c manual 1st edition final

7/23/2019 C Manual 1st Edition Final

1/106

1

(CE . CHE F242)

DEAE F CHE

BA E F ECHG AD CECE, A . . BA

GA CA, GA


2/106

2

Ta Ca Ea I

Da ,

BITS, Pa K K Ba Ga Ca

A .


3/106

3

C

INDEX Pa .

PART A I 4

Ga Laba Sa 6

Paa b 8

C aba 11

PART B

E 1: Ea aa a . 39

E 2: Fa aa a 46

E 3: Qaa aa aa. 57

E 4: Ca aa a a 73

E 5: S :

a) b b NaBH4

76

b) a b NaBH4 78

) aaa a aa a 81

) 3Ma5 83

) M Oa 84

) ba 86

E 6: M :

a) IBX aa a

87

b) Ba Da (.. P) 89

E 7: Ea aa : a a a a 94

E 8: Caa aa: Saa , a

/

97

E 9: Qaa aa: Ea G 101

E 10: Oa a a a : a, 3D

.

105

A 106


4/106

4

A A

DC

W Oa C ab. Y a ab ba a a b b

a a . T b a

a ba a aa aba a . T a

a a a a a

aa . H, b a

aa a a aa . I

b a a a a b a . T

Laba Maa

. P a ab , a Laba

Maa. T a ba a a a

b . P a a a

a, , a, b, . A , a a a a

( a a). I a a a

ab a, .

W aba aa .


5/106

5

ACEDGE

T aa a a a. Ma a b

Da C a aa a a

aba .

T b aba aa a a aa a

a a b b aba aa

a ab . M a b a ,

aa BITS, Pa K. K. Ba Ga Ca .

P.D. a a aba a a a a

a, aa, a a a

aba a BITS, Pa K. K. Ba Ga Ca. T a CHEM F242 a a

.

T a a a.

://../ab/

://.b./b/a/CEM221/Ha/LabMaa.

://..///5301abaaaa

2012/ab/MIT5_301IAP12__aa.://.aa./.

C E

S II 20122013

Da C


6/106

6

ABA AFE

F, , A

T a aba a a aa

aba. Ta a a a . D /

a a b a a.

Db a b a b a a.

A:

1. E a a a b a a

a T a a aba

a.

2. Lab a a b Lab. A . L a

b ba.

E

A a b. Ca ba

a aba. H, a a . T, a

a a aba. Sa :

A a

A a

F

Fa .

) E

T a a a . I b aab

a a a a a 15 . I a a,


7/106

7

a a a a a a 15 . D

, b . T a ab a

b. I a a . A b

a a b a a a.

N a a a .

)

T a , a, a

a b a a a a .

. C F: I a , a b a a . N

a , a a. U

aa a a b.

. La Ca S: La a a b

b a . Caa b

, a a b aa b a a

a a. D aa a b a!

S a aab a a aa .

) F E

I aba, aab aa. Sa

b a aba. La a. I a a

aa a .

) F A

F a a . R a a b , a a/ , a a.


8/106

8

H C E:

1. C a a b aa. K a a a a

.

2. A a a . I a a ,

a a a, a a.

3. D b aab a a.

4. N a b a a a a b, a

a.

5. Aa a a, a a a.

6. N a a. T , b a a,

a a a a a a .

7. D a a a b .

8. F a .

9. D a b a. T a. I b ,

a a. O aa b.

N a b.

10.Ba, a a a a.

C:

1. N ba a a aba.

2. N a a b .

3. K aa a. P a a a b a, a, b.

Ca aa b a.

4. A . I , a aa a a aa

a. I .


9/106

9

5. A a . a. K aa a

a a a a.

6. I, a aba, a , a ,

b a a aa.

7. Aa a a b a aba.

ACCIDENTS WILL NOT HAPPEN

Ta' a a aba.

ADACED EAA AD HE EB

B aba a aa aa a a

a a aba. T aa aa a

a , b a b aab a . Ra

a a a a ba a b a

a . N, a

aa b aba. Pa a b

a b ( aaab) a a a ,

( ) a a b . Ma b

aa a a. T a b b

b b b.

://.ba./a

a.;=44C8A37A0B563BB3698013E89F08E997?=&=7152670&=


10/106

10

"A Caa Hab F Ca", A Ca C.

"M I", W, M. , Raa N.J.

T aba b a a

aba a . I a a a

a a a a a a a a

a. T a a

. T a a a

b. A baa a a a b

b.

) U a b b. Nb a a b a aab

a a a a a a.

) W . I a a a. J a a

aa . Na aa aa.

) La a b ba a ab a a

a b a a. Pa b b .

) S b aa b b

aba.

Wa a . H, a a.

1. : Ea a a a aa . T a a b

aa.

2. E: T a a a a

a. N a a aa a.


11/106

11

3. : T ab a a a a a

a a a (a , (), b

(), (), .).

4. E : T a .

Ta a aa a a

aa. D aa. Aa,

a.

5. D/: Y a ba a a

a a. I a a a a a, a .

I a a bab a a, a

aa a (a, /, a (R), , b

, .) A aa a a b b.

6. /D: Ea a a a a a .

T aa a aa .

C

T b aa a aba a b

a b a a. T aa a a

aa a b

a a a b . Wa a b a

a .


12/106

12

T aa aa a aa a

ba a a a a . F a,

aa a a a a a a, aa

a a aa , a a a a aa

, a aa aa a a a

a a aa a .

T aa . T

a a a a aa a

a a ba a. T a b

a a aa . I a a

a a a, a a . T a a a

. A a a a a

a b aa a a. I a,

a a a b a b a a a a

a a. T a a a b a b

aa a b a.

T a a b a. A a a aa

, a a a a b a

aa a. A a, a a

b a. T, b a a

, aa a a a a a b ba. M

b a b a a

a a. I a a, aa a, a

a a . H, a aa b

a a aa a, a. T% a

aa b a 100.


13/106

13

C ABA ECHE

C a . T a ab . A ab

a () b . T b

b a a b a aab a a. (, Wa a

b a aa b 0100C).

a. b b a a a a.

b. a a ; a a b a ;

a a

. a a a COMBUSTABLEa a

. (; 1:1 a/a) a a b b b

b a

a. a b b

b. a b a a, a a (a), a ba

( ) REaa.

1. Y a ba a a a a b .


14/106

14

2. I a , a aa a TRAP .

DO NOT a a. I a, CLAMP a a a

ab .

Caa ()

U ba a

U a; a b a b b

a a a a.

a. a E a, a

b. a b a a a. F a,

a 5 L a a. a , a a 5 L

a a. I ....

. a a a b aa (, a, b )?

. , a a. 10% . I b aa, a a (a

a a a a b aa b) .

. a, , a b, a

aa ( a a a a ).

