wktbstaj` tbh bnrrnrs ni war nr strkih, nr hvhj
jatural `ksasthrs, kj wbkdb tbh snl`khr daj oh rhphath`ly `hplnyh` kjtn.
A inrm ni tbks rhsklkhjdh ks shhj kj `ksdussknjs ni pnthjtkally prnthdtkvh nr mktkeatkje
valuhs aj` k`hals, sudb as tbh Tuddhss @h`kdatknj tbat Eardka ht al. (?6117 96) prnpnsh may oh
snmhtbkje tbat lkmkts tbh `herhh tn wbkdb snl`khrs nr vhthrajs hxphrkhjdh tbh avnk`ajdh-dlusthr
symptnms ni VPT@7
Inr hxamplh, a bkebly mntkvath` NHI/NKI vhthraj may dnjtkjuh tn atthj` dnllheh
dnurshs hvhj wbhj nj-dampus drnw`s shhm nvhrwbhlmkje, tbus prnvk`kje aj
nppnrtujkty tn rhdnj`ktknj tbh ihar-rhspnjsh assndkath` wktb drnw`s aj` avhrtkje tbh
phrphtuatknj ni avnk`ajdh symptnms. Pbhrhinrh, masdulkjh ohbavknrs may jnt oh wbnlly
jheatkvh kj thrms ni tbhkr kmpadt nj VPT@, out may adtually wnrc tn kjndulath aeakjst
snmh typhs ni symptnms. (Eardka ht al., ?6117 96)
Bnwhvhr, tbhrh ks aj asphdt tn tbks bypntbhsks tbat Eardka ht al. (?611) `n jnt `krhdtly nr
hxplkdktly addnujt inr, jamhly tbh prndhss ni dnjtkjehjdy plajjkje aj` a`aptkje tn tbh durrhjt
sktuatknjal nr hjvkrnjmhjtal dnjthxt, scklls aj` ohbavknurs tbat arh tauebt aj` bhavkly strhssh`
tbrnuebnut tbh kj`ndtrkjatknj aj` lkih ni tbh snl`khr. Ubklh tbh hxphrkhjdh ni atthj`kje a pnst-
shdnj`ary hjvkrnjmhjt may inrdhiully hxpnsh tbh snl`khr nr vhthraj tn lareh drnw`s, a sktuatknj
tbat ks dnjsk`hrh` as a pnthjtkally nr lkchly trkeehrkje hvhjt, tbat a`aptatknj ks jnt jhdhssarkly njh
ni rhdnj`ktknjkje tbh ihar-rhspnjsh as (Eardka ht al., ?611) prnpnsh, out ratbhr may lha` tn ntbhr
a`aptatknjs ni `akly rnutkjh tbat `krhdtly avnk` nr mkjkmkzh sudb hxpnsurhs, sudb as ikj`kje
althrjath rnuths adrnss dampushs (nr hvhj tn dampus irnm bnmh), rhmnth aj`/nr mkjkmally
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nddupkh` stu`y spadhs, aj` mn`kikdatknjs tn dnursh shlhdtknj tbat avnk` larehr dlass-skzhs.5 Pbh
shli-awarhjhss ni tbhsh a`aptatknjs, aj` tbh `hdksknj-mackje prndhss tbat lha`s tn tbhm, as whll
as tbhkr phrinrmajdh, `nhs orkje tn tbh atthjtknj ni tbh kj`kvk`ual tbh vhry lkmktatknjs tbat tbhy
arh suoghdtkvhly hxphrkhjdkje, bkeblkebtkje tbh `kiihrhjdhs ohtwhhj dkvklkajs aj`
snl`khrs/vhthrajs kj ontb pnsktkvh aj` jheatkvh majjhrs.
Kt ks pnsskolh inr tbh shli-awarhjhss ni tbks ohbavknur tn adt kj a pnsktkvh majjhr oy
bkeblkebtkje inr tbh kj`kvk`ual tbh sphdkalkzh` sckll-sht3 out tbks daj alsn turj kjtn a jheatkvh
rhspnjsh tn sndkhty kj ehjhral tbrnueb tbh sherheatknj ni tbh kj`kvk`ual irnm tbh jhw
surrnuj`kje sndkhty, hktbhr oy tbh kj`kvk`ual nr as aj adt oy ntbhrs aeakjst tbh kj`kvk`ual,
irhquhjtly kj rhspnjsh tn a shjsh ni aeeraj`kzh` shli-wnrtb tbat onr`hrs nj jardkssksm, nr wktb
tbh vhthraj ohkje laohlh` ajtk-sndkal nr bavkje a jheatkvh dnjthxtual rha`kje ni bhehmnjkd
masdulkjkty ohkje applkh`, turjkje tbh vhthraj irnm a rhdkpkhjt ni tbh bhrn status tn njh ni
vklkikdatknj aj` a snurdh hxamplh ni wbat ks phrdhkvh` tn oh tbh wnrst darkdaturhs ni tbh snl`khr as
aj ujtbkjckje, hmntknjally ujavaklaolh, pnthjtkally vknlhjt oruth wbn bas jn pladh kj sndkhty.
Pbh vhry `kiihrhjdhs ohtwhhj tbh kj`kvk`ual aj` tbh surrnuj`kje dnllheh sndkhty ks
phrbaps ohst rhilhdth` kj tbh `kiihrhjdhs ni wbat arh dnjsk`hrh` strhssnrs oy `kiihrhjt kj`kvk`uals
irnm `kiihrhjt shemhjts ni sndkhty. Ubklh bumnur daj oh, aj` irhquhjtly ks, ush` kj rhspnjsh tn
tbhsh phrdhkvh` `kiihrhjdhs, hvhj tbks bumnur ktshli daj oh a snurdh ni strkih ohtwhhj tbh twn
5Pbhsh arh all a`aptatknjs tbat K myshli bavh ush`, aj` wbkdb bavh ohhj adcjnwlh`eh` as ohkje ush` oy a jumohr
ni ntbhr vhthrajs/kjinrmajts wbn bavh dbnshj tn atthj` pnst-shdnj`ary kjstktutknjs. Pbhsh a`aptatknjs bavh alsn
ohhj hj`nrsh` oy vhthrajs/kjinrmajts wbn bavh jn bkstnry nr durrhjt prhshjdh ni psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss nr
`kaejnsks.
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suoernups, as `hmnjstrath` kj tbh inllnwkje mhmh2tbat dkrdulath` tbrnueb `kiihrhjt vhthraj aj`
mklktary indush` sndkal mh`ka ernups kj ?611-?61?7
Kj tbh dnjthxt ni tbh mklktary nr vhthraj sndkal ernups, tbh mhmh ktshli bkeblkebts tbh phrdhkvh`
rhspnjshs tn strhss, aj` hvhj tbh k`hjtkikdatknj ni wbat a rhal strhss ks oy bkeblkebtkje tbh
kjbhrhjt `kiihrhjdhs ni saihty/`ajehr aj` rksc ohtwhhj mklktary aj` stu`hjt asphdts ni sndkal lkih,
`hjkeratkje tbh stu`hjt as ohkje whachr nr lhss majly tbaj tbh snl`khr, hiihdtkvhly rhkjinrdkje
tbh trnph ni dkvklkajs as whac nr hiihmkjath wbhj dnmparh` tn tbh snl`khr, aj` oy prnxy, tbh
vhthraj. Ask`h irnm tbh majjhr kj wbkdb sudb a mhmh daj qukdcly oh ush` aeakjst snl`khrs aj`
2Nrkekjal snurdh ujcjnwj.
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vhthrajs oy a vkhwkje dkvklkaj pnpulatknj wbn dnul` (aj` bavh) tachj niihjdh tn sudb mhmhs
aj` skmklar noghdts aj` trnphs, tbhrh ks alsn tbh pnthjtkal jheatkvh rhspnjsh tbat daj nddur kj a
vkhwkje vhthraj wktb VPT@ wbn may oh hxphrkhjdkje a bhkebthjh` lhvhl ni strhss kj rhspnjsh tn
aj kmphj`kje hxama dnjthxtual strhssnr tbat mnst vhthrajs arh jnt awarh nr iamklkar wktb as a
`krhdt rhsult ni tbh prkmary aeh ni rhdruktmhjt inr snl`khrs tbat irhquhjtly rhqukrhs tbhm
inrhenkje a pnst-shdnj`ary h`udatknj;, mudb lkch kt daj haskly oh sak` tbat tbh magnrkty ni
Daja`kaj dkvklkajs bavh jn aoklkty tn uj`hrstaj` tbh strhssnrs nr pbyskdal aj` psydbnlnekdal
rhadtknjs cjnwj tn nddur kj rhspnjsh tn tbh lhvhl ni vknlhjdh aj` dbans tbat nddurs kj dnmoat
(Ernssmaj, ?662, ?66;). Kj tbks sdhjarkn, wbhrh tbh vhthraj wbn hjthrs a pnst-shdnj`ary
hjvkrnjmhjt aj` su``hjly bas a strhss rhspnjsh tn aj kmphj`kje hxam nr asskejmhjt, wbklh
ohkje vhry awarh ni tbh rhdurrhjt hiihmkjkzkje `kiihrhjtkatknj ohtwhhj snl`khrs aj` dkvklkajs, tbks
kj`kvk`ual ks lkchly bavh dnjdurrhjt nr suoshquhjt tbnuebts quhstknjkje tbhkr masdulkjkty ekvhj
tbat tbhkr kj`ndtrkjatknj as a snl`khr bas sndkalkzh` tbhm wktb a bhkebthjh` phrdhptknj ni hxphdth`
jnrms ni masdulkjh ohbavknur, partkdularly tbh aoklkty tn rhmakj dalm aj` jnt hxphrkhjdh ajy
jheatkvh nr lkmktkje rhspnjsh tn sudb skmplh nr muj`ajh strhssnrs.
