calibrating the work of cecil hewett

8/7/2019 Calibrating the Work of Cecil Hewett

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9 Shmaeocratodb tgh eothraturh

Zronr tn tgh mrhatond nf ad Hdbeosg trhh-rodb mgrndnenby od tgh eath 1?7:s, typnenby

was tgh laod lhtgni cy wgomg tn iath a tolchr strumturh. Mhmoe Aehm Ghwhtt (1?36-

1??7) pondhhrhi cuoeiodbs typnenbohs fnr lhiohvae marphdtry `nodts adi tolchr-fralhi

cuoeiodbs od snutg-hasthrd Hdbeadi (Bocsnd adi Adirhws 1??7, ndeodh). Od Ghwhtts

shlodae wnrk Hdbeosg Gostnrom Marphdtry tgh oddhr sehhvh rhais gh [Ghwhtt\ gas

sgnwd tgat tgh lhtgnis nf asshlceodb tolchr cuoeiodbs, partomuearey tgh `nodts ushi,

fneenw a stromt gostnromae shquhdmh, as iataceh as mhraloms (Ghwhtt 1?7:a, oddhr

sehhvh). Od tgh mash nf Ghwhtt, typnenby os ihfodhi as chodb gostnromaeey ioabdnstom

chmaush tghy arh gostnromaeey udoquh, tgat os, tghy arh phmueoar tn a bovhd tolh adipeamh (]amkhtt 1?22, =21) adi tghrhfnrh, prnbrhss frnl tgh armgaom tn tgh

lhmgadomaeey aivadmhi od a iataceh shquhdmh nf styeh adi fudmtond (Ocoi.).

Od 1??:, Lattghw @ngdsnd wardhi nf rheyodb nd typnenbohs tn iath cuoeiodbs

(@ngdsnd 1??:, 392-7) prolaroey chmaush tghy arh dnt aeways rheoaceh adi arh cashi

nd assulptonds ratghr tgad smohdmh. Ygos Mgapthr woee aiirhss snlh prhvonus hrrnrs

laih udihr tgh auspomhs nf mgrndn-typnenbohs fnrwarihi cy tgh eokhs nf; Ghdro

Ihdhux, Mhmoe Ghwhtt adi @. Y. ]lotg, cy appeyodb mnrrhmthi iaths ihrovhi tgrnubg

tgh smohdtofom pramtomh nf ihdirnmgrndnenby (Zharsnd 1??2, =:-=; VAB 3:::). Cy

rhmaeocratodbtgh hxostodb iaths arrovhi at cy typnenbohs adi odfnrlhi `uibhlhdt cy

Ghwhtt ht ae, wotg dhw sneoi iaths ihrovhi frnl trhh-rodb adaeysos, ot os gnphi

@ngdsnds wardodb mad ch put tn ndh soih. Ygos ]hmtond woee aesn prnvoih a rhspndsh

tn a mnllhdt laih cy ]arag Zharsnd od wgomg sgh subbhsthi ndh olpnrtadt

asphmt nf mndstrumtond wgomg os eokhey tn ch mndsoihracey aivadmhi tgrnubg trhh-rodb

iatodb os tgh typnenby nf tolchr `nodtodb thmgdoquhs (Zharsnd 1??2, =3).

Ghwhtts pondhhrodb wnrks gavh chhd a startodb peamh fnr lady rhsharmg prn`hmts

odmeuiodb tgos ndh. Chmaush tgos tghsos aols tn thst Ghwhtts gypntghsos tgat eath-

lhiohvae tolchr fralhi strumturhs mad ch iathi cy tgh `nodts adi marphdtry

thmgdoquhs ushi od tghor mndstrumtond od tgh eobgt nf rhmhdt ihdirnmgrndnenbomae

aivadmhs; ot os olpnrtadt tgat gos typnenby os aesn odfnrlhi cy trhh-rodb iatodb. Ghwhtt

golshef was udaceh tn amgohvh tgos od gos eofhtolh, cut tgos tghsos woee aiirhss cy rh-


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vosotodb gos iata adi upiatodb tgh mgrndnenby cashi nd rhmhdt trhh-rodb iata. Ndmh

mnlpehthi (shh Yaceh 3) tgos ]hmtond woee tghd rhthst snlh nf Ghwhtts typnenbomae

assulptonds. Od inodb sn, snlh nf gos nrobodae wnrk woee ch crnubgt odtn quhstond adi

lnihrdoshi. Ygh rhsuetodb rhmaeocrathi iata woee tghd ch mnlparhi abaodst tgh

Galpsgorh iata tn thst fnr soloearotohs adi adnlaeohs.

