AA: mark on German sc, def, 703, 757

mark on wts see avoirdupoisA A platform design, 657, 660, 722

Quintenz, Friedrich Alois (designer), 724A B:

French wts mkr, 600mark on wts, 45

A B C: egg sc mkr, 379–380, 1279Egg Scale, egg sc patentee, 379

A B C Co (rocker mkr), 1279A B D (mark on wts), 20, 45A B D below castle (mark on wts; Aberdeen), 20A B F:

egg sc, 381–382, 1312see also Mount Tacoma Mfg Co

A B S in heart see AirdrieA C (mark on wts), 45A C N see Aire & Calder NavigationA C under boars head (Argyll), 45A C under swift (Arundel), 45A Crawforth's "More Mordan Weights" (article),

3046–3055A D C (mark on wts), 69A E:

German sc mkr, 641, 703pendulum sc mkr, 641, 703, 757

A E S Y (mark on wts), 122A F:

French sc mkr, 860see also Fournel, Antoine

A frame: def, 170, 708designs, 708, 943, 949

A G, def, 170A K & Sons see Kenrick, Archibald & Sons"A Lion in Venice" (article by Wilson), 2586–2587"A Most Unusual Scale" (article by Stein), 2511–2512"A Mystery Solved, The Small Metal Clip Did It."

(article by Wright), 2269–2271A on German sc:

def, 703angemeldet, 703

"A Prize Assay Balance" (article by Wilson), 2792–2794

A R B (mark on wts), 45A R B T H (mark on wts), 45A R B TH by portcullis in shield see Arbroath"A Scale Collector in Italy" (article by Brass), 2352–

2353"A Somewhat Amazing Revelation" (article by Katz),

2818A von der Nahmer, 2240

trade-marks, 2240A W see Wilkinson, AnthonyAbbey Mfg Co, 545

dates, 545Abdy, William:

coin sc mkr, 501–502, 504, 560

coin wt mkr, 504, 1085Abell, Mrs (cookery writer), 1249Aberdeen, 20

Hammermen (weight mkr), 2532inspectors mark, 20, 45

Abingdon (inspectors mark), 45"About Postal Patents" (article by Crawforth), 395–

397Abrahams, A & Co:

precision balance mkr, 1821scientific instrument mkr, 1821see also catalogue

abrasive paper, 1234Abrus pecatorius, 2393–2394, 2447Absalom, 2507absorption on weight surface, 2592Academie Royale des Sciences, 1866, 2090

comparisons of wts, 1991accelerating, def, 1647accelerating beam, 36, 1247, 1536, 1637, 1646, 1995,

2603def, 170, 2603method of manufacture, 1640prohibited, 1647see also trip sc

accelerating lever system, 2259accelerating postal sc, 2857–2860

features of, 2857–2860table, 2857–2860

iron handle on, 2857slotted domed nuts on, 2857–2858

"Accelerating Postals" (article by Robinson), 2857–2860

"Accessing U.S. Patents" (article by Berning), 2883According to Act of Parliament 1775 (on coin wts),

1938Accum, Frederick:

precision bal mkr, 1821precision balance mkr, 1821scientific instrument mkr, 1821see also catalogue

accuracy: def, 170of comparison with standard units, 2146in scientific measurement, 2146

Ackermann, Hermann Gustav, 2275successor to Bernstein, Alex, 2275

Acme: dates, 638design registration, 293egg sc mkr see Speciality Mfg Coiron wts mkr, 638

Acra-Weigh, 2296Act of Colonial America:

1636, 11381638, 11361645, 11381646, 11381652, 1137, 11381699, 1470

Act of Congress: 1843, 12

1863, 1047Acts of Parliament:

965, 11821341, 19981421, 9131494, 18921532, 13471587, 43, 9851604, 9851611, 9851707, 20711710, 10571741, 6551756, 18931757, 10571758, 18931773, 496, 1079, 13091774, 23, 196, 216, 467, 496, 966, 1068, 1079,