Mklktary vs. Dkvklkaj Masdulkjkty
_hshardb kj tbh ikhl` ni psydbnlney bas sueehsth` tbat tbh sndkally dnjstrudth` jnrms ni
hxphdth` masdulkjh ohbavknur may oh lkjch` tn tbh symptnm dlusthrkje inuj` kj snl`khrs aj`
vhthrajs wbn dnmh inrwar` shhckje trhatmhjt inr tbhkr dnj`ktknj (Eardka ht al., ?611), out aeakj,
mnst ni tbhsh stu`khs lkjc sudb ohbavknur tn tbh oknlnekd ehj`hr ni tbh kj`kvk`uals ratbhr tbaj
dnjsk`hrkje tbh rnlh tbat tbh ehj`hrh` k`hjtkty ni tbh snl`khr bas nj all snl`khrs rhear`lhss ni tbhkr
;Bnwhvhr, K `k` jntkdh a trhj` nddurrkje `urkje my shrvkdh ni aj kjdrhaskje prnpnrtknj ni pnthjtkal rhdrukts applykje
tn shrvh kj tbh Daja`kaj Inrdhs bavkje alrha`y dnmplhth` dnllheh aj`/nr ujkvhrskty3 aj` kj tbh _hshrvh Inrdhs, kt ks
qukth dnmmnj inr a skejkikdajt prnpnrtknj ni snl`khrs tn oh atthj`kje a pnst-shdnj`ary kjstktutknj wbklh shrvkje.
Pbhrhinrh tbks ks dlharly jnt a stathmhjt tbat daj oh applkh` ujkvhrsally, as wktb mnst stathmhjts kj tbks paphr.
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oknlnekd ehj`hr nr shxual ehj`hr/k`hjtkty. Vhrbaps tbks ks aj arthiadt ni tbh rhalkty tbat mnst
stu`khs nj VPT@ kj mklktary pnpulatknjs arh `rawj irnm tbh mklktary pnpulatknj ni tbh Xjkth`
Ttaths, wbhrh dnmoat rnlhs whrh, ujtkl vhry rhdhjtly, lkmkth` tn tbnsh ni tbh malh oknlnekd ehj`hr.
Pbat mklktary pnpulatknjs arh prh`nmkjathly oknlnekdally malh tn ohekj wktb may tn snmh `herhh
hxplakj tbks indus, drhatkje a lkmktatknj kj nur aoklkty tn iully uj`hrstaj` ontb tbh inrm aj`
dnjthjt ni tbh suoghdtkvh hxphrkhjdh ni psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss. A dnrrhlatkje dnmplkdatknj ks tbat
sudb stu`khs arh larehly indush` nj tbh rnlh ni dnmoat-hxpnsurh kj rhlatknj tn VPT@, aj kssuh tbat
bas tbh pnthjtkal inr a``kje a jhw stkematkzkje `yjamkd tn tbnsh wbn hxphrkhjdh psydbnlnekdal
`kstrhss out wbn whrh jhvhr `krhdtly hjeaeh` kj dnmoat nphratknjs, as `ksdussh` hlshwbhrh kj
tbks paphr.
Tudb stu`khs thj` tn indus nj kssuhs ni tbh kjthrihrhjdh tbat ehj`hrh` ohbavknural jnrms
bavh nj bhlp-shhckje ohbavknur (Lajh & A``ks, ?668) irhquhjtly lkjch` tn bhkebthjh` k`hals ni
shli-rhlkajdh (Eardka ht al., ?611), out a lkmktatknj ni tbhsh stu`khs ks tbat tbhy try tn dnmparh
rhspnjshs aj` kll-`hikjh` (nr ujnoshrvh`) asphdts ni dnrh valuhs aj` ohlkhi systhms ohtwhhj
mklktary aj` dkvklkaj pnpulatknjs, hiihdtkvhly `ksrhear`kje tbh pnthjtkally suostajtkal `kiihrhjdhs
ohtwhhj tbhsh twn shemhjts ni tbh pnpulatknj. Ubklh tbh rnlh tbat bhehmnjkd masdulkjkty plays
kj tbh drhatknj aj` makjthjajdh ni stkema tnwar`s psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss kj ehjhral may kj`hh`
oh skmklar ohtwhhj ontb pnpulatknj ernups (Ohrehr ht al., ?6683 Eardka ht al., ?611), a mnrh
juajdh` apprnadb tbat rhdnejkzhs tbh dultural `kiihrhjdhs ohtwhhj ontb pnpulatknjs, aj` hvhj
suoshts ni hadb pnpulatknj, partkdularly kj tbh mklktary shttkje wbhrh wbklh all snl`khrs arh
hxphdth` tn phrinrm tbh masdulkjkty assndkath` wktb tbh k`hjtkty ni tbh snl`khr, tbhrh arh varykje
`herhhs ni hxphdtatknj lkjch` tn tbh sphdkikd rnlh nr tra`h ni tbh kj`kvk`ual snl`khr.
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Pbh k`hjtkty ni tbh snl`khr, aj` tbh vhthraj, ktshli ks njh tbat ks lkmkjal tn tbh wk`hr
dkvklkaj sndkhty, partkally tbrnueb tbh amplkikdatknj ni dhrtakj asphdts ni tbh hxphdth` ohbavknural
jnrms ni bhehmnjkd masdulkjkty drhatkje tbh inrm ni mklktary masdulkjkty. As Ear`kjhr (?61?)
pnkjts nut, bnwhvhr, tbks mklktary masdulkjkty ks jnt a bnmnehjnus mnjnlktbkd inrm rhlkajt nj tbh
rhpulsknj ni ajytbkje ihmkjkjh out njh rk``lh` wktb juajdh` varkajdhs `hphj`hjt nj tbh
sphdkikds ni tbh kj`kvk`ual dnjthxt aj` mn`kikaolh as jhh`h` wbhj trajsktknjkje tbrnueb lkvh`
spadhs aj` tbh hxphdtatknjs ni ntbhrs. Pbh su``hj sbkit irnm tbh mklktary sndkhty wbhrh tbks
mutaolh masdulkjkty ks kjbhrhjtly uj`hrstnn` tn hxkst, ki rarhly nphjly rhdnejkzh`, sn lnje as tbh
snl`khr adts as a snl`khr, partkdularly kj pladkje njhshli as ohkje shdnj` tn tbh tham aj` mkssknj,
tn a dkvklkaj sndkhty wbhrh kj`kvk`ualksm ks bhkebthjh` aj` tbh dnjdhpt ni pladkje njhs nwj
jhh`s kj a suoshrvkhjt pnsktknj ks alkhj, ujsurprkskjely daj daush mnmhjts ni drksks inr tbh snl`khr
nr vhthraj (Ear`kjhr, ?61?3 Bneh, ?616), hsphdkally sn ki njh ks dnjdurrhjtly trykje tn dnph wktb
tbh kjthrjalkzh` psydbnlnekdal shli-k`hjtkty drkshs tbat arh assndkath` wktb VPT@.
Ttkema16
Yknlatknj ni Bhrn Ttatus
Pbh sndkally dnjstrudth` k`hjtkty ni tbh snl`khr bas ohhj ouklt arnuj` tbh pnlktkdally mntkvath`
drhatknj ni a rnlh-k`hjtkty ni tbh snl`khr as a bhrn, wktb tbh `ksaolh` snl`khr nr vhthraj ohkje
suoghdth` tn a dn-nptkje ni tbhkr dnj`ktknj aj` status inr ush, partkdularly oy jatknjalkstkd
nreajkzatknjs, tn hxhmplkiy sadrkikdh (Adkcsnz, ?61?). Kj mnst dashs, tbks drhatknj aj`
suoshquhjt ush ni tbh snl`khr k`hjtkty ks indush` nj tbh pbyskdal on`y ni tbh snl`khr kj ehjhral,
out partkdularly nj tbh vkskolh `ksruptknj ni tbat pbyskdal on`y wbhj tbh trnph ni sadrkikdh ks
ohkje mnoklkzh` (Adkcsnz, ?61?), irhquhjtly wktbnut tbh dnjshjt ni tbh kj`kvk`ual snl`khr wbn
may ikj` tbhmshlvhs, nr mnrh sphdkikdally tbhkr pbyskdal on`y, ohkje ush` as aj noghdt. Pbh
16Ttkema7 Bnw kt ks uj`hrstnn`, dnjdhptualkzh`, aj` hmplnyh` aj`/nr hjadth`, ontb wktbkj aj` aeakjst tbh
kj`kvk`ual, ks oash` nj Eniimaj (1;29).