. , a a a aa a a ( b). F b () a (),

a a a a .

. (a) a E a


15/106

15

. a a a ba

. a a

1. a a a ,

2. a a a a a b a (a a

a),

3. a a a; a

a a a aa a a .

. aa , b a a aa a ()

. aa a , .

D:

M a a . H a (.., a ) abb

b a b . I a, a a

, a b b aa aa aa (N). Pa

(, a ) ab aa b a a b aa

. Ua, a ab aa

a. Ua, a a a aa ( a

a a). T N a a a (b b)

a a . CAUTIONa a N a a a

. T N a b a

a.

F

U b .


16/106

16

U a GRAVITY FILTER FUNNEL DONOT a

U a BUCHNER a a b....

N a B a b .

F B , a a . A a

a a b (a a ). Y

, a a a a aa (b a a TRAP a). F

a , a a (b a a TRAP a).

J a a, a a L

a a a. T a a .

F a , a a a ab a b a

b a a ( a a). A a . A a

. I b a

a a b a . T

a .

F: F a a, a a a ,

a a a a a. B a

a a .

F a B , a a a a a bb b

TRAP a . U a aa a, a

a aa a a a a a

aab a.

A: F a, a a a a a b a a

. O a b a a a, a b

a a b a a . A a

a a a a a a aa a a a ba a

a a. T a, a a a.


17/106

17

: Y a a a a a a

a a a a . Rb, a ; a

. U a a a a.

Y a B a H a a .Rb, a a a a a

a a.

T a a a SHUT OFF a, a a a

a a a ba ab 5 (

) a a a. T b a. D

a . Y a a b a . T a a a

a , a a .

F B a: T a bab a

a a . O, b a a ,

ba a. T a a a a a .

T ba a, a b b b ba a.

T a b ba. U

(, a aa) a a

. I , a b b. I , aa.


18/106

18

S Pa a :

a

a (N,Na)

a (a, a)

(a, )

( aa)

ab ( , )

( )

aa ()

aa (a, )

H:

T a a aa aba. Fa a

. E a a a a a . B a

a b . I a a

a a. T a a a a aab a

a a . Ha a a b a (b); a

aa a a .

Sa a a, a, aab . T

ab a a a a . T 100C a a a

a a a .


19/106

19

D:

T aa a a . T aa a

a. I a a . A

a a a a. I a a a a a. T ba a, a a

a b ( a) a a a a a

, ; .. 124126C.

Pa a a aa b: T a b a

aa b. T aa b b a . Ta a

a aa. N a a b b

b aa (b ) a a a a b. A a . F ab a a.

E

Ea a a a. F a, a

ba, a a a ba a a

a. T a ba () a b a a. T a a

a. I a a a ( 1) a

a ( 2), a b b b

b a a. T b

a a b aa.

L a a a . Ua, a a

b a a a a a ,

, aa (a a a b). O, ab a ,

a , a a, a a ab a b

( HC). I a a, a a b a a

. Ta a a a a. Y a a a

a a a a. F , a aa .


20/106

20

T b a a a a a a a

b a.

F: T a a a aa

b ( a). W a a a aab . H, a a a.

U Saa : F, a a a .

Ga b a; T a.

2. C a a a.

3. Pa a ba a a a a.

4. F . D a 75% aa ( a aa

)

5. S. R a, a (IMPORTANT, a a ),

a a b b a BEFORE a (a a

a).

6. A a , aa

b

7. W a aa, a a.

8. P a a. NOTE: T a a .

9. Sa b a a a a a a. I

aa, . I a, aa a a a a a

.

P Y: A a a ba , a aa

ba ( a), a a a ba ( a), a aab

a. I a a a a a


21/106

21

a b a a. T aa % Y aa a .

Y a / 100 = % . T % a 100%; ,

a a a a a a aa, a a b .

P ab a a b a.

..

BENZOIC ACID ( )

120121C ( )

3.2 ( )

D

Da a a a a a a a a

aa. A ba a a a aa b a

a . T a ba b ba

aa a a a . Va a a

a ba a a. T a a

, a a. W a a ba

a a , ba b b. I a

a , a a a ba b a

.


22/106

22

D

A a a b a a b a , a a

a a a b a a a . T

b a a a a b. T ba a

b a aa a a a

a a aa. T b a b a a b

a a b a a ba. F a,

a a b a 120122 C, a b

a a a a a ba a aab .

O , aa a a b a b a

a a. I a, a b a 12 C a a a

a a a aa. Y b a

a .

Oaa, a a b a

b ba . T a a

a a a a b a a a b aa b a.

Ea a 95% a5% a (b 78.1 C), 20% a80%

(b 64.7 C), 74.1% b, 7.4% a, 18.5 % a (b 64.9). T

a b a b a

. M ba a a

ab ba a .

R b a, a a b

a a b a, a b

a a b a a a b a.

U aa, b a a a a a

a . I a


23/106

23

b a ba a .

W b a b Ra' La, a

a a a, b a.

F 1. T aaa a a. N

bb a a a aa

a.

PA

obs = PA

o , PA

obs b a A 1

= A/(A + B + C +...)

PAo= a A


24/106

24

A, B,C ... : b A, B, C, ...

T a a aab b b ba

A a a a a. A

a a a a a aab

a , a a ba a

.

L' a ba (2 )

aab a. O a + a a

a. Ra' a a a b a a a

a a a a a a a . O aa a b, a

b, a b a a a a.

Wa a . S a a a

aa b a 1, b a a ( PAobs

)

a a, PAo b a a a. A a

a , a a a b a

a a. Rb, a a b a. I a

b aa a a a

a b a , b

a; a a aa a a

a. U a, a

a a a a 100 C.

D a, a a a a a

a . S a ab

a a a. A a , a

a b a a 100 C. C

b a a a a . I 20


25/106

25

C a a aaa, b aa

a F 1, b b a a . T

a a b b a a a aa

a a a 20 C. S a a a 20 C

2.3 Pa, 2.3/101.325 0.023 b a a a

a a . T a

a ba a.

