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C.S.E-Mains 2007

BOTANY

PAPER - I

SECTION A

1. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each:(20 x 3 = 60)

(a) Describe the types of plant diseases caused by viruses. Explain their control measures.(b) Describe ultrastructure of flagella in Algae.

(c) Describe and draw labelled diagrams of steles in pteridophytes with examples.

(d) Enumerate economic uses of fungi in India.2. Write critical notes on the following:

(20 x 3 = 60)

(a) Algae as a food, feed and medicine(b) Distribution of bryophytes and pteridophytes in deciduous and evergreen forests in

India

(c) Applications of plant tissue culture in forestry and agriculture3. Write notes on the following:

(20 x 3 = 60)

(a) Reproductive stages in Oedogonium

(b) Asexual reproduction in Aspergillns(c) Ultrastructure of a bacterial cell

4. How do the following differ from each other :

(20 x 3 = 60)(a) Fungal hyphae and Algal filament

(b) Sporophytes of Anthoceros and Funaria

(c) Prothalli of Selaginella and Nephroiepis

SECTION B5. Answer an three of the following in not more than 200 words each:

(20 x 3 = 60)

(a) Discuss secondary growth in lianas.(b) Give an account of the use of pollen morphological characters in systematics.

(c) Describe the importance of ethnobotany in the welfare of tribal and rural people.

(d) Compare the outline of system of classification of angiosperms proposed by Hutchinsonwith

the system proposed by Bentham and Hooker.

6. Write notes on the following:(20 x 3 = 60)

(a) Botanical name, active constituents and uses of any five commercial medicinal plants of

India(b) Secondary growth in woody monocors

(c) Origin of cultivated plants with reference to Vavilov's theory

7. Draw neat and labelled diagrams of the following :

(20 x 3 = 60)(a) Stomata of sunflower and maize

(b) Male cone and Microsporophyll of Pinus


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(c) Male and female flower of Euphorbia

8. Answer the following:

(30 x 2 = 60)(a) Give an account of diagnostic characters of Liliaceae and Palmae with suitable

examples.

(b) Describe the commercial importance of gum, resin and dye yielding plants in India.

PAPER - II

SECTION A

1. Write short notes on any THREE of the following in not more than 200 words, for each:-

(20 x 3 = 60)(a) Structure of mitochondria in relation to function

(b) Prions

(c) Male sterility(d) Probability and distributions, with suitable illustrations.

2. (a) Describe the molecular basis of cell cycle.

(30)(b) Describe the principles of protein biosynthesis.

3. (a) Discuss the methods of gene mapping.

(30 )

(b) Explain the methods of transfer of genes into plants.(30)

4. (a) Describe the methods of selection and hybridization used in plant breeding.

(30)(b) Explain the structure and significance of lampbrush and B-chromosomes.

(30)

SECTION B

5. Write short notes on any THREE of the following, in not more than 200 words each : -(20 x 3 = 60)

(a) Co-enzymes

(b) Nitrogen cycle(c) Vernalization

(d) Red Data Book and its relevance to plant diversity.

6. (a) Describe the components of photosynthetic electron transport, with reference to thestructure

of thylakoid membranes.

(30)(b) Discuss the adaptive measures of plants in response to their exposure to water stress,

(30)

7. (a) What is dormancy ? Where does it occur in plants? Describe various methods ofbreaking

dormancy.

(30)

(b) Enumerate the applications of growth hormones in agri-horticulture, while commentingon

their physiological basis.


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(30)

8. (a) Give an account of various ecological factors that influence plant community.

(30)(b) Describe and distinguish afforestation, deforestation and social forestry.

(30)

C.S.E-Mains 2006

BOTANY

PAPER - I

SECTION A

1. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each:(20 x 3 = 60)

(a) What is bioremediation?

(b) Briefly discuss the phyletic position of photobionts.

(c) Highligh the uniqueness of the cell structure of Anthoceros.

(d) What is polarity and how does it affect differentiation?2. How do the following differ from each other:

(20 x 3 = 60)(a) Hybrid from Cybrid

(b) Cryptogams from Archegoniates

(c) Sporophyte from Gametophyte (in lower organisms)3. Describe the following:

(20 x 3 = 60)

(a) Molecular basis of infection

(b) Practical application of ovule culture(c) Microbes as indicators of pollution

4. Draw neat and well-labelled diagrams to show :(20 x 3 = 60)(a) Lytic cycle

(b) Diagnostic stages of any two powdery mildews

(c) L.S. sporocarp of Marsilea

SECTION B

5. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each :

(20 x 3 = 60)(a) What are the symptoms and causes of hay fever ?

(b) Describe the morphological nature of commercial cotton, clove and saffron.

(c) Describe the phyletic position of Magnoliaceae.

(d) Citing suitable examples explain what is meant by 'form genus'.6. With the help of suitable diagrams explain:

(30 x 2 = 60)

(a) Development of a bisporic embryo sac(b) Vavilovian centres of origin of crop plants

7. Discuss the following :

(60)(a) Alpha and Omega taxonomy


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(b) Ethnobotany and its importance

(c) Nemec phenomenon

8. Describe the following :(20 x 3 = 60)

(a) Distribution in India of the genus yielding "Taxol".

(b) Phenomenon of apomixis and its importance(c) Commonalities and differences between Cyeadofilicales and Cyeads

PAPER - II

SECTION A

1. Write short notes on any three of the following in about 200 words each :(3 x 20 =60)

(a) Structure of plasma membrane

(b) Polytene chromosomes(c) DNA damage and repair

(d) Molecular markers in plant breeding

2. (a) Explain linkage and crossing-over. Describe the methods of construction of genemaps.

(30)

(b) What are mutations? Describe different types of mutations and add a note on chemical

mutagens.(30)

3. Explain the following with suitable examples:

(a) Techniques of breeding self-pollinated crops.(20)

(b) Protoplast culture and its importance.

(20)

(c) Uses and applications of correlation and regression analysis in plant genetics.(20)

4. (a) Explain the mechanism of DNA replication.

(20)(b) Discuss cytoplasmic inheritance:

(20)

(c) Describe in brief the regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes.(20)

SECTION B

5. Answer any three of the following. Each part should be answered in not more than 200words :

(20 x3 =60)

(a) Discuss the role of any three trace elements in plant nutrition. Give their deficiencysymptoms.

(b) Explain the mechanisms of respiratory functions in plants.

(c) Discuss the strategies for conservation of endemic and endangered plants.

(d) Describe the causes and consequences of greenhouse effect6. (a) Describe the photosynthetic carbon assimilation in C3 and C4 plants.

(20)


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(b) Explain the factors that affect photosynthesis. Define photosynthetic efficiency of

crops.

(20)7. (a) Write an account of the physiological changes that occur during high temperature

stress. How

plants have adopted physiologically for tolerance of high temperature stress?(30)

(b) Describe the effects of metal stress on plant growth and development.

(30)8. (a) Define succession. Explain different stages of succession with illustrations.

(30)

(b) Enumerate the structure and functions of an ecosystem.

(30)

IAS Mains: Botany 2005: Paper I and II

C.S.E. BOT ANY (MAIN) BOT ANY - 2005PAPER - I

Time Allowed: Three Hours Maximum Marks: 300Candidates should attempt Questions 1 and 5 which are compulsory, and any THREE

of the remaining questions selecting at least ONE question from each Section.

Provide diagrams in the answer books, wherever necessary.SECTION-A

1. Answer any three of the following (in not more than 200 words each) : 20x3=60

(a) Differentiate between conjugation and transduction in Bacteria.

(b) Give an account of algae in food industry.(c) Write in short about mycotoxins.

(d) Write about Bryophytes as indicators of mineral enrichment.2. Write about the following: 20x3=(a) Range of thallus organization in Marchantiales.(b) Evolution of seed habit in Pteridophytes.

(c) Characteristic features of Pythium.

3. Answer the following: 20x3=60Androecia (no description).

4. Write Notes on : 20x3=60

(c) Protoplast culture.SECTION B

5. Answer any three of the following (in not more than 200 words each): 20 x 3 = 60

(a) Give the salient features of Cycadales.

(b) Explain secondary growth in dicotyledonous stem.(c) Explain pollination in Cycas.

or(a) Give in short an account of five pulse yielding crops.

(b) Differentiate between manoxylic and pycnoxylic wood, giving examples.(c) Give the classification of angiosperms as proposed by Hutchinson. Discuss its

merits and demerits.

(a) Write a critical note on male gametophyte of Selaginella.(b) Write a critical note on somatic hybrid and cybrid.


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(c) Draw well labeled diagram of V.T.s. thallus of Anthoceros passing through

(a) Monoecious coenobium of Volvox.

(b) Description of, conidia formation in Aspergillus.((d) Give a short account of any two plant fibres.

6. How will you distinguish between the following pairs of families on the basis of

important floral characters?comimportant (a) Malvaceae and Brassicaceae

(b) Leguminosae and Solanaceae

7. Give an account of the pollen grain formation in dicots and monocots. 608. Write in short on the following:

PAPER - II - 2005

SECTION-A

1. Write notes on any THREE of the following in about 200 words each: 20x3=60(a) Polytene Chromosome

(b) Signal Transduction

(c) Transgenic plants .