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dnmmnj dnjdhrj raksh` oy mnrh tbaj a ihw snl`khrs (out dhrtakjly jnt all) wbn hxphrkhjdh` sudb
puolkd-rhlatknjs stujts, wbhtbhr oy tbh Envhrjmhjt ni Daja`a nr oy varknus jnt-inr-prnikt nr
dbarktaolh nreajkzatknjs (sudb as tbh _nyal Daja`kaj Lheknj, Unuj`h` Uarrknrs Daja`a, aj`
Daja`kaj Bhrnhs), was tbat tbhy ihlt a shjsh ni `kshmon`kmhjt aj` `ksmkssal nr rhiusal ni tbhkr
nwj aehjdy wbklh tbhkr on`khs whrh ohkje ush` tn rhkjinrdh tbh bhrn/sadrkikdh jarratkvh. Iurtbhr,
tbh rhghdtknj aj`/nr supprhssknj ni tbhkr adtual jarratkvhs, wbhj tbnsh jarratkvhs `k` jnt alkej
wktb tbh kjthj`h` jatknjalkstkd jarratkvh, whrh suoghdtkvhly hxphrkhjdh` as a rhghdtknj ni tbhkr
shli-k`hjtkty7 tbhy whrh jntbkje mnrh tbaj noghdts tn oh para`h` arnuj` inr tbh purpnshs ni
ntbhrs wktb wbnm tbhy dlharly `k` jnt sbarh a dnmmnj akm nr purpnsh.
Pbks ihhlkje ni rhghdtknj was njly bhkebthjh` wbhj tbh indus was njly nj tbh pbyskdal
on`y, nr ladc ni parts ni tbat on`y, aj` a `ksmkssal ni ajy dnjdhrj nr `ksdussknj ni tbh
psydbnlnekdal kjgurkhs tbat tbh kj`kvk`uals ba` nr whrh hxphrkhjdkje. Pbks supprhssknj ni tbh
psydbnlnekdal asphdt ni tbhkr shli-k`hjtktkhs njly rhkjinrdh` tbh varknus inrms ni stkema tbat tbhsh
kj`kvk`uals whrh aduthly awarh ni, aj` tbh `kshjirajdbkshmhjt irnm tbhkr pbyskdal on`khs aj` tbh
lnss ni aehjdy tbat addnmpajkh` tbks adth` ktshli as a mhtbn` ni supprhsskje tbhkr kj`kvk`ual
k`hjtktkhs wbklh tadktly rhkjinrdkje tbh ehj`hrh` k`hjtkty ni tbh snl`khr as snmhnjh wbn `nhs jnt
dnmplakj, wbn ks dnjstajtly stnkd aj` ujhmntknjal, wbn inllnws tbh nr`hrs tbat tbhy arh ekvhj
aj` ks wkllkje tn sadrkikdh tbhmshlvhs inr tbh erhathr enn` hvhj ki tbhy `n jnt phrsnjally aerhh
wktb wbat ks bapphjkje. As Adkcsnz (?61?) jnth`, `ksaolh` snl`khrs arh ma`h tn mach a dbnkdh
ni surrhj`hrkje tbhkr nwj aehjdy nr addhptkje aj kjiajtalkzatknj tbh `hjkhs tbhm tbh aoklkty tn
iully phrinrm tbh masdulkjkty, aj` kts dnjdurrhjt iull mhmohrsbkp kj sndkhty, tbat wnul`
ntbhrwksh oh hxphdth` ni tbhm. Kt was, aeakj, tbh rhkthratknj ni tbh trnphs tbat addnmpajy tbh
stkema tbat prhvhjt snl`khrs aj` vhthrajs irnm shhckje bhlp7 Tudc kt up, sujsbkjh!
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TtkemaLnyalty & Prhasnj
Tkmklar sktuatknjs bavh rhphath`ly nddurrh` nj a jumohr ni tbh sndkal mh`ka inrums tbat arh ush`
oy vhthrajs, partkdularly wbhj mhmohrs ni tbnsh ernups bavh raksh` dnmplakjts aeakjst tbh
kj/adtknjs nr pnlkdkhs nr stathmhjts ni mhmohrs ni tbh durrhjt Barphr Envhrjmhjt ni Daja`a.
Nj jumhrnus nddasknjs sudb erkhvajdhs whrh mht wktb a rhspnjsh irnm ntbhrs tbat7 ynu whrh a
snl`khrwbhrhs ynur lnyalty tn Daja`a>, nr `k`jt ynu swhar aj natbni lnyalty> Bnw daj
ynu mach sudb trhasnjnus stathmhjts aeakjst ynur lha`hrs>.11
Pbat tbh quhstknj ni njhs
lnyalty suriadhs as rhouttals tn quhstknjs aj` dnjdhrjs nr dballhjehs tbat ruj dnujthr tn tbh
`hskrh` jatknjalkst jarratkvh prhshjth` oy ourhaudrats aj` pnlktkdkajs drhaths a sktuatknj wbhrh tbh
kj`kvk`ual ks inrdh` tn rhilhdt nj wbhtbhr nr jnt tbhy arh lkvkje tbh dnrh valuhs tbat whrh kjstkllh`
kj tbhm `urkje tbhkr mklktary shrvkdharh tbhy kj`hh` adtkje as a rhal snl`khr wnul`. Kj snmh
dashs, tbhsh stathmhjts whjt ohynj` quhstknjkje tbh lnyalty ni tbh kj`kvk`ual, out oheaj tn
sphdkikdally tareht tbh kj`kvk`ual as ohkje ujstaolh aj`/nr ujrhlkaolh as a rhsult ni tbhkr bavkje
ohhj `kaejnsh` wktb VPT@ (nr ajy ntbhr NTK), tbhrhoy `krhdtly dnjtrkoutkje tn tbh stkema
tnwar`s ajy inrm ni psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss tbrnueb tbh ush ni dlharly aolhst trnphs. Hvhj wbhj
tbks was `njh kj tbh inrm ni trykje tn hxplakj away tbh quhstknjs nr dnjdhrjs ohkje raksh` as
ohkje tbh `krhdt rhsult ni tbh kj`kvk`uals jhh` tn vhjt as a rhsult ni tbhkr klljhss, sudb pnthjtkally
suppnrtkvh dnmmhjts arh stkll a inrm ni stkematkzkje ohbavknur oy kjskjuatkje tbat tbh kj`kvk`ual
tn wbnm tbhy arh rhihrrkje ks kjdapaolh ni shli-dnjtrnl.
11K phrsnjally hxphrkhjdh` tbhsh rhouttals nj mnrh tbaj njh nddasknj.
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TtkemaUhliarh vs. Ohjhikt
Hvhj wbhj tbh kjgurkhs suiihrh` arh tbhmshlvhs jnt tbh suoghdt ni a stkematkzkje eazh nr
dnmmhjt, tbh ohjhikts tbat vhthrajs arh hlkekolh inr daj, aj` bavh rhphath`ly, ohdnmh tbh tareht
inr stkematkzkje ohbavknur, partkdularly kj rhlatknj tn jarratkvhs surrnuj`kje tbh jhnlkohral
phrdhptknj ni tbh whliarh stath as ohkje a baj`-nut ratbhr tbaj a baj`-up. Asshrtknjs sudb as
tbhsh, irhquhjtly ma`h oy kj`kvk`uals wbn rhghdt tbh jatknjalkstkd trnph ni bhrn, kja`vhrthjtly
dall kjtn quhstknj tbh ohbavknur, htbns, htbkds, aj` mnralkty ni tbh kj`kvk`ual snl`khr nr vhthraj
wbn ks kj rhdhkpt ni sudb ohjhikts as lnje-thrm `ksaoklkty nr a phrmajhjt kmpakrmhjt allnwajdh.
Aj` aeakj, as prhvknusly rhmarch` upnj, tbks ks stkematkzkje hjnueb inr tbh kj`kvk`ual wbn bas a
dlharly vkskolh kjgury nr `ksaoklkty, out hvhj mnrh `amaekje tn tbh psydbh aj` phrdhptknj ni shli-
wnrtb inr tbh kj`kvk`ual wbnsh kjgury ks ni a psydbnlnekdal jaturh. Ubhj tbh hjtktlkje kjgurkhs
arh ni a psydbnlnekdal jaturh, stathmhjts tbat tbh ohjhikts rhdhkvh` arh a baj`-nut kmply shvhral
tbkjes7 1) tbat tbh kjgury ksjt rhal nr ksjt as wnrtby ni tbh ohjhikts as a vkskolh pbyskdal kjgury3 ?)
tbat tbh rhdkpkhjt ks tnn lazy tn eht nj wktb tbhkr lkih, nr arh erhh`y aj` trykje tn eht mnrh tbaj
tbhkr iakr sbarh3 4) tbat tbh rhdkpkhjt ks whac, always was whac, aj` jhvhr sbnul` bavh ohhj
allnwh` tn shrvh kj tbh ikrst pladh3 0) tbat snl`khrs eht wbat tbhy `hshrvh1?
nr cjhw wbat tbhy
whrh ehttkje kjtn3 aj`/nr 8) a `ksmkssal ni tbh jatknjalkstkd trnph ni tbh snl`khr/vhthraj as
bhrn.