T a a a aa a aa

a . H, a b

a a a a a, a a . L'

b a

aba, a a a. T a

aa a Tab 1. A a ab,

a a a a a, a

b a a a a. T a a b aa

b baa a a b b

a a a 1 a. T a , PT, b

aa a a Da' La aa , a 2,

b a a, Pcobs , a a, Pm

obs:

PT = Pcobs

+ Pmobs

. 2

A b, b a , PT, a a a. H

a b a ,

a b a. Aa a Ra' La b a

ab b a . I aa

a a a. F a aa, ' a

a a a a a a . Wa

b b aa a


26/106

26

a b a. B aa, b

b a a a a

a a a a a . I a a a

1. Va a a a a a

a.

a a

T/K P/Pa T/K P/Pa

300 14.1 300 6.7

305 17.6 305 8.5

310 21.7 310 10.6

315 26.5 315 13.2

320 32.2 320 16.2

325 38.8 325 19.8

330 46.5 330 24.0

335 55.3 335 28.9

340 65.4 340 34.6

345 77.0 345 41.2

350 90.0 350 48.7

354 101.3 354 55.4

360 121.3 360 66.9

362 128.5 362 71.1


27/106

27

365 139.9 365 77.9

370 160.5 370 90.2

373 174.0 373 101.3

380 208.8 380 119.3

385 236.7 385 136.4

390 267.3 390 155.3

395 300.9 395 176.2

400 337.5 400 199.1

. O, a

a, a , a, a a

a. Ia a b a a a a 0.5.

F Ra' La (a 1), Da' La (a 2) a a Tab 1,

a a a b a aa 362 K a

a a 101.3 Pa.:

PT

= Pc

obs+ Pm

obs = 0.5(128.5 Pa) + 0.5(71.1 Pa) 101.3 Pa

T a a a b a

b a a b . N,

ab a. I a a a a

a ? I

a a a a a , a b

aa . H, a, "Wa

a?" B a a , a a a

a a a a. Ra a: PV = RT, P a a, V

, b a, R Ga Ca (0.0821 L.a.K


28/106

28

1.

1) a T a, a a b a

aaa a. F a:

PTV = TRT a PcobsV = RT a Pm

obsV = RT T a

b , (Pcobs + Pm

obs ) = ( + )RT.

I a a a b a a a a a, a Da' La, a a

. S a a a a a

, a b a a a. W ' a

a, b a a a

a a a a , a a V,

a b . T a a ab a:

Pcobs/Pm

obs = /

a a b aa

. I a a Tab 1,

a a 1.8/1, a

a .

T a a a b a.

H a a a a a

aa a. F a, aa a a

a b b a a a a b

a . T a a a a ,

b a . S

a a 1:1 a a b a ;

a a. T

a a a a a aa a

a . T a a a

a b a a a a a


29/106

29

a a aa b a a . I

a aa , a a

aa a a a .

Ob a aa a a.

Ga, aa a a. I b

b a a b aa a

. W b , a, a a ,

a a a a a a

a .

I b aa a

b . A

a a , b a 10 C a b . Ea

a a b aa a a a

a b b. T a a a b aa a

a.

T a a a a. I a

a a ba b a a. T a

a a a. A , b

a a aa ba a a

a. B a aaa b aa

, a a ba aaa b

a a a. T a b

a a a a.


30/106

30

D

Ea b a a a , a

a , a a. H,

a a a a a a aa. I

b a a a a, a

a a b . W aa

a a a, ,

a a a . I a, a a b a

a ba b a . A a b ,

. S aa a b

, ba a b ba a b

a. R " b" b ab a aab

a b b b 10 C a a

a. F a, a ab a ba 1/16 a

a b a a aa , b a b

b 10 C a a 40 C (1 a (1/2)(1/2)(1/2)(1/2) =1/16 a).

A a a a a b a b a

a a b

b a a aaab. T a

a b , a a a a a a

a (b). Ra a ab a a

b a b a . S a

a a a

a . A a a a a b 400 C. U

a F 2 a a , a a

ab a a a a b a

a a a b . A a 6


31/106

31

, b b 200 C. L, b a 400 C

a 1 a b b a 145 C a 0.1 a .

() () ()

F 2. A a a b a . T , a a

a a a . C

. A a a a 101.3 Pa a a

, 76 (760 ).

PTa Na Va Da

B P

a PB P

a 1 a

P ()

1 a=760

;

F C


32/106

32

F D

W a a a a 1:1, a:

a, a a a

. S a a a a

a b a. L a , 2. T

2 a a. F,

2 a a a ; a a

2 b b a b (a aa b a

1.8/1 a/a? Tab 1). I a,

a, a 2, b 2 aa b a

. T a a a ba ( a a)

a b a a ba. I a

a , a aa a ,

a a, a b aa

a , a. I a b ,

a a a

a a, . I a aa a, b aa

a a b a b. T a a

a b a aaa . M aa

a aaa a a a a a

a a . Ia aaa a ,

(.. a a ba ). O a a

b, a a a ab 100:1 (ab 1 100

a ).

A a ba a a aa a

a aa a. A a a aa

F 4. Ea a a a a . T a a

a 4 a a a ba b a


33/106

33

ab 1 a a a 5 . A , a b

a a a b . Ma

a b a aaa a a

. Ta ba a aba

aa aab a a a

a L. Ca a a


34/106

34

F 4. A aa a ab, a a

ab ab. T a ab a

, ab . A b, a ab a

a. A ab a

. T a a a a

ab a . A , a a a

ba a . T a a a

a ab ba a a a

a a a b . T a a a

a a .

C a b a a a a a

aab aa b a b a .

I a a aa a a a ,

a b aa a a . T a

b ba a a aa a

a .

D

T a a a a a a aa a a a

aa a a . T ab

aa a a aa a

aa a, ab a a

a . T a a a

a. Sa a a a a a a a

aa. Ma , b a , a aa

b a aaa a a. A a


35/106

35

b aa b a a. I b ab a

a b b a, a a a a b a a

1 Pa (0.01) a. I a

, a aa a b b aa

. T a, a a b, a aa

a a:

S a 1 a a 100 a aa

a aa aa a a ba. L' a a

a a aa a a a 150 Da, a a 1

Pa a b a a aab . Ea aa

aa b , aa

a ba a . H a b

a a a a aa b a aa?

W a b b a a aa

aab b a. W a b

a a a . W a a

b b a a a aab b aa

aa. W a a b , a

aa. B

PT = Pwaterobs

+ Porgobs

; PT = aPwatero

+ Porgo

100C. Rb a b a

a a a a . Sa a , a

a a a. T a , PT, a

a, 100 Pa, a a , Porgo

,1 Pa. B

b a. Ta a a a a a a

b a a, PV a b a b :


36/106

36

PaV/ PV = aRT/RT;

Pa/ P = a/ a

a= a/18; = 1/150; aa:

a = (100/1)(18/150) = 120 a 120 L

O aa a a b a a 1 a a

a b a b a a 120 L a. T ba

aa b a a a a a a a

a b, a b a b. O , aa aa

a a a aa. A ab, b a a b b

a.


37/106

37

A B

H, b a aa a a aa a a

a) qualitative analysis of known and unknown organic samples, b) quantitative estimation of a

few organic substances and c) single and multi step syntheses of several organic compounds.

Ea a b a a a ab . T

b a .


38/106

38

EEE 1

EEEA AA F GAC CD

:

T a a a a .. ,

a a (, b a ).