9.1 Shmaeocratodb Ghwhtt

Ghwhtts rhsharmg fnmushi laodey nd tgh snutg-hasthrd mnudty nf Hsshx, tgnubg gh

aesn marrohi nut varonus wnrks od ntghr mnudtohs odmeuiodb Galpsgorh. Chfnrh

Ghwhtt, vhry fhw phnpeh wnuei iarh asmroch a iath fnr a cuoeiodb tn chfnrh tgh 18 tgnr

16tg mhdtury cashi nd styeh aendh (Bocsnd adi Adirhws 1??7, ndeodh). Ghwhtt

mgadbhi tgos cy forstey stuiyodb tgh cards at Mrhssodb Yhlpeh, Hsshx, tghd takodb tgh

stuiy furtghr afohei adi iatodb ntghr cuoeiodbs cashi nd tgh marphdtry `nodts prhshdt

od tghl. Xsodb tgh Mrhssodb cards as a startodb pnodt, Ghwhtt wnuei iath a cuoeiodb

cashi nd wghtghr tgh `nodts tghrhod appharhi neihr nr dhwhr tgad tgnsh at Mrhssodb

Yhlpeh. Gos assulptond was tgat tgh lnrh aivadmhi a `nodt nr strumturh appharhi,

tgh dhwhr od tgh shquhdmh ot lust cho.h. cuoet afthr tgh Mrhssodb card (Ghwhtt 1?63,

39:). Ot mad ch subbhsthi tgat Ghwhtts lhtgninenby was ndh nf thehnenbomaeprnbrhssond cashi nd Ygh gypntghsos tgat marphdthrs `nodts udihrwhdt prnmhsshs

nf ihvhenplhdt tnwaris lhmgadomae hffomohdmy (Ghwhtt 1?7:a, =38).

As tgh taceh chenw sgnws, gos thmgdoquhs nfthd yoheihi rhasndacey ammurath rhsuets.

Gh mnuei gnwhvhr, ch vhry odammurath. Od shvhrae odstadmhs gh was nut cy nvhr a

gudirhi yhars adi od ndh mash cy as lumg as =8: yhars (Yaceh 1).

Yaceh 1 A eost nf cuoeiodbs iathi cy Ghwhtt cashi nd typnenby adi mnlparhiabaodst rhmhdt trhh-rodb iata

Cuoeiodb dalh N]broi

Ghwhtt'siathcashi ndtypnenby

snurmh Ihdirniath

snurmh(VAB -vne/pabh)

larbodnf hrrnr+/-(yhars)

1=-18 Ygh Acchy,Snlshy, Galpsgorh *

]X=8331=

m. 13=:(Ghwhtt1?7:a, 7?)

1=93 -1=29

=8/1:8 4113

Acchy Card, Craiwhee,Cumkodbgalsgorh

]Z

732=?8

1=8: (Ghwhtt1?6?) 1=3:-193: 13/=? 4=:


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snurmh Ihdirniath



Carehy Card, Mrhssodb

Yhlpeh, Hsshx *

YE

2??177

eath 13tg

mhdtury

(Ghwhtt

1?7:a)

13:8 -

13=: 39/8: 4 8

Cosgnps Zaeamh,Fardgal Masteh,]urrhy

]X7=2929

1118-1198

(Ghwhtt1?7:a, =?)

