calafco university course · water treatment example: water quality issues at wtp due to aging...
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CALAFCO University CourseWATER DETERMINATIONS:
Friday, January 18, 200810:00 am to 3:00 pm
CALAFCO Offices, Sacramento
Robert ShibataniConsulting HydrologistWater Industry Advisor
PBS&J
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Session Topic: Sources of Information
What are the fundamental waterinformation requirements for LAFCOs?
• Water needs• Water entitlements (supplies)• Water facilities• Water distribution• Water quality
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Sources of Information
What are the key issues related to water? • Demands • Availability• Capacity• Quality
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Sources of InformationWater Demands
• Urban Water Management Plans• Water Supply Assessments• Contractual Agreements (e.g., CVP water
contracts)• Rate Study Reports• Water Conservation Plans• Drought Contingency Plans• Groundwater Management Plans• General Plans
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Sources of InformationDemand Calculations
• What is the timeframe?– Current vs Projected levels of demand
• Basis for demand calculation– Population based – gal. per capita/day– Dwelling units – gal. per DU/day
• When was the analysis done?• Is conservation factored in? • Is the differential between interior and landscape
demand reasonable?• What are the real and apparent losses?
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Sources of Information
Water Availability
• Water right permit• Water contract • Transfer/exchange
agreement
• Safe/firm yield• Operational
constraints• Timing constraints• Institutional/regulatory
constraints• Seasonal hydrology
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Sources of InformationYou should look at:
• Quantity• Point of Diversion• Diversion restrictions
– Water-year availability– Season of diversion– Flow rate maximum– Requirements for bypass
• Place of Authorized Use• Authorized uses• Term of authorization
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Sources of InformationCapacity
• Capital Improvement Project (CIP) Plans• Federal/State facility information• Corps of Engineers – operating rules• Water purveyor diversion/delivery records• Water purveyor – Water Master Plans or Water
facilities Master Plans• Water Distribution System Plans• USGS stream gauging data
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Sources of InformationWater Quality
• U.S. EPA – Water Quality Reports
• Regional Water Quality Control Boards– Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Program reports
• California Department of Public Health– Field Operations Branch – operating permits, Source
Water Assessments– Monitoring and Evaluation Unit – reports on
laboratory results from public water systems
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Sources of InformationOn-line Databases
• U.S. Bureau of Reclamation– Central Valley Operations
Office (CVO)• California Data Exchange
Center (CDEC)• State Water Resources Control
Board– eWRIMS
• California Department of Water Resources– water quality and groundwater
wells
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Session Topic: Plans for Providing Services
• Essential Water Elements– Water Supply– Storage– Raw water
conveyance infrastructure
– Treatment capability and capacity
– Treated water delivery capability and capacity
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Water Supply - Allocations• Limitations on water
entitlements?– Shortage provisions
on federal/State contracts
– Regulatory– Institutional– Groundwater– Recycled water
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Shortage Provisions
Annual Shortage based on Water-Year
Example: Federal water “cutback”CVP M&I contract: 100,000 AFA• February – 100% of normal• March – 90% of normal • April – 75% of normalDelivered quantity: 75,000 AFA
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Shortage Provisions
Annual Shortage based on Water-Year
Example: Federal water “cutback”CVP AG contract: 100,000 AFA• February – 100% of normal• March – 50% of normal • April – 10% of normalDelivered quantity: 10,000 AFA
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Regulatory
Water Rights – Terms and conditions
Example: Required “minimum flows”• Water Right – 100 cfs (year round)• Fish Bypass flows – 25 cfs (May-June)• Fish Bypass flows – 35 cfs (July-Aug)
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Regulatory
Water Rights – Terms and conditions
Example: Water Right subject to Term 91Water right – 75 cfs (year round)Dry-Year – Delta water quality requires
additional upstream releases – Balanced Conditions
Allowed diversion – 0 cfs
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Regulatory
Water Rights – Terms and conditions
Example: Beneficial UseWater Right – 500 cfs (year round)Permit Condition states:• Consumptive Uses – 100 cfs• Hydropower – 300 cfs• Instream fish flows – 100 cfs
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InstitutionalThird Party Agreements
Example: Sacramento Suburban Water District (Water Forum Agreement)
Surface water purchase – 29,000 AFAWet-year diversion – 29,000 AFADry-year – 0 AFAReturn to full groundwater pumping
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InstitutionalWater Exchange
Example: Is it “Paper” or “Wet” water?• Agency acquires a new federal water
contract• Has no physical means of diverting it• Enters into an exchange agreement with
another purveyor – who can provide that diversion and/or delivery capability
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InstitutionalWater Exchange
Example: Exchange is contingent upon:• Agreement for shared facilities (e.g., financing
agreement)• SWRCB approval of an expanded Place of Use
(e.g., protest petitions perhaps still pending)• Federal approval (USBR) to use federal facility
(e.g., NEPA compliance not yet completed)
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InstitutionalWater Transfer
Example: Metropolitan Water District• Anticipated WY 2008 shortages – Colorado
River• Seeking one-year transfer – up to 200,000 AF• From YCWA -Lower Yuba Accord• Lower Yuba Accord – pending before SWRCB• California Environmental Water Account (EWA)
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Groundwater
What important questions must be answered?