1081–1082, 1125, 1304, 1565, 2068, 2563

1775, 498, 1079, 10811795, 22, 1894–18951797, 20, 22, 1083, 1119, 18941801, 12261815, 798, 18951816, 19701824, 390, 616, 636, 1895, 2252, 28021826, 6161832, 18961834, 20–21, 83, 390, 611, 1048, 1924, 1926,

22801835, 1896, 1924, 1926, 1955, 19571836, 10881838, 191839, 1230, 19551840, 19551850, 19291853, 894, 9291855, 392, 11541856, 19561858, 827, 894, 9291859, 19581861, 19581864, 614, 6361866, 20761870, 23, 1128, 1969–19701878, 21, 115, 613–614, 636, 734–735, 828,

894, 1036, 1128, 1154, 1182, 1564, 1960–1961, 1977, 2230, 2800

1888, 1978, 19821889, 21–22, 115, 434, 613, 633, 636, 955,

1128, 1154, 1564, 1929, 1969–1970, 1979, 2077, 2221

1890, 614, 616, 10481891, 19711892, 341897, 92, 613–614, 633, 6361904, 21–23, 613, 636, 733, 1510, 2031, 22651907, 614, 6161924, 4101926, 1088, 1182, 20341929, 1188

1951, 11021961, 10361963, 1155, 1182, 1345, 20341964, 1088–10891968, 20351972, 20351978, 20341985, 1182, 1186–1187

Adams, George: coin sc mkr, 1310hydrostatical sc mkr, 1304, 1310pendulum sc apparatus, 1852

Adams, George II: precision bal mkr, 1821scientific instrument mkr, 1821see also catalogue

Adams, John, US President, 2536Adams, John Quincy, on W & M, 1834Adam's Apple Distributing Co, American sc retailer,

2054Adie:

grain sc mkr, 1717steelyard mkr, 1717

adjusting: lead, 350by moving graduated chart, 1168

adjusting a fine balance, 1213–1215adjusting hole, 170, 614, 640–641adjustment cavity, def, 170adjustment screw, 2340adsorption on weight surface, 2592adulteration (calculations), 1307advertisements see Old Advertadvertising sc:

Cow Chow, 1039Empire Typewriters, 1256Larro, 1039

"Advice to W & M Inspectors, 1910", 2223Aeckersberg, Johann Peter:

coin sc mkr, 30, 63, 65dates, 63fancy box, 65German sc mkr, 30, 63

Aeckersberg, Johann Wilhelm: coin sc mkr, 63dates, 63German sc mkr, 63

Afghanistan, 2795covered market, 2795crossroads of Asia, 2795description, 2795–2796gem dealer, 2795gem scale from, 2785–2786, 2796–2798

description of, 2796–2798weights for, 2798

African Co trading, 459agate:

beam end, 7, 1458durability, 3hydroscopic, 4natural, 3

agate beam patent, 1442

agate bearings: def, 170repairing, 8, 137

agate box: def, 138, 170, 312see also Sharkey end

agate cement, 137Agricola (author), 665Agricola, Georgius, De Re Metallica (1556), 2117agricultural weighbridge, 1022Ainsworth:

assay bal, 280assay bal mkr, 2498assay balance, 280, 2498coin sc retailer, 282

air damping, 700–702, 843, 2183air-pumped, 719

Airdrie (inspectors mark), 45Aire & Calder Navigation, wts made for, 638airmail sc see Postal scAirway, postal sc mkr, 437Airweigh:

letter bal, 437letter balance, 437

Airy, G B, 2245, 2260astronomer, 390, 2245, 2248author, 134, 1961

Airy, W, 2433Airy's "Everitts Patents, 1884 & 1889" (article), 2433–

2435Airy's On Weighing Machines 1892 (book), 134Akan sc, 569–570, 594Akan Weights and the Gold Trade, reviewed by