117:+ 32/?1 468

Cnyhs Mrnft Laetodbs,Brhat Iudlnw,Hsshx

YE63?331

eath 12tgmhdtury

(Ghwhtt1?21)

1882 -1828

=:/72 4 ?9

Mgomghsthr Matghirae,Rhst ]usshx *

]X78?:97

13?:(Ghwhtt1?22a)

1372 3=/89 =

Mrhppodb Gaee, RakhsMnedh, Hsshx

YE

?:?379

13?: -1=38 (Ghwhtt1?7:a, 366) 1=:1 -1==2

=9/1:3 4-11

Bradary, MrhssodbYhlpeh, Hsshx

YE2??177

163=(Ghwhtt1?6?)

19:? 31/98 319

Bradbh Card,Mnbbhsgaee, Hsshx *

YE79?333

119:(Ghwhtt1?6?, 1?7?)

13=2 -136?

37/191 4-?2

Brhat Mnxwhee, Card,Chrksgorh

]X36??9:

13::-=8(Ghwhtt1?6?)

1=:8 11/== 5-1:8

Ghaimnrd, EottehGhardihd, Khdt

YQ738969

198: (Ghwhtt1?6?)

19?= =9/?6 -9=

Kodb Artgurs SnudiYaceh, Ygh Brhat Gaee,Rodmghsthr,Galpsgorh *

]X9223?9

138:-1=8:

(Ghwhtt htae. 3:::,1:=)

138:-68(Carhfnnt 3:::,1?3)

~:

Larvhes BrhhdFarlgnush,Zhclarsg, Hsshx

YE781=32

16tgmhdtury

(Ghwhtt1?2=a)

1987 -198?

=8/?7 ~93

Lndks Card,Dhtthswheecury, Hsshx

YE988

:?9

harey 18tgmhdtury

(Ghwhtt1?63)

19=? -196?

37/191 ~:

Zaymnmkhs,Mnbbhsgaee, Hsshx

YE792339

18::(Ghwhtt1?6?)

18:? =6/71 -?

Zronr's Gaee Card,Roiiodbtnd, Hsshx *

YE8=2=17

1=9:(Ghwhtt1?63, 1?6?)

1912-1993

=1/133 4-22

Snnkwnni Gaee,Acchss Sniodb,Hsshx

YE863111

199:(Ghwhtt1?6?)

1832 -1823

39/8: 4-72

]aeoscury Matghirae,Ynwhr & ]porh,Roetsgorh

]X1993?9

1==9(Ghwhtt

1?22a)1=99 =8/1:3 4-1:


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snurmh Ihdirniath



]t Mehrh's Gaee, ]t

Nsytg, Hsshx

YL

136197 1=8:

(Ghwhtt

1?6?)

18::-

18=3 =6/?: 4-18:

]t Lary's Mgurmg,]nlptodb, Rhst]usshx *

YQ161:86

?8:-1:8:(Ghwhtt1?7?)

1=:: -1==:

31/98 4-=8:

]t Zaue's Card,Chemgalp, Hsshx

YE2?29=9

prh-1171(Ghwhtt1?63)

139: -1328

39/8: 48?

]t Ygnlas tghApnsteh, Davhstnmk,Hsshx

YQ89:?79

138:(Ghwhtt1?7:a, 369)

1=68 -1=?1

=:/117 4-118

Yotgh Card,Xplodsthr, Endind

YQ

868722

harey 18tgmhdtury

(Ghwhtt1?6?)

193= -199: 37/19= ~:

Rarh Zronry,Ghrtfnrisgorh

YE=8=19=

137=(Ghwhtt1?22a)

1=?1 -1916

==/1:? 4-1:7

Rhees Matghirae Davh,]nlhrsht

]Y881987

117:(Ghwhtt1?7:a, 66)

1313 -1319

3?/138 ~=3

Rghat Card, MrhssodbYhlpeh, Hsshx *

YE2??177

138:(Ghwhtt1?6?)

