c5 electricity magnetism

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Outline Chapter 5 Electricity and Magnetism 5-10. Ohm's Law 5-11. Electric Power 5-12. Magnets 5-13. Magnetic Field 5-14. Oersted's Experiment 5-15. Electromagnets 5-16. Magnetic Force on a Current 5-17. Electric Motors 5-18. Electromagnetic Induction 5-19. Transformers 5-1. Positive and Negative Charge 5-2. What is Charge? 5-3. Coulomb’s Law 5-4. Force on an Uncharged Object 5-5. Matter in Bulk 5-6. Conductors and Insulators 5-7. Superconductivity 5-8. The Ampere 5-9. Potential Difference

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Page 1: C5 electricity magnetism

Outline Chapter 5 Electricity and Magnetism

5-10. Ohm's Law 5-11. Electric Power 5-12. Magnets 5-13. Magnetic Field 5-14. Oersted's Experiment 5-15. Electromagnets 5-16. Magnetic Force on a

Current 5-17. Electric Motors 5-18. Electromagnetic Induction 5-19. Transformers

5-1. Positive and Negative Charge

5-2. What is Charge? 5-3. Coulomb’s Law5-4. Force on an Uncharged

Object 5-5. Matter in Bulk 5-6. Conductors and Insulators 5-7. Superconductivity 5-8. The Ampere 5-9. Potential Difference

Page 2: C5 electricity magnetism

5-1. Positive and Negative Charge

Opposites attract-Same charges repel

Let’s try it!

Page 3: C5 electricity magnetism

5-1. Positive and Negative Charge

Electrons are stripped from one component and transferred to the other to cause both to be oppositely charged.

Page 4: C5 electricity magnetism

Fig. 5.2

Ben Franklin discovered electric charge.

Page 5: C5 electricity magnetism

5-2. What is Charge?

Atoms are composed of protons (+), electrons (-) and neutrons. The nucleus contains the protons

and neutrons and the electrons surround the nucleus.

Page 6: C5 electricity magnetism

5-2. What is Charge?

Protons are much larger than electrons but have an equal and opposite charge.

The coulomb (C) is the unit of electric charge.The basic quantity of electric charge (e) is 1.6 x 10-19 C.

Page 7: C5 electricity magnetism

5-3. Coulomb’s Law

Q1Q2 F = K ------- R2 Charles Coulomb

(1736-1806)

Page 8: C5 electricity magnetism

5-4. Force on an Uncharged Particle

Initially the paper is uncharged, but the comb polarizes the charges in the paper.

Page 9: C5 electricity magnetism

5-5. Matter in Bulk

Coulomb's law resembles the law of gravity; however, gravitational forces are always attractive, whereas electric

forces may be attractive or repulsive.

Coulomb’s Law

Q1Q2 F = K ------- R2

Law of Gravity

M1M2 F = G ------- R2

Gravitational forces dominate on a cosmic scale; electric forces dominate on an atomic

scale.

Page 10: C5 electricity magnetism

5-6. Conductors and Insulators

A conductor is a substance through which electric charge flows readily. An insulator is a substance that strongly resists the flow of electric charge. Semiconductors are substances whose electrical conductivity is between that of conductors and insulators.

Page 11: C5 electricity magnetism

Semiconductors

Transistors are switches that conduct electricity only when a second source of electricity is energized.

A B

C

What a Transistor looks like.

A current will not flow from A to B unless C is energized.

John Bardeen Nobel Prizes in 1956

and 1972 for developing the transistor and

superconductivity.

Page 12: C5 electricity magnetism

Fig. 5.11

Enlargement of 5 mm square

computer chip.

Page 13: C5 electricity magnetism

5-7. Superconductivity

Superconductivity refers to the loss of all electrical resistance by certain materials at very low temperatures. Substances that are superconducting at 150K are now known which is warmer than liquid nitrogen (77K).

Maglev Train in Japan

Page 14: C5 electricity magnetism

5-8. The Ampere

The Ampere is a measure of how much electrical current is flowing and is measured in units of amps.

QI = ---- t

Page 15: C5 electricity magnetism

5-8. The Ampere

The current varies depending on the force behind the current and the resistance to flow.

Page 16: C5 electricity magnetism

5-9. Potential Difference

Potential difference, or voltage, is the electrical potential energy per coulomb of charge.

JV = ---- C

Alessandro Volta (1745-1827)

Page 17: C5 electricity magnetism

Fig. 5.16-17

Page 18: C5 electricity magnetism

5-10. Ohm’s Law

Resistance is a measure of opposition to the flow of charge and is measured in ohms ()

VI = ---- R

Georg Ohm (1787-1854)André Marie Ampére

(1775-1836)

Page 19: C5 electricity magnetism

Fig. 5.24

Page 20: C5 electricity magnetism

Fig. 5.22

Page 21: C5 electricity magnetism

5-11. Electric Power

The power of an electric current is the rate at which it does work and is equal to the product of the current and the voltage of a circuit:

P= IV

The unit of electric power is the watt.The commercial unit of electric energy is the

kilowatthour (kWh).