Garrard, 2024–2027Akan wts see weights, nationality, AkanAlaska gold rush sc, 149–150Alberti, Leon B:

author, 332inventor, 574

Albigensean compression link, 2321Albinet, Jean & Audouin, Jean (patentee), 1370Albinson, J H & Cocker, H H, yarn balance patentee,

1176Albion Foundry Ltd:

dates, 638wts, 613, 638

Albracht & Richter (export agent for Maul, Philipp Jakob), 1627

Albracht-Horn see Horn & AlbrachtAlcocke, Robert:

apprentice of Grove, Christopher I, 1734dates, 1734

Aldeburgh (inspectors mark), 45Alden, John (measure mkr), 1135–1136, 1855Alderman, T W & Co:

parcel sc retailer, 40spring sc retailer, 40

ale measure see beer measureAlex Bernstein & Co. Nachf., 2275"Alex Bernstein's Patent Coin Tester, Part 1" (article

by Lindner), 2272–2279"Alex Bernstein's Patent Coin Tester, Part 2" (article

by Lindner), 2287–2292Alexander (author), 1140, 1858Alexander the Great, 2620Alexandra:

construction of, 2240registered trade name, 2240weight & size of, 2240

"Alexandra Person & Package Scale" (article by Danell & Hill), 2240–2242

alien brothers, def, 1724Allan's Canadian Butchers' Scales (article), 1437–1438Allchin, Henry:

shop sc mkr, 1733succeeded by Allchin, Henry & Co, 1733

Allchin, Henry & Co: at same address as Gilbert, John A & Co, 1733at same address as Smith, William & Co Ltd,

1733succeeded by Allchin, Henry & Co Ltd, 1733successor of Allchin, Henry, 1733

Allchin, Henry & Co Ltd: at same address as Miles & Co, 1733at same address as Walker, Driver &

Warmisham, 1733successor of Allchin, Henry & Co, 1733

Allen (author), 1562, 1796Allen, James, letter scale stampbox combination, 3029Allender, John:

ccd, sold by Fairbanks, 78ccd mkr, 13, 760, 786trade card, 760, 895

Allgeier, Thomas, Dr., biography, 2547Allgeier et al's "Mesmerised by Sartorius" (article),

2542–2547Allgeier's "Why Vacuum Weighing?" (article), 2592–

2593Allied Development Corp:

American sc retailer, 1933spring balance retailer, 1933–1934

Alliott, Alexander, 2451Allison, R, apprenticeship, 16Allmond, George:

apprentice of Vincent, Robert II, 1729, 1732coin sc mkr, 1729dates, 1732master of Allmond, William, 1732succeeded by Allmond, William, 1732

Allmond, Sarah: date, 1732successor of Allmond, William, 1732

Allmond, William: apprentice of Allmond, George, 1732succeeded by Allmond, Sarah, 1732successor of Allmond, George, 1732

allowance, beams, 137Alltools Ltd, 2214"Alternative Shapes for Analytical Weights" (article

by Hilgersom), 795–796aluminium smelting, Hall Process, 2964Amalgamated Dental Company Ltd:

dentists sc mkr, 2056rocker mkr, 2056

Amano, Yoshitaro, curator, Amano Museum, 2904Amano Museum, Lima, Peru, 2903–2907Ambler, Edward:

dates, 1723sc mkr, 1723

American: bullion deposits 1881, 531ccd

inventor, McNally, 2066mkr

Allender, John, 13, 754, 760, 786, 895, 904, 960

Berrian Mfg Co, 840, 1034Bragin, L, 875, 1019Chatillon, John & Sons, 333–338,

754, 760Dye, John S, 874Fairbanks & Ewing, 761, 763Herpers, F J, 819Hoag, G, 930, 932Imlay & Bicknell, 764Infallible Coin Scale Co, 762Knight, E, 990Kronenberg, 763M B Coin Scale Co, 760Maranville, H, 13–14, 761, 763,

903–904, 1029, 2060McNally, J, 15McNally & Harrison, 15Meyers & Co, 764, 2061Purnelle, E C, 990Richtmann, C, 990Robinson, H G, 1020Seymour, Charles F, 2063Staples, C D, 818Sutton, J W, 875, 904Thompson, J A, 14, 761, 763, 840,