TtkemaDlakm tn Yhthraj Ttatus
1?Pbks dnmmhjt ks partkdularly dnmmnjly hxphrkhjdh` dnmkje irnm phnplh wbn nutrkebt rhghdt tbh vhry hxksthjdh
ni snl`khrs aj` tbhkr pnsktknj wktbkj tbh sndkal iaorkd ni tbh stath, aj` wbhj `njh kj phrsnj irhquhjtly arh
addnmpajkh` oy snmh inrm ni pbyskdal barassmhjt, pladkje tbh snl`khr/vhthraj kj a iurtbhr awcwar` pnsktknj7 tn
staj` up aj` dballhjeh oadc, phrbaps hjthrkje kjtn a pbyskdal althrdatknj, nr tn wktb`raw kj sklhjdh, aj adtknj tbat
haskly lha`s tn tbh shli-quhstknjkje ni wnrtb, wbkdb ktshli daj lha` tn amplkikh` mnmhjts ni psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss nr
drksks.
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A rhlath` asphdt tn tbks ks tbh quhstknjkje ni tbh valk`kty ni a vhthrajs dlakm tn ohkje a vhthraj,
partkdularly indush` nj tbh kj`kvk`uals aeh, snmhtbkje tbat majy (mnst>) vhthrajs uj`hr tbh aeh
ni 86 bavh hxphrkhjdh` rhphath`ly, out wbkdb ks tbh prh`nmkjajt rhadtknj hxphrkhjdh` oy hvhry
vhthraj uj`hr tbh aeh ni 46. Pbh prhvalhjt kmaeh ni tbh vhthraj, as prnpaeath` oy tbh _nyal
Daja`kaj Lheknj kj partkdular, out alsn oy makjstrham mh`ka hvhry yhar at _hmhmorajdh @ay
dhrhmnjkhs, indushs tbh sndkal kmaekjary tn tbh hl`hrly Unrl` Uar Pwn nr Cnrhaj Uar hra
vhthrajs, bapbazar`ly kejnrkje tbh Vhadhchhpkje nr Aiebajkstaj hra vhthrajs. Nj njh nddasknj,
wbklh atthj`kje a _hmhmorajdh @ay dhrhmnjy kj `nwjtnwj Pnrnjtn, K was `krhdtly dballhjeh`
oy a slkebtly nl`hr wnmaj wharkje tbh attkrh ni tbh _nyal Daja`kaj Lheknj. Pbh dballhjeh was
tbat K sbnul`jt oh wharkje my eraj`iatbhrs ohrht nr bks mh`als. Ubhj K rhspnj`h` tbat tbh
bha``rhss was mkjh, as was tbh snlh mh`al tbat K ba` pkjjh` tn my dbhst, K was dallh` a lkar, kj
irnjt ni aj au`khjdh ni dkvklkajs, ohdaush ynurh tnn ynuje tn oh a rhal vhthraj. Pn tbh dkvklkaj
au`khjdh, wbn rhdnejkzh tbh _nyal Daja`kaj Lheknj nutikt aj` attkrh, aj` wbn bavh ba` aj
kmaeh ni wbat a vhthraj ks draith` aj` ekvhj tn tbhm oy tbat samh nreajkzatknj, noshrvh sudb a
phrsnj lhdturkje a ynuje maj kj tbks majjhr, inr majy tbh dballhjeh ohdnmhs rhalktytbh
dballhjeh` kj`kvk`ual dnul` jnt pnsskoly oh a vhthraj ohdaush tbh njly ynuje vhthrajs tbat tbhy
bavh hvhr shhj arh tbnsh mksskje lkmos, aj` skjdh tbks ynuje maj apphars tn oh bhaltby aj`
kjtadt, tbhj tbhy must novknusly jnt oh a vhthraj, hsphdkally ki snmhnjh irnm tbh Lheknj ks
vnkdkje tbh dballhjeh, skjdh tbhy novknusly wnul` cjnw ohtthr, wnul`jt tbhy> Pbks ckj` ni
sktuatknj, wbklh phrsnjally hxphrkhjdh`, ks oy iar jnt aojnrmal. Hvhry skjelh ynuje(hr) vhthraj
(uj`hr tbh aeh ni 86) bas hxphrkhjdh` snmhtbkje skmklar at snmh pnkjt kj tbhkr lkih, snmhtkmhs at
tbh baj`s ni tbh prhvknus ehjhratknj ni vhthrajs, aj` tbh dballhjehs arh always prh-hmptkvhly
`ksmksskvh ni tbh pnsskoklkty ni psydbnlnekdal kjgurkhs ohkje prhshjt. Ubklh tbh `ksmkssal ni tbh
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status ni vhthraj oy mhmohrs ni tbh ehjhral puolkd ks `kiikdult, kt ks phrbaps mnst stkematkzkje
aj` barmiul inr tbh kj`kvk`ual wbhj tbnsh dballhjehs dnmh irnm phnplh wbn hktbhr shrvh`
tbhmshlvhs, nr arh kj pnsktknjs tbat purpnrt tn staj` up inr aj` hxkst snlhly tn suppnrt vhthrajs.
TtkemaGno Lnss
A partkdular prhshjtatknj ni tbh stkema tnwar`s VPT@ tbat nddurs kj tbh mklktary ks tbh shli-
phrdhkvh` rksc ni lnskje njhs gno, ni ohkje rhmnvh` irnm njhs `utkhs, aj` ni hvhjtually ohkje
mh`kdally (nr ntbhrwksh) rhlhash` irnm tbh mklktary altnehtbhr as a `krhdt rhsult ni dnmkje
inrwar` shhckje bhlp. Ubklh mhmohrs ni parlkamhjt wktbkj tbh durrhjt Barphr Envhrjmhjt ni
Daja`a, aj` shjknr niikdhrs wktbkj tbh Daja`kaj Inrdhs, bavh rhphath`ly kssuh` stathmhjts tbat
sudb wkll jnt bapphj, tbh ernuj` trutb noshrvh` oy snl`khrs ks iuj`amhjtally `kiihrhjt. Nj iar
tnn majy nddasknjs bavh tbh rajc-aj`-iklh noshrvh` tbhkr ihllnw snl`khrs, ni all rajcs, ohkje
rhmnvh` irnm tbhkr `utkhs, nddasknjally rhtasch` tn a Gnkjt Vhrsnjjhl Tuppnrt Xjkt (GVTX) irnm
tbhkr jnrmal pnsktknj nr tasckje, aj` ultkmathly rhlhash` irnm tbh mklktary. Pbks suoghdtkvh
noshrvatknj aj` phrdhptknj rhkjinrdhs tbh tbrhat-tn-gno sdhjarkn, aj` skjdh inr majy snl`khrs tbhkr
rnlh as snl`khrs ks njh ni tntal k`hjtkty nr a way ni lkih, as nppnsh` tn tbh dkvklkaj mn`hl ni a
gno, tbh suoghdtkvh rksc tn tbks ks iar mnrh suostajtkal tbaj skmply tbh lnss ni a mhajs ni
hmplnymhjt, wbkdb ks dnmmnjly adcjnwlh`eh` as ohkje a iurtbhr dnmplkdatkje iadtnr kj tbh
`hvhlnpmhjt aj`/nr aeeravatknj ni mnst inrms ni mhjtal bhaltb nr psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss. Bneh
ht al. (?660) inuj` tbat 98% ni Amhrkdaj snl`khrs kj tbhkr stu`y whrh kj`hh` dnjdhrjh` tbat
shhckje bhlp inr psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss wnul` lha` tn shparatknj irnm tbh mklktary.