(d) Standard deviation.membrane trafficking.

2. Describe in detail the ultrastructure of Golgi Complex and its function. 60

3. (a) Describe properties of Genetic Code.(b) Describe the role of RNA in origin and evolution. 60

4. Define hybrid vigour. Describe anyone method of hybridization for crop improvement

60

SECTION B

5. Write notes on any THREE of the following in about 200 words each: 20x3 = 60

(a) Non-cyclic photophosphorylation(b) Nitrogenases

(c) Fruit-ripening

(d) Afforestation6. Define auxins. Describe their physiological response in plants.

7. Define biogeochemical cycles. Describe N-cycle.

8. (a) What do you know about Social Forestry?(b) How would you measure the level of Air-Pollution?

C.S.E-Mains 2004

BOTANY

PAPER - I

SECTION A

1. Answer any three of the following (in not more than 200 words each):

(20 x 3 = 60)

(a) Differentiate between bacteria and cyanobacteria.(b) Give an account of algae in industry.

(c) Discuss the sequential steps involved in host pathogen interaction.


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(d) Mention the indirect uses of Bryophytes.

2. Write about the following:

(20 x 3 = 60)(a) Differentiate between homospory and heterospory.

(b) Give an account of Rhynia.

(c) Describe in detail the types of Ascocarps (Fruit bodies) in Ascomycotina and how theyhelp

in classification.

3. Write critical notes on the following:(20 x 3= 60)

(a) Sporocarp of Marsilea.

(b) Tissue culture and its importance

(c) Evolution of Sporophyte in Bryophytes4. Write short notes on the following:

(30 x 2 = 60)

(a) Mention the causal organism, symptoms and control measures of bacterial blight in

paddy,sandal spike and leaf spot in groundnut.

(b) Give the role of bacteria in fermentation and mention the products.

SECTION B

5. Answer any three of the following (in not more than 200 words each):

(20 x 3 = 60)(a) Give the salient features of Cordaitales.

(b) Explain the secondary growth in Pinus stem.

(c) Explain the Tunica Corpus theory.

(d) Give an account of plant gums.6. Write about the following:

(30 x 2 = 60)

(a) Give an account of pollen grain morphology and application of palynology.(b) Discuss the role of chemotaxonomy and numerical taxonomy in systematics of

Angiosperms.

7. Write critical notes on the following:(20x 3 = 60)

(a) Floral structure and primitive characters of Magnoliaceae.

(b) Floral structure and floral formula of Poaceae.

(c) Differentiate between the pollinia of Asclepiadaceae and Orchidaceae.8. Write short notes on the following:

(20 x 3 = 60)

(a) Give an account of beverage yielding plants.(b) Differentiate between xylem and phloem.

(c) Give the salient features of Bentham and Hooker's system of classification.

PAPER - II

SECTION A

1. Write notes on any three of the following in about 200 words each:

(20 x 3 = 60)

(a) Meiosis


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(b) Sex-linked inheritance

(c) Mass selection

(d) 2-test (Chi-squre test)2. Describe in detail the structure and functions of mitochondria.

(60)

3. Discuss the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins.(60)

4. (a) Describe the back-cross method of breeding in crop varieties.

(30)(b) Describe in detail the various uses of back-cross method of breeding and its limitations.

(30)

SECTION B

5. Write notes on any three of the following in about 200 words each:(20 x 3 = 60)

(a) Photoperiodism

(b) Seed dormancy

(c) Social forestry(d) Pollution control

6. Describe the principle categories of enzymes involved in respiratory reactions.(60)

7. (a) What do you understand by mineral nutrition of crop plants?

(20)(b) Describe the role of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash on plant growth.

(40)

8. (a) What do you understand by conservation of biodiversity?

(20)(b) How is biodiversity conserved?

(40)

C.S.E-Mains 2003

BOTANY

PAPER - I

SECTION A

1. Answer any THREE of the following: (not more than 200 words each):

20 x 3 = 60

(a) Describe the lysogenic life cycle in viruses.

(b) Classify algae according to V. J. Chapman. Give characters of each class.(c) Discuss evolution of steles in Pteridophytes.

(d) Describe various types of Path toxins and their role in plant diseases.

2. With the help of suitable describe the life cycle of Aspergilius and discuss the economicimportance

of this genus.

603. Give causal organism, symptoms and control measures of the following:


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20 x 3 = 60

(a) Ergot of Bajra

(b) Blast of Rice(c) Stem gall of coriander

4. Write notes on:

20 x 3 = 60(a) Reproductive structure of Chara

(b) Vegetative reproduction in Bryophytes

(c) Tot potency

SECTION B

5. Answer any three of the following: (not more than 200 words each):

20 x 3 = 60

(a) Importance of Cycadofilicales.(b) Development of female gametophyte in Angiosperms.

(c) Anomalous secondary growth in Dracaena.

(d) Energy plantation and its importance.

6. Write an account of floral structures of the following families. Give botanical names ofthree

important plant species belonging to each of the three families and specify their uses:20 x 3 = 60

(a) Asteraceae

(b) Solanaceae(c) Asclepiadaceae

7. Describe the development of male gametophyte in Gnetum. Discuss the impotence of

this genus.

608. (a) Discuss the importance of Ethno botany in India.

30

(b) Give botanical names of ten spice yielding plants and write the name of their families.30

PAPER - II

SECTION A

1. Answer any THREE of the following in about 200 words each20 x 3 = 60

(a) Evolution.

(b) Gametophytic apomix.(c) Pure Line Selection.

(d) Structure and Significance of Lamp brush Chromosomes.

2. (a) Describe in detail the physical properties of cell membrane.30

(b) How does the water and solutes move through the cell membrane?

30

3. (a) What is Cytoplasmic inheritance?10

(b) Describe the Cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility.


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20

(c) Describe in detail the method of producing hybrid seeds using Cytoplasmic-genetic

malesterility system.

30

4. (a) What do you understand by genetic engineering?15

(b) Describe in detail the agro bacterium-mediated gene transfer method for producing

transgenicplants.

45

SECTION B

5. Write short notes on any THREE of the following in about 200 words each:20 x 3 = 60

(a) CO2 fixation in C4 plants

(b) Seed germination

(c) Global warming(d) Conservation of biodiversity

6. (a) What do you understand by verbalization? Discuss the factors that influenceverbalization.

40

(b) Describe the practical significance of verbalization.20

2 of 14

7. (a) What do you understand by a biotic stresses?

20(b) Describe in detail the mechanism of salt stress on plants.

30

(c) Describe the effect of salt stress on plant growth.10

8. (a) What do you understand by eco-system?

10(b) How would you maintain an eco-system?

50

C.S.E-Mains 2002

BOTANY

PAPER - I

SECTION A

1. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each:

20 x 3 = 60(a) Recent studies reveal that mesosomes are artifacts and not true structures. Discuss.

(b) What is heterospory? Discuss seed habit in ptendophytes giving suitable examples.

(c) Describe the ultra structure and role of heterocyst in blue- green algae.(d) Describe the economic importance of bryophytes giving suitable examples.


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2. (a) What are biosensors? Describe the applications of microbiology in industry.

(b) What are mycorrhizae? Describe economic potential of mycorrhizal fungi in agriculture

andforestry.

30 x 2 = 60

3. What is apogamy? Describe the structure and arrangement of sex organs in bryophyteswith the help

of suitable diagrams.

604. (a) Differentiate between hybrids and cybrids. How are cybrids obtained?

(b) What is callus? Describe the process of differentiation from callus.

30 x 2 = 60

SECTION B


20 x 3 = 60

(a) What are progymnosperms? Describe with examples their morphology.

(b) Differentiate between velamen and exodermises.(c) What is Krantz anatomy ? Where do you find it? Describe its structure and importance.

(d) Write an account on Shibpur Botanical Garden and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew(England).

6. What is polyembryony? Describe the practical value of polyembryony.

607. (a) What is palynology? Describe the applications of palynology.

(b) Describe the origin of wheat, maize and rice. 30 x 2 = 60

8. Give salient features of flower of the following families. Give economic importance of

three plantsfrom each family

15 x 4 = 60

(a) Ranunculaceae(b) Euphorbiaceae

(c) Dipterocarpaceae

(d) Orchidaceae

PAPER - II

SECTION A

1. Answer any three of the following. Each part should be answered in not more than 200words.

20 x 3 = 60

(a) What is micro-propagation? List the various ways this technique can be used topractical

advantage.

(b) What determines a sex-linked trait? Give two examples.(c) Explain test of significance and comment on its application in Botanical Research.

(d) Briefly review the methods adopted for determining distance between two genes on a

chromosome.

2. Describe the extra cellular matrix of a plant cell. What is the relationship of


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plasmodesmata to the

extracellular matrix?

603. How is recombinant DNA produced? What applications have been found for

recombinant DNA?

