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21Towards avirtualarchaeologyPaulReilly{IBM UK ScientificCentre,Athelstan House, t. ClementStreet,Winchester,S0239DR)21.1 Paperandaper-likenterfacesin archaeology Thereisalongtraditionofrecordingarchaeologicalcon-texts.arlyaccountsare typicallyabald statementof th ekind:aRomanloorwasfound.'ater,ongertextualdescriptionsappear.hecorrectnessan dtruthofth eob -servationorinterpretationwasconfirmedbyth epersonalstandingofth ereporter(cf.odder989).hemore cautiousaddedweighttotheirview byincluding anotherequally good sortas a witness.So fo rexampleSir RichardX would describehow he uncoveredth e remainsof Pongomannhepresencefth e everend.Gradually,he introductionofgreateramountsofdetailandillustrationsenablecomparisonsto bedrawn.In effect,theycameto beregarded as muchmore objective descriptions.Photographswerethenintroduced as proof.Unfortunately, photographsare not alwaysadequate to show subtle differences between,fo rexample,ightbrownompactan dndooseightbrown soil.Nevertheless, photographshavecometo be re -garded as important supporting evidence to interpretations.Thesemethods,itmustberealised,wereconstrainedbyth elimitationsofth eavailable technology.Thatisa paperinterface.Theproblem confronted isthatofprojectingaspectsofathree-dimensionalspaceonto atwo-dimensionalplane.Thislimitsth eeffectivenessofthesetools.evertheless,theyarefounded onalongtraditionofconvention andare usefulrecords.fcourse,scaledrawingsan dblack-and-whitephotographsalsohaveth emajorattraction ofbeing comparativelycheapto massreproduce.I tisnotsurprisingthatth efirstcomputerisedsystemsfo rhandlingan drecordingarchaeologicalontextsav einheritedmanyofth echaracteristicsofth etraditionalpa -per interfaces(e.g.Alvey1989 .Rains1989 ,StanCiC1989,Weiss1989 ,pp.314-317) .However,whileth eexcavation

planha sth e meritof havingadirectbearing on somenatu-rallyoccurringstratigraphieinterface,eitherth etoporth ebottom of some contextor other,th e purpose of th e sectionalprofileismuchmoredifficulttonderstand.ecisionsaboutwheretoplacesectionsar earbitraryinrelationto th earchaeologicalcontext.Although profile-drawingsar esometimesusefulfo rdelineatingth eexcavator 'sinterpre-tation ofwhereonecontextendsandanotherbegins,if th efeatureisnotsymmetricalthen asectionmustmissdetails.Itisabiasedan dpartialrecord,whichispotentiallymis-leading.In my experience,non-archaeologists findsection-drawings verydifficultto comprehend,often prompting th equestion:"Whydo you do it?"

21 .2 Virtualarchaeology Wha tdoesth etermvirtualarchaeologymeanhere?hekey conceptis virtual,an allusionto a model,a replica,th enotion thatsomethingcanac tasasurrogate orreplacementfo ran original.In otherwords,it refersto adescriptionofan archaeologicalformation orto simulated archaeologicalformation.Asimulated datase twillnormallybesh^)edbyth ecriteria usedfo rrecording an actualformation.)Theproblem isthereforeto identifyth equintessentialcompo-nentsofth earchaeologicalformation underinvestigation.Allhaveimplications fo rdatarepresentationan dinforma-tion handling.21 .3 Impact of technological innova-tionsDevelopmentsintotw otechnologiesinparticularar ecre-atinga climatewhichcould heraldmajorimprovementsin whatandhowarchaeologicalmaterialisrecorded,truc-tured,nalysed,resentedndisseminated.hesear ehypertext,rintegratedmulti-mediasystems,ndsolid-modelling.othembodytechniquesfo rrepresentingan dexploring data.21.3.1 Excavation simulation In June1989 ,Sebastian Rahtzpresenteda paperentitledAresource-basedsimulation:th e Southampton-York Archae-ological System,atth e DynamicTextConfwence , Tbronto,inwhichhereviewedth eSouthampton-York Archaeolog- icalimulationSystemSYASS) .hetatedaimofth eS YASSprojectwas "to develop a simiulation system to givestudentsinsightsintoth estrategicdecisionsnvolvedin planningandcarryingoutanrchaeologicalexcavation,withspecialeferencetoth ecostsfdifferentstrategiesan dth ereturnin termsof differenttypesofinformation."Theriginaldea asoroduceherchaeologicalequivalentof a flightsimulator,not to simulate an archaeol-ogistdiggingasite(O'Flahmyera/990) .he problem wasthereforeto encapsulateanarchaeologicalexcavationin a teaching program.Two key issueshad to be confrontedbeforethisworkcouldbegin:whatisexcavation?"nd"whysimulate?"The answer to th e secondquestion is rather morestraight-forwardha noheirst.nrinciple,imulatedxca-vationisattractivebecauserealexcavationisdestructive,expensive andslow;further, studentsdo notget training in archaeologicalmanagementandinan ycasemoststudentswillnotbecomeexcavators.Theanswertothequestion"whatisexcavation?"n- volvesmanysub-questionssuchas"whatisasite?"nd