• How much groundwater is available?• What is its quality?• Are there seasonal constraints?• Are institutional agreements in place?• Do we know the sustained yield?
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GroundwaterExample: Groundwater Supply• Water agency is wholly on groundwater• Groundwater levels dropping• Centered over a “cone of depression”• Concomitant reduction in historic
groundwater quality• Would this be considered an appropriate
supply?
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GroundwaterExample: Groundwater Banking• Water agency stores surface water in
ground in wet-years• Reverts to pumping (in dry-years)• Is the ratio of input to withdrawal 1:1?• How much can the agency rely on banked
water as a “firm yield” supply?• Are there water quality trade-offs?
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Recycled Water
What important questions must be answered?
• How much recycled water is available?• How effectively can it offset current
potable uses?• What is the timeline to have recycled
water on-line?
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Water Storage
Example: Reservoir Capacity – Joint Flood Control Operations
• Total capacity: 1,000,000 AF• Flood storage (empty space): 500,000 AF• Flood season: November – April• WY 2008 – April EOM storage 490,000 AF• If refill is limited – Summer storage will
start around 500,000 AF
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Raw Water ConveyanceTypes of raw water
conveyance• Rivers• Canals (lined and
unlined)• PipelinesMethods of conveyance• Gravity• Pumping
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Raw Water ConveyanceEfficiency Factors
• Losses– Evaporation– Seepage– Leakage– Unlawful diversions– Channel/canal failures
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Raw Water Conveyance• Example: Losses in Open
Conduits/Canals - Lower Cascade Canal losses (Nevada County)
• Rated Capacity: 45 cfs• Safe Capacity: 40 cfs• Summer losses: 12 cfs (head to terminus)• Delivered to the WTP – 28 cfs
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Raw Water Conveyance• Example: Canal Integrity – Linear aged ditch
system
• Frequent failures• Linearity – no redundancy• Delivery obligation at risk
Should a new area be approved for annexation which is to be served by this infrastructure?
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Raw Water ConveyanceExample: Method of conveyance – GDPUD
Auburn Pump Station
• New supply potential – 25 cfs• River elevation – 500 ft msl • Proposed WTP elevation – 2,000 ft msl
Can the purveyor “feasibly” pump water up 1,500 vertical feet?
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Water TreatmentExample: Existing and planned WTP
capacity important
• Existing WTP capacity – 60 mgd• Currently operated – 40 mgd • Projected demands over the next 20-years
will increase 40 mgd
Should the project be approved based on this current capacity?
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Water TreatmentExample: Plant sizing and location
• Existing WTP – surrounded by development• No opportunities for expansion within existing
“footprint”• Increased capacity acquired only through a new
alternative WTP
Should a project relying on treated water from this WTP be approved?
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Water TreatmentExample: Water quality issues at WTP due to aging
system
• Existing WTP – treatment train is old – has encountered continual problems
• May even be under a current DHOS cease and desist order
• Increasingly restrictive drinking water regulations make current infrastructure - obsolete
• Financing – proving difficult for improvements
Should a project relying on treated water from this WTP be approved?
