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Ci thin kt qu hc tp ca sinh vin thng qua nh gi
TS. Ciara OFarrell, Vin Cng ngh Dublin, 2004 Cp nht, 2009, Trng Trinity, i hc Dublin
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Trung tm thc hnh hc thut v hc tp ca sinh vin, Trng Trinity
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Mc lc
Gii thiu: Mc ch ca cun sch ny l g?........................................3
Phn 1: Bt u bng nh gi Ti nn ngh v ci g v ti nn bit g? ................................................................................................................7
1.1 nh gi xc nh cc phng php tip cn cho sinh vin trong vic hc .... 7 1.2 Nhng k nng no ti mun sinh vin pht trin? ............................................... 7 1.3 Phn bit nh gi tng hp, nh gi thnh phn v nh gi lin tc?........... 10 1.4 Ti sao Thng tin phn hi li quan trng? ......................................................... 11
Phn 2: Ln k hoch v thit k vic nh gi: Nhng iu c bn tin hnh khi no v nh th no. ..........................................................13
2.1 Nhng g cn thit cho vic nh gi? ................................................................ 13 2.2 Kt hp nh gi vi nng lc u ra................................................................. 14 2.3 Bn c th kt hp nh gi tng hp v nh gi thnh phn khng? ............. 16 2.4 Sinh vin s coi trng vic nh gi thnh phn khng? .................................... 17
Phn 3: Cc bin php cng tc nh gi thm hiu qu v hp dn i vi bn v sinh vin ....................................................................19
3.1 Cung cp nhiu cch nh gi ............................................................................ 18 3.2 Cn bao nhiu thi gian cho cng tc nh gi? ................................................ 21 3.4 Cc bin php thng tin phn hi thm hiu qu .......................................... 27
Phn 4: Phn hi thng qua cng tc nh gi ....................................31 4.1 Liu cng tc nh gi c thit k mc ph hp cha? ................... 31 4.2 Cc bin php cng tc nh gi thm d hiu - Xy dng tiu ch nh gi 34 4.3 Bn c th lm g sau khi hon thnh cng tc nh gi? .................................. 35
Kt lun ......................................................................................................37
Ph lc 1: Bng lit k cc danh mc cn nh gi ............................37
Ph lc 2: Ln k hoch nh gi cho ti liu kha hc - nhng iu cn xem xt ................................................................................................38
Ph lc 3: Mu cc tiu ch nh gi ....................................................39
Ph lc 4: K kim tra bt buc cho ngi nh gi ..........................42
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Ph lc 5: Tng hp cc thut ng ca cng tc nh gi ...............44
Ti liu tham kho v ti liu c thm .....................................................
Gii thiu: Mc ch ca cun sch ny l g? Ti liu ny nhm gip ngi nh gi thy c tm quan trng ca cng tc nh
gi i vi vic hc ca sinh vin. Nguyn tc quan trng nht ca vic nh gi c l
l nhm thc y vic hc ca sinh vin, tuy nhin ti liu hng dn ny khng ch
cp n quan im v pha ngi hc. Phi tha nhn rng ln n cc cp hc cng
cao (nh bc cao ng hoc i hc) mi lin h gia ging vin v sinh vin cng xa
dn, iu ny dn n vic nh gi c th b hn ch hoc khng cht ch. V vy ti
liu ny s hng dn bn xem xt mt cch hiu qu v tng cng thc tin nh
gi, a ra cc cch tip cn v phng php nh gi khng ch thnh cng trong
gio dc m cn hiu qu v kh thi.
Ti liu ny s gii thiu mc ch ca vic nh gi, xc nh cc thnh t ca mt
phng php nh gi tt, phn bit s khc nhau gia cc phng php nh gi
c s dng trong gio dc i hc v gip chng ta hiu nh gi c th tc ng
tch cc ti kha hc nh th no. Ti liu ny s gip bn xem xt v cp nht cc
phng php nh gi, v vy n cho php bn xy dng mt mi trng hc tp tt
cng nh b sung thm kinh nghim hc tp cho c bn thn bn v sinh vin.
Ti sao chng ta nh gi? Ging vin cho rng mc ich ca kim tra - nh gi nhm:
Xc nh cc mc tiu cn t c ca kha hc.
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Cung cp thng tin phn hi ti sinh vin v vic hc tp ca h v gip sinh
vin ci thin thnh tch hc tp.
Thc y sinh vin tham gia vo cng vic ph hp
H tr v hng dn hc tp.
M t kt qu ca sinh vin, thng bo cc quyt nh trong tin trnh v phn
thng.
Biu th cc tiu chun ph hp ang c duy tr.
nh gi hiu qu ca cng tc ging dy.
Ti sao chng ta cn th cc phng php mi? Ngm ngh mt cht v mt mn hc m bn ging dy. Ghi nhanh cc kiu nh gi
m bn s dng cho mn hc v khi no bn s dng chng. V d:
1 Tiu lun nhm nh gi lin tc K 1
2 Tiu lun nhm nh gi lin tc K 2
3 Thc hnh Lin tc
4 Phn tch trng hp in hnh (case study) Cui nm
5 Thi kt thc mn hc Cui nm
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
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Bn c s dng thm nhiu phng php nh gi khc no khng? ng ngc nhin
nu bn khng thm vo danh sch trn nhiu phng php khc; khng ch c bn -
gio dc i hc thng ch c mt s phng php nh gi tng t, phn ln ging
nh cc k kim tra vit gii hn v mt thi gian v gio vin/tr ging chm im tiu
lun/bo co. Tuy nhin, vn l vic s dng qui trnh nh gi ging nhau c th
dn n mt s bt li cho cc i tng sau nhiu ln s dng v mi sinh vin c
im mnh, im yu ring. Hin nay kt qu hc tp ca sinh vin i hc ch yu vn
c nh gi thng qua cc hnh thc nh gi truyn thng. V vy, thi c v tiu
lun vn nn v s tip tc ng vai tr quan trng. Bn cnh , gio vin c th s
dng a dng cc phng php nh gi khc c th nh gi nhiu k nng v thu
c cc kt qu ng tin cy v gp phn o to ra nhng sinh vin ton din hn
v c kh nng lm vic cao.
S dng ti liu ny th no tt nht. Ti liu ny c th c s dng mi lc mi ni. y l ti liu c bn nhng c th
gip bn c mt s tng hoc hng dn bn tip cn vi cc ti liu khc. Ti liu
ny c chia lm cc phn nh sau:
Phn 1: Bt u bng nh gi Ti nn ngh v ci g v nn bit
nhng g ?
Phn ny s gii thiu vi cc bn nhng iu c bn ca mt phng php nh gi
hiu qu; gip bn hiu c s khc nhau gia nh gi thnh phn, nh gi tng
hp v nh gi lin tc; v gii thiu s lc v tm quan trng ca thng tin phn
hi.
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Phn 2: Ln k hoch v thit k vic nh gi: Nhng iu c bn tin hnh khi no v nh th no? Trong phn ny cc bn s thy c s lin quan gia nh gi v hc tp v tm
quan trng ca n i vi nh gi nng lc u ra (learning outcome). Chng ta cng
s xem xt vic kt hp gia nh gi hnh thnh (qu trnh) v nh gi tng kt.
Phn 3: Cc bin php cng tc nh gi thm hiu qu v hp dn i vi bn v sinh vin. Phn ny s gii thiu nhiu phng php nh gi v chng ta s xem xt cc bin
php v phng php tin hnh nh gi hiu qu hn v c gi tr hn cho c ging
vin v sinh vin.
Phn 4: Phn hi da vo nh gi Trong phn ny chng ta s xem xt mc ph hp, s d hiu ca phng php.
Cc bn cng s thy cc kt qu phn tch nh gi tc ng th no ti vic ging
dy.
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Phn 1: Bt u bng nh gi Ti nn ngh v ci g v nhng g
ti nn bit ?
