Unit 10

CAESAR AUGUSTUS AND

THE ROMAN EMPIRE

1. Who were the two men vying for power following Caesar’s death?

2. Who did Cicero support, Octavian or Antony?

3. Who made up the “Second Triumvirate”?

4. Over time, who did Antony rely more heavily upon?

5. T/F: Julius Caesar had a son

QUIZ ON OCTAVIAN READING

1. Cicero wrote the Philippics, which were speeches against ____________.

2. When Cicero said the Ides of March was a “deed half done”, he was telling the Roman people they needed to also kill ______________.

3. Name one problem with the murder plot on March 15 th.

SLIDES 1-8 QUIZ

1. Following Caesar’s death, who controlled his wealth?

2. Who was Octavian’s best friend?

SLIDES 8-14 QUIZ

1. Antony wanted to take over what region following the Caesar’s death?

2. Name one person who died during the Battle of Philippi

SLIDES 14-19 QUIZ

1. What region did Antony travel to when he realized he was desperate for money?

2. When Antony needed to reform his alliance with Octavian, who did he decide to marry?

SLIDES 20-24 QUIZ

1. They had no plans to prepare for the transition of power.

2. They allowed Antony to live “The Ides of March was a fine deed, but half done” -

Cicero

3. They misjudged the public’s reaction Many of Caesar’s soldiers were in Rome during the

Idea of March to “see Caesar off” to Parthia…

PROBLEMS WITH THE MURDER PLOT

TRANSITION AFTER CAESAR’S DEATH

• What effective arguments did Antony pose?

• What was Antony’s plan moving forward?

• Why was it in his best interest?

• Why did they not want to kill Antony?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bJvAHMtN04c

Crowds did not support their plan Why did they only kill Caesar and not Antony or anyone else?

Murderers given amnesty, dictatorship abolished Caesar left a lot of his $ to the people of Rome. Brutus and

Cassius are now Enemy #1!

Caesar names Octavian as his heir This infuriates Antony!

Antony gives histrionic speech about Caesar’s assassination Angry masses rioted, liberators had to flee the city

Cicero’s Philippics support Octavian This will be something Cicero will come to regret…. Why did Cicero want to throw his support behind Octavian?

AFTERMATH OF CAESAR

63 B.C. – 14 A.D.

Fragile

Always sick, not physically strong Seemed to never be involved

in warfare….

Extremely intelligent

Became best friends with Marcus Agrippa Agrippa respected Octavian for

his loyalty

GAIUS OCTAVIUS

Barely knew Caesar

Left with Caesar’s wealth, but Antony controlled it…

Why would Octavian’s family try to convince him NOT to accept the adoption?

Took the name Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian

Antony broke off terms with the Senate

OCTAVIAN

Weak Liver

Kidney Stones

Didn’t like cold baths, would rather be rubbed with oil

Could not handle very hot or very cold weather

Catarrh

Weak left leg and left hip, walked with a limp

Shrunken and weak right index finger, had to wear a special ring to help him write

This poor health was often an excuse for Octavian to conveniently avoid the battlefield…

SICKLY OCTAVIAN

Why did Octavian give away so much money?

Why was Antony furious with him?

OCTAVIAN, BOTH SUBTLE AND CLEVER

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nw2qN62nGgc

Why is Cicero hesitant to allow Antony to have Cisalpine Gaul?

Why wasn’t Cicero intimidated by Antony?

CICERO AND MARC ANTONY

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kac4T-9HkPI

OCTAVIAN AND ANTONY

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8BZyZ-__6z4

Antony used his consulship to claim Cisapline Gaul

Octavian combines his forces with others to fight Antony Stalemate, both consuls die and Octavian takes over the

legions

Octavian works with Cicero to become consul

Antony and Octavian still hate each other….

Oct. 43 B.C. - Antony, Lepidus and Octavian meet Form the Second Triumvirate

SECOND TRIUMVIRATE

Antony and Octavian begins proscriptions to try to gain wealth Antony reviewed every

proscribed head himself!

1. Continued posting names

2. Stole from safe deposit boxes in the Temple of Vesta

3. Taxed the Roman people!

Brutus and Cassius set up defenses at Philippi

SECOND TRIUMVIRATE

DEATH OF CICERO

HBO Rome: Season 2, Episode 6

Proscriptions: 3:05 – 6:00

Cicero’s Death: 16:24 – 22:45

64 B.C. – 12 B.C.

Best friend of Octavian

Led military forces throughout Octavian’s career

Later married Octavian’s sister, Octavia

MARCUS VIPSANIUS AGRIPPA

42 B.C.

Antony and Octavian land in Greece Antony leads force through

mud to surprise Cassius and Brutus

Brutus and Cassius both die “The last of the Romans” –

Marcus Brutus

Pinnacle of Mark Antony’s Career

Brutus’ Body: Antony covers it with

a general’s cloak

Octavian cuts his head off and has it thrown at the feet of the a statue of Caesar….

BATTLE OF PHILIPPI

BATTLE OF PHILIPPI

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_hgcC2NFwo

Power resides fully in only 3 men But none of them actually wanted to rule with each

other!

Antony goes East, while Octavian is trying to govern Rome Why don’t Octavian and Antony have money from victory? What is the inevitable problem that will emerge?

Antony given power in the East, Octavian in the West (except Gaul – that is still Antony’s) Where did Antony want to invade? Why?

Octavian arbitrarily settled soldiers throughout Rome

AFTERMATH OF PHILIPPI

Sextus Pompey blockades Rome

Antony styled himself as the new incarnation of Dionysus What does Dionysus represent?