:

I a a ab, a a a b . E

a .. , a a (, b a )

a a b a a . A a a a a

aa : Qaa aa a Qaa aa. T a

a a a aa aa a

a . T b a

a aa a ba a .

AAGE E

T a a a b Laa . I , a

a a b

a. A a .

E

1. Ta a a a a a aa a b b

a a a a b.


39/106

39

2. T b a a b.

3. R a a a b (a

23 ). F a a a a

b .

4. P 10 a a a a a a

a a a. T a a b 2

b. T b b , a

a a .

5. B a ab 5 a . T a a

Laa a a. T a b . Fa b

. S, , b

a aa.

:

, Na + C + N NaCN ( a). S, b

a Laa a.

, 2Na + S Na2S ( ). T, b

Laa a.

, Na + C + N + S NaSCN ( aa). S,

a a a , b

aa Laa a.

H, Na + X NaX (X=C, B a I) ( a). S, a b

a ( X=C, , X= B, b a X=

I, ) Laa a.


40/106

40

:

1. F a a NaOH a a

a. FSO4+ 2NaOH F(OH)2 + Na2SO4

(F , )

NaOH Laa a b a b a

a a a. T, a ba a a NaOH

a a b a.

2. F a a ( a)

a a a F(OH)2+ 6NaCN Na4F(CN)6+ 2NaOH

( a)

O b aa a, a ab b

aa a. A a a a

a. S a a a a

Pa b .

3Na4F(CN)6+ 2F2(SO4)3 F4[F(CN)6]3+ 6Na2SO4

(Fa, Pa b)

:S ( a) a

.

Na2S + Na2[F(CN)5NO] Na4[F(CN)5NOS]

( ) ( ) ( )

:

S aa ( a a) a aa, a b .

3NaSCN + FC3 F(SCN)3+ 3NaC

( aa) (b )


41/106

41

D ,

,

, .

NaSCN + 2Na NaCN + Na2S

, C 2 .

.

H:

S a ( a a) a a

a a. NaX + ANO3 AX + NaNO3

I X=C, AC ( ) b a b

A .

I X=B, AB ( b) b a a

b A .

I X=I, AI ( ) b a b

A .

:

C a a a a a B( b a)

B2a a

2NaB + C2 2NaC + B2 a B2 a a a.

C a I ( a) I2

2NaI + C2 2NaC + I2 a I2 a a.

A

W a a ab a a

:


42/106

42

, , , b a I.

H ECD

A:T a () a .

AAA EED:Ca , , b, b, aa b, a

, a, a , b , , a aa.

CHECA EED: Oa a b ,

a, a, , , a,

a. NaOH, . S a, . N a, . H a, . N a

BEA ABE:

.. E

1

T Laa a (12 ),a a (5075).

[I a , a a

a.]

N a

a 1 a a

a .

D

a

Pa b

N

2 V S


43/106

43

T a (12 ) a

1 a

.

a

3

Ta 12 a a

a

a. A 23

.

B N a

S a

4 H:

/

A 12 a

a. A

a (0.5)

/

W ab

A

Pa

a b

A

Y a

b

A

W a

b

C

B

I

C


44/106

44

A 1 a

a (23).

B

a a

a .

( )

Ta 12 a a

b a a 1 ab

a . N,

a 1 a a

a b .

A

Pa

a b

A

Y a

b A

Cab a

a

(b a)

a

Cab a

a

(b a)

N a b a

B

I

B

I

C

E:T a . a a a a .


45/106

45

ECA:

1) D a ; aa a .

2) N a .

3) Ua a b a b a a a

a .

4) Aa a a a .

5) F 34 b a a b a.

6) R a a b a b

a b a .

7)

I a , a b b b b.

8) W aa a b

a, a a aba a b a

a b, aba a b a.


46/106

46

EEE 2

DEEC F FCA G GAC CD

:

T a a a a a

a a a a, a, , , a, .

:

I a a a a b

aa . Ga a a

( a ) a a,

a, , a, . T a a a aa a

a / a a a ,

.

.

D B : A a a a

b a b a a

b. O b a aaa b b .

Aa a a b b b a a HB, a b b b a a

a b. :

HB .


47/106

47

E Oba I

I a , a b, 0.1 L a

( 50 a ) 1 L

. A a 2%

b a a

aa.

A

b a a

b .

T b

aa. T

a

b

aa

a

aa a

a.

D : A aaa a b a b b MO2, a b a.

T, aaa a a a b a

a . H,

, , ,

.

E Oba I

I a a b, 0.1 L a (

50 a ) 1 L 95% a 1,2

a. A a 1% a

a aaa aa.

T

aaa

aa

D A 2,4D: Ha a 2,4

a a ab a a

a. Na a a b a a b a. T

a a a 95% a. La, a a

a , a a 2,4DNP a HC


48/106

48

a a. T a a a a

a (a ). H, a a

ab a aa a

E Oba I

D 1 (

10 ) a b

95% a a b. A 1 L

2,4DNP a aa. I a

a 10 , a a

a a ba a .

Y

a

a

a

A . I , a

ab a b a a , a a

a. T a a ab a. Pa T a

a b a

E Oba I

Paa T a:

M 3 L T A (a

a) 3 L T B (10%

a. NaOH) a

. A 10% a

, aa,

. T a

a a T

.

I a 3 a, b, a 2 L


49/106

49

T a

a a ab. D 10 a

( 1 a )

a b(2)

a a ( a 1

L). A

, aa, b.

M a a

a. F ba, a 0.5 L

b(2).

A

a a

a a

a

a a b.

T b

a

a

2,4DNP .

Wa: Wa a a a T a a a

a. T a a . T a b

a a ab a . T a a b a a

a a a a b b. I , .

D C A : I , a a

a a a a a ab b a a

a. Aa a a a a , aa a a a b

. S a a, a ba

a b a a a a a . Wa:

C(VI) a a a b a a.

E Oba I

D 10 a ( 1 a )

a a a a a,

b. A a a

T a

C(VI) a b

C(III)


50/106

50

a a a.

A a a a a a

a . Ta a a

.

T a a b

1.0 CO3 1.0 L

a a a a

3 L a.

a

a a

a

a a

.

D F H : I a a ab a a ab a, b a . O

aa b a a a (HOHNC=O)

a . S a a

, .

E Oba I

D 10 ( 1 )

1 L 95% a, a 1 L 1

N HC, a a 12 5%

. I ba a a ,

a b . O,

a : 50 2

1 L 0.5N a

95% a a 0.2 L 6N

NaOH. Ha b 23 ,

a a 2 L 1N HC. I b

, a 12 L 95% a a. A

1 5% . I a

A b

.


51/106

51

a a, a aa 5%

. T

a b a a

a .