1.1 nh gi xc nh cc phng php tip cn cho sinh vin trong vic hc. Mt trong nhng cu hi ph bin nht m ging vin nhn c t sinh vin l: Ni
dung ny s c trong k thi khng?. Cc nh gio dc hc nhn thy rng sinh vin
thng quan tm n nhng ni dung g s c kim tra k thi trong chuyn ngnh
ca h, v vy d mun d khng, chng ta cn chp nhn rng vic nh gi s l mt
trong nhng yu t ch yu tc ng n vic hc ca sinh vin.
Nu vic nh gi sinh vin cho php xc nh v u tin nhng g l quan trng hc
tp v ch ra sinh vin dng thi gian th no trong hc tp, sau n ty thuc vo
chng ta, nhng ging vin v ngi nh gi ghi nhn thng tin ny v phn hi.
Phng php v thi gian nh gi ca chng ta s chuyn mt s thng ip cho sinh
vin. V vy khi lm k hoch nh gi, chng ta cn cn nhc cc thng ip sau:
Chng ta cn quan tm ti vic u tin nhng ni dung quan trng nht m chng ta
mun sinh vin s hc tp c t , a ra cc nng lc u ra r rng (xem phn
2) v nh gi mt cch ph hp. Chng ta cng nn bit rng s khc bit gia hiu
bit su v hiu bit c bn ca vic hc v s dng vic nh gi nhm mc ch
o to ra nhng sinh vin c kin thc su v mn hc hn l nhng sinh vin c kin
thc c bn.
1.2 Nhng k nng no ti mun sinh vin pht trin? Khi a ra k hoch nh gi ca bn, hy ngh v nhng k nng v kh nng khc
nhau m bn mun sinh vin t c trn c s nng lc u ra
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Bng 1: Phn loi nng lc u ra (Trch t Bingham, 1999) Loi Phn nhm V d
Hiu bit v kin thc
thc t
Thut ng, Khi nim,
Nguyn l, Hc thuyt,
Thc t, Qu trnh
u ra sau khi hon thnh
mn hc hoc kha hc
Hiu bit chuyn ngnh;
k nng v kh nng
chuyn ngnh.
Hiu bit v con ngi v
tnh hung c kt t kinh
nghim thc t, v d: cc
d n, kinh nghim lm
vic lin quan ti cc lnh
vc chuyn ngnh
Phm cht c nhn ng lc, Nng lc,
Tng tng, Sng to,
Tnh cng nghip, S c
lp
K nng nhn thc Phn tch, Nhn bit li,
T nhn xt
u ra chung
Nhng kh nng chung
quan trng nht hoc cc
k nng b tr
T duy ph phn, Lm
vic nhm, Thng tin, Tnh
ton, Gii quyt vn ,
K nng thng tin
Vic nh gi nn gip sinh vin trang b thm nhiu k nng (c th vn dng trong
nhiu hon cnh khc nhau) v nng lc. V d: Mt cu hi tiu lun c thit k tt
s l mt cch tt nh gi k nng phn tch ca sinh vin mt cch ph hp. C
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th ni nu mc ch l kim tra hiu bit ca sinh vin v truyn thng ca ngi
Ai-len qua cc nh gi ng thi v nhng cuc trin lm ngh thut nhng nm
1030 th dng tiu lun l hon ton ph hp nhng li khng ph hp nu mun nh
gi liu sinh vin c nm vng c mt lnh vc c th hay khng.
C hiu bit su v hiu bit c bn u c cp trong nh gi. nh gi c th
kim tra vic ghi nh, ghi nhn thc t v k nng hoc cc phng php c th c
m phng li nu cn thit. Tuy nhin, n c th kim tra ngha hoc ngha tru
tng hoc gii thch, gii thch li kin thc. Vn l bn bit c mc hc tp
no m bn mun sinh vin ca mnh t c nh gi ph hp. Mc v cc
dng k nng v nng lc kim tra c thng qua nh gi s ph thuc v mc
v dng mn hc; Hng dn ca National Qualifications Authority of Irelands (NQAI)
s gip bn iu ny.
Chng ta cng nn nghin cu phng php phn loi hc tp theo Thang mc tiu
Gio dc ca Benjamin Bloom (1956), trong ti liu ny Benjamin Bloom phn loi
hc tp thnh 3 mng chnh: nhn thc, tm l vn ng v thi .
Mng nhn thc bao gm vic nh li, nhn bit kin thc v pht trin k nng/kh
nng tr tu.
Mng tm l vn ng bao gm cm xc, cm nhn v tnh cch .
Mng thi bao gm s kt hp v thay i tm l .
Xem Phn 4.1 ca ti liu ny tho lun k hn v Thang phn loi ca Bloom v
cc mc tiu gio dc.
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1.3 Phn bit nh gi tng hp, nh gi thnh phn v tip din? nh gi tng hp l nh gi c s dng biu th kh nng hoc im s m
sinh vin t c trong mt kha hc, hc phn (module), cp hoc phm vi. Mt
khc nh gi thnh phn l nh gi c s dng ch cung cp thng tin phn
hi ti sinh vin v vic hc tp ca h. N cung cp cho sinh vin nhng ch dn lm
th no duy tr v nng cao thnh tch hc tp, nhng khng ng gp vo im
tng kt ca sinh vin. nh gi lin tc thng c tin hnh thng qua mt lot
cc bi tp nh gi tng c nhn, i khi c th b sung nh gi chung km vi nh
gi lin tc. nh gi lin tc c s dng tt nht khi hc phn c nhiu nng lc
u ra ring bit cn t c trong cc giai on nht nh.
Trong khi nhng k thi kn c th loi b c vic sao chp ti liu, chng ch c th
a cho sinh vin mt c hi th hin kh nng ca h, v c hng nh gi mt
s kin thc nht nh v c th mang li li th cho nhng ai c th chu ng c
cng thng v c k nng ghi nh tt. nh gi lin tc c th cho ta mt c lng
ng tin cy v kh nng ca sinh vin v nh gi trc tip kh nng ca sinh vin
trong vic phn b thi gian v i ph vi p lc (Brown, 2001). Vi nh gi lin tc,
tng khi lng nh gi trn c ging vin v sinh vin c v ln hn cch nh gi
mt ln cui k, nhng thc t l bng nhau. Phn hi kp thi l mt phn rt quan
trng ca nh gi tip din v n cho ngi hc bit mc lnh hi ca h v lm th
no nng cao hiu qu. Nu phn hi c a ti cho sinh vin trong mi nh gi
ring bit, sau sinh vin c th nh hng vic hc tp ca h trong tng lai trong
mi tng quan vi thng tin phn hi .
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Nguyn tc quan trng nht ca nh gi tng hp l n c th xc nh liu, hoc
mc no, sinh vin t c cc nng lc u ra c th cho module v c th
dn ti vic im s s tc ng n qu trnh, kt qu ca sinh vin hoc c hai.
Nhng g sinh vin hc, bao nhiu n lc h b ra v bn cht ca vic hc tp ca
sinh vin c xc nh bng mc v bn cht ca nh gi tng hp m h mong
i nhn c. Tuy nhin, nh gi thnh phn rt cn thit i vi vic hc tp ca
sinh vin v chng trnh hc nn c thit k sao cho ta c th tn dng ti a thng
tin phn hi thnh phn m sinh vin c th nhn c trong vic hc tp ca h.
1.4 Ti sao thng tin phn hi li quan trng? Thng tin phn hi c cht lng tt, ton din, ng thi gian l mt yu t rt quan
trng trong vic thc y sinh vin hc tp. Vic nh gi nn cung cp thng tin phn
hi ti sinh vin trong qu trnh hc tp t c cc nng lc u ra. Thng tin
phn hi cho php sinh vin nhn ra h lm tt nhng g v ch ra nhng g c th
nng cao cng nh ci thin im ca nh gi tng hp.
Phn hi kp thi l rt quan trng. Nu bn phn hi qu sm, n c th phn tn vic
hc tp ca sinh vin. Tuy nhin, trong rt nhiu trng hp thng tin phn hi thng
c a ra qu mun khi n khng cn tc dng i vi sinh vin. Thng tin phn hi
khng nn t chc cui k hay cui nm hc, khi sinh vin thng khng nhn c li
ch t nhng thng tin ny khi cng vic hc tp trong k c bn hon thnh v h
chuyn sang mn hc tip theo.