Antony is broke, looks toward Egypt and Cleopatra

Antony and Cleopatra have twins http://

news.discovery.com/history/archaeology/cleopatras-twin-babies-120420.htm

Antony’s brother and sister try to rebel against Octavian Octavian defeated the enemy forces Why would this military victory be important for Octavian?

FALL OF THE TRIUMVIRATE…?

ANTONY AND CLEOPATRA MEET

What are the various motivations for Antony and Cleopatra?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gacl8v0etCI

Octavian moves to Gaul; Antony gain allies in the South

Octavian and Antony’s forces meet at Brundisium “What if they threw a war and no one showed up?” Centurions told Antony and Octavian they refused to fight!

Mark Antony stay in the East, Octavian gets Gaul, Lepidus gets Africa.

Antony marries Octavia

Octavian divorces his wife Scribonia and marries Livia Both of them were pregnant…..but that didn’t matter BEGINS THE JULIO-CLAUDIAN DYNASTY!

RECONCILIATION

DIVIDING ROME INTO THREE

Why wasn’t Octavian originally satisfied with their division of the Roman Empire?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9SFsAqqN7fU

37 B.C. – Agrippa becomes consul; builds an enormous fleet

Octavian and Antony renew their alliance 120 ships = 4 legions Octavian doesn’t hold up his end of the bargain!

36 B.C. – Battle of Naulochus – Octavian and Agrippa defeat Sextus Pompey

Lepidus leaves the triumvirate

OCTAVIAN AND THE WEST

35 B.C. - While marching to Parthia, a Parthian cavalry flanks his troops and burns down his baggage train

Antony had to return to Greece Antony loses 25,000 of his 100,000 troops without ever fighting!

34 B.C. – Antony holds a triumph in Egypt!

Begins to dress in Eastern clothes, take part in Eastern rituals

DONATIONS OF ALEXANDRIA: Cleopatra – Queen of Kings Caesarion – True heir to Rome

Antony was turning the Eastern Empire into his own!

ANTONY AND THE EAST

33 B.C. – Octavian becomes consul; blames Antony for betraying Rome

Throughout 33 B.C. Octavian and Antony were involved in a war of words with each other

Second Triumvirate officially ends Therefore, Antony has no power left

Octavian reveals his true colors, 1/3 of Senate fled to Alexandria

Octavian steals Antony’s will from the Temple of Vesta! Requested to be buried in Alexandria Left his estate to his illegitimate children Caesarion is true heir to Rome

Octavian and the Senate declare war on Egypt!

WAR WITH EGYPT

31 B.C.

Antony mobilizes forces to Greece

Makes Cleopatra co-general of the fleet…..

Docks fleet in Ambracian Gulf, didn’t want to invade Italy

Why not??

Many men deserted Antony They were infuriated with Cleopatra’s significant role in the

battle

Sever malaria outbreak – made most of Antony’s ships undermanned!

BATTLE OF ACTIUM

BATTLE OF ACTIUM

Octavian/Agrippa: 250 galleysAntony: 290 galleys

Anti-climactic

Hole opens up, Cleopatra, Antony and the treasury all escapes back to Egypt

Octavian invades Egypt in 30 B.C.

Antony and Cleopatra both commit suicide, leaving Egypt to Octavian

DEATHS OF ANTONY AND CLEOPATRA

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2X9ZpNQTXXg

31-27 B.C. – Octavian serves as consul

Erases ALL memory of Mark Antony

“Two Caesars is one too many” Who is he referring to? What does this mean?

“Settlement of 27 B.C.” Augustus tries to step down, Senate says no. He is awarded huge imperium Becomes tribune in perpetuity

During this settlement, Octavian is officially renamed Caesar Augustus “Augustus” means “revered one”

AFTERMATH OF THE CIVIL WAR

Augustus continued to become seriously sick throughout his life Agrippa was his tentative

replacement

Agrippa then marries Augustus’ daughter, Julia

20 B.C. - Augustus gets Crassus’ legionary standards back! This was a HUGE deal

for the Romans, Augustus is beloved by the people

AUGUSTUS’ REIGN

Augustus was INCREDIBLY wealthy How can this help him write laws and endear himself to the

people? Augustus invested lavishly and wildly

18 B.C. – Augustus took census, birth rate on decline People were being selfish and unfaithful How does the memory of the Battle of Cannae resonate with this?

Augustus outlaws adultery! Penalty is death…

Augustus continues to expand his empire and look for a potential replacement

12 B.C. – Agrippa falls ill and dies Augustus is TOTALLY crushed Why was Agrippa such a valuable ally for Augustus?

AUGUSTUS’ REIGN

JULIO-CLAUDIAN DYNASTY

Augustus forces Julia to marry Tiberius

Tiberius has become Augustus’ only option But then Tiberius sailed for Rhodes and retired!

Julia is found out to be Rome’s most promiscuous citizen… She is also exiled

Tiberius eventually is allowed to return to Rome

AUGUSTUS’ REIGN

9 A.D.

Publius Quinctilius Varus – Rome

Arminius – German

Arminius sets the trap

Not in formation; blindsided by the Germans

Varus loses 3 legions!

This was a HUGE shock to Rome, devastating Augustus

DISASTER AT TEUTOBURG

“Publius Varus, where are my legions?!”

SHORT TERM: Leave Germany alone

LONG TERM: Created a cultural divide between Germany and Rome

BATTLE OF TEUTOBURG FOREST

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kDJjG8dQTtY

1:03 - END