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PAULREILLY "whatareth equestionsbeingasked?"ostimportantlyhere,therear eissuesof{Hocedure:th e benefitsofutilisingparticulartechniquesfo rnon-destructivesurvey,researchdesign,detailedr e c c M - d i n g , analysisandsynthesis.Theealuestionshereforewhatreweimulat-ing?"YASSisnotsimulatinganarchaeologicalsite,it issimulatingaBritishLevel2 or3archive.ogo beyond thisrequiresa deeperanalysis ofarchaeological excavation anditsdependenciesonth etechnologyof excavationand recording,particularly thosecontingentonth elimitationsof th etwo-dimensionalpapo'-like interface.his isnotto decryth eSYASSconcept.WhatIam trying to graspat isth e possibility ofsimulatingarchaeologicalformationsandth epossibility ofdevelopingnew excavation procedures.One problem t H X M i g h t out by Rahtz in hi sstatus reportwas thatSYASSconfixmtedstudents with concepts likecontext,spit,phase,hcMizon,locusandso onbeforetheyha deverbeenonanexcavation.bthosenotye tfamiliarwithth efinerpoints oftrenchcredibility, suchconceptscanat bestregisterasvagueimpressionsonth emindor ,evenworse,meaningless jargon.Thesystem Ihave in mind willhelpusersobtain a clearerideaabouttheseentitieswithoutrecoursetoactualexca-vation.heideaisanaturalsuccessortoth esimulation studiesof Irwin ScoUar (inter alia ScoUar1969 )and hishy -potheticalmagnetometer surveys an d Dick Spiceran d MikeFletcher'stopognq>hysimulator,Clonehenge(Fletcher& Spicer1989) .It may turn out that in many caseswe do not need to recordin much greatdetailthan we alreadydo .We can,however,posean dtryto answo-suchquestionsas :"to whatlevelofdetailcanwereawd?"r"atwhatlevelofdetailmustwerecord?"Theoverallobjective ofsuch computer-basedsystems should be to i M X ) v i d e insights into theunderstanding of archaeological formations by th e addition of th e powerfulresourcesof th e computo^asynergisticrelationship.Many of my commentsare wellknownto th e SYASS de -velopersandwillbe partiallymet by plannedextensions to th e system,such as th e utilisation of non-schematicgr^hicslikevideodisc andreconstructive modelling.

21.4 Solidmodellingtoreconstructthe monumentSo,owaravewerogressednheoadohree-dimensionalmodellinginarchaeology?ell,fo rseveralyearsnow,advanceshavebeenmadeinth eapplication ofpresenting monumentsthroughsolidmodellingtechniques,and thereis a growing number ofpublishedexamples(interalia Anon1990 ,Arnold et al989 ,Comforth & Davidson1989 ,Moscati989 ,Reilly1988a ,Reilly1989 ,Reilly& Shennan1989 ,Smith1985) .Themotivationbehindth eearliestprojectswasessen-tiallyto exploreth epotentialofthissortoftechnology to illustratemonuments.quippedwithadetailed modelan dsomefacilitieswithwhichoviewallitsmanyaspects,thesefirstprojectsW C T Corcedtorestrictth enumberofviewsgeneratedbecauseoflimitedprocessing resources.E v C T so ,archaeologists weresurprisedbyth esomeofth einsightstheyobtainedaboutth euseofspacebyancient