1382 31/98 -2

Rodbfohei Mneehbh,]uffnek

YL33?267

19=: (Ghwhtt1?22a)

1=2? -1=7=

=:/77 481

*Odiomaths a cuoeiodb survhyhi as part nf tgos rhsharmg

Fneenwodb nd frnl tgh acnvh taceh, ot os dnw pnssoceh tn rhmaeocrath Ghwhtts

mgrndnenby odtn ndh odfnrlhi cy smohdmh. Ygh rhsuets arh sgnwd chenw, od

Yaceh 3.

Yaceh 3 Ghwhtt's mgrndnenby rhmaeocrathi cy rhmhdt trhh-rodb iata adi peamhi odmgrndnenbomae nrihr

Ghwhtts mgrndnenby

Cuoeiodb dalh

Ghwhtt Yrhh-rodb mgrndnenby

Cuoeiodb dalh

Ihdir

n-iath

]t Lary's Mgurmg, ]nlptodb,Rhst ]usshx

?8: Carehy Card, Mrhssodb Yhlpeh,Hsshx

13:8

Bradbh Card, Mnbbhsgaee,Hsshx

119: Rhees Matghirae Davh,]nlhrsht

1313


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Iudlnw, Hsshx Iudlnw, Hsshx

Of Yaceh 3 os hxalodhi, ot mad ch dnthi tgat Ghwhtt gas twn cuoeiodbs iathi tn tgh

Adben-]axnd hra. Cashi nd tghsh twn cuoeiodbs - Ygh Mgurmg nf ]t. Lary, ]nlptodb,

]usshx (Ghwhtt AI?8:-1:8:) adi tgh card at Zaues Gaee, Chemgalp ]t Zaue, Hsshx

(Ghwhtt prh-AI 117:) Ghwhtt dalhi Mgapthr 1 nf gos ]hlodae wnrk Hdbeosg Gostnrom

Marphdtry - Hxalpehs frnl tgh Adben-]axnd Zhroni (AI 99? tn 1:66) (Ghwhtt

1?7:a). Nf ]nlptodb, Ghwhtt subbhsts tgh strumturae lhtgni at ]nlptodb os

mnlphthdt, adi tgh wnrkladsgop wrnubgt wotg ad assuradmh tgat lust odiomath tgh

prhvonus hxosthdmh nf a endb traiotond (Ghwhtt 1?7:a, 3?). Yghrhfnrh ammnriodb tn

Ghwhtt, marphdtry was odtrniumhi odtn Hdbeadi od tgh harey ]axnd phroni adi

rhamghi a mnlphthdt ehvhe pronr tn tgh Dnrlad Mndquhst (1:66). Cntg cuoeiodbs

gavh sodmh chhd ihdirn iathi tn 1=::-=: adi 139:-28 rhsphmtovhey adi tghrhfnrh,

dnt ]axnd marphdtry at aee. Odsthai Raekhr subbhsts marphdtry hdthrhi Hdbeadi voa

tgh Dnrlads arnudiAI117: (Raekhr 1???, 37).

Fnur hxalpehs nf Ghwhtts wnrk woee dnw ch adaeyshi od brhathr ihtaoe tn oeeustrath

cntg gnw ammurath, adi odammurath, gos iatodb mnuei ch. Aee fnur cuoeiodbs whrh aesn

survhyhi as part nf tgos rhsharmg od nrihr tn baod a brhathr odsobgt odtn Ghwhtts wnrk

adi tgh cuoeiodbs wgomg fnrlhi gos rhsharmg. Ygh fnur cuoeiodbs arh eosthi

mgrndnenbomaeey0

1. Ygh carehy card, Mrhssodb Yhlpeh, Hsshx

3. Bradbh card, Mnbbhsgaee, Hsshx

=. Ygh wghat card, Mrhssodb Yhlpeh, Hsshx9. ]t. Larys Mgurmg, ]nlptodb, Rhst ]usshx

Ygh carehy card, Mrhssodb Yhlpeh, Hsshx

Ygh carehy card os adntghr hxalpeh nf tgh tgrhh ioffhrhdt typhs nf iatodb - typnenby,

raionmarcnd iatodb (19M) - adi lumg eathr - ihdirnmgrndnenby; aee chodb ushi tn

odvhstobath ndh cuoeiodb.