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Nhng li ch ca thng tin phn hi trong khun kh nng lc u ra l rt a dng. V
d, thng tin phn hi tt s:
To s t tin cho sinh vin
Thc y sinh vin nng cao thnh tch hc tp
Cung cp cho sinh vin nhng thng tin v s tin b trong hc tp
Sa li
Nhn bit im mnh v im yu
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Phn 2: Ln k hoch v thit k vic nh gi: Nhng iu c bn tin hnh khi no v nh th no.
Vic nh gi thng tch ri qu trnh hc tp, vic nh gi c trin khai i vi
sinh vin vo cui hc phn/ mn hc/hc k kim tra nhng g sinh vin bit v
khng bit. Tuy nhin, nh gi l mt phn rt quan trng ca qu trnh hc tp, v c
bn, vi mc ch nng cao cht lng hc tp ca sinh vin.
Khi thit k, thc hin v nh gi mt hc phn hoc kha hc, iu cn bn l bit v
truyn t thng tin r rng n sinh vin v nhng g kha hc hay hc phn ny
hng ti, nhng g sinh vin nn lm hon thnh n v nhng g sinh vin s phi
thc hin vt qua kha hc.
2.1 Nhng g cn thit cho vic nh gi? Kt cu ng b l l thuyt v hc tp bt u bng gi nh ngi hc t chc vic
hc tp ca mnh thng qua cc hot ng hc tp lin quan (Biggs, 1999). Nhim v
ca ging vin l xy dng mt mi trng hc tp m cc hot ng hc tp l
ph hp hon ton t c cc nng lc u ra c thit k. iu quan trng
t c mc tiu ny l m bo rng tt c cc yu t ca h thng ging dy (v
d: qu trnh ging dy t ln k hoch n nh gi) phi ng b vi nhau gip
t c cc nng lc u ra d kin. V vy, cc mn hc, mc tiu d kin ca mn
hc, nng lc u ra, phng php hc tp v cc ngun ti liu c s dng h
tr vic hc tp, v nh gi, tiu ch nh gi, tt c cn thit k ph hp. Xem hnh
1 di y:
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.Bng 1: Kt cu ng b
S nht qun ng vai tr ch o i vi mt phng php nh gi hiu qu. Thit
k mt kha hc/hc phn thng qua vic s dng nng lc u ra s cho thy s cn
thit ca vic ln k hoch nh gi nh mt phn trong tng th mn hc. nh gi
qua cch ny l ph hp vi mc tiu v nng lc u ra v ph hp vi phng php
hc tp c s dng.
2.2 Kt hp nh gi vi nng lc u ra Cc nng lc u ra l nhng tuyn b, d on nhng g m ngi hc s thu c
di dng kt qu hc tp, v vy nn c mi lin h r rng gia nng lc u ra v
vic nh gi. C th nh gi nhiu hn mt tiu ch ca nng lc u ra ti mt thi
Mc tiu
nh gi Phng php hc tp
Nng lc u ra
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im vi iu kin l cc bi nh gi l ph hp v cn i vi cc nng lc u ra
cn nh gi. V vy cn ghi nh:
m bo phng php nh gi kim tra c cc nng lc u ra c
tuyn b.
m bo phng php nh gi khng kim tra bt c nng lc u ra quan
trng no cha c tuyn b. V d: nu nng lc u ra tuyn b sinh vin c
th chn mt phng php ph hp, sau bi tp nh gi khng nn vt
qu gii hn ny bng cu hi phn tch phng php . .
m bo cc u ra ch yu ca hc phn/kha hc s c nh gi, v nu
sinh vin khng c nh gi trn tiu ch no , h s khng u t thi gian
v n lc t c n. Tuy nhin, nu bn nh gi tt c cc u ra khng
quan trng ca hc phn, bn s i mt vi nguy c nh gi qu mc vi sinh
vin.
Suy tnh cn trng v nng lc u ra s a ra ch dn tin cy cho ging vin v
nhng kiu nh gi ph hp v nhng k nng v kin thc ca ngi hc s phi
th hin vt qua hc phn. Cui cng, nng lc u ra r rng bao nhiu, th vic
a ra phng php nh gi ph hp cng d by nhiu.
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2.3 Bn c th kt hp nh gi tng hp v nh gi thnh phn khng? Bn c th cung cp thng tin phn hi trn module tiu lun ti sinh vin cng nh
cho im cho vic ny v im ny s c tnh trong im trung bnh ca kha hc.
Thng thng tt c cc nh gi tng hp nn cung cp cho sinh vin vi cc im
nh gi thnh phn. Sau cng, nu mt sinh vin phi vit mt lot tiu lun, mi tiu
lun s c ng gp mt phn vo im cui kha, sau thng tin phn hi hu ch
ca mi tiu lun s gip sinh vin trong cc tiu lun sau . .
Tuy nhin, to ra bi tp cho nh gi thnh phn phc v cho mc tiu tng hp
khng c cc chuyn gia trong ngnh khuyn khch. Cc chuyn gia ny tin rng
mc ch ca 2 kiu nh gi ny l khng h tr ln nhau. V khi s dng nh gi
tng hp ta s mt nhiu thi gian hn nm bt c nhng g sinh vin khng bit,
v mc ch ca nh gi thnh phn l tm ra nhng g sinh vin gp kh khn h
tr h trong hc tp. Vi nh gi thnh phn n thun nguy c khng cao lm cho
sinh vin v vy h c th c thi ci m hn v kin thc cha nm bt c hoc
nhng lnh vc cn gp kh khn.
Mt khc, c th s dng c nh gi thnh phn v nh gi tng kt cho cng mt
hc phn. V d: bn c th thit k nh gi vi mt lot cu hi v kha hc s l
nh gi mt cch ton din nhng bn cng nn yu cu sinh vin cung cp mt bng
tng hp ni dung kha hc ging nh mt hnh thc nh gi thnh phn vic hc tp,
sinh vin bit r rng bng tng hp ny khng phi l im v cng khng nh
hng g ti nh gi cui kha trong bt k hnh thc no. im khc bit y l
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sinh vin nhn bit r ni dung no s c nh gi tng kt, ni dung no s c
nh gi thnh phn.
2.4 Sinh vin s coi trng vic nh gi thnh phn khng? Nh trnh by t trc trong ti liu ny, sinh vin thng c ng lc nht vi
nhng g s gp phn vo im cui cng ca h. Tuy nhin, mc d nh gi thnh
phn khng trc tip gp phn vo im tng kt, n vn ng vai tr rt quan trng
trong vic gip sinh vin nng cao im s. V sinh vin n lc u t vo cc hot
ng c th kim im cho h, hn na vic tc ng ln sinh vin lm th no h
c th ci thin im ca mnh thng qua vic trin khai nh gi thnh phn cng
quan trng.
nh gi thnh phn l rt cn thit trong vic hc tp vi mc tiu a ra thng tin
phn hi ph hp v ng thi im v gip sinh vin nng cao hiu qu hc tp
trong tng lai. iu ny dng nh khch l sinh vin thc hin nghim tc
nh gi thnh phn nhng sinh vin cng s c khch l nu h bit r cng vic
hc tp ca mnh; n c lin h nh th no ti kha hc, hc phn v mc tiu ngh
nghip; nu nh gi thnh phn hu ch v hp dn; hoc nu sinh vin c th
nhn thy nhng k nng v kin thc chuyn bit c nng cao. Mt nh gi thnh
phn c cht lng s bao hm ton b cht lng v hn th na.
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Phn 3: Cc bin php cng tc nh gi thm hiu qu v hp dn i vi bn v sinh vin
Cng tc nh gi thng l mt sn phm u cui, mt cng vic nhm chn c
s dng nh gi, o lng v phn loi sinh vin. Nhng thc t c nhiu im
c b sung vo qu trnh nh gi. Phn ny s tp trung vo nhng li ch ca vic
tip nhn thm cc dng mi ca vic nh gi sinh vin dnh cho c bn v sinh vin.