architectsforexample(Reilly1988b,p.9).radually,itha secomepracticableoproduceargernumbwsfviewswithinth esamet imebracketswhileincorporating greaterrealism inth eeffectsmodelled(e.g.erspective,highlights, textures,shadows,reflection,refraction andth ecurrentmovesto radiosity).Fromheimpleime-step alk-throughe.g.mith 1985) ,rchaeologistsaveprogressedoth eproductionoffullyanimatedtoursofsolidmodelstoenablepeopleto appreciateth escaleandrelationship ofelementswithinaimitedumberofarchaeologicalemainse.g. eilly1988b,pp .8-36) .notablerecentexampleisathree-minute animated tourof a modelofth e now destroyed Edo Cast lein Tokyo,rendered at th e IBM idisa Tokyo Research LaboratoryoTiapen'iNHK (Nippon Housou Kyoukai) TV .Thisbeautifullydetailedmodelisareconstruction of Edocaseofth eTokogawaperiod (1603-1867) ,theperiod oftheShoguns(seeMiyata 1990 ,NikkeiCompute rGr^hics1989a ,1989b).21.4.1 RomanPompeiiAtPompeii,th eWINchesterSOlidModeller(WINSOM) producedatth e IBM UK Scientific Centreis helping visitorsto understand better th e world-famous remainsof th e Roman citythatwas buriedwhenth evolcanoVesuviuseruptedin A.D.79 .Today,th evisitor canbegin to explorethisancientcitybeforeactuallysettingfootinth eeerilysilentruins.Asaresultofa jointprojectbetweenIBM Italyan dFIAT Engineering (calledConsorzio Neapolis),whatispossiblyth emostadvancedarchaeological information centre in th eworld ishousedina brandnew study complex at Pompeii.From PS/2 workstations,connectedto an IBM 3090-150E mainframethroughtoken rings,researchershaveaccessto th emostcompletese tofphotogr^hs,plans,sketches,ar-chaeological reports,diaries an d finds catalogues connectedwiththesite whichha severbeenassembled.AtPompeiithereha sbeenaheavyreliance ongr^hicsas an interface to th ePompeiiarchives.The mostimportantnavigation method through thiscolossalhypertextdatabankis by using digitised maps of th e city and its environs(Gullini1989 ,Martin1988 ,Moscati1989,Zingarelli1989) .Seatedat aworkstation,thevisitorca nbe presented,fo rinstance,withaplanofaRomanvillaonth escreen.yclickingacursoron partofaroominoneofth evillas,scannedphotographsofth eroom,rth efrescoesnits walls, il leisplayed.elppanelsxplainnlainEnglishorItalianwhatth ebuilding wasusedfo randhow itwasconstructed.fechnicalwordslike'hypocaust 'are highlighted; by clicking ontheword,a window containingaconciseaccountofRomancentralheatingsystemswillappear.heuserispromptedtolookoncemoreathepictures of the room containing th e heating system,to try andrelate th e explanation back to th e actualbuilding.Naturally,noiingca nbeseenoftheheatingsystembecause,asth ebuilding is so wellpreserved,th e system is still buried below thesurfaceofthefloorsan dwalls.C TColidmodellingcomesoheescue.hephotographseplacedyacorrespondingview of amodelof th e same room.Howevw,partofthe model's floorsan d wallshave been removed,thusrevealingth ehypocaust.