Page 22: C5 electricity magnetism

5-11. Electric Power

Typical Power Ratings

Appliance Power (W)Stove 12,000Clothes Dryer 5,000Heater 2,000Dishwasher 1,600Photocopier 1,400Iron 1,000Vacuum Cleaner 750Coffee Maker 700Refrigerator 400Portable Sander 200Fan 150Personal Computer 150TV Receiver 120Fax Transmitter/Receiver 65Charger for Electric Toothbrush 1

Page 23: C5 electricity magnetism

5-12. Magnets

Every magnet has a north pole and a south pole.

Page 24: C5 electricity magnetism

5-13. Magnet Field

How to make a magnet: Heat in magnetic field.

Magnetic force lines.

Page 25: C5 electricity magnetism

5-14. Oersted’s Experiment

Hans Christian Oersted discovered in 1820 that an electric current near a compass causes the compass needle to be deflected. Oersted's experiment showed that every electric current has a magnetic field surrounding it.

Hans Christian Oersted

(1777-1851)

Page 26: C5 electricity magnetism

5-14. Oersted’s Experiment

According to the right-hand rule, the electron current in a wire and the magnetic field it generates are

perpendicular to each other.

Page 27: C5 electricity magnetism

5-14. Oersted’s Experiment

All magnetic fields originate from moving electric charges. A magnetic field appears only when relative motion is present between an electric charge and an observer. Electric and magnetic fields are different aspects of a single electromagnetic field.

Page 28: C5 electricity magnetism

5-15. Electromagnets

An electromagnet consists of an iron core placed inside a wire coil. The magnetic field strength of a wire coil carrying an electric current increases in direct proportion to the number of turns of the coil.

Page 29: C5 electricity magnetism

5-15. Electromagnets

An electromagnet can be used to move large quantities of metal. When the current is on the magnet will pick up the metal. When you want to drop it you turn off the power and the electromagnet is disabled and the metal drops.

Page 30: C5 electricity magnetism

5-16. Magnetic Force on a Current

A magnetic field exerts a sideways push on an electric current with the maximum push occurring when the current is perpendicular to the magnetic field. Currents exert magnetic forces on each other. The forces are attractive when parallel currents are in the same direction and are repulsive when the parallel currents are in opposite directions.

Page 31: C5 electricity magnetism

Fig. 5.39

The experimental Japanese Maglev train uses magnetic forces for both support and

propulsion.

Page 32: C5 electricity magnetism

How a TV works.

                                  

                                      

Page 33: C5 electricity magnetism

5-17. Electric Motors

An electric motor uses the sideways push of a magnetic field to turn a current-carrying wire loop. Electric motors use a commutator to change the direction of the current in the loop. Alternating current electric motors do not use commutators.

Page 34: C5 electricity magnetism

5-18. Electromagnetic Induction

The effect of producing an induced current is known as electromagnetic induction. The direction of the induced current can be reversed by reversing the motion of the wire or reversing the field direction. The strength of the current depends on the strength of the magnetic field and the speed of the wire's motion.

Page 35: C5 electricity magnetism

Fig. 5.41

The stationary windings of a large electric

motor. magnetic forces underlie the operation of

such motors.

Michael Faraday (1791-1867) built the first electric

motor and discovered magnetic induction.

Page 36: C5 electricity magnetism

Fig. 5.44

Sharks navigate with the help of

the earth’s magnetic field. They detect the

field using electromagnetic

induction.

Page 37: C5 electricity magnetism

Alternating and Direct Current

Alternating current (ac) is current that flows in a back-and-forth manner; household current changes direction 120 times each second (60 Hz). Direct current (dc) flows in one direction.

The ac generator (or alternator) produces an ac current and can be modified to produce dc current by

1. Use of a commutator.

2. Use of a rectifier which permits current to pass through it in only one direction.

Page 38: C5 electricity magnetism

5-19. Transformers

A transformer is a device composed of two unconnected coils, usually wrapped around a soft iron core, that can increase or decrease the voltage of ac current.

Page 39: C5 electricity magnetism

5-19. Transformers

A transformer is used to step the voltage down and the current up (P=IV) so that we can use it. Low power is desired for the transport of electricity long distances to avoid loss of energy to heat loss.

A moving coil activated by voice vibrations is used as a microphone. The coil induces a current in the magnet that can be amplified or recorded.

Page 40: C5 electricity magnetism

5-19. Transformers

A taperecorder records signals from a microphone on magnetic tape which then can be run across a magnet and played back.