3.1 Cung cp nhiu cch nh gi Khi cp n cng tc nh gi, chng ti mun ni ti phng php c s dng
nh gi hc tp. Trong khi c rt nhiu cch nh gi bc gio dc i hc, phi
ni rng rt nhiu chng trnh v hc phn ca gio dc i hc la chn cc phng
php nh gi c phm vi tng i hp.
Bng 1 l tng hp ca cc phng php nh gi c miu t trong cng trnh ca
Brown, nh gi: Hng dn cho ging vin (2001), im bt u xem xt s a
dng ca vic nh gi:
-
Bng 1: Cc phng php nh gi
Trng hp v vn m Phn tch tp trung v v d c th
nh gi da trn my tnh S dng my tnh phc v cng tc nh gi
Tiu lun Bi vit trong sinh vin phi a ra cc tng v lp lun c hu thun bng cc chng c
Nht k hc tp C nhiu kiu khc nhau t kiu vit bng miu t hng ngy nhng g cha c cp n
kiu vit theo mc tiu c th .
Thc t Mt lot cc bi thc t ngn c tin hnh trong mt khong thi gian nht nh. Cng tc
nh gi cc k nng thc hnh trong tnh hung tht.
or
Cc cu hi tiu lun c
thay i lin tc (MEQs)
Mt chui cu hi ln lt a ra trn c s nghin cu in hnh. Sau khi sinh vin tr li
mt cu hi, cc thng tin c b sung v mt cu hi mi c a ra.
Cu hi nhiu la chn (MCQs) La chn cu tr li ng.
Vn p Giao tip bng ming gia ngi nh gi v ngi c nh gi.
Cc k thi c mc tiu c thit
k/ xy dng n gin (OSCEs)
ng vin c nh gi trong iu kin nh i thi v phn ng ca h vi mt lot cc tnh
hung ngn, thc t.
Lot bi tp/ Tuyn tp bi vit Cc b su tp v gio dc hay sn phm ca cng vic c la chn in hnh qua thi
gian. Nhiu dng khc nhau t mt b su tp cc bi tiu lun n cc bi vit phn nh
cc s kin.
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Trung tm thc hnh hc thut v hc tp ca sinh vin, Trng Trinity
20
Cc phin poster Trng by cc kt qu iu tra t ti
Din thuyt Bo co bng ming v cc ti hoc cc hot ng iu tra khc
Cc vn o lng ng dng, phn tch v chin lc gii quyt vn
Bi tp nhm v lun vn nh gi bi tr ging/ging vin v sn phm ca nhm sinh vin .
Bng cu hi v mu bo co Mt hay nhiu cu hi c a ra v tr li cng nhau
Tiu lun phn nh thc t o lng kh nng phn tch v nh gi trong khun kh cc hc thuyt v chng c nghin cu.
Bo co thc hnh Bn bo co v thc t nghin cu.
Cu hi t nhgi trn c s hc m (ti liu hc t xa v hc trn my tnh)
Ni, mt phng php hc - khng phi phng php nh gi. Mt qu trnh qua mt cng c nh gi t thc hin cho nhng mc ch nht nh cung cp thng tin phn hi, phn on, v gi cch hc ch khng n thun l nh gi t hoc hng.
Cc cu hi ngn Cc cu tr li ngn c th o lng k nng phn tch, p dng kin thc, gii quyt vn
v nh gi.
Phng vn m phng Cc k nng giao tip bng li nh gi.
Kim tra vit Thng thng l 3 gi cho mt ch c chun b
nh gi thng qua vic gii quyt
nhim v
Nhiu phng php khc nhau bao gm vit nht k hc tp, lot bi vit, ti, bo co,
t ngi hng dn n c vn.
Xem thng tin y ca bng ny ti: www.palatine.ac.uk/files/980.pdf
-
3.2 Cn bao nhiu thi gian cho cng tc nh gi? Trong vai tr ca ging vin v ngi thit k mn hc, chng ta nn a ra nhng
quyt nh hp l v chnh xc v khong thi gian dng cho vic xy dng v sa
cha cng tc nh gi v a ra thng tin phn hi. R rng, vi tnh kinh t v mt
thi gian, cng tc nh gi cn c hiu lc cng nh hiu qu v t c nhiu mc
ch (tin cy v im s, a ra thng tin phn hi, to ra cc hot ng ph hp cho
sinh vin v thc y vic hc tp) theo cch vn dng c ti a thi gian ca cn b
cng nh sinh vin cng nh cc ngun lc khc. Cng tc nh gi i hi cng sc
ca c ging vin v sinh vin, v vy vic nh gi c hiu qu th cn phi u
t thch ng.
Phi hp vi cc ging vin khc v k hoch ca bn
Thng thng, vic nh gi c ging vin ton quyn s dng. Mt iu quan trng
l chng ta bit rng sinh vin cng tham gia cc kha hc khc v c kh nng h
cng c mt s nh gi khc cng thi im. trnh vic qu ti cho sinh vin do c
nhiu nh gi mt thi im nht nh, nn tham kho vi cc ng nghip v k
hoch ca h v chi tit k hoch nh gi ca h v phi hp vi nh gi ca bn
mt cch ph hp.
a cc yu t khc vo trong qu trnh nh gi (nh gi theo cp, t
nh gi/ nh gi nhm)
Thng thng, vai tr ca ngi nh gi thng c giao cho ging vin/tr ging.
Tuy nhin, chng ta c th xem xt vic a cc yu t khc vo trong qu trnh nh
gi. V d: Cc chuyn gia v cng nghip c th l ngun lc ng gi khi thit k v
tin hnh nh gi. Hoc cng c th xem xt a sinh vin vo trong nh gi ca
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22
chnh h. S dng hiu qu v ph hp cc yu t khc trong vic nh gi c th tng
kinh nghim hc tp, lm phong ph thm kinh nghim ging dy v gim gnh nng
cho ging vin.
Nn ghi nh rng thng tin phn hi hu ch c th gip s dng hiu qu thi gian
ging dy trn lp. Mt cch nng cao hiu qu vic nh gi l cho php sinh vin
c vai tr nht nh trong nh gi chnh h hoc nh gi ln nhau. Vic ny gi l t
nh gi hoc nh gi cp, hai dng ca nh gi c th c s dng vi rt nhiu
phng php nh gi.
nh gi cp
nh gi cp c th c nh ngha l vic nh gi cng vic ca nhng ngi c
cng a v v quyn lc (Wilson, 2002). Trong bi cnh hc tp ca sinh vin, nh gi
cp c s dng c lng gi tr cng vic ca sinh vin, a ra v nhn li
thng tin phn hi. mc gn v c o to ph hp, c th a sinh vin mt
vai tr trong nh gi tng hp nhng thng thng nh gi cp ph hp nht cho
nh gi thnh phn sinh vin a thng tin phn hi ln nhau trn c s cng
vic ca mi sinh vin.
Phng php nh gi ny yu cu c k hoch cn thn, nht qun trong cc tiu ch
v s dng cc cng c ph bin phn tch im. Hn na, bn c th cn phi
khuyn khch sinh vin ca mnh tham gia nh gi ny mt cch nghim tc v vic
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Trung tm thc hnh hc thut v hc tp ca sinh vin, Trng Trinity
23
pht trin nhng k nng cn thit cn thi gian v h tr nhng li ch ca nh gi
cp l rt nhiu:
nh gi cp ang c s dng rng ri nh cng c a thng tin phn
hi ti sinh vin, c th ni rng n em li nhiu thng tin phn hi hn l mt
gio vin thng cung cp.
nh gi mang li li ch cho c nhng ngi a thng tin phn hi v ngi
nhn thng tin. a thng tin phn hi hu ch l mt k nng. t c k
nng ny, sinh vin s hc lm th no cho im/nh gi k hoch hoc cc
tiu ch nh gi v bo v quan im ca mnh (th hin trong thng tin phn
hi).