848Troemner, Henry, 2061Wilson, I, 760

patenteeAllender, John, 13, 78–79, 760, 788Bernstein, A, 842Berrian, 754Bragin, L, 875, 1018Cummings, D, 841, 2061Doherty, P, 874, 876Finch, F E, 1019Haas, W W, 991Herpers, F J, 819Hopkins, G M, 841Knight, E, 990, 2061Kronenberg, 763Maranville, H, 761, 818–820, 1029,

2060Painter, W, 820Parnell, W H, 1019Perkins, J, 2064Porter, T I, 1018Purnell, E E, 2061Purnelle, E C, 990Richtmann, C, 990, 2061

Riess, R W, 992Robinson, H G, 13, 1020, 2061Smith, Gideon B, 13, 787Street, E, 931Sutton, J W, 875, 904Thompson, J A, 14, 761, 840, 876,

931Towsey, T J, 841Wiarda, J, 875

retailerFairbanks & Co, 15, 2066Fairbanks Infallible Scale Co, 15,

759, 2066ccds, article by Mallis, 2059–2066civilization, 2148coin wts, Law 1699, 1470colonial

Troy wts, 1470W & M, article by Mahoney, 1135–1140,

1470, 1855–1860customs' hydrometer, 2003egg testers, 411, 417marble plates, 1442measure mkr, Pratt, Josiah, 1137patentee see patentee, Americanpostal system see American Post Office; U S P

O; U S Postal Systemregulations for coin wts, 1470sc

retailerAdam's Apple Distributing Co, 2054Allied Development Corp, 1933Billings, R, 12, 356–360Black, Starr & Frost, 1668Bower Mfg Co, 1314Buckalew, B R, 153Coast Agencies, 1315Dairyman's Supply Co, 224Fairbanks, 1665–1666Farm Master, 1314Fitch, Dr C H, 1039Howarth & Ballard, 2046Liberty, 981Mermod, Jaccard & Co, 1668Nichols, A S Co, 809Oakes Mfg Co, 1314Perkins, Goodwin & Co, 1697Purina, 1039, 1314Tiffany, 1261, 2556, 2559–2560,

2629–2634Underwood Reporter Co, 995Warren & Co, 152

Standards Officer, 1470wt

importer, Richardson, Joseph, 1488–1493mkr, Tyson, Jacob, 1047retailer, Wright, R K, 84

wts, Standards, 1490American Automatic Scale Co., 2206American Balance Co, 477"American Counterfeit Coin Detectors":

article by Gorlick, 759–764

article by Mallis, 12–15"American Grain Testing Scales" (article by Jibben),

2895–2899American Machine Co (postal sc mkr), 982–983American Mints, 531–534American Numismatic Society, 2447"American Patent Counterfeit Detectors" (article by

Mallis), 786–788, 818–820, 840–842, 875–876, 902–904, 930–932, 962–964, 990–992, 1018–1020

"American Patent Models" (article by Forsdyke), 1113–1115

American Post Office: scale contract to Fairbanks, E & T & Co, 107see also U S P O; U S Postal System

American sc: analytical, 1000apothecary, 191, 2029assay, 154, 996, 1643, 1976bakers' dough, 1593bank, 78, 811, 991, 1020, 1189, 1211–1215,

1216, 1643bismar, 1030bread, 1093bullion, 157, 182, 532, 649, 811, 995, 1189,

1216, 1938–1940butchers, 559, 1591, 1593, 1643butter, 514button, 154, 157cake, 1591candlestick, 405, 1558–1559candy, 1123, 1591ccd, 13–15, 381–382, 384, 389, 414–415, 505,

