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Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads Tom Ballestero University of New Hampshire 1 May 2013 1

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Page 1: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads

Tom BallesteroUniversity of New Hampshire

1 May 2013

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Page 2: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

Fundamental Causes of Erosion

• Climate• Land Use• Soil Type• Land Cover• Topography• Groundwater• Surface water

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Page 3: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

Climate

• Wind• Precipitation• Waves• Glaciers• Freeze/thaw

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Page 4: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

Land Use• Grazing• Construction• Deforestation/logging• Forested• Urban

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Page 5: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

Soil Type

• For gravel roads, this is going to be gravel

• Most erodible materials are fine sands to silts

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Page 6: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

Land Cover

• Vegetation• Pavement• Bare soil

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Page 7: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

Topography

• Slope (gravity)• Slope length

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Page 8: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

Groundwater

• Submerged soils have less ability to resist erosion (soil strength)

• Groundwater places a pressure on the soil against gravity

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Page 9: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

Surface Water• Velocity• Depth of flow

– Sheet flow– Shallow 

concentrated– Rills– Gullies

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Shear stress related todepth times slope

Page 10: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

Fundamentally• Sediment is available• Something can move the sediment

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Page 11: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

Erosion Control

• Minimize sediment available to move (protect) –prevent erosion

• Eliminate what moves the sediment (drain)

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Page 12: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

After Erosion Occurred

• Now in management mode – how best to remove the sediment before it gets to the receiving water?

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Page 13: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

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Reid and Dunne, 1984

Page 14: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

Methods to Estimate Erosion on Unpaved Roads

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Page 15: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

Universal Soil Loss Equation (USDA)

• Developed from erosion plot and rainfall simulator experiments

• Sheet and rill erosion

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Page 16: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

USLE

A = R  x K  x LS  x C  x P  = RKLSCP• A = long‐term average annual soil loss [ton/(acre/year)] 

• R = rainfall erosivity factor [hundreds of ft.tonsf.in/acre.hr.year]

• K = the soil erodibility factor [tons per acre per unit R]

• L and S =  topographic factors [‐]• C and P = the cropping management factors [‐]

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Page 20: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

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Page 21: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

Road Gravel Particle Sizes

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Page 22: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

• 38 mm

• 19 mm

• 4.75 mm• 2 mm• 0.075 mm

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Page 24: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

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Page 26: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

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LS Values for Freshly Prepared Construction and other Highly DisturbedSoil, with Little, or no Cover (Renard, et al. 1987)

Page 27: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

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Page 28: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

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Page 29: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

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Page 30: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

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Page 31: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

Wait, There’s More!

• MUSLE• RUSLE

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I don’t always compute soil loss, but when I do I start with 

the USLE

Stay uneroded my friend

Page 32: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

Water Erosion Prediction Project (USDA)

• Process based erosion model that can be used to simulate low volume road erosion

• Database of erosion estimates for 72,900 different road configurations, locations, and soil types

• Database was then used to derive equations for low volume road erosion and runoff        (+/‐ 20%)

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Page 33: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

WEPP Road Soil Loss

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Page 34: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

Equation Reference Table 3

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Page 35: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

Equation Reference Table 4

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Page 36: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

WEPP Predictive Power

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Page 37: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

WEPP Reference

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Page 38: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

38Imhoff, et al, 2010

Page 39: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

39Imhoff, et al, 2010

Page 40: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

SEDMODL (WEPP with GIS)GIS‐based road erosion and delivery model designed to identify road segments with high potential for delivering sediment to streams. The model uses an elevation grid combined with road and stream information layers to produce what is essentially a computer‐generated version of the Washington surface road erosion model. It estimates background sediment, generation of sediment for individual road segments, finds road/stream intersections, and estimates delivery of road sediment to streams.

http://www.ncasi.org/support/downloads/Detail.aspx?id=5

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Page 42: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

Effects of Grading

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Page 45: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

Tread (Road) Sediment Delivery

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Geologic Factor

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Page 47: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

Road Tread Surfacing Factor

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Page 48: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

Road Width and Traffic Factors (1)

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Page 49: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

Road Width and Traffic Factors (2)

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Page 50: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

Road Slope Factor

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Page 51: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

Cut Slope Sediment Delivery

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Page 52: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

Cut Slope Height

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Page 53: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

Data Base for Cut Slope Height

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Page 54: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

Cut Slope Cover Factor

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Page 55: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

Rainfall Factor

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Page 56: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

Road Delivery Factor

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Page 57: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

Road Age Factor

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Page 58: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

Segment Length/Road Drainage Configuration

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Page 59: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

Segment Lengths Used for Each Configuration

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Page 60: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

Spreadsheet Tool for Estimating Pollutant Load (STEPL)

• Region 5 Model

• http://it.tetratech‐ffx.com/steplweb/

• Spreadsheet model based on the USLE

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Page 61: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

Simple Method

• Planning tool• Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershed scale

• estimates contaminant loads based on:– land use, – annual runoff, – drainage area, and – system performance

• does not factor in volume reductions for infiltration

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Page 62: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

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Page 63: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

Simple Method with BMPs

L = 0.226 * R * C * A * RE• L = Annual load (lbs)• R = Annual runoff (inches)• C = Pollutant concentration (mg/l)• A = Area (acres)• 0.226 = Unit conversion factor• RE=Best Management Practice removal 

efficiency (%)

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Page 64: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

BMP Sediment Removal

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Page 65: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

Brackett Road Case Study

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Page 67: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

Many Bad Examples

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Predominant Pollutant Concentrations

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Sediment From Each Site

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Page 70: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

Estimated Unpaved Sediment

4.6 Tons/acre/year

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Ranking of Alternatives

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Page 72: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

Simple Reference

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Page 73: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

Rates

• TN – 25 tons/acre/year• NC – 100 tons/acre/year• CA – 2 to 480 tons/acre/year

For a 15‐ft wide gravel road, 1 ton/acre/year~ 0.083 inches/yearRange of loss = 1/6 in to 3.3 in/yr

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Page 74: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

Northeast Regional Climate Center

• Home Pagehttp://precip.eas.cornell.edu/

• Extreme Precipitationhttp://precip.eas.cornell.edu/

• Map Toolhttp://precip.eas.cornell.edu/

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Page 75: Calculating Sedimentation Loads from Unpaved/Logging Roads · Simple Method • Planning tool • Assess different best management practices at the watershed and subwatershedscale

Map Tool

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StreamStats

• Home Pagehttp://streamstats.usgs.gov/

• State Applicationhttp://streamstats.usgs.gov/ssonline.html

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