604. Distinguish between:

20 x 3 = 60

(a) Transcription and translation(b) Spontaneous and induced mutations

(c) Binomial Distribution and Poisson Distribution.

SECTION B


20 x 3 = 60

(a) What is oxidative phosphorylation? What is its significance?

(b) Define phototropism. What pigment(s) function as the photoreceptor for phototropism?Give

evidence to support your conclusion.(c) What are cytokinins? Give an account of roles they play n plant growth and

development.

(d) What are biomes? Explain, will examples, how climate determines what biome occursin a

region.

6. Review the Crassylacean acid metabolism (CAM). In what significant way does CAM

differ from C4metabolism?

60

7. Describe how plants may be injured by water stress. In what way are freezing stress andsalt stress

similar to water stress?

8. Give concise answers to the following:20 x 3 = 60

(a) Explain why temperate forests and woodlands are less productive and diverse than

tropical

forests.(b) How are endangered species listed in the Red Data Books?

(c) What is the function of leg hemoglobin in symbiotic nitrogen fixation?

C.S.E-Mains 2001

BOTANY

PAPER - I

SECTION A

1. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each20 x 3 = 60


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(a) Distinguish between bacteriophages and plasmids. Give their molecular structure. How

are

plasmids useful in genetic engineering?(b) Discuss the role of pigmentation and reserved food in the classification of algae.

(c) How does a parasite recognize its host? Describe the molecular basis of host-parasite

relationship.(d) Describe the structure and evolutionary significance of Rhynia.

2. (a) Describe the mode of sexual reproduction in yeast.

(b) Describe the role of microbes in medicine industry.30 x 2 = 60

3. Discuss the evolutionary trends of saprophytes in Bryophytes.

60

4. What is heterotrichous habit in Algae? Discuss its role in the evolution of terrestrialhabit.

60

SECTION B

5. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each:20 x 3 = 60

(a) Jurassic was the best age of Gymnosperms. Discuss.(b) Describe the role of embryology in classification of angiosperms.

(c) Describe the detailed structure of pollen wall. How has palynology helped in forensic

science?(d) What are the primitive and advanced characters of flower used in driving their

phylogeny?

6. What is double fertilization? In the light of recent studies discuss the mode of

fertilization inangiosperms.

60

7. (a) How are somatic hybrids obtained?(b) Ovule bearing organ of Pinus is a highly reduced shoot in the axil of bract. Discuss.

30 x 2 = 60

8. Give important flower characters of the following families. Give economics importanceof three

plants from each family.

15 x 4 = 60

(a) Apiaceae(b) Rubiaceae

(c) Arecaceae

(d) Brassicaceae

PAPER - II

SECTION A

1. Answer any three of the following. Each part should be answered in not more than 200

words:

20 x 3 = 60

(a) With suitable diagrams, critically examine the various models of membranes systems in


14/59

eukaryotic cells and state which one is the most suitable to explain the E.M. structure and

functions of the system.

(b) Give an account of linkage and crossing-over method for gene mapping.(c) Describe the techniques of gene transfer to produce transgenic plants. Add a critical

note on

the importance of genetic engineering with special reference to the Indian agriculture.(d) Explain the concept of standard error and comment on its application in various

research

programmes.2. Present an account of extra-chromosomal inheritance, and examine its significance with

respect to

growth and development of a plant.

603. Discuss the genetic and physiological control of sex determination in plants. Is it

possible to modify

the genetically determined sex by physiological factors? Substantiate your answer.

604. Critically examine the following alternatives and substantiate with reasons which of the

two ispreferable:

20 x 3 = 60

(i) Role of RNA in origin and evolution of life on earth versus extra-terrestrial origin andevolution of life.

(ii) Gene and genome mapping for selective cloning versus cloning without any restriction.

(iii) Mutation for breeding versus protoplast fusion for crop improvement.

SECTION B


words:

20 x 3 = 60(a) With the help of diagrams, bring out the differences in electron transport mechanism in

cyclic

and non-cyclic photophosphorylation and explain why the Latter is superior to the former.(b) Describe the structural peculiarities of enzymes & explain their mode of action in

metabolism, growth and development.

(c) The tropical countries are very rich in biodiversity as compared to the temperate

countries.Substantiate the statement. Describe methods to conserve biodiversity.

(d) Explain the phenomena of food chain, biomagnifications and ecological pyramids in

terms ofmaintaining ecological equilibrium or otherwise.

6. Give concise answers to the following: 20 x 3 = 60

(i) Point out the various sources of environmental pollution and suggest suitable remedialmeasures.

(ii) Enumerate the causes of seed dormancy and suggest methods to overcome them.

Comment

on the probable selective advantages of seed dormancy in the course of evolution.


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(iii) Give diagrammatic representations of any five biogeochemical cycles showing the

direction

of energy flow.7. Explain the concepts of photoperiodism and verbalization. What is meant by critical

photochemical

requirement for plait growth and development? In this background re-examinethphotoperiodic

classification of plants. 60

8. Compare C3 and C4 plants from the point of view of metabolic efficiency and tota

C.S.E-Mains 2001

BOTANY

PAPER - I

SECTION A

1. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each

20 x 3 = 60(a) Distinguish between bacteriophages and plasmids. Give their molecular structure. How

areplasmids useful in genetic engineering?

(b) Discuss the role of pigmentation and reserved food in the classification of algae.

(c) How does a parasite recognize its host? Describe the molecular basis of host-parasiterelationship.

(d) Describe the structure and evolutionary significance of Rhynia.

2. (a) Describe the mode of sexual reproduction in yeast.

(b) Describe the role of microbes in medicine industry.30 x 2 = 60

3. Discuss the evolutionary trends of saprophytes in Bryophytes.604. What is heterotrichous habit in Algae? Discuss its role in the evolution of terrestrial

habit.

60

SECTION B


20 x 3 = 60(a) Jurassic was the best age of Gymnosperms. Discuss.

(b) Describe the role of embryology in classification of angiosperms.

(c) Describe the detailed structure of pollen wall. How has palynology helped in forensic

science?(d) What are the primitive and advanced characters of flower used in driving their

phylogeny?

6. What is double fertilization? In the light of recent studies discuss the mode offertilization in

angiosperms.

607. (a) How are somatic hybrids obtained?


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(b) Ovule bearing organ of Pinus is a highly reduced shoot in the axil of bract. Discuss.

30 x 2 = 60

8. Give important flower characters of the following families. Give economics importanceof three

plants from each family.

15 x 4 = 60(a) Apiaceae

(b) Rubiaceae

(c) Arecaceae(d) Brassicaceae

PAPER - II

SECTION A


words:

20 x 3 = 60

(a) With suitable diagrams, critically examine the various models of membranes systems ineukaryotic cells and state which one is the most suitable to explain the E.M. structure and

functions of the system.(b) Give an account of linkage and crossing-over method for gene mapping.

(c) Describe the techniques of gene transfer to produce transgenic plants. Add a critical

note onthe importance of genetic engineering with special reference to the Indian agriculture.

(d) Explain the concept of standard error and comment on its application in various

research

programmes.2. Present an account of extra-chromosomal inheritance, and examine its significance with

respect to

growth and development of a plant.60

3. Discuss the genetic and physiological control of sex determination in plants. Is it

possible to modifythe genetically determined sex by physiological factors? Substantiate your answer.

60

4. Critically examine the following alternatives and substantiate with reasons which of the

two ispreferable:

20 x 3 = 60

(i) Role of RNA in origin and evolution of life on earth versus extra-terrestrial origin andevolution of life.

(ii) Gene and genome mapping for selective cloning versus cloning without any restriction.

(iii) Mutation for breeding versus protoplast fusion for crop improvement.

SECTION B


words:

20 x 3 = 60


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(a) With the help of diagrams, bring out the differences in electron transport mechanism in

cyclic

and non-cyclic photophosphorylation and explain why the Latter is superior to the former.(b) Describe the structural peculiarities of enzymes & explain their mode of action in

metabolism, growth and development.

(c) The tropical countries are very rich in biodiversity as compared to the temperatecountries.

Substantiate the statement. Describe methods to conserve biodiversity.

(d) Explain the phenomena of food chain, biomagnifications and ecological pyramids interms of

maintaining ecological equilibrium or otherwise.

6. Give concise answers to the following: 20 x 3 = 60

(i) Point out the various sources of environmental pollution and suggest suitable remedialmeasures.

(ii) Enumerate the causes of seed dormancy and suggest methods to overcome them.

Comment

on the probable selective advantages of seed dormancy in the course of evolution.(iii) Give diagrammatic representations of any five biogeochemical cycles showing the

directionof energy flow.

7. Explain the concepts of photoperiodism and verbalization. What is meant by critical

photochemicalrequirement for plait growth and development? In this background re-examine

thphotoperiodic

classification of plants. 60

8. Compare C3 and C4 plants from the point of view of metabolic efficiency and totalproductivity. 60

C.S.E-Mains 2000

BOTANY

PAPER - I

SECTION A


(a) Describe the sexual reproduction in Equisetum.(b) Write the different types of genetic recombination found in bacteria.