D F C : J a a

, a a a . T,

a a a ba a . N a

a .

E Oba I

I a b, a a 2.5% a a 3%

a .

I a b, 20

( 1 ) 1 L

a a 1 . A

3 1% .

A , , b

.

A

a .

U a a

.

D : I

a a , HCI3, a .

A a b a a a a a

aa. T aa a a.

E Oba I

I a a a b a a, a 100

a 5 a . A 2

L b(2), 5 L a, a 1

A a 15

, a a

a


52/106

52

L 10% NaOH, a . A a a 3

L a

a , a a a a

a. Ca: a b a a

a a .

T b . Ha

a a a aa

a. W , a

a a b a,

, a a .

T a a 10 a 20 a

100 L a.

( 119

121C) a

a

.

D A H : I a a ba b

b a a, a ba a a a a,

a, a a Hb . Y a a a a b a a a a a b

a a a a. T b a a a a b a b

ba (a a a N) b a a a a

( N ).

E Oba I

A 100 a 0.1 L a

, 200

, a 5 L 10% KOH a a

b.

Fa a

a a

a

b a


53/106

53

S b a a a

. R a a

a a ba 1 . C

a ba H a, a

aa KOH .

I a a a , a 5 L a

a a . I a,

a 5% HC a

b H a.

a a a

a.

I a

ba ,

a a

a aa a.

I a a

a a a,

a a

a b a a

a.

AEAE E F FCA G E

E Oba I

A

T , ba ab a a

a a b b a a

a a aaa,

a a

a. T aaa , b

I a

a,

aaa

a a

a 1 2

a b a.


54/106

54

a b; a

aaa

.

T 3 L aa a a (

!) a a a b, a

2 ( ab 20 a

) a . A

a a

a, a aa a

a aaa a a a

.

I a a

a,

aaa a

a a

aaa a

b a

a a.

T La b a,

a, a a a a ba

a a b a

. T b ab a b

b a.

T 0.5 L a a 3 L

a a a,

a. C b a

a a ; a a.

Ta a

a a

aa ()

,

a a

ab 5 ,

b aa a

a a

a .

A

' F

T a

a b (a SO2)

"" .

A, b , a

"" a

D

.

K

b a


55/106

55

a a a

a .

T a b ,

45 L a, a ab 1 L

a

a

a a a

A H

Ca a b ba F

Ca aa b .

Pa ab 100 a a

a a, P b a

a b aa a b

a b. W b

, a a a

b a ab 20

10 (

). A

b a ba b

a a , a,

.

B a

a a

a ;

aa a

a a

a a b ; a

aa

a .

C

Pa 0.2 a a b a a

0.4 a , 0.6

a aa, a 4 L

a. Pa b a ba

Na

a a b

b


56/106

56

b a. N a

b a a

a. A 20 ,

b a ba a a

. A a a a

a a a. T a a

a a,

a abb a

a, a a

ba a.

T a a a a a b

b a 0.5 L

aa b . T

b b a a

a a .

I a b, a 2 aba a 2

a . Ca b

a . H2SO4, a

,a b.

A 2 ab 2 L

aba a .

a a

aa

a a

a

a a.

Ob

a

.

A b ba b

a

aa.

: Pa a aba a a b a.


57/106

57

EEE 3

CEE AA F CD

:

T a a a a a a

a a aa a

a.

:

I a a a a b

aa . Ga a a

( a ) a a,

a, , a, . T a a a aa a

a / a a a ,

. I a a , aa a

b a Laa .

:

T a a aa b a

a a . T a a a a a a

a a .

F , a. 30 1 L

a 3% . W 3% a a a b. I

b a a 3% , a a b aa b. M,

a b a a a b b a


58/106

58

a. T, a ba aa a a, a

a ba a 70C a b a a. T a

a a a ab . Y

b/a 4 .

P: I 4 ab b, a 1 L : a; 5% a HC; 5% a NaHCO3; a 5%

a. NaOH. T a b, a a. 30 . Sa a .

R ba. I a a a aa

a. A ab , a b a a ba a b. L

a, a, a a a a, a

a b.

R ba.

1) T aa aa

E Oba I

() .

A a a

ba

aa

() :

A ba

a a a

2L . S a a 1L

. N a a

b. I a a

b a ba ab

a a a

a a

ba

(a) B a

a

(b) B a

a

C

Y a

P aa

ba

P aa

ba

P aa

ba

P aa

ba.


59/106

59

(2 T aa aa

)A a

aaa: A

ba a a

a .

a aaa

)A b a: A

ba

ab ( a/ a)

a b a a

() A

Cab a: A

ba

ab a a

b ab a

a a a

(a) Ia

a

b) S a

Da

a a a.

N Da

(a) Da

b

(b)Da

b

() Da

a a a.

P

aa

P a

ab ba

,

, a,

ba, .

P

aa ba

P aa.

P

aa ba

P aa

ba

P a

ba

, aa

a .

3 A . S a: A

ba a

. H2SO4

aa

a

W a

P aa

ab

P ba

ba aa


60/106

60

a a

4.A

:

1) A ba

b

(2)T b

20%

a a a

a HC

(a) Aa

(b) ba

()Saa

a a

()S

P a

P a

ba a

a

a

P a

P

P aa

a a

5. A :

A ba

a

a a b a

a. T

a .

a) Aa a

(b) K

P a a

a

P a

6 A baba:

L aa

baba

ba a

B ab

P a

7 A Ma S:

T a ba (

B P a,

a a .


61/106

61

b) a

b a a

a a

8 A

: T a

ba Wa a a

a

a

(a) V

(b) A

a

() a a

a

() B a

P

P a

P a

P ba, a a

a a

9 A B

(2,4D )

: T L B a a

ba a

a a a a ba

. C a

a a

A a

a ba

P a

10 A

: A ba a

1L S a a

b a a

V

P a

11 A

: A ba a

ab 2 T a a

a b a a a

b a ba

(a) Ba b

a

(b) B

P

P a,


62/106

62

a a

, ,

a .

12 A F

: F A a F

B a a

. T 1 L a a

a

a a a a b

a ba

R b a

P a,

, a

a.

13 A T a ba

a a a

a a.

T a ab 1L

.H2SO4

a b

b

V a

P

Caba.

C

A I a Laa , a

. B a a a a .

1 A . A

ba a

(a) Aa

(b)Saa

a a a

P a

P a

2 A Sa: A a (a) Aa P a a


63/106

63

ba a a

(b) A

a

P a

a, a

a

3 B

A ba a a

b a

. T a

a a a

a a b

b .

A

.

P a

a.

4 A a: A

ba

a, a a a 10%

a a

(a) Lba

a a.

(b) Saa

.

() R b

ba.

P aa

a a.

P a

a

P a

a

5 W ba ab

a .