Phn nh khoa hc, mt k nng chnh trong vic a ra thng tin phn hi, l
mt k nng hc thut ng ch . Sinh vin cng hc v php ngoi giao, ghi
nhn v hnh ng nh th no i vi li nhn xt mang tnh xy dng cng
nh cc k nng khc trong vic a ra cc quyt nh. Trong cc nghin cu
c tin hnh, bo co ghi nhn sinh vin nhn c li ch thit thc
trong vic ghi nh kin thc, tng cng sc sng to, linh ng hn v ng
c hc tp c nng cao. Cng c mt s bo co v vic thu nhn thm kin
thc chuyn su trong bn thn lnh vc mn hc.
nh gi cp c th o su thm kinh nghim hc tp ca sinh vin v sinh vin
c th tip thu mt khi lng ln kin thc t vic hc tp ca mnh thng qua
vic nh gi n lc ca sinh vin khc trong cng mn hc/hon cnh. Sinh
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Trung tm thc hnh hc thut v hc tp ca sinh vin, Trng Trinity
24
vin s hc v vn ha nh gi ca nh trng, tr thnh ngi hc c tnh
c lp v pht trin cc k nng hc tp trong sut cuc i.
T nh gi
Vi vic t nh gi, sinh vin s kim tra cng vic ca mnh, xem xt nhng bn tho
tiu lun, nghin cu v phn nh trn c s nhng g thc hnh. Cn lu dy
sinh vin cch a ra quyt nh trn c s nhng g thc t t c ch khng
phi trn c s nhng g c ngha l. Hn th na nh gi cng vic ca mt
ngi, khi thnh tho, khi nim t nh gi pht trin nhng k nng t nhn thc
v phn nh khoa hc. Nhiu li ch ca nh gi cp c ng dng trong t nh
gi.
T nh gi c nh ngha nh s tham gia ca sinh vin trong vic xc nh cc
tiu chun hoc/v tiu ch nhm ng dng trong cng vic ca h v a ra quyt
nh v mc trong h p ng nhng tiu chun v tiu ch ny (Boud,
1991). Theo Boud c 2 phn ca qu trnh ny: pht trin tiu ch v p dng i vi
cng nht nh. Cc quyt nh nh gi c th c a ra bi sinh vin trong cc
cng trnh ca h nh tiu lun, bo co, bi trnh by, d n/ ti, lun vn v nhiu
dng khc nhng nhiu ngi tin rng n s mang li nhiu gi tr hn khi sinh vin
nh gi cng vic mt cch c nhn nh mt a learner log, portfolio etc (Race, 2001)
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Trung tm thc hnh hc thut v hc tp ca sinh vin, Trng Trinity
25
nh gi nhm
nh gi nhm c thc hin khi cc c nhn kt hp lm vic, to ra sn phm
chung. u im ca nh gi nhm i vi ngi nh gi l sc p v vic cho im
i vi cc c nhn thng nh nhng hn nhng cng c s iu chnh mang tnh
gio dc trong vic kt hp cng vic ca nhm l k nng quan trng c bn trong
cuc sng, l nhng g m gio dc bc cao nn pht trin cho sinh vin.
Thch thc ln nht khi nh gi cng vic ca nhm l t khi tt c cc thnh vin ca
nhm c ng gp nh nhau, v vy lm th no nh gi cng bng? C nhiu
chin lc gip gii quyt vic ny (Rust, 2001):
1. Cho im tt cho c nhm nhng c th km theo mt th vng nu tt c cc thnh
vin ca nhm thy mt thnh vin khng n lc. Nu thnh vin ny thay i thi
trc mt thi im nht nh, th vng s c xa b. Nu khng, 5% im ca h
s b tr. Trong trng hp xu nht, mt th c th c s dng nu mt sinh
vin dng cng vic ca c nhn thay cho nhm.
2. Giao trch nhim cho cc c nhn v nh gi mi thnh vin trn c s mc h
hon thnh cng vic c nhn theo phn cng.
3. Cho php nhm chia im ca nhm trn c s ng gp ca cc c nhn. V vy, nu
ging vin quyt nh cng vic ca nhm s nhn c ti a 120 , cc thnh vin ca
nhm quyt nh phn b con s ny. Trong thc t, vic thc hin cng c kh khn, v
cc thnh vin ca nhm phi t c tha thun v phi r rng trong vic cho im
ca h trn c s tiu ch nh gi.
4. nh gi ng gp theo t l. Thay v a im cho c nhm phn b, ch mt s
phn trm nht nh dnh cho vic ny. V vy, ging vin c th dnh 80% im bi tp
cho nhm, 20% cn li s dnh cho tng c nhn trn mc p ng yu cu ca h.
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26
5. Tin hnh vn p. im chung ca nhm c a ra v s im cn li s c
ging vin a ra sau khi tin hnh vn p nhm hoc c nhn, iu ny s cho php
nh gi c ng gp ca cc thnh vin.
6. Tin hnh kim tra ti. Mt ln na, im chung ca nhm c a ra nhng
module kim tra s c mt cu hi bt buc lin quan ti ti trong c nhn sinh
vin phi tr li. (Rust, 2001)
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Trung tm thc hnh hc thut v hc tp ca sinh vin, Trng Trinity
27
3.4 Cc bin php thng tin phn hi thm hiu qu Vi t cch mt nh gio dc, c nhiu cch ci thin cht lng thng tin phn hi
ca bn n c hiu qu hn vi ngi hc. Nhng vic n gin nh khng lin tc
s dng nhng du tch ch ra im tt c cp khi sinh vin c khch l
nhiu hn vi nhng cm t ngn nh lm tt cng vic hoc ng . Nhng thng
tin phn hi nn c th - ng ni tt, hy gii thch, v cc kha cnh. Thng tin phn
hi cng nn mang tnh xy dng, khuyn khch, trung thc v ng h v nn mang
tnh thng xuyn v thc t bt c ch no c th. Thng tin phn hi hu ch nn
ch r cho sinh vin:
1. Nhng kha cnh no trong cng vic ca h thnh cng, v ti sao
2. Nhng kha cnh no trong cng vic ca h khng thnh cng, v ti sao
3. Lm th no h c th nng cao hiu qu cng vic
4. Lm th no h c th thnh cng hn trong tng lai.
Thng tin phn hi cng nn ng thi im, mt thc t ging vin chng ta thng
b st. Thng tin phn hi khng nn a qu sm, v n c th lm sinh vin phn tn
trong vic hc; cng khng nn a ra qu mun khi n khng c tc dng i vi sinh
vin. Bao nhiu ln sinh vin ngh h vn n trong giai on nh gi tm thi, ch khi
ti giai on nh gi cui cng sinh vin mi thy cng vic ca h cha p ng
so vi mc m h nhn c trong thng tin phn hi? Tiu ch nh gi r rng
v ph hp, v c a ti sinh vin trc k nh gi ca h v c th c tham
kho sau ny, l mt bc tin di trong vic gii quyt vn ny.
Thng tin phn hi c th lm mt nhiu thi gian nhng c nhiu cch lm cho n
hiu qu hn:
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Trung tm thc hnh hc thut v hc tp ca sinh vin, Trng Trinity
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Xem xt tnh t nhin ca thng tin phn hi, sinh vin s cn lm ch c nhng
khi nim v k nng i vi tng bi tp. Mc chi tit nh th no? Thng tin phn
hi theo nhm hay c nhn? Dng vit hay vn p?
S dng track v cc cng c son tho trong Word tng tc thng tin phn hi
v nhn xt trong bo co v tiu lun ca sinh vin.
Xem xt vic s dng hoc to ra cc mu thng tin phn hi.
Xem xt vic ghi m li thng tin phn hi cho ngui hc.
Cung cp chi tit cc b gii php nhm pht hin ra nguyn nhn chnh, nhn ra cc
nguyn tc, khi nim b hiu sai v ch ra cc li ph bin ca sinh vin thng i theo
s hiu sai ny.