(c) With the help of suitable diagram describe the saprophyte of Funaria.

(d) Describe the life cycle of Penicillium.

2. Give the causal organism, symptoms and control measures of the following(a) Peach leaf curl

(b) Tikka disease of groundnut

(c) Little leaf of brinjal3. Describe the life cycle of Polysiphonia in detail.

4. Write notes on

(a) Fungal toxins(b) Methods of producing somatic hybrids and their application


18/59

SECTION B


(a) Anomalous secondary growth in monocot stem(b) Applications of palynology

(c) Polyembryony

(d) Different kinds of female gametophyte found in angiosperms6. Write an account of the floral structure of the following families

(i) Poaceae

(ii) Ascelpiadaceae(iii) Brassicaceae

Give botanical names of three importance plant species belonging to each of the three

families and

specify their uses.7. Describe the development of male gametophyte in Pin us. Discuss the economic

importance of this

genus.

8. (i) Mention the botanical names and families of ten important drug yielding plants,source from

plant parts and the uses of these drugs in human welfare.(ii) Discuss the importance of ethno botany in India.

PAPER - II

SECTION A


words

(a) Biological membranes(b) Bacterial photosynthesis

(c) Prosthetic groups of different enzymes in respiratory chain

(d) Test of significance2. Give a diagrammatic representation of the structure and functions of organelles in

eukaryotic cells.

3. Write notes on the following(a) Heterosis

(b) Molecular basis of sex determination

(c) Quantitative inheritance

4. Give a brief account of hybridization work on India crop plants.

SECTION B


words(a) Enzyme repression and induction

(b) Buffers

(c) B-Chromosomes(d) Global warming

6. Give evidences in support of organic evolution. Discuss its mechanism and theories in

brief.

7. Discuss the effect of cement dust pollution on the broad leaved species of forest trees.


19/59

8. Write detailed notes on the following

(a) Endangered plant species

(b) Endemic plants(c) Role of mycorrhiza in tree nutrition

C.S.E-Mains 1999BOTANY

PAPER - I

SECTION A


(a) What is mycoplasma? How does it differ from a fungus? Describe the importantmycoplasma

diseases of plants and their methods of control.

(b) Write an account of different types of steles found in pteridophytes with the help of

suitable

diagrams. Arrange these steles in an evolutionary sequence.(c) With the help of suitable diagrams describe in detail the reproductive organs found in

Batrachospermum. Comment on the life cycle. How does the life cycle ofBatrachospermum

differ from that of Polysiphonia?

(d) Differentiate between the spore bearing organs of Anthoceros and Polytrichum. Drawneat

labelled diagrams.

2. Classification of the class. Phaeophyceae is based on various kinds of life cycles.

Discuss. Makegraphic representation of all types of life cycles.

3. (a) Write an account of the role of microbes in environmental pollution managementprogrammes.(b) With the help of diagrams only describe the life history of Puccinia

4. Distinguish between the following pairs giving suitable labelled diagrams: (any three)

(a) Carpogonium and Archegonium(b) External morphology of Psilotum and Equisetum

(c) Desmids and Diatoms

(d) Liverworts and Mosses.

SECTION B


(a) Describe the anomalous secondary growth in three dicot stems. Draw labelled diagrams

ineach case.

(b) Give the methodology and applications of tissue culture technique.

(c) Describe the major stomatal types in plants.(d) Describe the anatomy of root stem transition region with the help of suitable diagrams

only.

6. Write an account of the floral structure of the following families(i) Euphorbiaceae


20/59

(ii) Rubiaceae

(iii) Orchidaceae

Give botanical names of three important plant species belonging to each of the threefamilities.

Specify why these are important.

7. Give an account of the vegetative anatomy of Cycas with the help of diagrams.Enumerate important

differences in the anatomical features of Cycas and Gnetum (only vegetative features).

8. (a) What is polynology? Describe the basic and applied importance of this science.(b) Enumerate various types of angiospermic embryo sacs in a tabular form.

PAPER - II

SECTION A

1. Answer any three of the following. Each part should be answered in not more than 200words

(a) Cellular function of oncoproteins

(b) Photochemical smog(c) Physiological role of essential elements in plants

(d) Genetic basis of inbreeding depression and heterosis

2. How does mutation contribute to organic evolution? What modifications in mutation

theory of Hugode Varies were found necessary to reach the present state of our knowledge?

3. Distinguish between the following:

(a) Linkage map and Linkage group(b) Physical xerophytes and Physiological xerophytes

(c) Euromatin and Heteromatin

(d) Photo-system-I and Photo-system-II

4. What is population? Discuss the genetic forces that disturb the genetic equilibrium andmodify the

gene frequencies in population.

SECTION B


words:

Discuss:(a) TCA-an amphibole pathway

(b) Atmosphere is an essential life supporting system

(c) An organism is a bundle of adaptation(d) Bio-fertilizers improve soil fertility

6. What is Bioenergy. Explain the energy cycle in the cells. What is the role of ATP in

this cycle?7. Write short notes on any three of the following

(a) Ageing and senescence

(b) Cell cycle

(c) Neurospora for genetic research(d) New genetic code

8. Listed below are a few economic plants. Briefly point out the morphology of useful part,


21/59

economic

products and uses

(a) Holorrhena antidycentrica(b) Allium sativa

(c) Chrysanthemum cinerarifolium

(d) Pinus genadiana(e) Cannabis sativa

C.S.E-Mains 1998

BOTANY

PAPER - I

SECTION A


(a) Bryophytes function as indicator plants and as element

indicators. Justify.

(b) Why is Dryopteris called walking fern? Why are Azolla and Marsilealumped with other

ferns in the order Filicales?

(c) What are extremophylls? Why are they getting lot of attention now?

(d) Despite their similarities with other bacteria, Cyanophycease share

several morphological,

biochemical and biological characters with Rhodophyceae. Enumeratethese characters and

discuss the significance of this similarity.

2. Sexual reproduction in Cystopus as well as Vaucheria is oogamous,

yet there are differences in

detail. With brief description and appropriate diagrams bring out the

differences and also comment

upon the mode of nutrition of the two thallophytes.


22/59

3. Distinguish between

(a) White rust and Black rust

(b) Downy mildews and Powdery mildews

(c) Root-knot and Root-rot disease

(d) Late blight and Early blight of potato

4. (a) Explain why Anthocerotae is considered a synthetic group.

(b) Explain, by referring to anatomy of stem, morphology of

reproductive parts and biology of

reproduction of Gnetum, why this gymnosperm is considered advanced.

SECTION B

5. Attempt any three of the following in not more than 200 words each

(a) Explain the difference between somatic embryos and sexualembroys

(b) What are subterranean flowers? Name some plants which carry such

flowers. What can be

the possible advantages and disadvantages of such flowers?

(c) Describe the structure and function of medullary rays.

(d) With the help of labelled diagram describe the peculiarity in the

anatomy of Dracaena stem.

6. Discuss the role of systematic and biosystematics in biodiversity

inventorisation. Describe the

parameters which are employed for estimation of biodiversity.

7. (a) Describe the phenomenon of pollen-stigma interaction.

(b) Write brief account on in vitro fertilization.

(c) Describe the procedure of intro-ovarian pollination.


23/59

8. (a) By referring to specific examples discuss the role anatomy canplay in taxonomy.

(b) Give specific differences between:

(i) Spring wood and Autumn wood

(ii) Cystoliths and Raphides

(iii) Tectum and Tapetum

(iv) Abscission and Wound healing

PAPER - II

SECTION A

1. Answer any three of the following. Each part should answer in not

more than 200 words:

(a) With the help of a diagram, throw light on the organization of a cell

(b) Mitochondria as powerhouse of the cell

(c) CAM Pathway

(d) Greenhouse gases

2. Explain why do you expect differences among cells arising frommeiosis and not among those from

mitosis.

3. What is polyploidy? How would you differentiate between differentkinds of polyploidy?

4. (a) Discuss in brief the structure of DNA and compare it with that of

RNA.

(b) What do you understand by the term allopatry and sympatry? How

are they connected with

speciation?


24/59

SECTION B

5. Answer any three of the following. Each part should be answered in

not more than 200 words:

(a) Anti-transparent

(b) Differentiate between co-factors and co-enzymes

(c) Male sterility in plants

(d) Energy plantations

6. How is a seed attributed to be dormant? Give a test of seed viability.

7. Write short notes on:

(a) Conservation of ecosystem

(b) Endangered plants

(c) Characteristics of desert plants

8. Write botanical names, their respective fami1ie one important use ofthe following:

(a) Flax

(b) Mahogany

(c) Saffron

(d) Cocoa

(e) Aspirin

(f) Opium

(g) Lavender

(h) Senna

(i) Hops

(j) Indigo


25/59

C.S.E-Mains 1997

BOTANY

PAPER - I

SECTION A

1. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each(a) Describe the characters which indicate that blue-green algae are primitive and ancient

members of plant kingdom.(b) What is retrogressive origin of Saprophytes in Bryophytes?

(c) Describe the various types of fruiting bodies in Ascomycetes.