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Ghwhtt subbhsthi eath 13tgtn harey 1=tgmhdtury (Ghwhtt 1?7:a, 8?-6=)

19M iathi tgh card tn ?9: +/-2: (m.1:3=) (Ghwhtt 1?63, 321)

ihdirnmgrndnenby 13:8-=8 (Yyhrs ht ae. 1??2, 8:)

Of tgh ihdirnmgrndnenbomaeey ihrovhi iaths arh takhd as tgh lnst prhmosh (shh

]hmtond 3.=) Ghwhtts subbhstondwas vhry mensh. Xdfnrtudathey, Ghwhtt wnuei dhvhr

gavh kdnwd gnw mensh gh was tn trhh-rodb iath. Saionmarcnd iatodb, gnwhvhr, was

nvhr 3:: yhars nut wotg ad udammhptaceh iath radbh. Yghsh tgrhh hxalpehs, nf

varonus iatodb thmgdoquhs, gobgeobgt tgh olpnrtadmh nf tgh acoeoty tn rhey nd prhmosh

iaths, as tgh olpeomatonds nf odammurath iaths mad ch prnfnudi. Aetgnubg Ghwhtt was

surh gos iath was ammurath, ot ioi ehai gol tn wroth tgos [tgh raionmarcnd iath\

subbhsts a iath od tgh hehvhdtg mhdtury, mhdtrodb nd 1:3=, fnr tgh fheeodb nf tgh naks

ushi od ots nrobodae cuoeiodb. Ot os phrgaps surprosodb tgat tgos iath os hareohr tgad tgh

boft nf tgh hstath cy Kodb ]thpghd tn tgh Yhlpears, cut tghrh os dn ncvonus rhasnd

wgy tgh card sgnuei dnt gavh chhd cuoet wgoest tgh hstath was od tgh pnsshssond nf

tgh Mrnwd (Ghwhtt 1?63, 321). Ygos wnuei olpey tgat aetgnubg Ghwhtt inucthi tgh

raionmarcnd iath, gh was nphd tn tgh oiha tgat ot mnuei ch vaeoiathi.

Bradbh Card, Mnbbhsgaee, Hsshx

Bradbh Card was, nrobodaeey, Saionmarcnd iathi (19M) tn 11=: +/-?: (Hsshx ]LS

77:7). Niiey tgnubg, Ghwhtt rhpnrts tgh 19M iath as chodb 1:3: +/-?: (Ghwhtt

1?7:a, 92) cut eathr od tgh salh puceomatond gh abrhhs wotg tgh 19M iath (Ghwhtt

1?7:a, 37?). Ygh assnmoathi ]avobdam Acchy was fnrlhi od 119: adi aetgnubg

tghrh os dn inmulhdtary hvoihdmh tgat bovhs a mndstrumtond iath fnr tgh card, ot was

assulhi tgat tgh cuoeiodb was mndthlpnrary (Ocoi, 92-7). Ghwhtt gai dnthi tgh ush

nf nphd eap `nodts od ots mndstrumtond (Foburh 1)adi tghrhfnrh, cashi nd tgos `nodt adi

ots ush od tgh carehy card at Mrhssodb Yhlpeh, gh subbhsthi tgh card was cuoet snnd

afthr tgh fnrlatond nf tgh Acchy od tgh loi 13 tgmhdtury (Adirhws 1?79). Ygh card

gas sucshquhdtey chhd ihdirn-iathi tn chtwhhd 13=2 adi 136? (Yyhrs ht ae. 1??2,

191) adi tghrhfnrh, a eath hxalpeh nf ad nphd eap `nodt (Adirhws 1?79). Ghwhtt aesn

wrnth tgat tgh laod pnsts stnni upnd stndh styencathsacnut ad odmg earbhr aee rnudi


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tgad tgh pnsts fhht (Adirhws 1?79, 9?). A styencath os a raoshi stndh pai upnd

wgomg tgh uprobgt pnst os peamhi tn lotobath rnttodb. Gnwhvhr, tgh Hsshx ]LS

subbhsts tgat ncshrvatonds iurodb rhstnratond subbhst tgh armaih pnsts whrh

nrobodaeey sht nd cash peaths, as prnpnshi odotoaeey, adi dnt nd styencaths as

subbhsthi cy Ghwhtt od 1?7: (HsshxMM 3::=).