S dng my tnh h tr cng tc nh gi (CAA)
Cng tc nh gi c s h tr ca my tnh (CAA) l cch nhanh v hiu qu cung
cp ngay lp tc thng tin phn hi ti ngi hc v tit kim thi gian chm bi cho
tr ging. Cng tc nh gi c s h tr ca my tnh thng l nh gi thnh phn,
trong n gip sinh vin pht hin liu h hc c nhng g m ging vin nhm
ti.
Cng tc nh gi c s h tr ca my tnh l mt khi nim rng trong vic nh gi
hc tp ca sinh .1 Nhiu khi nim khc c, v d nh gi c s tr gip ca my
tnh , Vi tnh ha cng tc nh gi, Cng tc nh gi da trn my tnh (CBA) v
1 For a bibliography of CAA see: http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Misc/cba.html
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Trung tm thc hnh hc thut v hc tp ca sinh vin, Trng Trinity
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Kim tra trn my tnh. nh gi trn my tnh trc tuyn tn ti mt thi gian di
di dng cu hi nhiu la chn (Multiple Choice Questions - MCQ's).2 nh gi da
trn my tnh c trc tip ph bin thng qua my tnh, vic nh gi c s h
tr ca my tnh c s dng qun l v h tr qu trnh nh gi.
C mt s ngun tham kho kh hay trn web. V d, Trang web nh gi in t ca
Ferl cung cp cho ngi s dng hng dn, tng, th thut, cc trng hp in
hnh, bi bo, cu :
http://ferl.becta.org.uk/display.cfm?page=189
Mt bt u tt l Trung tm CAA, c thit k nhm cung cp cc thng tin v hng
dn s dng CAA trong gio dc i hc http://www.caacentre.ac.uk/
C nhiu ngun ti liu c gi tr y bao gm cc bi PowerPoint, cc bi trnh by,
bi bo. Ti ti liu: The 'Blueprint for Computer-assisted Assessment', cp mt cch
nhm gii quyt mt cch ton din cc vn v s phm, vn hnh, cng ngh v
chin lc, dnh cho nhng ngi ang thc hin CAA. Mc The Blueprint c mt lot
cc nghin cu trn thc tin, cc mu v hng dn chin lc cho vic p dng
CAA trong phm vi b mn, khoa v trng.
S dng h thng li nh gi
H thng li im l mt v d ca thc hnh nh gi ng thi im v hiu qu. H
thng c ngi cho im s dng nh gi mt cch cng bng v hiu qu, n
2 Cc thng tin thm v thit k v qun l MCQs xem ti: http://web.uct.ac.za/projects/cbe/mcqman/mcqcont.html
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Trung tm thc hnh hc thut v hc tp ca sinh vin, Trng Trinity
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c th c s dng nhm pht trin v nng cao cht lng thng tin phn hi ca
sinh vin nhng cng nn chuyn n cho sinh vin hng dn v thng bo vic
chun b nh gi.
Margaret Price v Chris Rust ca Oxford Brookes University pht trin mt h thng
li nh gi xut sc cho cn b, n cung cp mt danh sch ton din cc tiu ch c
th ph hp vi hc phn ca bn. n gin l chn cc tiu ch/k hiu m bn mun
s dng cho nh gi lin quan ti hc phn ca mnh v to ra h thng li ca bn.
Tip cn ti liu ny theo ng dn sau:
http://www.heacademy.ac.uk/assets/York/documents/resources/resourcedatabase/id34
7_assessment_grid.rtf
Cung cp cho ngi hc mt tiu ch nh gi hoc thm ch gip ngi hc to cho
ring mnh l mt hiu qu khc ca thc tin nh gi. (Xem phn 4 c thm thng
tin v vn ny).
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Phn 4: Phn hi da vo nh gi Chng ta xem xt nhng ni dung c bn ca nh gi, bn c th thy n hu ch
trong vic phn nh thm nhng vn p dng nh th no nhng khuyn co ny
vo trong chng trnh ca bn. Nn nh rng cn b ca Trung tm hc tp v ging
dy s sng sng gip bn trong lnh vc ny.
4.1 Liu cng tc nh gi c thit k mc ph hp? Mc v cc dng k nng v nng lc thu c thng qua nh gi s ph thuc
vo mc v dng kha hc v hng dn ca NQAI s trc tip gip bn iu ny.
http://www.nqai.ie/
Tuy nhin, nh gi nn tp trung vo vic t c cc k nng sau:
Cc k nng phn tch
Cc k thng tin truyn thng
Bi cnh ha
Nhn thc ph phn
Ra quyt nh mt cch c lp
Sc mnh tr tu
Kin thc v hiu bit v cc mi tng quan
Sc mnh trc gic
K nng gii quyt vn
K nng hng nghip
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Phn loi mc tiu Gio dc ca Bloom (1956) c bit n rng ri, a ra khung
chi tit gip nhn dng v m t v nng lc u ra ph hp. S phn loi ny a
ra 3 mng chnh ca u ra: nhn thc, cc k nng v thi . Bloom v cc cng s
v tm l gio dc to ra mt h thng phn loi v lnh vc t duy v thi , mc
d h khng hon thnh h thng cho lnh vc tm l vn ng (cc nh nghin cu
khc cng pht trin mt h thng tng t).
Phn li ca Bloom gy nhiu tranh ci k t khi c xut bn vo nm 1956, v
vy n khng c s dng nh l ti liu duy nht vit nng lc u ra, tuy nhin
n l ngun cung cp tng cho cc bn, c bit l trong b su tp ng t, nhng
t c th gip bn trong vit ch im v hiu qu v nng lc u ra
Lnh vc nhn thc thng c coi l lnh vc hay nht, thu ht nht i vi cc nh
gio dc. H thng Bng 2 bn di s ch ra mi lin h gia cc mc khc
nhau. N cng ch ra mt lot cc ng t thng s dng khi vit nng lc u ra cho
cc mc k nng.
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Bng 2: Thang phn loi nhn thc ca Bloom Mc Cc k nng ng t
1. Kin thc
(n gin nht)
Kh nng hi tng hoc
nhn ra ni dung hc
Tuyn b, nh ngha, lit
k, phn bit, nhn dng
2. Hiu Kh nng nm bt c
ngha ca nhng ni dung
Tnh ton, din gii, Lin
kt, tho lun
3. p dng Kh nng s dng kin thc
trong cc tnh hung mi v
nht nh
p dng, s dng, la
chn, gii thch, so snh
4. Phn tch Kh nng chia nh kin thc
th hin s am hiu
Phn tch, sp xp, d
on, din gii, gii thch
5. Tng hp Kh nng tng hp to
nn ci mi hon chnh,
suy ngm mt cch hnh
tng ha v sng to
Tng hp, thit k,
xut, ti xy dng
6. nh gi
(Phc tp nht)
Kh nng a ra quyt nh
trn c s cc tiu ch nht
nh.
Phn xt, nh gi, gii
thch, tho lun mt cch
khoa hc
Xem McBeath Action Verbs c thm danh sch cc ng t din t nng lc u ra
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4.2 Cc bin php cng tc nh gi thm d hiu - Xy dng tiu ch nh gi Khi thit k v tin hnh nh gi, mt iu quan trng cho c ging vin v sinh vin l
h phi hiu r v nhng g c mong i sinh vin s lm, iu kin m trong h
c yu cu lm nh gi v im c cho trn c s no. Thc t, sinh vin khng
phi lun bit cc tiu ch nh gi hoc ngi nh gi s din gii nh gi nh th
no n thng c xem l c im/tnh ca ngi cho im nhng nghe nh n
khng c l do no lin quan ti gio dc. R rng vi cc tiu ch ca bn n s v
nn gip sinh vin khi h mun bit nhng g hng ti hoc u h cn yu v thc
y vic hc tp chm ch hn.
Mt tiu ch nh gi din gii mi quan h gia vic sinh vin tr li cu hi tt th no
hoc th hin bi tp tt th no vi im s v mc v h nhn c. Trong khi
nng lc u ra ni ln nhng g mt sinh vin c k vng s lm, tiu ch nh gi
ni ln h c th lm tt th no t c mc nht nh.