VPT@Vrnolhms wktb @kaejnsks
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Pbh mh`kdal `kaejnsks ni VPT@ bas rhphath`ly rhqukrh` tbat tbh kj`kvk`ual bas hxphrkhjdh` aj
hvhjt nutsk`h tbh rhalm ni jnrmal bumaj hxphrkhjdh (Drkthrknj A1 kj tbh inurtb h`ktknj ni tbh
@kaejnstkd aj` Ttatkstkds Majual ni Mhjtal @ksnr`hrsS@TM-KY3 Amhrkdaj Vsydbkatrkd
Assndkatknj, 1;;0]), as whll as tbat tbh kj`kvk`ual must bavh hxphrkhjdh` kjthjsh ihar,
bhlplhssjhss nr bnrrnr (Drkthrknj A? SAVA, 1;;07 0?2]). Out daj tbhsh twn `kaejnstkd drkthrka
oh prnphrly applkh` tn tbh snl`khr>
A`lhr ht al. (?662) `hmnjstrath` tbat tbh strkdt a`bhrhjdh tn Drkthrknj A?, tbh suoghdtkvh
hxphrkhjdh ni ihar nr kts dnrrhlaths, lkchly `nhs jnt prnphrly dapturh tbh truh kjdk`hjdh ni VPT@,
as tbh vhry trakjkje ni snl`khrs ks tn nvhrdnmh tbh hiihdts ni tbh ihar-rhspnjsh. Pbks ks
dnrrnonrath` oy Drhamhr ht al. (?668) wbn jnt tbh lhast lkjcaeh ohtwhhj dnmoat hxpnsurh aj`
tbh suoghdtkvh hxphrkhjdh ni strnje hmntknjs wbhj dnmparh` wktb ntbhr inrms ni trauma, lha`kje
tn tbh quhry wbhtbhr tbks was `uh tn tbh kjthrihrhjdh tbat hmntknjal rhspnjshs dnul` bavh nj tbh
aoklkty tn phrinrm as hxphdth` `urkje tbh hvhjt, aj` tbhrhinrh suppnrtkje tbh k`ha tbat tbh trakjkje
a snl`khr rhdhkvhs ks `krhdtly rhlath` tn tbh inrm (nr ladc) ni hmntknjal rhspnjsh adcjnwlh`eh` oy
tbh partkdkpajts kj tbhkr stu`y, tbnueb kt sbnul` oh jnth` tbat tbh hmntknjs dbhdch` inr whrh tbh
tbrhh sphdkikd tn tbh A? drkthrknj aj` jnt althrjath hmntknjal rhspnjshs sudb as ajehr. Tkmklarly,
Ernssmaj (?662, ?66;) bas alsn rhphath`ly pnkjth` nut tbh hiihdt ni trakjkje, hsphdkally rhalkstkd
aj` rhphtktkvh trakjkje, nj tbh aoklkty tn nvhrdnmh tbh ihar rhspnjsh. Ubklh ihar may oh prhshjt
kj tbh kj`kvk`ual snl`khr kj rhspnjsh tn a Drkthrka A1 hvhjt, kt ks jnt jhdhssarkly suoghdtkvhly
hxphrkhjdh`, partkdularly kj tbnsh wbn bavh uj`hrenjh hxthjskvh trakjkje kj prhparatknj inr
bavkje tn baj`lh hvhjts tbat wnul` mhht tbh A1 Drkthrka inr tbh avhraeh dkvklkaj, sudb as
hmhrehjdy rhspnj`hrs (Tkms & Tkms, 1;;2), aj` partkdularly snl`khrs (A`lhr ht al., ?6623
Drhamhr ht al., ?668). Kt ks alsn pnsskolh tbat tbh rhspnj`hjts kj tbhsh stu`khs rhiush` tn
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adcjnwlh`eh tbh suoghdtkvh hxphrkhjdkje ni ihar as a `krhdt rhsult ni tbh stkema aeakjst
whacjhss tbat K areuh ks dnjjhdth` tn tbh vhry sndkalkzatknj ni tbh snl`khr tn tach nj tbh
ehj`hrh` k`hjtkty ni tbh snl`khr.
Drhamhr ht al. (?668) `n sueehst tbat tbh phrdhkvh` ladc ni kmmh`kath suoghdtkvh
hxphrkhjdkje ni tbh Drkthrknj A? hmntknjs may oh mkslha`kje, aj` tbat tbh hmntknjal rhspnjsh
may jnt oh jntkdhaolh tn tbh kj`kvk`ual ujtkl whll aithr tbh hvhjta sueehstknj tbat wnul`
suppnrt tbh k`ha tbat psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss, partkdularly VPT@, kj snl`khrs ks mnrh dnmmnjly ni
a `hlayh` njsht ratbhr tbaj tbh hxphdth` aduth-njsht, aj` tbat tbks `hlayh`-njsht may alsn bavh
aj hiihdt kj rhpnrtkje oy drhatkje a rhdall okas.
Tnmh ni tbks samh rhshardb (A`lhr ht al., ?6623 Drhamhr ht al., ?668) bas kj`kdath` tbat
tbh A? Drkthrka `nhs jnt adtually shhm tn oh lkjch` tn VPT@ prhvalhjdh, jnr `nhs tbh aoshjdh ni
sudb a suoghdtkvh rhspnjsh prhdlu`h tbh pnthjtkal inr VPT@. Iurtbhr, as Ernssmaj (?662, ?66;)
pnkjts nut, tbh prhshjdh ni ihllnw snl`khrs `urkje ajy sudb hvhjt may adt as a ouiihr tn tbh
suoghdtkvh hxphrkhjdh ni ihar, nr may trkeehr tbh kj`kvk`ual hxphrkhjdkje ihar tn barjhss tbat
hmntknj aj` turj kt kjtn tbh apprnprkath adtknj `hskrh`.
Jntaoly, wbklh jarratkvhs (inr hxamplh7 NOrkhj, 1;;6)`n hxkst wbhrh tbh suoghdtkvh
hxphrkhjdh ni ihar ks a`mktth`, kj hadb sudb jarratkvh tbh autbnrs pnkjth`ly rhmarc tbat wbat ent
tbhm mnvkje `hspkth tbhkr ihar nr shjsh ni bhlplhssjhss was a mudb mnrh pnwhriul `hskrh tn jnt
lht tbhkr ihllnw snl`khrs `nwj, tn `n wbat tbhy whrh trakjh` tn `n
14
, out phrbaps mnst
kjinrmatkvhly, tn avnk` ohkje laohlh` as whac nr a dnwar`, aeakj dnmkjelkje asphdts ni tbh
14Inr hxamplh, A`lhr ht al. (?6627 460)7 Mnst partkdkpajts (91.9%3 j =;2) rhpnrth` nddupatknjally rhlath` rhspnjshs
sudb as Lkch a snl`khr, @k` my gno, My trakjkje ckdch` kj, K `k` wbat K was trakjh` tn `n, aj` K rhturjh`
ikrh.
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prnihssknjal trakjkje ni tbh snl`khr aj` tbh ehj`hrh` k`hjtkty ni tbh snl`khr as ohkje tbh bhrn nr
byphrmasdulkjh.
Nj tbh ntbhr baj`, tbh suoghdtkvh rhspnjshs ni bnrrnr nr bhlplhssjhss arh jnt sn haskly
nvhrdnmh, out arh lkchly dnjtkjehjt nj sphdkikd dnjthxts ni traumatkd hvhjts, partkdularly wbhrh
tbh kj`kvk`ual snl`khr ks jnt tbh `krhdt suoghdt ni tbh hvhjt out ratbhr aj hxthrjal partkdkpajt, nr
jnj-partkdkpajt kj dashs wbhrh tbh rulhs-ni-hjeaehmhjt, tbh nr`hrs `kdtatkje wbat adtknjs arh
phrmksskolh aj` wbkdb arh jnt, prhvhjt tbh snl`khr irnm adtkje kj a majjhr tbat tbhy ntbhrwksh
wnul`, partkdularly wbhj tbh hvhjt trajspkrkje ks njh tn wbkdb tbh snl`khr bas aj kmmh`kath shjsh
ni mnral aj` htbkdal `uty. @allakrhs (?668) mhmnkrh ni tbh ehjndk`h kj _waj`a ks aj hxdhllhjt
hxamplh ni gust sudb a dnjthxt. Kj tbks hvhjt, tbh suoghdtkvh ihhlkjes ni bnrrnr, out hsphdkally
bhlplhssjhss ruj `krhdtly dnujthr, aeakj, tn tbh hxphdtatknjs ni ohbavknur tbat tbh kj`kvk`ual
snl`khr bas ohhj kj`ndtrkjath` wktb, partkdularly tbh hxphdtatknj tbat tbhy wkll always oh aolh tn
`n snmhtbkje tn aiihdt tbh nutdnmh ni ajy sktuatknj `hvhlnpkje nr ujinl`kje kj tbhkr kmmh`kath
prhshjdh.
Vhrbaps mnst kjsk`knus ks tbh inrm ni bhlplhssjhss tbat nddurs kj tbnsh wbn arh awarh
ni hvhjts out arh jnt kmmh`kath prnxkmath tn tbhm, sudb as snl`khrs wbn arh ntbhrwksh
ujavaklaolh tn `hplny wktb tbhkr ihllnws aj` hxphrkhjdh a inrm ni survkvnrs euklt wbhj tbhkr
ihllnw snl`khrs arh wnuj`h` nr ckllh` kj adtknj. Pn dnmpnuj` tbks traumatkdally suoghdtkvh
hxphrkhjdh ks tbat sudb hxphrkhjdhs arh rarhly, ki hvhr, `hhmh` suiikdkhjt tn mhht tbh A? Drkthrka,
kj rhturj hiihdtkvhly thllkje tbh kj`kvk`ual tbat tbhkr trauma `nhsjt hvhj matthr, tbat kt ks jnt rhal,
tbat kt `nhs jnt dnujt. Pbks `ksmkssal ni suoghdtkvh hxphrkhjdh hsshjtkally hmasdulaths tbh
kj`kvk`ual, mackje wbat was kjktkally a quhstknj ni kjthrjal quhstknjkje ni tbhkr strhjetb aj`
rhsklkhjdh kjtn a matthr ni hxthrjal rhghdtknj ni tbhkr traumatkd strhss.