754, 759–764, 786–788, 818–820, 840–842, 875–876, 902–904, 930–932, 962–964, 990–992, 1029, 1276, 1279, 1283, 1313, 2059–2066, 2411–2412

chainomatic, 620chemical, 1101cloth, 1169CO2 cartridge weigher, 1039coin, 357–360, 817, 990, 1189, 1215, 2064coin-operated, 1020, 1710–1712compendium, 1031computing, 217, 2227–2230cotton, 1301–1302counter, 647, 1039, 1123, 1643, 2227–2230counter roberval & micrometer, 217, 361, 505dairy, 224, 514, 1000designer

Fitch, Dr Calvin H, 1039, 2029, 2041–2048

Hassler, 102Saxon, Joseph, 102

diet, 1250drug, 1247, 2054–2055druggist, 1000, 1643, 2050–2052egg, 379–383, 411, 415–417, 958, 1275–1284feed, 1039glass-blowers, 994gold, 40, 152, 154, 1247, 1643grain, 80, 82, 222, 989, 1071

grocers, 994, 1591–1592, 1643hay, 666–671housekeepers, 1466ice, 2220–2223imported, 1488–1493inventor, Fitch, Dr Calvin H, 191, 2029jewelers, 154kitchen, 877, 1247–1251, 1466, 1559laboratory, 1000mancur, 1863, 1874market, 1593martini, 1030milk, 1039mkr

A B C, 379, 1279A B F, 381–382, 1312AC Co., 2227–2230Alderman, T W & Co, 40American, 1466American Balance Co, 477American Machine Co, 982–983Anderson Tool Co, 2227Angldile, 901Avery Scale Co, 1123Badger Fire Extinguisher Co, 1039Becker, Christian, 998, 1002Becker, Christian Inc, 998, 1002Becker, Christopher A, 620, 1000, 1002Becker & Son, 995, 1002Becker Brothers, 1002Becker's Son, 477Bedell, O W, 1284, 1314Berrian Mfg Co, 840, 1034Blattner, Jacob, 1976Braun-Knecht-Heimann Co, 1821Bremner see Morton & BremnerBrower, 922, 924Brower Mfg Co, 920, 1284, 1313, 1315Brown & Sharpe, 1169, 1696, 1702Buckelew & Waterman, 3110–3118Buffalo Scale Co, 82, 179, 901, 1696C S Co see Computing Scale CoC S H Industries Inc, 417Carlstedt Mfg Co, 41, 379–380, 414–415,

1276, 1313Chatillon, John & Sons, 333–338, 405,

417, 447–452, 1282–1283, 1555, 1705, 2220–2221

Computing Scale Co, 143, 216–217, 559CSH Industries Inc, 417, 1315Dairyman's Supply Co, 224Dakin Manufacturing Co, 1933–1934Davis, A B & Co, 785Dearborn, Benjamin, 1189, 1211–1216,

1554Dearborn, John M, 1554Deering Precision Instruments, 2054Dodge Mfg Co, 316, 505EggXact, 383, 1277Eschermann, W & Co, 958Eureka (Chatillon, John & Sons), 1557Exact Weight Scale Co, 704

Fairbanks, E & T, 143, 182, 676, 723Fairbanks, Morse & Co, 184, 1692, 1702Fairbanks & Co, 15, 73–79, 80, 86, 100,

106–110, 142–144, 177, 182–184, 218–219, 396, 405, 426–427, 676, 989–994, 1017, 1028, 1106, 1114, 1169, 1692, 1696, 1701, 1725, 1918, 2050, 2052

Forschner, Chas & Sons Inc, 1039, 1555Foster, 1555Frary, 1555Frary & Clark, 676Frost Poultry Fences, 1279Gaston, 2978–2984Gifford Wood Co., 2221–2222Gorham, 1049, 1077, 1668–1671, 1674–

1675, 1687Gradencandle Mfg Co, 1283, 1284Gradenway, 1313Gurley, W & L E, 1821Haberson, Benjamin, 1047Hamilton Scale Co, 1711–1712Hanson, 1710Hanson Bros, 2952–2955, 2973–2977Hart, D W Mfg Co, 1279Hart, H W Mfg Co, 1283Hoag, G, 14Hoppe, 1555Howard & Davis, 1212, 1216Howe Scale Co, 530, 900–901, 1071,