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Plans for Providing ServicesGeneral Rules – Considerations
• Obtain all information from service provider
• Set-up your checklist –based on sequential activities– Supply/Storage– Conveyance– Treatment– Distribution
• Apply the service principles:– Demands– Availability– Capacity
Key Issues to Keep in Mind
Water entitlements useless –unless they can be implemented
Moving water from point A to point B – one of the most challenging water resource issues in California
All systems have capacity limitations
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Session Topic: Terms and Conditions
• Assurances• Information accuracy• Reliance on data
provided• Conditioning of
Approvals• Liability
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What form of assurance is appropriate?
• Verbal commitment• “Will serve” letter• Development
Agreement• Others?
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Options for Water Supply and Infrastructure Verification
• Accept as is…• Request explanation and
discussion• Defer to published
information• Perform internal
assessment• Seek third party review • Who should fund these
verifications?
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Are determinations perpetual?
• Are LAFCo determinations unchangeable?• What happens if:
– Water supply availability was over-estimated?– Water delivery proves unreliable?– Changes in federal/State regulations?– Current project shown to adversely affect
historic customers (e.g., WQ, reduced reliability)?
– Financing for required CIPs are delayed?
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Can LAFCOs Condition Approvals?
• Could a LAFCO:– Require periodic monitoring and reporting?– Review established milestones – to re-verify facts?– Include Re-Opener clauses in agreements?– Amend certain Terms and Conditions of
Determinations?– Seek mitigative remedies?– Thereby: adopt Adaptive Management principles in
the discharge of duties under CKH?
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Possible Liability Concerns• Who bears the burden of liability if:
– Water supply information used in LAFCO determination inadvertently omitted important data?
– New information proves a previous LAFCo determination inaccurate?
– It is shown that an approved delivery (through annexation) could trigger adverse effectsunder federal law (e.g., Endangered Species Act)
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Liability Concerns (cont.)– It is shown that an approved delivery (through
annexation) could trigger adverse effects to other existing residents?
– Project timing is delayed because certain approvals have not been secured by the water purveyor?
– Conveyance failure occurs?– Development project has to de-mobilize?
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What is the Preferred Strategy?
• How far do you “burrow” into the data?• How extensive should your analysis be?• How robust are your conclusions?
• Constrained by available staff resources/funding
• Constrained by time availability
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Consider the “Range” ConceptRisk Assessment• How confident are we
with the data?• Data track record?• Data gaps?• Have we answered the
uncertainties?• Local history?• Environmental baseline?• How volatile is the
project?• Politically supported?
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Session Topic:Water Entitlements
• Defined: any recognized water holding– Surface water right– Federal water
contract (Ag or M&I)– State water contract– Groundwater– Recycled/Reclaimed
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Case StudyBackground Facts• Rapidly growing city in South Delta - California• Two major purveyors provide water service
relying on:• Delta inflows• Sierra Nevada runoff• CVP contracts/SWP contracts and upstream or
headwater basin water rights• Both service areas – include many “islands”• Groundwater quality is poor
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Case StudyReliability of Supply
• Current conditions• Past conditions• Restrictions• Constraints• Future projections• Can we assure
ourselves of a safe-yield, long-term estimate of water availability?
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Levee Failures
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Groundwater Well Depths
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Water Quality in Delta
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Chan
ge in
X2
(mov
emen
t ups
tream
, km)
-5
0
5
10
15
20
Compared to pre-dam conditions (1930-1943)Compared to estimated unimpaired flow condition
The Bay InstituteBay-Delt Plan Periodic Review Issue: Delta OutflowJanuary 12, 2005
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In-Delta Fisheries Abundance
0300600900
120015001800
Abun
danc
e(ab
unda
nce i
ndex
from
DFG
Fall M
idwate
r Traw
l sur
veys
)
0
2000
4000
6000
4000080000
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050
50010001500
800016000
Delta smelt
Longfin smelt
Striped bass
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Climate Change Effects
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Seasonal Runoff Patterns Changing
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Recent Dry Years
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Delta/CVP Rules Changing
• Changing Rules for CVP/SWP and Delta Operations– Long-term prescriptions?– Exports– In-Delta standards– COA – Term 91 (balanced
conditions)– Accommodations for
flood control
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Open Discussion
• How would you proceed?
• What information would you seek?
• What concerns, if any, would you have?