()T a aa

a a.

()A a

. T a a

a

a. T aa a

Lba a

A a

a .

B

ba.

P aa

a a.

P a

a.


64/106

64

a .

()T a ,

a a

a .

E a b

. P

aa.

7. B . A

ba a. A a a

a . B

, a a b

a T a.

B

ba a ba.

P .

8 R a .

A ba a

a a a

. Ha a

. W a

a .

(b) T a a .

a a, a

a .

T aa a a

A

A a a

ba

P

P aa

.


65/106

65

BI a , a . B ,

a a a

1 A . A

ba a a a

(a) b a a

(b) Ib a a

() Ib a a

Aa a

b a

P aa

a b

a

P a

b

ab, .

2 A a . A

ba b

15. C, a .

a a a a

.

(a) Pa

a

(b) N a

a

Ha

a

Ha

3 A a a. T a

ba 2 a

a a a

a

(a) Pa

a ba

(b) N a

a

P a

a

P a

.

CI , a . B ,

a a a .

1 A a Aa P a


66/106

66

T a

ba 2 a

a a a .

a

2 A .

a. T a ba

2 . HC a a

a .

P P

ba.

3 F aa. A

ba

a a a a

(a) H

(b) S a

() N b

a ba a

ba a

() Aa

. N .

S

a a

P a

P a

P a

a

P a

D. I , a a a ab, a

a , a .

A

1. V ba P a.

2 B . A a

ba.

P a.

3 B ba P a


67/106

67

a ba.

4 F . R a

ba.

P a.

5 :

A ba a a

aa b

a a .

W a

a ba.

P a.

6

: D 0.5 aba

5 a a a0.5 a aa. I

a a . T a a

a a ba a

a a a ba.

W a

a ba.

P a.

. .

1 B a . A a

ba

P .

2 Saba . W a

a ba

P .

3 S ba . W a

a

P

4 I Y a

aa

P

a CH3CO

.A


68/106

68

1 T baba

.

E P a

2 Sa K ba P a.

3 E a

Ab 0.5 ba a

ab 1 a a

a . a

ab 1. C a

a a b.

Paa .

P a

4 B

:Ab 0.25 a 2 a a. T a

a b a a

NaOH (a a b

aa a) .T 2

NH4C a a b 0.5

B 2

a. I .

W a

a

P a

5 F a. F

a b a a a

ba a a a

a

. S a.

C, a a

a

.

A a

a

.

P

ab a.

.

1

Na

. A ba

(a) V b

.

P


69/106

69

a a

(b) A

a.

P

a.

2.

: T , a

NaNO2. Ha 1

. C a a 4

.H2SO4. D a

a.

R

b a

.

P .

3 :

Ab 2 a a a a

a a b. 2

. H2SO4

a a. T a a

ab 150C 2 . C a

10 %NaOH a.

R, b, b

, a

a.

P .

4 B (

B)

: D ab 0.25

ab 5 10 % NaOH

a a b b. Ab 1

b a. T b

b a a

ab 15 .

Ca

a.

P .

5 A

: D 2 a 1 .

HC a . A

aa NaNO2

a. T a

Oa, a, a ,

b

a ba.

P .


70/106

70

ba a a

a

NaOH .

. E.

1 H. A ba

a

a a

. H a.

W a

.

P .

2 H .

T a ba, a

0.2 a

a ab 5 10% a b

2 , a a

a a a

a .

A a

b

a

P

C.

1 C

. Wa a

ba . S a.

Ca

b a

P

aba.

2 . A

ba b

S

b. Caa

P

aba.

3 . A

.

P

aba.

4 Ta

B ba a.

P a.

5 F

: Wa F

.

R a . P

a.


71/106

71

6 Y a a . P

aba.

. H.

1 O . K

b.

P

ab

.2

: T 1 H2SO4

a a b, 2

ba a a a a

3 .

Sba a

P

ab.

3

4 :

Saa aa a

a, b b a

a aa. T

a a aa a

a aa.

R a. P

a

ab.

C .

T a aa a a a aa a ab

a.

D

1. D A H. T a a a

aa a aa ab a (a) a (b) a

a a () aa a a ab.

(a) Na.


72/106

72

N a a b a b, . Ab 1 a

a 1 . a a . Ab 0.25 b a

a . T a a b a ba a a ,

a a a a. T

a a ba a . T a a a ,

a a, a .

: R b, a, b b

a b b a a a .


73/106

73

EEE 4

CHECA EAA F A E F CD

:

T a aa a .

:

O a , a aa a

a a . T a b a b

a a .

F a, a a ab a a a a b aa a

a. B a a a, b a ab a a a

a a . H, a a a ba a a ab

a a aba a, a

a. I a, a a b aa .

E

C 1:

E

Ta 100 a b

a 10 L a

Ta a 50 L

aa a a a

aa


74/106

74

T a a 10% a

baba (a a a ba)

a, a

B

b b

aa

a

C a b a

aa b a ab

b a a a a; DO

NOT MIX THEM.

T b a a

a a a

a a a a a ab a

Ra baba a

a a 2

aa a b a

a a a a

T a a a

aba a, a 6 M HC CAREFULLY

a b. C

b a a

Pa a

T b a a

b a a ba a b

a a

.

A b a ba.

W Ca

aa, a

a b a

T

ab a

a

Oa a a

a a a

a a ba (5%

A a aa

b, b

aa


75/106

75

NaOH ) a ba

a

b a

a a

Saa a b a

a a, a 6 M HC

CAREFULLY , b

a a.

I a a

aa, a

a

b a

C a ba Ca a

b

T

a

E:T a . a a .


76/106

76

EEE 5

GE E HE

:

T a a , a .

) B BH4

P: K a b a a b a a

a b (NaBH4). T a b aa

ab b b b a aa

b a a. Sb, a a a a

a a a . I a, b a aa

b b a.

P:

1. I a 25L E a, 1.35 b 9 L a. I

aaab, a a a ba a, a a a a a.

2. I a 25L E a, 0.3 b 4.5 L

a.

3. U a Pa a a b

b. S a b a

a a . D a b

a b a aa.


77/106

77

4. W a b a b a, a a

a a a a a a .

5. D b b a a a

a 30 a 3 L a a a

250 L ba. (CA:

, . D .

.)

6. C a b a. Wa a 15 L

a. La aa ( a ) ab 30

a a b a.

7. Ra a a a .

(H: Ab 2530 L b , 50C a ba a .)

A a a b a , a ab 0.1 a

a b (13 75 ) a b . T

a a b Pa B a C.

9. D , , a aa (

aaab), a % a. S a a ab ab

a a a a a.

W. P X M. W. b

% = X 100

W. b X M. W. P


78/106

78

)

P: K a b a a b a a

a b (NaBH4). T a b aa

ab b b b a aa

b a a. Sb, a a a a

a a a . I a, a, a aa

aa b a a.