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21 . TOWARDSAVIRTUALARCHAEOLOGYSimilarprinciplesar ebeingappliedin othermajorItal-ia nprogrammesuchsheSITAGrojectonardinia(SoprintendenzaAicheologia Perle ProvinciediSassarieNuorol989.p.31).Impressivethoughsuchenormous projects are,a ga pstillremainsbetweenth einterpretationand ie originaldata.I tisnotreadilyapparenthowonegetsfromthedigtoth einterpretation.Reconstructing archaeologicalsitesis justoneaspectofarchaeologicalresearch.nderstandingth esubtletiesofth erawdatais ,fanything,evenmoreimportanttoar -chaeologiststhemselves.yconstructing detailedmodels ofth eexcavatedmaterial,archaeologistsca nre-excavate th esiteandsearchorevidencewhichescapedattentionduringth eactualdig.esearchfthiskindclearlyha smajorimplicationsfo rhow archaeologicalexcavation andintenwetation istaughtas wellas performed.

21 .5 Earlyttemptsomodelrchaeo-logicalcontexts

Lately,ttentionasegunobeocusednmodelling archaeologicalformationsastheyappearinth efield.hechallenge isno longeronlyto modelbuildings withsimplegeometry, but to modelthose amorphoushumps,bumps an dhollows, typicallyfound inth ecourseoffieldwork.21.5.1 BronzeageKlinglberg-St.VeitWINSOMsolidmodellingmethodswereintroducedintoth einvestigationofthe EarlyBronzeAge settlement siteatKlinglberg-St.Veit inth eAustrianAlps(Reilly& Shennan1989) .Normalmethodsof planning,levellingand sections throughfeatures,such as post-holes an dpits,w^eused.Tryingouildhree-dimensionalodelsromherecordeddatawasnotpossible.lthough th eexcavatorsusedhehighestcurrentstandardsofexcavation,i u T ^ e y an drecording,it couldnot besaidthattheyha dproduceda truethree-dimensional record.thas to bemostarchaeo-logicalexcavation recording ha sstillalongway to goyet before excavatorsca nclaim thatthey recordarchaeologicalfeatures in amannerthatallowstheirfullthree-dimensional form to bereconstituted.The problem is that,at best, only to p surfaces ar e recordedadequately.OWCVCT ,oneofth einterestingproblemswithth eKlinglbgdata isth erelationship betweenth epattern-ingofth ematerialinth espatiallyextensivedeeplayers an dthatinth eintrusive features immediatelybelow them.Havingonlyplanrecordsofth ecutsofthesefeatures,th edigitisedoutlinesofth ecutswereextrudedtoformsolidprisms.These prismsar ethen intersectedwith asolid modelofth eoverlying deposits,whichhavebeensub-divided into box-contexts. olour-codes signifyth elevelsofwhateverproperty isbeinginvestigated.Slicescanthen be cut awayfrom th e sides(o rfrom th etop)of th e modelled excavation

to revealth einternaldetailsofth etrench. ysuchmeansone ca n determinewhethCT therear eany visualcorrelationsbetween th e distribution of,fo rexample,objectsin th efea-turesandth eoverlying layers,andwhethCTtheyare worthexploringfurther.