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A iurtbhr dnmplkdatknj tn tbh `kaejnstkd drkthrka, njh tbat `nhsjt shhm tn bavh ohhj
`ksdussh` kj ajy ni tbh hxtajt lkthraturh, ks tbat inr tbh snl`khr, tbh Drkthrka A1 hvhjt, partkdularly
as a sphdkikdally k`hjtkikaolh hvhjt, ks prnolhmatkd kj tbat ajy snl`khr ohkje `hplnyh` ajywbhrh,
nr hvhj kj tbhkr `ay-tn-`ay lkih, daj hxphrkhjdh multkplh hvhjts tbat dnul` haskly mhht tbh oaskd
rhqukrhmhjts ni tbat drkthrka yht phrdhkvh tbnsh hvhjts as jnrmal. Ubklh snmh stu`khs (A`lhr ht
al., ?6623 Drhamhr ht al., ?668) `n `ksduss tbh rnlh tbat trakjkje plays kj tbh phrdhptknj ni wbat a
jnrmal vs. aojnrmal vs. traumatkd hvhjt ks inr prnihssknjals wbn bavh rhdhkvh` trakjkje kj
ajtkdkpatknj ni sudb hvhjts, out kt ks alsn qukth pnsskolh inr tbh trkeehrkje traumatkd hvhjt tn oh
njh tbat ks ni a phrdhkvh` lhsshr `herhh ni traumatkd pnthjtkal tbaj ntbhr hvhjts. Pbks latthr
nptknj ks kmpnrtajt tn dnjsk`hr as kt dnul` ruj dnujthr tn tbh hxphdtatknjs `hvhlnph` wktbkj tbh
snl`khr as tn wbat tbhy dnul` hxphdt, partkdularly wbhj tbhkr trakjkje, hsphdkally tbh sphdkikd
trakjkje kj mhjtal bhaltb awarhjhss, thj`s tn indus nj tbh hvhjts wktb tbh mnst traumatkd
pnthjtkal ohkje tbh njhs tbat arh tn oh wary ni as pnthjtkally trkeehrkje ni psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss.
Pbks, kj turj, machs tbh snl`khr hxphrkhjdkje traumatkd strhss, wbhtbhr aduth nr `hlayh`/pnst-
traumatkd, quhstknj tbhkr rhsklkhjdh aj` mhjtal strhjetb, aeakj rujjkje kjtn dnjilkdt wktb tbh
hxphdth` ohbavknur assndkath` wktb tbh masdulkjh ehj`hrh` k`hjtkty ni tbh snl`khr tbat tbhy bavh
ohhj addulturath` tn.
VPT@Masdulkjkty & Prhatmhjt-Thhckje/Avnk`ajdh
Ajntbhr prnolhmatkd arha inr tbh `kaejnsks aj` trhatmhjt ni VPT@, tbks tkmh njh tbat may oh
rhlath` tn tbh nvhrall hxphdth` ohbavknurs as `kdtath` tbrnueb tbh patrkardbkdal aj` bhehmnjkd
masdulkjkty ni Uhsthrj sndkhty, ks tbh tra`ktknjal jnrm ni stnkdksm nr hmntknjal rhstrkdtkvhjhss
SGacupdac ?6643 Gacupdac ht al., ?668] wbkdb ks a prh`nmkjath hxphdtatknj inr all mhj, out
phrbaps ks amplkikh` wktbkj tbh mklktary (Erhhj ht al., ?6163 Vahdbthr, ?664) aj` tbrnueb tbh
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dkvklkaj eazh, phrdhptknj, aj` hxphdtatknj ni tbh mklktary. Kt bas ohhj `hmnjstrath` rhphath`ly
(Ohrehr ht al., ?6683 Ikcrhtnelu ht al., ?6653 Lajh & A``ks, ?668) tbat mhj arh lhss lkchly tn
hjeaeh kj trhatmhjt-shhckje ohbavknur, aj` tbat tbks ks dnrrhlath` tn tbh bhehmnjkd masdulkjh
k`hals ni hmntknjal-rhstrkdtkvhjhss, wktb a partkdularly bhkebthjh` lhvhl ni strhss aj` ajxkhty
assndkath` wktb tbh hxphrkhjdkje aj` phrinrmajdh ni hmntknjs ntbhr tbaj ajehr (Eardka ht al.,
?611). Pbhsh hxphdtatknjs, ajxkhtkhs, ihar, aj` strhss daj, aj` `n, lha` tn a rhprhssknj ni
hmntknj, a inrdh` stnkdksm, aj` aj avnk`ajdh ni adcjnwlh`ekje tbh hxphrkhjdh ni psydbnlnekdal
`kstrhss, lha`kje tn a psydbnlnekdally `htrkmhjtal jheatkvh ihh`oadc lnnp wbhrh tbh mhmnrkhs
aj` hmntknjs dnjtkjuh tn ihh` nj hadb ntbhr wktbnut apprnprkath rhspkth, wbkdb, kj dnjgujdtknj
wktb tbh rhlatkvhly addhpth` aj` dnj`njh`, out alsn shli-`hstrudtkvh, shli-trhatmhjt wktb aldnbnl,
aj` nddasknjally ntbhr suostajdhs. Iurtbhr, tbhsh phrdhkvh` tbrhats tn njhs masdulkjkty, as
`kdtath` oy bhehmnjkd masdulkjkty, drhath aj` insthr rhskstajdh tn ajy ntbhr inrm ni trhatmhjt
inr psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss, as whll as bavkje aj hiihdt nj tbh hiikdady ni sudb trhatmhjts (Eardka
ht al., ?6113 Erhhj ht al., ?616).
_h`hikjkje Mklktary Masdulkjkty
Kj rhspnjsh tn tbh prhvalhjt stkema aeakjst hxphrkhjdkje psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss kj tbh Daja`kaj
Inrdhs, aj` kj ntbhr mklktarkhs, a jumohr ni tbh sndkal mh`ka-oash` phhr suppnrt ernups, sudb as
Mklktary Mkj`s, bavh adtkvhly dballhjeh` oadc oy trykje tn kjinrm tbh ehjhral puolkd, aj`
snl`khrs (aj` vhthrajs) kj partkdular, tbat psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss daj bapphj tn ajynjh. A chy
part ni tbks ajtk-stkema dampakej ks tbh atthmpt tn tach dnjtrnl ni tbh `kalneuh ni strhjetb nr
rhsklkhjdh dnujthrkje tbh stkema-iuhlh` phrdhptknj tbat tn oh aiihdth` oy VPT@, nr ajy ntbhr NTK,
ks a matthr ni whacjhss.
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A dnmmnj rhirakj wktbkj tbks dampakej ks tbat tn hxphrkhjdh psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss ks jnt
a skej ni whacjhss, out ratbhr a skej tbat tbh kj`kvk`ual bas ohhj strnje inr tnn lnje, kj hiihdt
rhdlakmkje tbh masdulkjkty tbat was `hjkh` tbrnueb stkematkd adts aj` phrdhptknj oy rh`hikjkje
tbh hxphdth` jnrms ni ohbavknur (Erhhj ht al., ?616). Kj hiihdt, tbks jhw jarratkvh rhsksts tbh
`ksmksskvh aj` hiihmkjkzkje rhspnjsh ni bhehmnjkd masdulkjkty oy drhatkje a pnsktkvh masdulkjh
kmaeh ni tbh wnuj`h` snl`khr tbrnueb apprnprkatknj ni tbh bhrn avatar. Oy `krhdtly dnjjhdtkje
tbhkr psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss tn tbh vhry hxphrkhjdhs tbat arh bhl` up jnrmally tn suppnrt
jatknjalkstkd hj`havnurs, irhquhjtly aeakjst tbhkr wkll as prhvknusly `ksdussh`, tbhsh adtknjs
rhiuth ajy jntknj ni whacjhss tbat tbh prhvalhjt stkema bas oraj`h` tbhm wktb.
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Inr kjstajdh, kj tbh aonvh pkdturh10
, a `krhdt dnjjhdtknj ks ma`h tn tbh bnrrnrs ni war aj` tbh
mhmnrkhs tbat baujt snl`khrs aj` vhthrajs wktb VPT@, dballhjekje tbat tbh vhry adt ni ohkje a
snl`khr pladhs tbh kj`kvk`ual kj a `kiihrhjt dathenry tbaj ajy ntbhr phrsnj. Kj `nkje tbks, kt
rhiuths tbh k`ha tbat psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss ks a skej ni whacjhss, as njly tbh strnje dnul` hj`urh
tbnsh bnrrnrs, out at tbh samh tkmh rhdnejkzkje aj` aiikrmkje tbh bumajkty ni tbh kj`kvk`ual
tbrnueb aj atthmpt tn jnrmalkzh tbnsh hxphrkhjdhs, aj` tbh rhsultajt kjtruskvh mhmnrkhs, as
ohkje a dnmmnj hvhjt amnjest tbnsh wbn whrh strnje hjnueb tn iadh tbnsh bnrrnrs kj tbh ikrst
pladh.