1526–1527, 1701, 2050I D L, 1261James Mfg Co, 379, 381, 415, 417, 1281Jiffy Way Inc, 379, 1314Jones & Preston, 508Jones of Binghamton, 1078Kahlert Mfg Co, 1313Keller, G R, 16Keller, S, 154Keller Balance Mfg Co, 157Kohlbusch, Herman, 1643, 1940Kresky, 1276–1278, 1284Landers, 1555Landers, Frary & Clark, 676Lincoln Mfg, 415, 1276Magic Dragon Ent, 2055Metal Spec Mfg Co, 1933–1935Morton & Bremner, 1555Mount Tacoma Mfg Co, 381–382, 1312Natl Poultry Equipt Co, 1279, 1284Nichols, A S Co, 809Oakes Mfg Co Inc, 383–384, 1313Ohaus Scale Corp, 2055Otto, H J Mfg Co, 1315Pacific Poultry Appliance Co, 1277Peck, Stow & Wilcox, 1555, 1808Pelouze, 1259, 1261, 1555, 1671–1674,

2000, 2220Penn Scale Mfg Co, 647Petaluma Electric Incubator Co, 414–415,

1275–1276, 1284Pitney-Bowes, 1986

Plumly, George, 1490Plympton, H, 1211–1215Presto see Metal Spec Mfg CoPreston see Jones & PrestonPreston, William B, 332, 508Preston, William B & Son, 508Prospectus Mfg Co, 922, 1314–1315Queen, James W & Co, 1822Queen & Co, 1822Randolph, N V & Co, 1039, 2038Ray, Caleb, 817Reliable Automatic Dial Egg Sc see James

Mfg CoReliable Mfg Co, 417, 1278, 1281, 1284,

1312Richtmann, C, 990Robert, D L, 514, 1878Royal, 924Sargent & Co, 1555Speciality Mfg Co, 340, 383, 410, 415,

1282, 1315Springer Torsion Balance Co, 671, 998Squyer, Oscar C, 1905–1906Starratt & Masters, 666Stow see American sc, mkr, Peck, Stow &

Wilcox; Peck, Stow & WilcoxToledo Scale Co, 224Torsion Balance & Scale Co, 997Torsion Balance Co, 477, 996–998, 1000,

2052Townsend, J & C, 1047Triner, 479Triner, J M, 479, 651Troemner, H & Co, 157Troemner, Henry, 157, 417, 1020, 1101,

1170, 1276, 1701, 1938–1940, 2051

Turnbull, 981Vertex Industries Inc, 1000Ward, Montgomery & Co, 383, 1279,

1282Watling Mfg Co, 143Western Scale Works, 1039White Mfg Co, 381, 389, 1280–1282,

1284, 1973Wilcox, 1555

see also American sc, mkr, Peck, Stow & Wilcox; Peck, Stow & Wilcox

Wilcox Silver Plate Co, 1665–1666, 1679Wilkes, 1555Yarnell, Ellis, 1047Zenith, 379, 415

moisture tester, 218, 809moving-load, 990optical projection, 1000oval spring with 2 graduated charts, 1905paper, 1692, 1696, 1700–1702, 1705parcel, 1106, 2914–2918person, 184, 676, 980, 1710–1712pharmacy, 185photographers, 1918

platform, 508, 1643Post Office, 1047, 1216, 1643postal, 479, 651, 676, 704, 958, 981–982, 990,

1017, 1049, 1077, 1259, 1261, 1527, 1556, 1665–1666, 1668–1675, 1679, 1681, 1687, 1933–1935, 1986, 2914–2918

Postal Service 1794, 1047pot plate, 1463precision, 16prescription, 143, 191, 1000, 1028, 1039, 2055ration stamp, 224roberval, accelerating, 1247roberval over & under, 1123roving, 1169shop, 980, 995spice, 1805spring, 333–338, 479, 1555spring tared, 1557standards, 1189, 1211–1216steelyard, 332, 508, 990, 1301–1302, 1665–