(d) Describe the reproductive structure in Ectocarpus.2. Give a concise account of the life cycle of the causal organism, snptoms and control

measures of any

four of the following diseases(a) Root knot disease of tomato

(b) Late blight of potato

(c) Leaf curl disease of papaya(d) Red rot of sugarcane

(e) White wart of cucurbits

3. (a) Describe different types of vascular steles in Lycopodium.

(b) Describe sexual reproduction in Oedogonium.(c) Give structure of a bacterial cell.

(d) Describe the leaf structure of Polytrichum.

4. (a) Describe the structure of psilotum.(b) Describe Puri and Gargs theory of morphological nature of Marsilea sporocarp.

(c) Write short notes on

(i) Gemma Cup

(ii) Endothecium(iii) Carposporphyte

(iv) Apothecium

SECTION B


(a) Enumerate the primitive and advanced characters of flowers.

(b) Give an account of the pollen morphological characters.(c) Describe the structure of the flower of Liliaceae.

(d) Describe variations in placentation in Thalamiflorae.

6. Compare the following sets(a) Microsporophyll of Cycas and Pinus

(b) Inflorescence in Ficus and Morus

(c) Dorsiventral and Isobilateral leaf(d) Glandular and Amoeboid tapetum

7. (a) Describe the ovule structure at the time of pollination in Gnetum.

(b) Give an account of the organization of shoot apical meristem.

(c) Describe the importance of a Herbarium. Mention two major Herbaria of India.8. (a) What are somatic hybrids? How are they produced? Discuss the significance of these

hybrids.


26/59

(b) Describe the floral structure of Rosaceous giving floral diagram and floral formula.

(c) Write short notes on the following:

(i) ICBN(ii) Apomixis

(iii) Totipotency

(iv) Heterostyly(v) Cltrastructure of egg apparatus

PAPER - II

SECTION A

1. Answer any three of the following. Each part should be answered in not more than 200words:

(a) What is the role of Golgi complex in a cell? Describe how Golgi complex is structurally

andfunctionally interconnected with endosplasmic reticulum.

(b) Why was Mendel fortunate in his choice of the pea plant as the experimental material?

Whyare Mendels laws important?

(c) The C3 cycle and C4 cycle are temporally separated in CAM plants, whereas they are

spatially separated in C4 plants. Explain.

(d) Give the botanical name, family, cultivation and processing of any beverage plant youhave

studied.

2. Discuss the operon concept of gene action.3. (a) Write an account of polyploidy and its role in evolution.

(b) Discuss the chemical organization of a chromosome:

4. (a) Write short notes on any four of the following:

(i) Chemical mutagens(ii) Downs syndrome

(iii) Seed dormancy

(iv) Active and passive uptake of ions(v) Shifting cultivation

(b) Forests are an important natural resource and need to be conserved. Discuss.

SECTION B


words:

(a) Write a short account of photoperiodism in plants.(b) Discuss the dynamics of translocation of organic substances.

(c) Name the vaznous phytogeographical zones of India and give two examples of

characteristicplants from each region.

(d) How is the centre of origin of cultivated plants determined? Discuss the importance of

such a

study in relation to improvement of crop plants.6. Describe the process of rhizobial infection and nodule development in a legume root.

What is the


27/59

function of leghaemoglobin in symbiotic nitrogen fixation?

7. (a) Define succession and explain with the help of a suitable example.

(b) Write a note on ecosystem under the following heads.(i) Components

(ii) Energy flow

(iii) Nutrient movement8. (a) Mention any three timber-yielding plants of India. Give the botanical names, their

respective

families and distribution. Add a note on seasoning of wood(b) With suitable example enumerate the chief characteristics and importance of the

following

(i) Essential oils

(ii) Fatty oils

C.S.E-Mains 1996

BOTANY

PAPER - I

SECTION A


(a) Give an account of the role of microbes in industry.

(b) Describe the process of fertilization (from pollination to gametic fusion) inangiospermic

plants.

(c) Describe the development of cyst carp in Rhodophyceae.

(d) Trace the evolutionary trends in the gametophytes in bryophytes.2. Give a concise account of the symptoms, disease cycle, life cycle of the causal organism

and controlmeasures of any four of the following:(a) Powdery mildew of wheat

(b) Downy mildew of grapes

(c) Early blight of potato(d) Bacterial blight of paddy

(e) Yellow vein mosaic of bhindi

3. (a) Describe the life cycle of a blue green algae and discuss ite role in nitrogen economyof the

soil. Why it is otherwise called as cyan bacterium?

(b) Give a general account of plant viruses, their ultra structure and mode of transmission.

(e) Describe the structure and discuss the morphological nature of the spike ofOphioglossum.

4. (a) Discuss the salient features in the life cycle of Coleochaete and their evolutionary

significance.(b) Describe the steps of dikar oxidation and development of basidium in Basidiomycetes.

(c) Write short notes on the following:

(i) Apothecium(ii) Elator


28/59

(iii) Oogonial conceptacle of Focus

(iv) Azolla

SECTION B


(a) Discuss the role of palynology in systematizes of flowering plants.

(b) Describe the development of typical dicot embryo.(c) Discuss the role of hormones in cell differentiation.

(d) Give an account of the staminate strobilus in Gnetum upto the stage of pollen

germination.6. (a) Describe anomalous secondary growth in the stems of

(i) Aristolochia

(ii) Dracaena

(b) What is a natural system of classification of plants? Give the outline of Bentham andHookers system of classification justifying that it is a natural system.

(c) Describe the development of the male cone of pinus till the germination of pollen grain.

7. (a) Give an account of the characteristic features of the family Asclepiadaceous along

with floraldiagram and floral formula. Give botanical names of three plants belonging to the family.

(b) What are haploid plants? How do they originate? What is their utility in cropimprovement?

(c) Write brief notes on the following

(i) Periderm(ii) Helobial endosperm

(iii) Protoplast

(iv) Pinus needle

8. (a) What is micro propagation? Describe various routes by which plants are micropropagated

through tissue culture.

(b) Give an account of the family Arecacea (Palmae) with floral diagram and floral formulaof

any representative member. Give botanical names of five plants of the family having

economic importance.(c) Write short notes on the following:

(i) Flower of Hibiscus

(ii) Female gametophyte of Gnetum

(iii) Pollen embryo sac(d) Give brief account of the following:

(i) Senescence

(ii) Nucellus(iv) Interxylary phloem

(iii) Coenospecies

(v) Embryo culture

PAPER - II

SECTION A


words.


29/59

(a) Describe the sub-microscopic structure of a living plant cell. How does it differ from a

prokaryotic cell?

(b) In modem concept of evolution, natural selection and mutation are not alternative butcomplementary processes-Explain.

(c) What are the forest types of India? Write the botanical names of 1. Redwood, 2. Hemp

fibre,3. Linseed, 4. Penicillium and 5. Rye.

(d) Explain the origin of nitrogenous compounds in the soil.

2. In genetic language both divisions of meiosis are partly reductional and party equational-Explain.

3. Distinguish between:

(i) Gynandromorphs and Intersexes

(ii) Transductsion and Bacterial Transformation(iii) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

(iv) Forward mutation and Frame-shift mutation

4. What is transpiration? Discuss its importance to plant biology. Is there any difference

betweentranspiration and evaporation?

SECTION B


words.

(a) What do you know about the molecular aspects of enzyme synthesis and its regulation?(b) How would you determine whether a particular trait was inherited via the nucleus or as

cytoplasmic particle?

(c) What are biospheres? What are the commonest causes for endangering the survival of

species? How are the endangered species conserved?(d) What are the growth substances? Explain their importance in agriculture.

6. What is pollution? What are the types of pollution? What are the principal means to

check pollution?7. Write short notes on energy plantation and agrochemicals.

8. What is genetic engineering? Discuss its importance to agriculture, forestry and

medicine.

C.S.E-Mains 1995

BOTANY

PAPER - I

SECTION A

1. Answer any three of the following in nor more than 200 words each:(a) What are plasmids? How are they related to bacteria?

(b) Discuss the significance of heterophony seen in selaginella.

(c) Briefly describe the physiological changes induced in a host plant by a parasite.(d) With examples discuss how progressive sterilization of sporogenous tissue occurs in

bryophytes.

2. Give a concise account of the life cycle of the causative organism, symptoms and controlmeasures


30/59

of any four of the following:

(a) Powdery mildew of Pea

(b) White rust of Brassica(c) Blast of rice

(d) Little leaf of brinjal

(e) Damping off of seedings3. (a) Give an account of the structure and mode of reproduction of bacteriophage.

(b) Describe the morphological nature of the sporocarp of marsilea.

(c) Describe the alternation of generations in Ectocarpus.4. (a) Describe the life history of Sphagnum.

(b) Discuss the usefulness of microbes in agriculture.

(c) Write notes on the following:

(i) Mycotoxins(ii) Megasporophyll of isoetes

(iii) Reproductive structures of Chara

(iv) Heterothallism in Fungi

SECTION B5. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each:

(a) Give an account of the female cone of Pinus.(b) What is apomixes? What is its significance in plants?