P:

1. Pa 0.0132 a a a 50 L b a (RBF). A 8

L a a a a 250 L ba ba. W a

, 0.016 NaBH4 a a a . C a a

a aa.

2. A NaBH4 a 3 , a b

b.

. R a ba, a a ab 2 a NaBH4. S

56 . C a a a , b aa.

W bbb b a/ a ,

ba. C a .

. A ab 6 , a ba aa; a .

. Ra , a a NaBH4.

3. A ab 5 , a a. S aa

a 10 . Ma, a a a a a a

a a ba (STEAM OFF) a a . (C a b


79/106

79

b .) W bbb b , a

b, a ab 5 .

4. P ab 30 L a 125 L E a, a a

, a . R a a 2 L

a, a a a a .

5. S . C b a. Wa

a, a a a .

6. Ta a a 125 L E a. Sa a

a a a a, a a

aa .

7. D a 1:1 aa . (T

a a a a a b

a ba.) T a a a a b . A

a aa b a. S a . T

, a a a. U

a.

8. C B aa a a ba.

9. W a .

10. F G

T aa b a

a a aa b a a. F ,

,

.. C A A

I a , 1 a 2 a a b a (H2CO4)

ab a a , ; a a a H2CO4.

A a b a a b a.


80/106

80

A a a a 1 1 L a a b. T a 1

a a a a . T aaa a a b

2 a . P .

. 2,4D (2,4D)

I 2,4DNP , (a a) a a 2,4a

b a. A a a.

D a aa b a ,

a a a a a aa (a) a b

a.

P ba: b a a. F a , 1

L 95% a a a b. A (a ) a aa 5

, b 1 L 2,4DNP a. M . I a a ,

b b a a ba 1 . C . A

a a a .

Ra 2,4DNP a ab, b ab 0.1 . I a

b, a .


81/106

81

)

P: Aa a a a a a a aa

a (.. aa, a, , ). T aa

, a, a . A

ab aa, aa (T), a a a,

.

Aa aa a a aa, a a

ba a a . Pa aa.

Pa a a 19

a a . T

US FDA, , ba a a a

.

T a a a a

. Sa aa, a a

aa . O a a , a a

b a a a ba. T a a Wa E

a, , a a .

E

Oba a a 25 L b a a ba. Pa 500

aa a. A 7 L 0.5 M a . S

a a . R 20 a a 0.40 L

a. A a aa 20 . W

, a B a a a 20 L a (

b b). F a a . Oba a a . R


82/106

82

a a a ba a . Caa

a a ba a aa.


83/106

83

) 35

P: T a a a a . I a

aaa a aa a a a

a a a (H2NNH2). I a , a a b

a b a aa a a

aaa. T a a .

O O

OEtN

NH

O

Me

H2N-NH2

P:

Pa 6.5 aaa a a a a aa

a a 2.5 (0.5 ) a a 4 L ab

a. T a a b a a a

a ab 60C aa. A a aa. A

1 a .., a a ba aa.

F , a a a. Ta a

. T a 222C.


84/106

84

)

P: A a a a a . T

a a a , a, a . A

a b a a (, , a, , b)

H . T a a

a a . A a a

a a aa a a a

a a a , a a aa aa ,

a . T a a a a

b a aa aa

. F , b a a M

Oa a a a a ba. Y

a ab() amax..

E

A 1.0 a a a a 50 L E a a

ba. A 11 L 0.25 M aba a a . O a

a a a 400 . S a

a a , a100 L ba

a 10 a 1.0 L . HC. G a

a ( a a). S ba a . I a

b, a 0.8 L N,Na a 0.5 L a a. T

a a a a a. S


85/106

85

a , a (5 10 ) a a 8 L 3.0 M NaOH.

Ha a a a ba. A

a b (10 15 ). C a a a a a

aa NaC b 56 L a. T , ba a

a aa . D 5 50 L 1.0 M HC. D

a 10 L a a a a 1.0 X 105

M. Oba a

a aa a ab ().


86/106

86

) B

P: T a a a a.

CHO

+

O

OH

O

P: Pa a 1.1 NaOH 10 L H2O a 6.5 L

a 100 L ba. I ba ba, 2.6

a, a a a 2.3 PCHO. K a

a ab 25C. S a

. C a a . F

, a a, a a a . T a

a , a .

B: .


87/106

87

EEE 6

E HE

1. 2 (B)

:

T a ab a a a a a

a a.

: I a b a a a (IBX) a

a aa a. T b aa a

aa a b a. Sb

a a ba (KBO3, a a a) a IBX.

T a aab a a a

a a a b aa a ab a

. T a b aba a

a IBX a b.

STEP1

2

NH2

CO2H

I

CO2H

NaNO2, HCl

KI


88/106

88

P:

1. Aa a (7 ) 50 L a a C. H2SO4 (7 L) a

250 L E a. T aa a. T

aa a a 4 C a a ba.

2. NaNO2(3.5 ) a (15 L) a a ba.

T NaNO2 aa a aa a.

3. KI (13 ) 1M H2SO4 (25 L). T a a

a ba.

4. T a a ba 15 a ba 10

. T b a . T a

a E a a Na2S2O3 (60 L) a a

. T a a a (50 L). T

a a.

5. P a b b a.

E 2

B

I

CO2H

I

CO2H

O

O

I+O

O

O OH

KBO3 (7.6 ) a a aa a 2

b a (8.5 ) a 73 L 0.73M H2SO4. D a a

b 55 C. T a 65 C a 2.5 . C 0 C,

a a 100 L a a 10 L a

.

: B .


89/106

89

2. C B D (.. )

P: Da ( a) a a aa

. T b a, a aa b a , b

a ba aa, a (a B1). T b

a b b b a a

.


90/106

90

E 1

B

CHOO

OH

N

N

N+

S

Me

OH

NH2

Me

Thiamine-HCl

Cl-

. HCl

P:

1. Ta.HC (0.84 ) a a a 50L E a. Wa (2.5L) a

a a a a aa a .

2. EOH (95%; 6L), NaOH (2M, 2.5L) a ba (2.5 L) a

a . T a a

a a a.

3. T a a a a. T a b

b a. Ca a a/a

(5:1, 6L), a b .

A :

Ta (1.1 ) a a (1.5 L) a 95% a

(10 L) a a a a ba. C 3 M

(2.2 ) a a a 5

. Ba (6.0 L) a a a a a a a a

ba 90 . U a, a a

b a a ba ab 10C. T a b a

a a a 25 L a. T b a a 95%


91/106

91

a. A a a a a ____%, a

a a a ____C.

.

.

.