Foburh 1 A rhfodhi hdtry eap-`nodt dnthi cy Ghwhtt at Ygh Bradbh Card,Mnbbhsgaee od Hsshx m.13=2

(Autgnr 3::7)

Rgat sgnuei ch dnthi tgnubg os tgat tgos cuoeiodb, aetgnubg fralhi adi frhh-stadiodb

inhs dnt hlpeny a brnudi soee fnr stacoeoty. Rghrhas tgh Carehy Card at Mrhssodb

Yhlpeh, Hsshx (m13:: +/-6:) nf a seobgtey hareohr iath inhs (Ghwhtt 1?7:a, 9?). Ygh

dntmg eap `nodts fnudi od tgos card, mad aesn ch shhd at Rghrwhee stacehs od

Galpsgorh (Foburh 3) ihdirn-iathi tn 138: (Snchrts 3::=, 397). Ygos sgnws twn

vhry soloear adi mnhvae `nodts od shparath parts nf tgh mnudtry - Hsshx adi

Galpsgorh. Ygos typh nf `nodt os aesn mnllnd alndbst tgh la`nroty nf tgh cuoeiodbs

hxalodhi cy Raekhr (Raekhr 1???, 37). ]ox nf tgh hobgt cuoeiodbs ushi dntmghi eap

`nodts; tgh olpeomatonds nf wgomg arh hxpeaodhi cy Raekhr0


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Yghsh iathi cuoeiodbs in dnt suppnrt Mhmoe Ghwhtt subbhstond tgat tghrh was a

ihvhenplhdt frnl tgh eath 13tg mhdtury od tgh dntmghi eap `nodt frnl udrhfodhi hdtry

tn shmrht dntmghi eap. Of tghrh was, ot was chfnrh tgh eath 13tg mhdtury. Cntg tgh

udrhfodhi hdtry adi rhfodhi hdtry whrh chodb ushi od tgh eath 13tg adi harey 1=tg

mhdtury. (Ocoi.).

Foburh 3 A typomae dntmghi eap `nodt wotg nphd rhfodhi hdtry frnl RghrwheeZronry stacehs, Galpsgorh (139?)

(Autgnr, 3::6)

Ygh wghat card, Mrhssodb Yhlpeh, Hsshx

Ghwhtt iathi tgh wghat card tn arnudi 1388 (Ghwhtt 1?7:a, 1:3-8). Ygh card gas

sodmh chhd smohdtofomaeey iathi, cy ihdirnmgrndnenby, tn 1382-7: (Yyhrs ht ae. 1??2,

81). As Ghwhtt was faorey ammurath wotg cntg tgh cards at Mrhssodb Yhlpeh, Ghwhtt

gai a sneoi iatul cy wgomg tn iath ntghr cuoeiodbs. Cy gos nwd ailossond, Ghwhtt

wnuei iath cuoeiodbs cashi nd tghl appharodb ehss aivadmhi, nr lnrh aivadmhi

tgad tgh `nodts at Mrhssodb (Ghwhtt 1?63, 39:). As gh was sn ammurath wotg Mrhssodb

Yhlpeh cards, ndh wnuei assulh tgh rhst nf gos mgrndn-typnenby wnuei ch faorey

ammurath tnn. Gnwhvhr, tgh fneenwodb mash stuiy thees a vhry ioffhrhdt stnry adi

gobgeobgts tgh dhhi fnr gos wnrk tn ch rhmaeocrathi dnw ihdirnmgrndnenbomaeey ihrovhi

iaths arh avaoeaceh.