(c) Describe the method of producing somatic hybrid plants.

(d) Describe the floral structure of Musa along with floral diagram and floral formula.6. Compare the following

(a) System of classification of plants by Bentham Hooker and Engler & prantl.

(b) Female gametophyte of Cycas and Gmetum.

(c) Inflorescence of Euphorbia and Gmetum.7. (a) Enumerate with brief notes the cytogenetic criteria in biosystematics.

(b) Describe the characteristic features of the family Cucurbitaceous. Give the floral

formula andflora diagram. Write botanical names of five plants of the family having economic

importance.

(c) Write short notes on:(i) Totipotency

(ii) Orchid flower

(iii) Pollen sterility

(iv) Somatic embryo8. (a) Describe the structure and morphological nature of endosperm in angiosperm.

(b) Compare the floral structure of Magnoliaceae with that of Ranunculaceae.

(c) Write a brief account on each of the following:(i) male cone of Cycas

(ii) Flower of a grass

(iii) Leaf anatomy of C4 plants(d) Briefly describe each of the following:

(i) Tetrasporic embrayosac

(ii) Somaclonal variation

(iii) Wood of Gnetum


31/59

(iv) Polarity

(v) Flower of Umbellifeae

PAPER - II

SECTION A


words.(a) With the help of a diagram explain the ultra structure of the mitochondrion.

(b) What is male sterility? Explain its importance.

(c) Describe the structural variations in chromosomes.(d) Explani the term Crossing over and write a note on its significance.

2. What is nutation and how can it be induced? Write a note on mutation breeding with

special

reference to achievements made in India.3. (a) Discuss the modem concept of gene.

(b) Explain the term Hybrid vigour and write about its importance.

4. Write critical notes on any three of the following:

(i) M.S. Swaminathan(ii) Somatic hybridization

(iii) Origin of life(iv) Genetic transformation

SECTION B


(a) Explain the carrier concept of ion absorption.

(b) Write a note on green revolution

(c) What is verbalization? Explain its importance.(d) What is the importance of conservation of germplasm? Briefly describe the methods

used for

conserving germplasm.6. How was abscisic acid discovered? Discuss in detail the physiological role of abscisic

acid.

7. (a) Describe the important characteristics of RUBISCO and PEP carboxylase. What isthe

importance of these enzymes?

(b) Discuss the role of trace elements in plant metabolism.

8. (a) Write critical notes on the following:(i) Water pollution and its control

(ii) Red-Far Red interaction

(b) Write the botanical name, family, plant part fro which it is obtained and uses of thefollowing:

(i) Citronella oil

(ii) Atropine(iii) Coco

(iv) Sugar.


32/59

C.S.E-Mains 1994

BOTANY

PAPER - I

SECTION A

1. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each:(a) Which features does Anthocers share with Pteridophytes?

(b) Explain the mechanism of a symbiotic nitrogen fixation.(c) What are the criteria that must be met to prove that an organism is a pathogen?

(d) Examine the salient features of microphylls and megaphylls.

2. Write about the causal organism, symptoms and methods of control of any four of thefollowing

plant diseases:

(a) Koleroga of Coffee(b) Black rot of Cabbage

(c) Powdery mildew of Wheat

(d) Sheath blight of Rice(e) Bud rot of Cocount

3. (a) Write an account on vegetative propagation in hepaticae.

(b) Give an account of life-cycles in Rhodophyceae.

(c) Explain the soral thpes in fems based on the order of development of Sporangia. Whatis

phyletic slide?

4. (a) Discuss the morphological nature of the rhizophore in Selaginella.(b) Describe the mechanism of conjugation in bacteria.

(c) Write explanatory notes on the following:

(i) Sex chromosomes in Bryophytes

(ii) Heterocyst(iii) Elaters

(iv) Male flower of Gnetum

SECTION B


(a) Magnoliales possess evolutionarily primitive flower. Substantiate.

(b) indicate the role of anatomy in angiosperm systematic.(c) Outline the technique of pollen culture. Indicate its importance.

(d) What are mangroves? How do they adapt to the habitat?

6. (a) Write an account on the secondary growth in lianas(b) Explain the applications of mocropropagation.

(c) Comment on the following:

(i) Phlem in gymnosperms and angiosperms.(ii) Male gametophyte in Cycas, Pinus and angiosperms

7. (a) What is periderm? Explain its development in monocoty ledons.

(b) Write an account on the importance of Karyotypein taxonomy.

(c) Distinguish between:(i) Alpha taxonomy and omega taxonomy

(ii) Homocellular and heterocellular rays


33/59

(iii) Polygonum and Oenothera types of embryo sac

(d) Give an account of adventive embryonic.

8. (a) Give the floral formula and draw the floral diagram a diandrous orchid.(b) What is stomatal apparatus? Explain the different stomata types.

(c) Write explanatory notes on any three of the following:

(i) Dichogamy(ii) Sycouns

(iii) Vessel less angiosperms

(iv) Amphivasal vascular bundle(d) Name the source and economic importance of any three of the following:

(i) Asafoetida

(ii) Senna

(iii) Haematoxylin(iv) Sal

(v) Manila hemp

PAPER - II

SECTION A1. (a) With the help of a diagram, explain the ultra structure of the granum of chloroplast.

(b) What is the modern concept of cell membrane?(c) What do you understand by genetic code?

(d) What are the exceptions to Mendels laws? Explain with examples

2. Discuss the numerical changes in chromosomes and their importance. How can triploidslead to

seedless ness?

3. (a) Explain various evidences for organic evolution.

(b) Write a note on sex-liked inheritance.4. Write a note on sex-liked inheritance.

(i) H.G. Khorana

(ii) Multiple alleles(iii) Reproductive isolation

(iv) Agro bacterium mediated gene transfer

SECTION B

5. (a) Discuss the relationship between osmotic pressure, turgor pressure and diffusion

pressure

deficit in a vacuolated plant cell.

(b) Write about the path of carbon in photosynthesis in the maize plant.(c) What do you know about the centre of origin of wheat and the relatives of wheat?

(d) Write a note on the applications of plant growth regulations in agriculture.

6. Describe the chemical nature of cytokining. Discuss in detail the various physiologicaleffects of

cytokinins.

7. (a) How are long chain fatty acids synthesized in plant cells?(b) What is agro forestry? What are its advantages?

8. (a) Write critical notes on the following:

(i) Behaviour of guard cells during water stress

(ii) Food chain and food web


34/59

(b) Write the botanical name, family, plant part form which it is obtained, and uses of the

following:

(i) Vetiver oil(ii) Teak wood

(iii) Reserpine

(iv) Sesame oil

C.S.E-Mains 1993

BOTANY

PAPER - I

SECTION A


(a) Define Bio-control. Give examples of diseases controlled using this method.

(b) Describe the different ways by which genetic variation is brought about in bacteria.

(c) Write an account of the different aspects of microbiology in relation to human welfare.

(d) How viruses differ from other prokaryotes?2. Write in detail with illustration about any four of the following diseases:

(a) Late blight of potato(b) Tabacco Mosaic Virus

(c) Tikka disease of ground-unit

(d) Citrus canker(e) Loose smut of wheat

3. (a) How would you differentiate between a leafy liverwort and a moss?

(b) Describe the feren-like structure of Cyacas.

(c) Write about the development eof rhizophore in Selaginella.(d) Write in short about:

(i) Bars of sanio(ii) Centripetal and centrifugal xylem(iii) Pollen grains of Cycas and Ephedra

4. (a) Write in brief about any four:

(i) Pigmentation in algae(ii) hetereotrichy

(iii) Palmelloiid stage

(iv) Cystocarp in red algae(v) Diplanetism

(vi) compatibility

(b) Virus directs the machinery of the host for its own reproduction. Explain

(c) What are lichens? Apart from lichens, where else algae have associated with otherorganism?

SECTION B

5. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each:(a) Why international rules of botanical nomenclature are important and when were they

propounded? What are the main principles governing these rules?

(b) Discuss the role of tissue culture in production and propagation of virus-free plants.(c) Discuss the role of biosystematics in the understanding of the taxonomy of


35/59

angiosperms.

(d) What are the advantages of using plant cell culture to produce industrial compounds?

Explainthe term biotransformation

6. (a) What is extracellular cambium? Discuss about it activity with examples.

(b) Write note on:(i) Pllen development in Cyperaceae

(ii) Embryo sac-like pollen grains

(iii) Anther tapetum(iv) unorganized embryo

(c) What are penumatophores and in what type of habitat are they found?

7. (a) Why the Compositae are regarded as the most highly evolved taxon?

(b) What is it useful in agro-forestry?(c) How vegetation helps in control of pollution?

8. (a) What are the sources of the following? In what way are the economically important?

(i) Ergot

(ii) Pencillin(iii) Yeast

(iv) Agar-agar(b) Name the source and economic importance of any two:

(i) Tea

(ii) Arrowroot(iii) hashish

(iv) Cashew-nut

(c) State the Latin names, families, morphology and specific part of the plants from which

thefollowing are obtained

(i) Coir

(ii) Cotton(iii) Flax

(iv) hemp

(v) JuteHow are the different form each other?