C mt cch l xy dng mu cu tr li hoc cho im cc chng trnh nhng cng
trnh th hin im v mc nhn c, d vic thng s dng mu cu tr v cho
im chng trnh l ph hp hn v mt khoa hc v cng ngh. Phil Race c mt s
v d tt v vic cho im cc chng trnh trong bi bo ca ng Quality of
Assessment.
Xem ti: http://www.city.londonmet.ac.uk/deliberations/seda-pubs/Race.html
Mt khc, mt tiu ch nh gi thng c miu t r rng n mc c th, c im
ca nhng g c th chp nhn c, tt hay xut sc... Tt nhin, khng th lun
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miu t chnh xc nhng g lm nn mt cng vic c nh gi l rt tt hoc xut
sc, nhng chng ta nn c gng ht mc c th trong vic miu t nhng tiu ch
ny, mt cch c nhn hay vi cc ging vin khc trong mt chng trnh, v chng ta
a n nhng g thun li hn cho c sinh vin v ngi nh gi. .
Xem v d tiu ch nh gi Ph lc 3.
4.3 Bn c th lm g khi cng tc nh gi kt thc? Tt nhin, nh gi c th nng cao cng tc ging dy. Khi cng tc nh gi v cc
k kim tra kt thc, gio vin c mt cht thoi mi, mt cht ging nh sinh vin,
biu l mt du hiu ca s t do, khng ngh v cng vic n khi hc k mi bt u.
Tuy nhin, thm ch phn tch nhng nh gi chiu l mt cch cng bng s cho
ging vin bit nu sinh vin c kh khn trong vic lm ch mt phn c th ca kha
hc. Ging vin c th theo a ra nhng kinh nghim v hc tp gii quyt vn
ny hoc chnh sa li ni dung kha hc nhng ch cn thit. .
Khi phn tch bi tp ca cng tc nh gi, bn nn a ra nhng cu hi sau:
Nhng dng cu hi no sinh vin gii quyt tt? Trong kha cnh no?
Nhng dng cu hi no sinh vin gp kh khn? Trong kha cnh no?
Nhng bi tp no c nhiu phng n tr li khc nhau?
Nhng cu hi nh gi no sinh vin n trnh?
Nhng cu hi nh gi no ph bin nht?
N cho chng ta bit g v cng tc ging dy, hc tp v nh gi?
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Trung tm thc hnh hc thut v hc tp ca sinh vin, Trng Trinity
36
V vy nn dnh mt cht thi gian nhm phn tch kinh nghim nh gi ng gp
thm vo vic tip tc nng cao cng tc ging dy v hc tp v cht lc kinh nghim
thc t v chnh sch nh gi.
Kt lun Vic lm sng t hon ton thc t vic nh gi hiu qu vt qu khun kh ti liu
ny, n miu t mt cch ngn gn nhng g thc hin nh mt b sch gii thiu
nhm to thun li cho vic phn nh, ch ra mt s tng v a bn vi cc hng
dn nh gi c lin quan v ccs ngun lc nhm nng cao cng tc nh gi ca bn.
Nng cao hc tp ca sinh vin thng qua cng tc nh gi: mt b phng
php hng s ch vo cc li ch ca vic xem li cc phng php nh gi
hin c v b sung thm cch phng php mi. Ti liu a ra mt s phng php
nh gi v cch tip cn khng ch thnh cng trong gio dc v cn hiu qu v kh
thi. Do n mang li li ch cho c sinh vin v ging vin. 3
3 Ti mun cm n ti nhng cn b ca DIT nhng ngi c ti liu ny trong qu trnh hon thnh v c nhng gp xy dng, c bit l TS . Jen Harvey, TS. Thomas Duff, Lloyd Scott, v Robbie Burns.
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Ph luc 1: Danh sch cng tc nh gi
Mc tiu v nng lc ca ngi hc ca hc phn c r rng?
Kin thc ca ngi hc thu lm c c ngha mc tiu ca
h phn c?
Nhng tiu ch nh gi cho hc phn ny c r rng v dt
khot khng ?
Tt c nng lc u ra hp l c c nh gi khng?
K hoch nh gi cho php sinh vin c c thng tin phn
hi v nhng ni dung chnh ca hc phn khng?
Mi phng php, bi tp nh gi c ph hp?
Vic cho im k hoch c tin cy khng?
Bi tp nh gi c hiu qu?
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Ph lc 2: Ln k hoch nh gi cho ti liu kha hc - nhng iu cn xem xt Cng tc nh gi c ph hp vi cc mc tiu ?
Cng tc nh gi c ph hp vi nng lc u ra?
Cng tc nh gi c ph hp vi phng php ging dy?
Phng php nh gi chn c ph hp khng?
Cc phng php nh gi c a dng khng?
nh gi thnh phn c c s dng khng?
Bn c chc v nhng g c nh gi ?
Cng tc nh gi c nm trong phm vi nhng g yu cu ca
chng trnh?
Cc vn v tin c gii quyt?
Phn loi v im thng c r rng? Cng tc nh gi s c
cho im nh th no (qua/trt/mc /thng tin phn hi...)?
Bn c xem xt kh nng nh gi theo nhm hoc nh gi cp?
Cng tc nh gi c p ng cc yu cu ca c nhn sinh vin hay
nhng ngi tn tt?
Bn vit tiu ch nh gi r rng, hoc c h thng li im ph
hp?
Bn xem xt cc chin lc nh gi i vi cng tc nh gi?
-
Ph lc 3: Mu cc tiu ch nh gi Cc chuyn mc sau s c s dng nh gi phn tng quan ti liu tham kho ca bn:
Tiu ch v cht
lng Ngho nn Tt Xut sc Gi tr im
Gii thiu tng:
Nu vn
Khng c s tham kho r rng
hoc n no c thc hin v
ch s c kim tra
c gi nhn bit c tng
quan vn , thch thc
hoc ch s c kim
tra .
Ch c gii thiu v nn
tng v vn c a ra
nh hng cho bo co
Ti 10 im
Thn bi:
theo dng bo co
Bo co c v khng c nh
hng, vi cc ch khng lin
h vi nhau .
C mt dng c bn t phn
mt ti phn k tip nhng
tt c cc phn v on u
theo mt cch t nhin hay
mt cch trt t
Bo co i t cc tng
chung ti kt lun c th. C s
chuyn tip gia cc phn cng
nh tnh lin mch gia cc
on.
Ti 20 im
Bao ph cc ni
dung
Cc phn chnh ca ni dung b
b st hoc qu tp trung. Ch
c t gi tr trong lnh vc gio
dc/o to.
Tt c cc phn chnh ca
ni dung c cp nhng
khng bao ph v chiu su,
s r rng nh mong i. S
Ni dung trong phm vi cp
c bao trm v chiu su,
khng b b st. Ngun ti liu
c trch dn khi mt tuyn b
Ti 20 im
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Trung tm thc hnh hc thut v hc tp ca sinh vin, Trng Trinity
40
quan trng i vi lnh vc .
vc gio dc/o to l r
rng.
c th c cp. Tm quan
trng l khng th bn ci. Bo
co c t 1000 n 2000 t.
R rng trong vn
phong v k nng
vit
Kh bit nhng g m ngi vit
nh trnh by. Vn phong khng r
rng. Sai chnh t, sai ng php v
cu khng hp l.
Vn phong kh r rng
nhng c mt s t khng
cn thit i lc c s
dng. Ngha i lc b n.
on hoc cu trc cu b
lp li
Vn phong mch lc, r rng v
sc tch. Ngi vit s dng th
ch ng hp l. Vic s dng
i t, b ng, cu trc song
song v ngn ng non-sexist
c s dng hp l.
Ti 20 im
Kt lun:
Tng hp cc
tng v gi thuyt
hoc cu hi nghin
cu
Khng c du hiu cho thy tc gi
c gng tng hp thng tin hoc
a ra mt kt lun tren c s tng
quan ti liu c xem xt. Khng
c gi thuyt hoc cu hi nghin
cu c a ra.