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]t Larys Mgurmg, ]nlptodb, Rhst ]usshx

Ygh tolchr fralh tgat suppnrts tgh whsthrd tnwhr at ]t. Larys mgurmg, ]nlptodb,

Rhst ]usshx os nf a Sghdosg ghel typh (Foburh =). Ghwhtt subbhsts a iath

snlhwghrh chtwhhd m AI?8: adi m 1:8:. Ot os udeokhey tn ch eathr tgad tgos (Ghwhtt

1?7:a, 18). Iuh tn Ghwhtts cheohf tgat tgos mgurmg rnnf iathi tn prh-mndquhst

Hdbeadi, gh wrnth Ygh armgothmturae adi strumturae mndmhpt nf tgh Sghdosg ghel os

hxtranriodary, cut ots hxhmutond od marphdtry at ]nlptodb os a wnrk nf sumg assuradmh

adi mnlphthdmh, amgohvhi wotg sumg hmndnly nf lhads, tgat ot cntg odiomaths tgh

wnrk nf a lasthr adi subbhsts tgh prhvonus hxosthdmh nf a traiotond nf fralodb sumg

wnrks (Ghwhtt 1?7?, 18). Of tgos stathlhdt whrh tn ch truh, ot wnuei put tgh

odtrniumtond nf fralodb camk frnl AI117: (Raekhr 1???, 37) tn AI?8:, chfnrh tgh

odtrniumtond nf tgh Frhdmg styeh, hvhd chfnrh tgh Dnrlad Mndquhst (Ghwhtt 1?73,

=91). Meharey tghd ot os hsshdtoae tn tgh udihrstadiodb nf tgh hvneutond nf marphdtry,

tgat tgos cuoeiodb ch smohdtofomaeey iathi, od nrihr tn vaeoiath wghtghr ?8: nr 117: arh

tn ch ushi as tgh start nf tgh marphdtry traiotond od Hdbeadi. Odihhi, Ghwhtt assulhs

tgh strumturae lhtgni at ]nlptodb os mnlphthdt, adi tgh wnrkladsgop wrnubgt wotg

ad assuradmh tgat lust odiomath tgh prhvonus hxosthdmh nf a endb traiotond (Ghwhtt

1?7:a, 3?). Yghrhfnrh, Ghwhtt os subbhstodb marphdtry hxosthi od Hdbeadi chfnrh AI

?8: cashi nd ]nlptodb aendh subbhstodb ot os dn endbhr pnssoceh tn asmroch tgh

odtrniumtond nf ady typhs [nf marphdthrs `nodts\ tn tgh Mndquhst, nr tgh Dnrlads

(Ocoi.).

Ghwhtt aesn dnths tgh ush nf marphdthrs larks od tgh fnrl nf mgoshe mut Snlad

dulhraes, subbhstodb tgat tgh fralh was lhasurhi adi fralhi heshwghrh.

Yghrhfnrh, Ghwhtt subbhsts tgh marphdthrs wgn mndstrumthi tgh fralh at ]nlptodb

gai adtomopathi hdsuodb marphdthrs lhtgnis wgomg wnuei dnt ch shhd abaod udtoe

117: (Ghwhtt 1?7?, 18). Hvhd tgnubg Ghwhtt was mndvodmhi tgh rnnf was ]axnd od

nrobod, gh dnthi tgat snlh nf tgh `nodts a thdnd wotg ndh sgnueihr smrochi tn fot

nvhr a wadhy hibh arh udkdnwd heshwghrh udtoe tgh 1=tg

mhdtury, yht gh rhlaodhi

mndvodmhi gh was ennkodb at a ]axnd rnnf.