PAPER - II

SECTION A

1. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words for each part:(a) What are the criteria for distinguishing between autopolyoidy and allopolyploidy?

(b) How does epistasis differ from dominance?

(c) Histones act as gene repressors and hormones as gene activators. Explain.(d) Point out the differences between point mutation and chromosomal aberrations.

2. (a) Explain the chromosome theory of inheritance.

(b) How will you demonstrate that the genetic crossing over has a cytological basis?

3. With the help of suitable diagrams bring out the differences between meiotic and meioticprophase.

4. Answer any two of the following:


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(a) What is hybrid vigour? Mention its utilization and achievements in plant breeding.

(b) Genetic activity is not the sole monopoly of the nucleus. Explain.

(c) What are the isolating mechanisms, which play a part in the evolution of plant species?

SECTION B

5. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words for each part.

(a) Write on the metabolic pathway of aerobic respiration.(b) What do you understand by C3, C4 and CAM plants?

(c) Describe the role of man as an ecological factor.

(d) Discuss in short the regulation of protein synthesis.6. Photosynthetic pigments are organized into two systems with different photochemical

function.

Comment.

7. Answer any two of the following:(a) Is the concept of Florigen purel hypothetical? Can in be homologous to Gibberellins?

(b) Write on energy flow in ecosystem.

(c) Describe in brief the biogeochemical cycle.

8. (a) What is social forestry? What are its advantages?(b) What are herbicides? What is the effect of herbicides on seed germination, seed

dormancyand growth?

(c) Name the plants, their families and the parts of plant from which following is obtained:

(i) Indigo(ii) Quinine

(iii) Nicotine

(iv) Saffron

C.S.E-Mains 1992

BOTANY

PAPER - I

SECTION A


(a) How do eukaryote cells differ from prokaryote cells?

(b) Write about different types of pollutants.(c) How has apomixes helped in evolution?

(d) Write about commensalisms with examples. How does differ from ammensalism?

(e) What are mycoherbicides? Explain with examples.

2. Give a concise account including control measures, of any four of the following:(a) Red rot of sugarcane

(b) Green ear disease of Bajra

(c) Yello ear rot of wheat(d) Bacterial blight of rice

(e) Yellow mosaic virus

3. (a) Give a short account of the moss protonema(b) List three most important characters from which Pteridophytes differ from the


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Bryophytes.

(c) Why is Marselia sporocarp not considered a seed?

(d) Why were Bryophytes not successful on land as the vascular plants?4. (a) How will you differentiate a long shoot from a dwarf shoot in pinus?

(b) What characters are common to cycads and Fern?

(c) Compare the mature embryo of Pinus with that of Cycas.(d) Tripharic life cycles in Algae. Discuss.

SECTION B

5. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each:(a) How does serology help in taxonomy of plants?

(b) Explain the significance of palynological characters in systematics.

(c) What characters are used for identification of wood

(d) Outline the scope, usefulness and limitations of Chemotaxonomy and Numericaltaxonomy.

6. (a) Write briefly about the following:

(i) Allergens

(ii) Nodel anatomy and taxonomy(iii) Endothelium

(iv) Vivipary(b) Distinguish between:

(i) Solanaceae and Ranunulaceae

(ii) Euphorbiaceae and Asclepiadaceae(iii) Gramineae and Musaceae

7. (a) Write on causes of pollen incompatibility and suggest methods to overcome the same

(b) Name the centres of origin and the regions of present day cultivation of any two of the

following.(i) Black pepper

(ii) Cloves

(iii) Sorghum(c) Name the source and economic importance of any two

(i) Lac

(ii) Teak(iii) Opium

(iv) Katha

8. Give a brief illustrated account of the following:

(a) Protoplasm culture(b) Bordered pit

(c) Tyloses

(d) Wood seasoning(e) Transfusion tissue

PAPER - II

SECTION A

1. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each part:(a) Describe the structure of thylakoid membrane in relation to its function.

(b) What are the principal chromosomal aberrations and how do they alter genetic ratios?


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(c) Give briefly essential features of the development of gene concept.

(d) Discuss in short role of mutations in evolution.

2. (a) What is sex-linked inheritance? Explain with suitable examples.(b) Discuss various methods employed in gene mapping.

3. How does gene recombination take place in population? Explain genetic drift give basic

principles ofpopulation genetics.


(a) Write major objectives for plant breeding. Discuss the techniques of breeding used forplant

improvement.

(b) What are his tones? Examine their role as genetic repressors in the light of modern

knowledge.(c) Critically evaluate the principal mechanism of organic evolution.

SECTION B

5. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words for each part:

(a) What is oxidative pentose phosphate pathway? What is its role in plant metabolism?(b) Mention of causes of seed dormancy. Give the methods breaking the dormancy.

(c) What is SPAC concept? Discuss he importance of this notion in plant water relations.(d) Present a brief account of the process of nitrate reduction in plants.

6. How is the CO2 concentrating mechanism during photosynthesis achieved in certain

plants? Explainin detail this pathway and its superiority over the C3 photosynthesis.


(a) What is plant succession? Discuss the process in relation to water factor.

(b) Describe the various types of forest met within India.(c) Classify growth movements. Briefly mention the hormonal control of tropic movements

in

plants.8. (a) Write a short account of the need and technique of a forestation programme.

(b) Mention the complete botanical names of plants yielding the following products, their

families, the morphology of the part of economic importance and the uses in each case(i) Cashew

(ii) Ginseng

(iii) Til

(iv) Sugarcane(c) Describe the role of biotic factors in the determination of plant communities.

C.S.E-Mains 1991

BOTANY

PAPER - I

SECTION A

1. Answer any three of the following parts. Answer should not exceed 200 words for each:

(a) List the structural characteristics of the cyan bacteria. What are they included under thekingdom Monera and not in the kingdom Plantae?


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(b) Outline a method by which water pollution can be controlled by bacteria.

(c) discuss the difference between a lysogenic and lytic pathway of multiplication of

bacteriophages inside the host cell.(d) Explain the difference between active and passive immunity.

2. (a) Name the causal agent, two characteristic symptom expression of the following plant

disease:(i) Bunchy top of banana (Musa sp.)

(ii) White rust of mustard (Brassica campestris L.)

(iii) Citrus canker (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) also (C. Sinensis(L.) Osbeck)(iv) Yellow rust of wheat (Triticum vulgare Host)

(v) root-knot of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

(b) Explain the concept of physiology of parasitism by suitable examples.

3. (a) Discuss the adaptations for land life evident in the bryophytes.(b) Give a schematic representation of the life cycle of moss (no details are necessary) ad

explain

the existence of alternation of generations. How have experimental studies modified our

understanding of the alternation of generations?(c) Draw the structure of a vegetative cell of yeast (Scharomyces cervisiae). Explain the

economic importance of yeast.(d) In what ways in chara unique among the algae?

4. Discuss the resemblances and differences in the structure of Selaginella and

Lycopodium.

SECTION B

5. Answer any three of the following parts. Answer should not exceed 200 words for each:

(a) Explain methods of proving that a plant is an apomict and capable of inducing

parthenocarpy.(b) Which characteristics of fowers are considered to be evolutionarily advanced and which

are

considered to be primitive?(c) Write briefly about the following:

(i) Casparian band

(ii) Explain the differences in the functional leaf anatomy of C3 and C4 plants(iii) Pollen as allergens

(iv) Fusifrom initials and ray initials

(d) Explainvery briefly the economic importance of

(i) Euphorbiaceae(ii) Compositae

(iii) Gnetales

(iv) Coconut palm6. (a) What is tot potency? Discuss the significance of regenerating plants from single cells

or

protoplasts under aseptic conditions.(b) Explain the advantages of micropropagation using the plant tissue culture methodology.

7. Selecting suitable examples form gymnosperms, explain the following conditions and

their

significance.


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(a) Dioecism

(b) Flagellated sperm

(c) Pollination droplet(d) Cleavage polymbryony

(e) Evegreen foliage

8. Write short notes on the following terms, citing the genus and the family (angiosperm) inwhich

these are found:

(a) Pollinium(b) Capitulum

(c) Cyathium

(d) Bicollateral vascular bundles

(e) Pome

PAPER - II

SECTION A


(a) Gives evidence for the correlation of cytological crossing over genetic recombination.(b) How do you distinguish between DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase and reverse

transcriptase? What are their products?(c) Describe the ultra structure and function of endoplasmic reticulum.

(d) What are aneuploids? How do they originate? Give suitable examples and explain their

significance.2. (a) What is meant by gene amplification? Discuss giving examples.

(b) Highlight the most important principles employed in plant breeding.

3. Write a critical essay on the principal modes of gene transfer in bacteria.

4. Answer any two of the following:(a) What are polar mutations? Discuss their role and significance.

(b) Examine the concept of gene pool in relation to evolution in natural populations.

(c) Discuss the principal theories regarding organic evolution.