Themethodisverypowerful,buthavingtowc^withth eplanned outlinesoffeaturesoncourselymodelledstar-tigraphic surfaces issomewhatlimiting.21.5.2 MedievalMathrafaiTheiHX)ductionofdetailedWINSOM solidmodelsofar -chaeologicalopogn^hywasemonstratedtMathrafaiwherea blanket ofsurvey data was used to help analyse th esite's surfacenuHphologyandcompare it with informationderivedfrom non-destructivegeophysicalsurveys(Arnold et al989) .I t is technicallypossibleto extend th e principleoftopogr^hicmodellingto th elevelofth econtext.heproblem isnotthatofcollecting th edata butof po^uading excavatorsthatthisisin factth ecase.21 .6 Recentattempts atexcavation sim-ulationAlltheseideas teaching simulation systemslikeSYASS,researchimulationslikeClonehrage,ypertextsystemslike thatat Pompeii,improvementsin free-form solid mod-elling,ogetherwith asiclawnherchaeologicalrecording method gelled together and |x)videdth emoti-vation fo ra new projectto build a three-dimensional modelofa realistic,but simulated archaeologicalformation,con-taining layers,pits,post holes,cuts,recutsand so forth.The aimofthisresearchistodemonstratethatarchaeologistscanroducerealisticrecordsfth edatatheyinevitablydestroyin th ecourse ofexcavation.Oncein thisform it is susceptible to novelmethodsinvolvingtransformations an dinteractionswhichopenth eway fo rnew knowledgeto becreatedandinsightsaboutth enature ofthree-dimensional deposits an dtheir recording to be gained.Grafland,as thissimulated excavation iscalled,consistsofasoiesflayerswithvariousfeaturescutintothem (Figs.21.1o21.4inclusive).helayo^woemanufac-turedbycreatinghypothetical profiles,whichwhoethen digitised.his isequivalentto surveying alongatransect.Thelayerisdefinedinitially asthatvolumebetweenth emeasuredurfaceandnrbitraryatumplaneatomedepthbelow.hetopofth elayer(s)immediatelyundo- neathormhebottom ofth epreviousayerandefineitsotherside.ayersanbeisolatedusingconstructivesolidgeometry( CSG)operators.ncidentally,th elogicalstratigraphieorder of th e dq)ositsin th e formation is largelyimplicitin th e modeldefinition.ThemodelcouldthereforebelinkedtoaHarrisMatrixorphasingprogram,sothatcontextsequencesand connectivityca nbestudied.Know-in gal lth epropertiesofGrafland,itbecomespossibleto devisedifferentexplorationscenariostose ehowfartheycanfacilitateareconstruction ofth esite,th eactivitieson th e site an d post-depositionalprocesses opiatingat th e site.Mostofth ecutfeaturesinth e Graflandnuxlelare com-posedofcompoundC SGhapes,uchasylindo^ndspheresorpartsthereof.owever,omeofth econtextshavebeenmodelled asifarealirregularlys h ^ q ^ e d featurehad been found with artefacts dqx)sitedit .Of course, muchmorecomplexmodelsare possible.

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Figure21.1:Removingslicesfrom thesideof Grafland21.6.1rafland solidmodelanimationA Graflandanimationsequenceha sbeen generatedto illus-trateth ecompositionofth emodelexcavation. riefly,th eanimationshowsaflatgreenopenspace,perh^safield,which gradually fallsdownwardleaving ablock of ground,which representsth e simulated excavation volume,floatinginspace.hesimulatedformationisspunonitsaxisto show th edifferentshapesofth emajorlayersexposedin th eprofiles.Next,slicesar ecutawayfromoneside,an dlaterfrom th e top,showing sectionsthroughth e variouspitsandpostholescutintoth elayerswithinth eformation.nanothersequence,eachofth emajorlayersisremovedto revealth eburiedcontextscutintoth esurfaceofthenextmajorlayer below.Eachnew layer surfaceis exposedin th eorderanarchaeologistwouldmeetthem,thatisth ebasicstratigr^hicsequence.Aft^this,th emajorlayersare thenignoredandonlyth ecutfeaturesarevisualised.tonepointin th e animation,thesecontexts are builtup in reverseorder.The currentfinalsequenceinvolves a zoom towardsafeature, whichinclude a hypotheticalartefact assemblagein situ,to illustrate th efinelevelofdetailthat ca nbe recorded.21.6.2ra f land The animationbringsoutsevwalkey points.To begin with,th emultipleviewsof th emodeldemonstrateth eprinciple ofconstructing truethree-dimensionalsolidmodelsofar-chaeological formations isfeasibleandprovides asuperiorrecordan ddatabaseforfurtho-research.lliedtothis,archaeologists canpresentlarg^volumesofcomplexdata