Fnrtudathey, Ghwhtts iath was nff cy arnudi =7: yhars (Aeiswnrtg adi Garros 1?77,

19:; Zharsnd 1??2, ==). Od 1?78 twn tolchr salpehs whrh Saionmarcnd iathi tn AI

1=3= +/-81 cy @oee Raekhr. A tobgthr iath radbh was snubgt adi od 1?72, 12 salpehs


11/12

whrh takhd fnr ihdirnmgrndnenbomae adaeysos bovodb a dhw iath radbh nf AI 1=:: tn

1==:, cy Oad Yyhrs (Aeiswnrtg adi Garros 1?77, 19:-=; Yyhrs 1??:, 98). Ot sgnuei ch

dnthi tgat tgh laod cniy nf tgh mgurmg os nf a prh-mndquhst iath, ot was aiihi tn od

tgh eathr part nf tgh 11tg mhdtury wgomg, ot shhls, Ghwhtt cashi gos iath nd

(Aeiswnrtg adi Garros 1?77, 1=?). Chfnrh tgh rhmaeocratond nf Ghwhtts iaths fnr ]t

Larys mgurmg, ot os peaod tn shh tgh olpeomatonds tgat ad odmnrrhmt iath mad gavh nur

kdnwehibh nf tgh past. =7: yhars od tgh lhiohvae tn eath lhiohvae phroni shhs lady

prnfnudi gostnromae mgadbhs - frnl ]axnd Hdbeadi, tgrnubg Dnrlad nmmupatond, tn

tgh chboddodb nf tgh 19tgmhdtury inlodathi cy falodh, peabuhs adi war.

Foburh = ]t. Larys mgurmg, ]nlptodb, Rhst ]usshx (1=::)

(Autgnr 3::2)

9.1.3 ]ullary

Ghwhtt gas puceosghi lady artomehs adi cnnks, laodey nd tgh suc`hmt nf `nodts adi

strumturae marphdtry. Ady stuihdt nf strumturae marphdtry os tghrhfnrh, a stuihdt nf

Ghwhtts wnrk. Ygus, ot os olpnrtadt tgat gos iaths adi assulptonds arh rh-hxalodhi

od tgh eobgt nf ihdirnmgrndnenbomae iata wghd, adi of ot chmnlhs avaoeaceh. Ygos

dhhis tn ch indh tn fnrwari tgh iosmopeodh, dnt prnvh Ghwhtt robgt nr wrndb. Ghwhttwnrkhi wotg tgh iata avaoeaceh tn gol adi wghd Saionmarcnd iaths whrh avaoeaceh,


12/12

gh wnuei ush tghl, nr at ehast amkdnwehibh tghl, chmaush as wh gavh shhd tgh 19M

iata os nfthd lnrh odammurath tgad Ghwhtt hvhr was. Ygos ]hmtond gas gobgeobgthi

gnw olpnrtadt tgh rhmaeocratond nf gos mgrndn-typnenby os. Rghd fudialhdtae

prodmopehs nf marphdtry arh poddhi tn ad odammurath tolheodh adi aethrdatovh lhtgni nf

iatodb lust ch snubgt. Fnr dnw, tgat lhtgni os ihdirnmgrndnenby. Rotg ot, prhvonus

iaths, sumg as tgnsh bovhd cy Ghwhtt mad ch rhvosothi adi upiathi od tgh eobgt nf

rhmhdt aivadmhs od tgh fohei.

Ygos ]hmtond gas oeeustrathi shvhrae odammuramohs od Ghwhtts lhtgni. Ygh twn

strumturhs gh subbhsthi prnvoih hvoihdmh fnr ad Adben-]axnd marphdtry traiotond

whrh losodfnrlhi cy odammurath iaths. Odsthai, ot wnuei apphar tgat marphdtry

ihvhenphi od Hdbeadi arnudi 117: (Raekhr 1???, 37) adi dnt pronr tn ?8: as Ghwhtt

subbhsthi (Ghwhtt 1?7:a, 3?). Ygh fneenwodb ]hmtond woee aesn prnvh Ghwhtts

hvoihdmh fnr a tradsotondae smarf m1=8: frnl speayhi tn gaevhi smarf os aesn

losodfnrlhi. Ot lust ch dnthi tgnubg, tgat Ghwhtt was robgt acnut a brhat ihae nf

ntghr olpnrtadt famts rheatodb tn `nodts. Lumg nf wgomg sgaee ch hvoihdmhi od tgh

fneenwodb ]hmtonds rhbariodb `nodt typnenbohs adi mgrndnenbohs.

calibrating the work of cecil hewett

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