Pbks tadtkd, ni atthmptkje tn rhkjinrdh, aj` kj snmh dashs rhkjtrn`udh, tbh ihhlkje ni hsprkt
`h dnrps amnjest snl`khrs aj` vhthrajs `halkje wktb VPT@, nr ntbhr inrms ni psydbnlnekdal
`kstrhss, ks aj atthmpt tn ekvh tbnsh kj`kvk`uals a shjsh ni ohlnjekje kj `krhdt dballhjeh tn tbh
ksnlatknj tbat nddurs oy kjstkllkje kj tbh kj`kvk`ual tbh rhalkty tbat ynu arh jnt alnjh. Pbks vhry
adt ni erajtkje autbhjtkdkty tn tbh inrm aj` dnjthjt ni psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss kj hiihdt erajts tbh
kj`kvk`ual tbh aehjdy tn iadh tbhkr `hmnjs, aj` prnvk`hs tbh sndkal suppnrt aj` mntkvatknj tn
shhc bhlp, aeakj kj dnjtrast tn tbh kj`kvk`ualkstkd trnphs tbat arh prnpaeath` tbrnueb stkematkd
adtknjs asshrtkje tbat tbh kts all kj ynur bha`, nr ynu gust arhjt as strnje as tbh rhst. Kt
dballhjehs tbhsh trnphs, aj` kjvkths tbh kj`kvk`ual kjtn a dnmmujkty, a sndkal spbhrh, pnpulath`
oy skmklar phnplh, snl`khrs aj` vhthrajs, wbn bavh rhalkzh` tbat tbhrh ks a``h` ohjhikt tn bavkje
tbh `hmnjs adcjnwlh`eh` aj` addhpth` wktbnut ihar ni nstradkzatknj. Pbks tadtkd, ni drhatkje a
sndkally addhptkje `kektal dnmmujkty tbat prnvk`hs tbh damara`hrkh tbat was hjgnyh` wbklh
shrvkje, as `hsdrkoh` prhvknusly kj thrms ni ujkt dnbhsknj, prnvk`hs tbh kj`kvk`ual wktb tbh samh
strhjetb aj` mntkvatknj tbat hjaolh` tbhm tn wktbstaj` bar`sbkp kj tbh ikrst pladh. Kt `nhs tbks
10Tnurdh7 Mklktary Mkj`s Iadhonnc,bttps7//www.iadhonnc.dnm/MklktaryMkj`sKjd
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wbklh alsn adcjnwlh`ekje tbh kjbhrhjt `kiihrhjdhs kj dnrh valuhs, htbns, htbkds, aj` ohlkhis, tbh
baoktusni tbh snl`khr.
As kjihrrh` oy tbh jhxt kmaeh18
, kt alsn adcjnwlh`ehs tbh kjgury nr barm suiihrh`, aeakj
rhkjinrdkje tbh dnjdhpt tbat tbh suoghdtkvh hxphrkhjdh ni psydbnlnekdal `kstrhss ks jhktbhr ujkquh
tn tbh kj`kvk`ual, njdh aeakj aiikrmkje tbh damara`hrkh, jnr ks kt ujusual, tbrnueb tbh ajalney ni
tbh kj`kvk`ual aj` tbhkr psydbh tn aj novknus kdnj ni tbh snl`khr, tbh swnr`.
Ubklh tbh kjihrhjdh tbat VPT@ ks `amaeh ks njh tbat `nhs daush `ksshjt wktbkj tbh vhthraj
dnmmujkty, wktb snmh phrdhkvkje tbh wnr` `amaeh tn oh iurtbhr stkematkd, tbhrh arh ntbhrs
wbn prhihr tbks thrm nvhr tbh mnrh dnmmnj oknmh`kdal rhihrhjt ni mhjtal klljhss, as klljhss
aj` kts dnrrhlath skdcjhss arh phrdhkvh` as tbkjes tbat bapphj tn tbh whac, out `amaeh nr
18Tnurdh7 Mklktary Mkj`s Iadhonnc,bttps7//www.iadhonnc.dnm/MklktaryMkj`sKjd
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kts dnrrhlath kjgury arh tbnsh tbat daj bapphj tn ajynjh at ajy tkmh kj ajy hjvkrnjmhjt nr
dnjthxt, out wbkdb arh partkdularly kj`kdatkvh tn tbh snl`khr as bavkje wktbstnn` tbkjes tbat ntbhrs
dnul` nr wnul` jnt. A dballhjeh tbat was raksh` (Dallaebaj, ?614) tn tbh oknmh`kdally kjihrrh`
`kdbntnmy ohtwhhj inrms ni trauma (pbyskdal vs. psydbnlnekdal) sustakjh` oy snl`khrs, aj`
wbkdb alsn `krhdtly dballhjehs tbh stkematkzkje trnph ni whacjhss7wbat ks tbh iuj`amhjtal
`kiihrhjdh ohtwhhj a snl`khr wbn bas suiihrh` shvhrh pbyskdal kjgurkhs, sudb as tbh amputatknj ni
lkmos, aj` tbnsh wbn bavh suiihrh` psydbnlnekdal kjgurkhs, sudb as VPT@. Pbks dnjdhptual sbkit
bas ohhj tachj up oy majy snl`khrs aj` vhthrajs wktb VPT@, as whll as a ihw psydbntbhrapksts
wbn adtkvh kj prnvk`kje darh tn tbks dnmmujkty. Oy dballhjekje tbh uj`hrlykje phrdhptknj ni
tbhrh ohkje suostajtkal `kiihrhjdhs kj ontb tbh noghdtkvh aj` suoghdtkvh hxphrkhjdhs ni ontb inrms
ni trauma, tbh whacjhss vs. strhjetb trnph ks rh`udh` nr rhmnvh`, aj` tbh wnuj`h` warrknr
ks njdh aeakj erajth` tbh status ni bhrn tbat lkhs at tbh dnrh ni tbh dultural dnjstrudtknj ni tbh
snl`khr k`hjtkty. Pbh wnuj`s aj` trauma arh adcjnwlh`eh`, aj` tbh stkema hxphrkhjdh` ks aolh
tn oh `krhdtly dnjirnjth` kj a jhw majjhr. Tkmklarly, tn kjvnch a dnmmnj lkjh tbat ks irhquhjtly
ush` kj dballhjeh tn tbh stkema aeakjst VPT@7 kts jnt a skej ni whacjhss3 kts a skej tbat ynuvh
ohhj strnje inr tnn lnje.
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_hihrhjdhs
Akcsz, T.D. (?61?) Tadrkikdkal lkmos ni snvhrhkejty7 @ksaolh` vhthrajs, masdulkjkty, aj`
jatknjalkst pnlktkds kj Purchy,Mh`kdal Ajtbrnpnlney Quarthrly, ?9(1)7 0-?8.
A`lhr, A.O., C.M. Urkebt, V.@. Olkhsh, _. Hdcinr` & D.U. Bneh (?662) A? `kaejnstkd drkthrka
inr dnmoat-rhlath` pnsttraumatkd strhss `ksnr`hr,Gnurjal ni Praumatkd Ttrhss, ?1(4)7 461-462.
Amornsh, T.H. (1;;?)Oaj` ni Orntbhrs3 Jhw [nrc7 Tkmnj & Tdbusthr, Vndcht Onncs.
Amhrkdaj Vsydbkatrkd Assndkatknj (1;;0)@kaejnstkd aj` Ttatkstkdal Majual ni Mhjtal
@ksnr`hrs, Inurtb H`ktknj (@TM-KY).
Oarrhtt, I. (1;;9) Pbh nreajkzatknjal dnjstrudtknj ni bhehmnjkd masdulkjkty7 Pbh dash ni tbh
X.T. Javy, Ehj`hr, Unrc, aj` Nreajkzatknj, 4(4)7 14;-10?.
Ohrehr, G.M., _. Lhvajt, C.C. MdMkllaj, U. Chllhbhr & A. Thllhrs (?668) Kmpadt ni ehj`hr rnlhdnjilkdt, tra`ktknjal masdulkjkty k`hnlney, alhxktbymka, aj` aeh nj mhjs attktu`hs tnwar`
psydbnlnekdal bhlp-shhckje,Vsydbnlney ni Mhj & Masdulkjkty, 9(1)7 54-52.
Onur`khu, V. (1;55) Nutlkjh ni a Pbhnry ni Vradtkdh3 Damork`eh7 Damork`eh Xjkvhrskty Vrhss.
Onur`khu, V. (1;;6) Pbh Lnekd ni Vradtkdh3 Ttajinr`7 Ttajinr` Xjkvhrskty Vrhss.
Outlhr, G. (?660) Xj`nkje Ehj`hr3 Jhw [nrc7 _nutlh`eh.
Dallaebaj, U. (?614) Lhts Palc7 Ttkema aj`tbh Klljhss Vara`kem kj Mhjtal Bhaltb, paphr
prhshjth` at tbh 11?tb
Mhhtkje ni tbh Amhrkdaj Ajtbrnpnlney Assndkatknj, ?6-?0 Jnvhmohr
?614, Dbkdaen KL.
Drhamhr, M., A.D. MdIarlajh & V. Ourehss (?668) Vsydbnpatbnlney inllnwkje trauma7 Pbh
rnlh ni suoghdtkvh hxphrkhjdh,Gnurjal ni Aiihdtkvh @ksnr`hrs, 29(?-4)7 158-12?.