SECTION B


(a) What is light harvesting Complex? Explain its role in relation to the function ofReaction

Centre.

(b) Define senescence. Discuss the various types of senescence and their role in plant

development.(c) Explain the physiology and biochemistry of guard cell function.

(d) How are fats converted ton carbohydrates in plants? Explain the uniqueness of the

pathway.6. Present a brief essay on the diversity in photosynthetic carbon reduction and the role of

different

modes in adaptation to environment.7. Answer any two of the following:

(a) What is social forestry? Explain its principles and practice.

(b) Briefly describe the concept of community in relation to its dynamics.

(c) Discuss the mechanism of transport of organic solutes in phloem.


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8. (a) What is Biospher? What is its main subdivision? Explain the concepts of matter and

energy

in the functioning of the biosphere.(b) Give complete botanical names of the following plants their products, their families, the

morphological natures of the part and the uses in each case

(i) Safflower(ii) Citronella

(iii) Cloves

(iv) Tea(c) What are plant indicators? Give a brief account of their usefulness with specific

examples.

C.S.E-Mains 1990

BOTANY

PAPER - I

SECTION A

1. Answer any three of the following question. Answer to parts (b), (c)

and (d) should not exceed 200

words for each:

(a) Write briefly about the following.

(i) A vascular land plant more primitive than rhynia

(ii) A plant disease beneficial to man

(iii) An edible alga grown commercially by sea-farming

(iv) A bacterium commercially exploited for antibacterial drug

production.

(v) A carnivores fungus.

(b) Distinguish between virus and viroids with suitable examples.

(c) What are monoclonal antibodies? How are they produced? Mention

their importance.


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(d) What are Target-specific fungicides? Name three such fungicides andmention their modes of

action.

2. (a) Comment on any two of the following:

(i) Generalized and specific transduction

(ii) Evidene of role of pectin hydrolases and transeliminases in plant

disease

development

(iii) Post-infectional biochemical defence mechanism in plants.

(b) Name the causal agent, primary inoculum and its source, twocharacteristic symptom

expressions, secondary inoculum and specific control measures used bythe farmers for the

following plant diseases:

(i) Downy mildew of Bajra

(ii) Rust of Coffee

(iii) Bacterial wiet of Potato

(iv) Sandal spike

(v) Ear-cockle of Wheat.

3. (a) Describe the morphology and anatomy of the corn of Isoetes.

Trace the origin of the taxon

from arborescent lycopods.

(b) Describe the sporophyte morphology of Azolla with special referenceto its argonomic use as

a bio-fertilizer.

4. (a) Comment on any Three of the following:


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(i) Triphasic life-cycle in algae

(ii) Ballistospores and mechanism of their discharge

(iii) Differences between sexual and parasexual recombination

(iv) Similarities and dissimilarities between photo-synthetic systems of

blue-green and

green algae

(b) Attempt any two to the following:

(i) State the distinguishing features of saprophytes of Sphagnidae,Andreacidae, and

Bryidae with sketches and examples

(ii) Control of oil pollution of sea-water by microbes

(iii) Economic, medicinal and ecological importances of bryophytes ofman.

SECTION B

5. Answer any three of the following questions:

(a) Write briefly about the following:

(i) An angiosperm with open carpel

(ii) A herbaceous gymnosperm

(iii) A saprophytic angiosperm

(iv) A dicotyledonous with C4 pathway

(v) A monocot with secondary growth

(b) Comment on the floral structure, relationships, and economic

importance of Ephedra.

(c) Distinguish between the cellular and helobial endosperm

development with sketches and


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examples.

(d) What are somatic hybrids? How are they produced? Mention their

importance to manking

with suitable examples.

6. (a) Enumerate the families of Conferrals giving characteristicfeatures, distribution and an Indian

examples of each of them.

(b) What is numerical taxonomy? Briefly state the methods employed inand importance of this

taxonomy.

7. (a) Answer any two of the following:

(i) Outline the salient features of the classification by Bentham andHooker. What are the

merits and demerits of this system?

(ii) Briefly comment on the origin of angiosperms.

(iii) Importance of the study of photochemistry in taxonomy.

(b) (i) State the distinguishing characters of Rosaceous and the affinities

of the taxon with

Rannunculaceae and Leguminous. Mention five India fruit plants of the

family.

(ii) Describe the shoot apex organization of angiosperms in the light ofrecent researches.

8. (a) Place the following genera to their respective families and indicatetheir economic

importance:

(i) Elaeis

(ii) Manihot


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(iii) Arachis

(iv) Cephaelis

(v) Nigella

(b) Distinguish between:

(i) Cereals and millets

(ii) Omithophily and chiropteriphily

(iii) utricularia and Aldrovanda

(iv) Plasmodesmata and Ectodesnata

(v) Sorosis and Syconus.

PAPER - II

SECTION A


(a) What are peroxisomes and glyoxysomes? Present brief account oftheir functions in the light

of modern work.

(b) Define epitasis. Explain the Patten of interactions involved with asuitable example.

(c) Briefly describe the cloning of eukaryotic genes in E. Coil.

(d) Discuss the structure and importance of polygene chromosome in

the study of gene

regulation.

2. (a) Write a short account on male sterility and its significance in plant

breeding.


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(b) Mention the condition required to maintain the hardy-Weinbergequilibrium over several

generations. How does the equilibrium get altered by a charge in these

conditions?

3. Give the characteristics that a substance must possess to be a

hereditary carrier. Discuss the role of

genetic code in eukaryotic protein synthesis.


(a) Explain gene evolution by mutation through duplication.

(b) Discuss the significance of cytoplasm inheritance and its importance

in hybridization.

(c) Present critical evidences for the concept of organic evolution.

SECTION B


(a) What is photo system II? Discuss the structure and function.

(b) Describe mitochondrial electron transport chain and its relation ofoxidative phosphorylation.

(c) Give the modern concept of the mechanism of stomata opening andclosure.

(d) Discuss the hormonal control of seed dormancy and germination.

6. What is C4 photosynthesis? In what groups of plants does this occur?Explain its high efficiency with

special reference to productivity.


(a) Forest types of India

(b) The role of micronutrient elements in plant nutrition with particular

reference to zinc and


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manganese.

(c) Action of phytahrome in the physiology of flowering.

8. (a) Write briefly about the conservation of ecosystems.

(b) Give complete botanical names of the following plants, the family to

which they belong, the

morphological nature of the parts yielding the economic products and

their uses:

(i) Jute

(ii) Saffron

(iii) Teak

(iv) Rubber

(c) discuss in brief the major centers of origin of cultivated plants in theworld with particular

references to origing of wheat.

C.S.E-Mains 1989

BOTANY

PAPER - I

SECTION A

1. Answer any three of the following questions. Answer to Parts (b), (c) and (d) should not

exceed 200

words for each:(a) Write briefly about the following:

(i) A blue-green alga which may by used as food

(ii) A bacterium causing plant tumour(iii) A fungus producing antifungal antibiotic

(iv) A fern without circinate vernation

(v) A grmnosperm where male cones are found in groups

(b) Distinguish between antibody and complement. What roles do they play inimmunological

reactions?

(c) Compare the photosynthetic apparatus in the liver-worts and true mosses.(d) Distinguish between lytic and temperate life-cycles of viruses with suitable

examples.


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2. (a) Distinguish between specific and nonspecific toxins produced by phytopathogens.

Discuss

the role in disease and mechanism of action of one of each type.(b) Comment briefly on any two of the following:

(i) role of phytoalexin in disease resistance of plants

(ii) Sex hormones of fungi(iii) Infestation of stored grains by fungi and the possible health hazard

3. (a) give an account of asexual and sexual reproduction of Chlamydomonas. What light

does itthrow on the origin of sex in plants?

(b) Characterize jungermanialses, justify their position in the hepaticopsida.

4. (a) Give a brief outline of the anatomy of Equisetum. What structural features of

Equisetumindicate adaptations to xeric and aquatic environment?

(b) Comment briefly on any three of the following:

(i) Radiometric dating of fossils

(ii) Angiospermic characters of Gnetum(iii) totipotency in plants

SECTION B

5. Answer any three of the following questions:

(a) What is paleontology and what are its applications?

(b) How many nuclei are ultimately formed in germinated angiosperm pollen? What is thefate of

each of these nuclei?

(c) What are the underlying principles for the distribution of mechanical tissues in plants?

(d) What are protoplasts? How are they obtained on a large scale? What are variousmethods by which protoplasts can be used for crop improvement?

6. (a) Describe the post-fertilization changes that take place in a typical dicotyledonous

ovuleleading to the formation of seed.

(b) On the basis of the structure of reproductive organs only, how would your

7. (a) discuss the differences between the systems of classification of Engler andHutchinson.

Which of these system do you consider more phylogenetic? Give reasons.

(b) Distinguish between any three of the following pairs:

(i) Actinostele and Atactostele(ii) Bast fibres and Wood fibres

(iii) Mesogenous stoata and Perigenous stomata

(iv) Protophloem and Metaphloem8. (a) Place the following genera to their respective families and indicate

c s e mains old paper

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