to a wideraudience inmoremeaningfulways.Thisshouldenablearchaeologiststo explain betterhow theirinterpre-tationsderivefromth edata.erhapsmostimportantofall,dataexploration and analysisare promoted stillfurther.Visualisationcanbeexploratory inth esensethatth eresearchermaypanhroughth edatalookingfo rlociofactivityan dother evidence.In other words,searchesca n bespatiallyorganised,withth estructureofth esolidmodelbeingxploitedsnfficientigh-levelpatialndex.Conversely,th evisualisation can bemore attribute directed.Forexample,if themodellerlabels,orprovides pointers to an dfrom,componentfeaturesit ispossibleto isolatespe-cific an d associated stratigraphie components using standarddatabase functions.Anexample mightbe a modelin whichal lth ecu tfeaturebetweenlayeraan dlayerare isolatedand displayed in orderto study th e diffo-ent routesbywhichresidualmaterialcouldhavetravelledingettingfromato / ? .hesolidmodeldescriptionha sth eadditionalbenefitof havingvaluable quantitative details,suchasvolumetric information aboutcontexts, implicitin th emodeldefinition. 21 .7 Prospects Itseemsthenthatth evarioustechnological andintellectualthreadsdiscussed above arecoalescing.A logicalextension ofthehypertextconceptisto integratesolidmodelsofth ekind outlined above into a multimedia environment, not onlyasheoreticaleconstructions,revenhree-dimensionalmodelsofth erecordedfeatures,butasuserinterfacesfordatainterrogationandnavigation.

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Figure21.2:RemovingslicesfromthetopofOrafland Herewe can provide hypCTlinksbetweenth esolidmodelan d other data sets associated with th e object of interest(e.g.

image,audio,video,DV Iandtext).three-dimensionalcursorcould provideonepossibleinterface,allowingusersto poin t at part of th emodelto discover what is being looked atan dwhether furtherinformation isavailable. Theconvergenceofthesetechnologies,solidmodelling an dhypertext,raisesmanyinterestingavenueswhichneedtobeexplorednrdertomakeheonearchaeologicalrecord accq)tableto those interestedin preservation through recording, research,education and presentation.In the areaof digital solids,in which free-form solidsaremodelled,wearewitnessingexcitingnewdevelopments.Already,modellersca nxtractfeaturedatafrometsfmedicalscans(e.g.those producedin CAT)to build three-dimensionalmodelsofpatients(e.g.yrelletal990) .Medicaltomographicdataisanalogousto th egeophysicalscansproducedfiromdevicesuchasheGroundPulseRadar ' , hichspparentlycapableofregisteringevensmallarchaeological features manymetres below th e ground (Addyman& Stove1989) .However,therear etw osignif-icantdifferencesbetweenthenature ofth edataembodied inmedicalndarchaeo-geologicalcans,achfwhich representsa considerable challenge to routinelymodelling an danalysingarchaeo-geophysicalformations.irst,hesheervolumeofdataisenormousandisalreadypushinghardwareandsoftware processing requirements.Secondis th e problem of feature recognition an dextraction.Buildingmodelsf i x > m scansof patientsis made simplerbecausetherealready existsa considerable amountof a prioriknowledgeaboutth e natureof humanphysiology.

At th e momentfeature extraction is difQcult with straight-forwardgeometricmodels(e.g.Jared1989) .ookingformeaninginavirtualse aofheterogenous three-(o rmore)-dimensionaldataisoneofth e key problem-areascurrentlybeing addressed atth e leading edge of th emodelling world.Archaeologists should look fwward to progress being madeinthisareawith particular enthusiasm.Inth emeantime,Grafland-likemodelsmightbeusedas controlleddatasetsto deviseandassessdififntexca-vation,recordingand analysisscenarios.hey mayevenprovehelpfulin evaluating th e strengthsand weaknessesofpatternrecognition procedures. BibliographyADDYMAN, .V.&CTOVE989.GroundProbingImpulse Radar:nexperimentinremotesensingatYork",Antiquity,63 :337-342.ALVEY,B.1989."}imdsiXe",Archaological Computing Newslet- ter,19:4-5.ANON990.RemakingHistoryOnePixelataTime",EEE ComputerGraphics& .Applications,July:3-^.ARNOLD,C..,.H.UGGETT,.REILLY,S.SPRINGHAM 1989."Mathrafal:a casestudyin the application ofcomputer

graphics",inRahtz& Richards1989,pp .147-156.CORNPORTH,J.&C.DAVIDSON1989.PicturingthePast",Ar-chaeologicalComputing Newsletter,19:6-10.

FLETCHER,M.&R.D.SPICER989.ClonehengeC-Coded", Archaeological ComputingNewsletter,16 :10-15.