Tc gi a ra cc du hiu
ch ra mt phn tch v
tng hp cc tng
xut hin. Tuy nhin, mt s
kt lun khng c chng
minh trong thn bi. Cc gi
thuyt hoc cu hi nghi
cu c pht biu.
Tc gi c th a ra cc kt
lun c ng v chnh xc trn
c s nhng g xem xt. .
S hiu bit v vn l ph
hp. Cc kt lun v cu hi
nghin cu c chng minh r
rng trong bo co.
Ti 10 im
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41
Trch dn ti liu
tham kho:
Hp l, theo mu ca
American
Psychological
Association (APA)
Cc trch dn v cc tuyn b trong
bo co khng c th hin, hoc
ti liu tham kho a ra khng tm
thy trong ni dung bo co .
Trch dn trong phm vi thn
bi ca bo co v danh
sch ti liu trch dn tng
ng c th hin. C mt
s li v format hay mt s
thnh phn b thiu.
Tt c trch dn c trong bo
co. Ti liu tham kho ph hp
vi trch dn v tt c tun th
theo ng mu ca.
Ti 10 im
Ngun: http://edweb.sdsu.edu/Courses/Ed690DR/grading/literaturereviewrubrique.html
-
Ph lc 4: K kim tra bt buc cho ngi nh gi K kim tra bt buc cho ngi nh gi
Tr li tt c cc cu hi. Vic kim tra ny khng gii hn v thi gian. Tham kho
nhng ngi khc (bao gm c sinh vin), ti liu v cc ngun khc cng c
khuyn co s dng .
1. Nhng nng lc u ra no bn nh gi? Phng php nh gi ph hp th no
vi nhng u ra ny?
2. Gii thch v nhn xt vic la chn cc phng php nh gi ca bn v cc bi
tp c s dng nh gi u ra trong cu hi 1.
3. a ra cc nghin cu lin quan v cng tc nh gi trong cu tr li ca bn.
4. Miu t, gii thch v nhn xt vic s dng cc tiu ch ca bn, phng php cho
im.
5. a ra mc chnh v gii thch phng php ca bn nhm cung cp thng tin phn
hi cho sinh vin. a ra cc nghin cu lin quan trong cu tr li ca bn.
6. Vi nhng ti liu tham kho, hy miu t, gii thch v nhn xt cch cho im ca
bn p ng nhng tiu ch sau:
a) S thay i trong tiu chun vi mt trng hp;
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Trung tm thc hnh hc thut v hc tp ca sinh vin, Trng Trinity
43
b) S thay i trong tiu chun vi cc trng hp khc;
c) S khc bit gia nhng ngi nh gi;
d) S khc bit trong nt ch ca sinh vin.
7. Lm sao bn chc chn rng cc tiu chun ca bn l tng t vi cc tiu chun
c tha nhn trong tng quan so snh gia cc nh gi v k thi?
8. Nhng gi tr ch yu trong phng php ca bn i vi gio dc i hc? Chng
biu l th no trong phng php ca bn?
nh gi cc cu tr li ca bn t 17.
M phng li ca George Brown, (2001), Cng tc nh gi: Hng dn cho ging
vin, http://www.palatine.ac.uk/files/980.pdf (accessed March 2009)
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44
Ph lc 5: Tng hp cc thut ng ca cng tc nh gi
nh gi: nh gi c th c nh ngha nh mt phng php mang tnh h thng
v din tin c cc c im: tng hp, phn tch v s dng thng tin t u ra
c o lng nhm nng cao vic hc tp ca sinh vin trong cc mt v: thu lm
kim thc, nng cao hiu bit, k nng v nng lc.
im chun: Mt miu t hay mt v d ca mt th sinh hay mt tp th ng vai tr
nh mt tiu chun so snh trong nh gi cht lng.
Course Embedded Assessment: Xem li cc ti liu c to ra trong kha hc.
cung c mt nn tng c bn cho vic chm im, nhng ti liu ny cho php
ging vin nh gi cc phng php nhm gii thiu v thit k kha hc.
nh gi thnh phn: nh gi nh hng v nhng mt c ci thin n khng
c tnh vo im chung bnh trung.
Cc thang o gin tip cng tc hc tp: Sinh vin s c hi nhm phn nh cng
vic hc tp ca h hn l thc hin n. V d: iu tra, phng vn sinh vin, iu tra v
cu sinh vin.
Tc ng ca trng/vin: Vic o lng nhng g m mt c s gio dc thc t
t c.
Nng lc u ra: Cc thi , hnh ng trc quan ca sinh vin biu th mc tiu hc
tp d kin t c. c s dng din gii cc kt qu d kin bng cc thut
ng chun.
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45
Cc bin php o lng: Thit k v chin lc, k thut v cng c thu thp d
liu cho thng tin phn hi. D liu ch ra phm vi m sinh vin biu th thi c k
vng .
Phng php nh gi: Cc k thut hoc cng v c s dng nh gi
Sa i: Cc hot ng c khuyn ngh hoc thay i nhm thc y vic hc ca
sinh vin, phn phi dch v ... p ng li cng tc nh gi tng ng.
Biu din cng tc nh gi: Qu trnh s dng cc hot ng ca sinh vin hoc cc
sn phm, khi kim tra v iu tra b loi b, nh gi kin thc, k nng v s pht
trin ca sinh vin. Cc bin php bao gm: tiu lun, trnh by ming, trng by, trnh
by v biu din. V d bao gm: nhn xt bi bo (hng ngy/hng tun); kinh nghim
ch yu; biu din cng vic ca sinh vin (v d: hot ng trong nh ht, chi mt loi
nhc c, quan st sinh vin dy mt bi); sn phm ca sinh vin (v d: sinh vin
ngnh ngh thut th v tranh. sinh vin ngnh bo vit cc bi bo, sinh vin a l v
bn , sinh vin ngnh khoa hc my tnh thit k cc chng trnh cho my tnh...)
Portfolio: Mt b su tp cc chng c v cc c im c nhn, c bit trong mi
tng quan vi cc tiu chun hc tp. V d (bao gm nhng khng gii hn): cc
mu v cng vic ca sinh vin bao gm: ti, bo ch, bi vit, trnh by, video v
cc bi pht biu hoc trng by..
Cc phng php nh lng ca nh gi: Cc phng php ph thuc vo im
s hoc t l. V d: iu tra, Kim k, D lu ca trng/khoa; Cc k thi tm
khoa/kha hc (c xy dng, tiu chun ha mt cch a phng...).
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46
Cc phng php nh tnh ca nh gi: Cc phng php ny da vo vic miu
t hn l cc con s. V d: Cc nghin cu v dn tc hc, logs, bo ch, quan st
tham gia v cc cu hi m trong phng vn v iu tra.
tin cy: Cc bin php o lng tin cy l nhng bin php c kt qu nht qun
qua thi gian
mc: (Hng dn cho im) c vit v chia s dnh cho cng tc nh gi vic
th hin, n ch ra cht lng mc no m vic th hin c th l khc bit v
nh gi tin cy v mc ca thnh cng.
nh gi u ra ca sinh vin: Hot ng kt hp, phn tch v s dng c chng c
mang tnh nh tnh v nh lng ca u ra trong cng tc hc tp v ging dy
nh gi s ph hp ca chng vi cc mc tiu c tuyn b v cc mc tiu
gio dc cung cp thng tin phn hi hu ch, nhng thng tin ny s khuyn khch
vic t i mi.
nh gi tng hp: nh gi nh hng v gii thch. S dng d liu tng hp vo
lc cui ca cc chui hot ng cung cp mt ci nhn v m v cng tc hc tp v
tc ng ca nh trng .
Vng nng cao ging dy: Ging dy, hc tp, nh gi u ta v s ci thin c th
c nh ngha nh l cc yu t ca mt vng phn hi trong ging dy tc ng
ti hc tp v nh gi nng lc u ra c s dng nng cao cng tc ging dy
v hc tp.
Tnh hiu lc: Khi c p dng cho mt bi kim tra lin quan ti vic a ra quyt
nh mt bi kim tra lm tt th no nh gi nhng g ng nh gi.
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Ti liu tham kho v ti liu c thm
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