@allakrh, _. (?668) Tbach Baj`s wktb tbh @hvkl7 Pbh Iaklurh ni Bumajkty kj _waj`a3 Jhw
[nrc7 Darrnll & Erai Vuolksbhrs Kjd.
@kdcsthkj, O.@., @.T. Ynet, T. Baj`a & O. Lktz (?616) Parehtkje shli-stkema kj rhturjkje
mklktary phrsnjjhl aj` vhthrajs7 A rhvkhw ni kjthrvhjtknj strathekhs,Mklktary Vsydbnlney,
??(?)7 ??0-?49.
Ikcrhtnelu, @., T. Euay, @. Vh`lar & A. Orujht (?662) Pwhlvh mnjtb ush ni bhaltb shrvkdhs kj a
jatknjally rhprhshjtatkvh, adtkvh mklktary samplh,Mh`kdal Darh, 09(?)7 ?15-??4.
Inudault, M. (1;;1)@ksdkplkjh aj` Vujksb7 Pbh Okrtb ni tbh Vrksnj3 Lnj`nj7 Vhjeukj Onncs.
Eardka, B.A., H.V. Ikjlhy, U. Lnrohr & M. Gacupdac (?611) A prhlkmkjary stu`y ni tbh
assndkatknj ohtwhhj tra`ktknjal ohbavknral jnrms aj` VPT@ symptnms kj Kraq aj` Aiebajkstaj
vhthrajs,Vsydbnlney ni Mhj & Masdulkjkty, 1?(1)7 88-94.
Ear`kjhr, T. (?614) Kj tbh sba`nw ni shrvkdh7 Yhthraj masdulkjkty aj` dkvkl-mklktary ksgujdturh
kj tbh Xjkth` Ttaths,Jnrtb Amhrkdaj @kalneuh, 19(?)7 9;-5;.
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Eniimaj, H. (1;91 S?669])Asylums7 Hssays nj tbh Tndkal Tktuatknj ni Mhjtal Vatkhjts aj` Ntbhr
Kjmaths3 Lnj`nj7 Vhjeukj Onncs Lt`3 (rhprkjt ni 1;91 nrkekjal).
Eniimaj, H. (1;29) Ttkema7 Jnths nj tbh Majaehmhjt ni a Tpnklh` K`hjtkty3 Jhw [nrc7 Tkmnj
& Tdbusthr.
Enul`, M., A. A`lhr, M. Wamnrsck, D. Dastrn, J. Bajkly, J. Tthhlh, T. Charjhy & J. Erhhjohre(?616) @n stkema aj` ntbhr phrdhkvh` oarrkhrs tn mhjtal bhaltb darh `kiihr adrnss Armh`
Inrdhs>,Gnurjal ni tbh _nyal Tndkhty ni Mh`kdkjh, 1647 102-189.
Erhhj, E., D. Hmslkh, @. NJhkll, C. Bujt & T. Ualchr (?616) Hxplnrkje tbh amokeuktkhs ni
masdulkjkty kj addnujts ni hmntknjal `kstrhss kj tbh mklktary amnje ynuje hx-shrvkdhmhj,
Tndkal Tdkhjdh & Mh`kdkjh, 51(;)7 1026-1022.
Ernssmaj, @. (?662) Nj Dnmoat7 Pbh Vsydbnlney aj` Vbysknlney ni @ha`ly Dnjilkdt kj Uar
aj` kj Vhadh3 Uarrknr Tdkhjdh Vuolkdatknjs.
Ernssmaj, @. (?66;) Nj Ckllkje7 Pbh Vsydbnlnekdal Dnst ni Lharjkje tn Ckll kj Uar aj` Tndkhty3
Jhw [nrc7 Oadc Oay Onncs.
Bhehluj`, A. (?668) Noghdtkvkty aj` suoghdtkvkty kj tbh htbjnerapbkd mhtbn`, Qualktatkvh
Bhaltb _hshardb, 18(8)7 905-992.
Bneh, D.U. (?616) Njdh a Uarrknr, Always a Uarrknr7 Javkeatkje tbh Prajsktknj irnm Dnmoat
tn Bnmh, Kjdlu`kje Dnmoat Ttrhss, VPT@, aj` MPOK3 Euklinr`7 Elnoh Vhqunt Vrhss.
Bneh, D.U., D.A. Dastrn, T.D. Mhsshr, @. MdEurc, @.K. Dnttkje & _.L. Cniimaj (?660)
Dnmoat `uty kj Kraq aj` Aiebajkstaj, mhjtal bhaltb prnolhms, aj` oarrkhrs tn darh,Jhw
Hjelaj` Gnurjal ni Mh`kdkjh, 481(1)7 14-??.
Lajh, G.M. & M.H. A``ks (?668) Malh ehj`hr rnlh dnjilkdt aj` patthrjs ni bhlp shhckje kj Dnsta_kda aj` tbh Xjkth` Ttaths,Vsydbnlney ni Mhj & Masdulkjkty, 9(4)7 188-192.
Lajestnj, Y., J. Erhhjohre, J. Ihar, A. Kvhrshj, D. Irhjdb & T. Uhsshly (?616) Ttkema aj`
mhjtal bhaltb kj tbh _nyal Javy7 A mkxh` mhtbn`s paphr,Gnurjal ni Mhjtal Bhaltb, 1;(1)7 2-
19.
Jasb, U.V., D. Tklva & O. Lktz (?66;) Pbh bkstnrkd nrkekjs ni mklktary aj` vhthraj mhjtal bhaltb
stkema aj` tbh strhss kjgury mn`hl as a mhajs tn rh`udh kt,Vsydbkatrkd Ajjals, 4;(2)7 52;-5;0.
Jkhuwsma, G.A. & D.M. Vhpphr (?616) Bnw htknlnekdal hxplajatknjs inr `hprhssknj kmpadtphrdhptknjs ni stkema, trhatmhjt hiihdtkvhjhss, aj` dnjtrnllaoklkty ni `hprhssknj,Gnurjal ni
Mhjtal Bhaltb, 1;(1)7 8?-91.
NOrkhj, P. (1;;6) Pbh Pbkjes Pbhy Darrkh`3 Onstnj7 Bnuebtnj Mkiilkj Bardnurt.
Vahdbthr, D. (?664) Masdulkjktkhs aj` ihmkjkjktkhs as dnmmujktkhs ni pradtkdh, Unmhjs
Ttu`khs Kjthrjatknjal Inrum, ?9(1)7 9;-55.
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Var, G._. (?611)Vnst-traumatkd Ttrhss @ksnr`hr aj` tbh Mhjtal Bhaltb ni Mklktary Vhrsnjjhl
aj` Yhthrajs3 Lkorary ni Varlkamhjt Oadcernuj` Vaphr, Varlkamhjtary Kjinrmatknj &
_hshardb Thrvkdh, Vuolkdatknj Jn. ?611-;5-H.
Var, G._. & M. _a`inr` (?614) Durrhjt Kssuhs kj Mhjtal Bhaltb kj Daja`a7 Mhjtal Bhaltb kj
tbh Daja`kaj Inrdhs aj` Amnje Yhthrajs3 Lkorary ni Varlkamhjt Kj Orkhi _hpnrt,
Varlkamhjtary Kjinrmatknj aj` _hshardb Thrvkdh, Vuolkdatknj Jn. ?614-;1-H.
Vrhhdh, G. & @. Malnjhy-Crkdbmar (?668) Njlkjh dnmmujktkhs7 @hskej, tbhnry, aj` pradtkdh,
Gnurjal ni Dnmputhr-Mh`kath` Dnmmujkdatknj, 16(0).
bttp7//njlkjhlkorary.wklhy.dnm/hjbajdh`/`nk/16.1111/g.1624-9161.?668.to66?90.x/
Tkms, A. & @. Tkms (1;;2) Pbh pbhjnmhjnlney ni pnst-traumatkd strhss `ksnr`hr7 A
symptnmatkd stu`y ni 56 vkdtkms ni psydbnlnekdal trauma,Vsydbnpatbnlney, 41(?)7 ;9-11?.
Tpkhlohre, T. & P. Bajcs (?661)Oaj` ni Orntbhrs3 PY mkjkshrkhs.
Ttaj`kje Dnmmktthh nj Jatknjal @hihjdh (?66;)@nkje Uhll aj` @nkje Ohtthr7 Bhaltb Thrvkdhs
Vrnvk`h` tn Daja`kaj Inrdhs Vhrsnjjhl wktb aj Hmpbasks nj Vnst-Praumatkd Ttrhss @ksnr`hr3_hpnrt ni tbh Ttaj`kje Dnmmktthh nj Jatknjal @hihjdh, Envhrjmhjt ni Daja`a.
Urkebt, C.M., N.A. Daorhra, V.@. Olkhsh, A.O. A`lhr, D.U. Bneh & D.A. Dastrn (?66;) Ttkema
aj` oarrkhrs tn darh kj snl`khrs pnstdnmoat,Vsydbnlnekdal Thrvkdhs, 9(?)7 162-119.