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Figure21.3:GraflandlayersGULLINI,G.989.EComputerperaRappresentazionedel ManufattoArcheologico",Aivirt/BM,XYV, 1 :42-44.HODDER,I.1989."WritingArchaeology:sitereportsincontext",Antiquity,63 :268-274.JARED.G.E.M.989."RecognisingandUsingGeometricFea-tures",nWoodwaric,J.R.,ed.).GeometricReasoning,pp.169-188.OxfordUniversityPress.MARTIN,J.1988."Computingfo rArt'sSake",Datamation,De- cember:86/9-86/13.MlYATA,K.1990."AMethod ofGeneratingStoneWallPatterns",Computer Graphics,24(4):387-394.MOSCATI,P .1989.Archeologia eInformatica:'esperienzadi Neapolis", RivistaIBM.XXV,1 :24-27.NIKKEIOMPUTER RAPHICS989a.ArtandPresentation",

NikkeiComputerGraphics,12:74-79.NIKKEICOMPUTER GRAPHICS1989b."FujitaIndustrialCompany and IBM Tokyo ResearchLaboratory Work Togetherto Repro-duceEdo Castleas itwas400YearsAgo",NikkeiComputerGraphics,10:102-103.O'FLAHERTY,B.,.P.Q.RAHTZ,J.RICHARDS,& S.SHENNAN1990.TheDevelopmentofComputer-BasedResourcesforTeachingArchaeology",inCacaly,S.&Losfeld,G.,eds.).

SciencesHistoriques,SciencesduPasseetNouvellesTech-nologiesd' Irrformation:bilanet valuation. Actesdu CongresInternational de UUe(16-17-18Mars1989).CREDO,Uni-versitde Gaulle,LilleEl,Lille.

RAHTZ,. .Q. J.D.ICHARDS,eds.)989.omputerApplicationsandQuantitativeMethodsin Archaeology 1989,InternationalSeries548,Oxford.BritishArchaeologicalRe- ports.RAINS,M.1989.ComputerisingthePlanDaUbase:he Aegis

system". ArchaeologicalComputingNewsletter,21:1-2.

REILLY,P .1988a.Computer Analysisofan ArchaeologicalLand-scape:edievallanddivisiononhesleofMan.ritishArchaeologicalReports,Oxford.BritishSeries190.ROLLY,.988b.ataVisualisation:ecentadvancesinhe applicationofgraphicystemsoarchaeology.BMK Scientific CentreReport185, Winchester.

REILLY, .1989."DaU VisualizationinArchaeology",IB M Sys-temsJournal,28(4):569-579.REILLY,.&S.J.SHENNAN1989.ApplyingSolidModelling andAnimated Three-DimensionalGraphicsto ArchaeologicalProblems",inRahtz&Richards1989, pp.157-166.SCOLLAR,.969.ArogramorheSimulationofMag-neticAnomaliesofArchaeologicalOriginnaComputer",ProspeziorArcheologische,4:59-83.SMITH,1.1985."RomansMakeaHigh-TechComeback:SidandDora'sbathshow pullsinthecrowd".Computing, June:7-8.SOPRINTENDENZA ARCHEOLOGL\PERLEPROVINCIE DISASSARI

ENUORO989.S.I.RIA.ProgettoS.I.TA.G.SistemaInformativoTerritorialeArcheologicoGallura)",nArchae-ologiadelTerritorio.Territorio dell'Archeologia:immagim diun'esperienzadicatalogazioneirrformaticadeibentculturalidellaGallura.TempioPausania,Chiarella-Sassari.

STANI,Z.1989."Computervision:producingintra-sitcplans".ArchaeologicalComputingNewsletter,20:-10.

TYRELL..,.AZDY,M.ILEY,&N.WINTERBOTTOM990."CARVUPP:Computer-AssistedRadiologicalVisualisationUsingarallelProcessor".aperpresentedatheTrans-puterApplications90 ,1-13July.990atheUniversityofSouthampton.

WEISS,A.1989.TheCompassSystem",inRahtz&Richards 1989,pp.295-318.138


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Figure21.4:Grafland cu tfeaturesZiNGARELU,D.989. "BaldassareConticallo: cronacadiunrogetto",ivisto/AM.XXV.1 :30-39.

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