( )

A a b , a a a . D

ba a a a. Wa a a a b a

a a a a . Ba a a a

(a ). S a a a b.

E 2

B

T a a a a; a , a . Y a , a a a

a b. N a a a. I a,

a (HONO) a a b a ab.

:

N a (5 L) a a b (2.0 ) aa a a (10 L). P

a a a NO2 a b a a a ( ). T a a

a a 8595C 1. T a a a a

b a a (40 L) a . T a a b

b a a a a 3 (5 L) a. T


92/106

92

a a a b a aa b a a

b a a ba. T a b a a a

a b. T a ba ___% , a a a

___C.

( )

A a b , a a a . D


a a a a . Gaa a a a a a

(a ) C a a a a a . Ma

a, a aab.

E 3

5,5 (D)

Da a b b a b a a a

a, a ba. T a aa b a

a a. F a a, a a

. T a [1,2] aba a a .T ab ab a a aba, b a a aa a

a C=O b.

:

B (0.5 ) a a (0.24 ) 95% a (10 L) a 9.4 M KOH (1.4 L)

a a 1.5 . A a a a b a

a a a (35 L). 10% H a a a H a 45 ( H a, a 810 L a).

T a a a a ba ab 10 a b

a a. 5,5 Da a a a a

a a a.


93/106

93

T (___% ) a ____C.

( )

A a b , a a a . D


a a a a .

Pa a b a aa. 5,5Da

a a . Wa .


94/106

94

EEE 7: EAC F AA DC: EAC F CAFFEE F

EA EAE

Ob: Ca a a, , a aa a aa.

T a a a b. Ca a b

b a a a a a b a a.

T a a b a a a b

a. T a a b a a b a

. S a a a .

P: Pa 6 a a, 2 a aba a 75 L a

a 500 L ba. B a a 20 aa .

C b, a, a a B a

a a, aaab. Na, a a . R

a 20 L a. Ca a a a b a

a a. R aa 20 L a.

C a a a 500 L aa .

Ea 20 L . I a a a , b

a a aa a a. F,

b a a . T a 10

a , a a . A bab

.

T ba a, a

a a a a a a a a

a (a aa).

Ea a aa a 20 L ,

a ab a. Cb

a a, a, aa a a.


95/106

95

T b a a a ba. Ta a

100L .b. a a a . B a a

a . S a

a 5 . Y b a a a a . Oba

a b .

A 58 L a a a a

a 50 L E a aa. A a

a (a b a b

a) a . I a a, a a

a, a b a a ba a b

ba.

S a a a B a a a

a/ . A a a a a

aa. T a a b b a a b aa

. A a , a a % a

a.

T ba b a b b . Y 50

a a a aa a a b a (

b a a 50 ).

Y a a a a a aa

ba a .

Ca a ba a a a a. A aa a

a a aa b a a. T a a a

a aa . La , b a a

.


96/106


97/106

97

EEE 8: CHAGAHC EAA

Ob: T a a b

aa.

HEECA BACGD

T aa aa a

aa, aba (a a aa) a a

a b, a , a a () a

aba. A TLC, a a a a,

ba a b a aba. T a a a

a aa

aba a b . W a a aba, a

a b aa a a

. T, a aba a a

b, TLC a aa a a

. S, TLC a aab a aa

aa aa.

U TLC, aa a

aa. S a , b

a a a aa. T aaa a

aa a a a. F aa

a, a a a a . A a

a , a a b

a, a a a a.

I a a aa , aa a

aaa a a b aa a aa a a,


98/106

98

TLC a aaa . T a aa b aa a

b a a a b a a a

aba. F a , aa a a

a b a a.

EEEA CEDE

1.

W ab 0.20 a 25 L a. D a 1 L

CH2C2. A ab 0.5 a (a ) a a

a a b a .

2. C

. Oba ab 30 L a a a a 100 L a. A a a a a

.

. F ab 2/3 a.

. P a a a . Ta a

a.. W a aa a b a, a a a

ab 1 ab a. U a

a a a a a.

. Ca a a a 1 . R ba a

a, a a . A a .

I a a b a a a ab a .

3. C

. Lab 100 L ba a 1, 2, 3 a a a a . T

ba b (a) a


99/106

99

. A a a b a , b a b

b.

. F a. O a a

. DO NOT CLOSE THE STOPCOCK a DO NOT ALLOW THE LEVEL OF ELUTING

SOLVENT TO FALL BELOW THE COTTON AT THE TOP OF THE COLUMN. (A a

.) C a a a ba. W ba ab 1

b , a a ba ab 1, a

a ba a b

.

. Ca a a a a

ba ab 2, ba ab 1 b

,

. C a a .

4.

. P a a b a a a a a ba a a

.

. Ta a a a . F a a a.

. Ta a a TLC a.

. S aa aa a TLC a.

. R TLC a (a b ) a

a a b a

.

C: A , a aa a a b

a .


100/106

100

CACA

Caa a % .

= ( / a ) 100%


101/106

101

EEE . 9: AAE AA: EA F GCE

Ob: Ea b DNSA .

P: T ab (C=O), a

a. T a a a ;

a, a a . Sa 3,5

a a (DNS) 3a5a a aa

.

T ab a a a a 3,5

a a. D a a ;

a aba a a. I a a ab

a, a a a a

aaab 3,5 a a.

A a a a , a L, ba a b

a aa.

W a a a a

a a aa b a, a

a a a a. T a abba a

a a a a.

REQUIRMENTS:

1 T b, P, S

2 NaOH

3 DNSA (.. 3,5Da a)


102/106

102

4 Sa

PROCEDURE:

1. A 3L DNSA a 3 L a a a b (T a

aa, aa).

2. Ha a 90 C 515 b .

3. A 1 40% a aaa (R a) ab .

4. A a a a a ba, abba a

a 575 .

RESULT:

Ca a b ___________/.

EHD B:

F :

Pa a ( aa ) AR b aa 1.25

a 250 L aa a a. Ma a.

P 20 L a F A & B a a a a a . P

20 L F a a a a a 20

L a. Ha 70 C a a ba. Ta aa a a b a b F

b a aa. Ta a aa a

a . Ra ab a b


103/106

103

a b F aa a

a a b a.

Aa aa, 56 b

a a b a F a a b

. H, b a a F b

a 23 a a . T a a b

aaa b .

Ra a a a .

:

1. C a.

2. C a.

3. S a a.

4. S a.

5. Sa a.

6. W b a a.

7. C a.

8. E a a .

9. F a a a a a b aa b a:

10.A a, a ba

a b aa b a:


104/106

104

:10 a a a a.

A G=180.1559 /.


105/106

105

EEE . 10: EA F FAE EAED GAC CHE

Ob: T a a a ,

aa .

P: T a a b a b

b a a.


106/106

A A:

c manual 1st edition final

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