1666, 1696tea, 1556, 1592tea-sampling, 1001timber moisture sc, 809torsion, 671, 996, 998–999, 1001trade, 332, 671, 2000trade card, 1490trade spring, 1039, 1557, 1905–1906trip, 647union, 86, 514, 1592, 1807, 1835–1840, 1877–

1878weighing scoops, 487–491, 2922–2924weight-collecting, 1071weight-depositing, 982yarn, 1170

American Standards, 1855–1860American Treasury, 648"American Unpatented CCDs" (article by Mallis),

2059–2066American W & M made 1744, 1859–1860American Weigh (review), 717"American Weighing Scoop" (article by Carley), 487–

492Ames see Gilbert, Ames & CoAmet, Edward, coin operated sc patentee, 2430ammunition sc, 1124Amos, John & Parkes, William:

coin sc mkr, 1508dates, 1508

Amsbaugh, Charley, biography, 3123Amsbaugh's "Orlando W. Bedell & the Zenith Egg

Grading Scale: Part 1" (article), 3056–3059Part 2" (article), 3081–3084Part 3" (article), 3118–3123

Amusement Machine Co., 2458"An Early Howe? And How!" (article by Katz), 1526–

1527analytical balance, 3–6, 16, 154–158, 563, 1000, 2239

def, 3, 5, 170design of, 2239

designer, Mendeleev (Mendelejew), 643development of, 2239mkr

Ainsworth, 280Becker, 5Becker, F E & Co, 280Becker's Sons, 65, 843–844Bertacchi, 2363Bunge, P, 589Day, William Chambers, 810George, W & T Ltd, 280George & Becker, 5Keller, G R, 16Kuhlmann, 5Oertling, Ludwig, 4, 5, 159, 564Rueprecht, 563Sartorius, F, 643Scarbi, 2363Stanton, 5Torsion Balance Co, 1000Vandelli, 2363Vertex Industries Inc, 1000Zoboli, 2363

see also Precision bal; Substitution bal"Anatomy of a Cased Weight" (article by Crawforth),

1048anchor:

mark on wts, 24, 45, 1471see also assay office, Birmingham

anchor conjoined with crown mark (Bewdley), 1959anchor trademark, 2420ancient civilization:

Andean, 2903Chinese, 2903, 2909Egyptian, 2903, 2909, 2911, 3025Indus, 2903, 2911Mesopotamian, 2903, 2911Peruvian, 2905–2907

"Ancient Coin Balance" (article by Holland), 814–816ancient Peruvian scales, 2905–2907

description of, 2905–2907with hand bag, 2906with nets for load, 2906sensitivity of, 2906–2907table of, 2906wooden, 2905–2907

"Ancient Peruvian Standards & Scales" (article by Iwata), 2903–2913

"Ancient Royal Animal Wts of Burma" (by Gear, unpublished manuscript), 352

"Ancient Weights" (article by Malter), 308–310Anderson, coin sc retailer, 282Anderson, James Andrew:

apprentice of Lawrence, John Peter, 1738apprentice of Woodage, George Cave, 1738dates, 1738master of Clark, William II, 1738master of Jones, Edward, 1738succeeded by Anderson & West, 1738

Anderson, R G W, 2268Anderson & West:

dates, 1738

successors of Anderson, James Andrew, 1738Anderson Brothers:

bread sc mkr, 1089dates, 1448pot plate, 1448trade mark, 1448trade sc mkr, 1448

Anderson Historical Society, 2227Anderson Tool Co., 2227, 2230

Anderson Computing Scale Co., successor, 2227Anderson Tool and Scale Co., successor, 2227computing scale, 2227–2230, 2258–2259

chart, 2258description of, 2227–2230poise, 2258

dates, 2227see also catalogue

Anderton & Calley, scientific instrument mkr, 1508Anderton Son & Calley, coin wts mkr, 884, 1062,

1508Andrew, J, patentee, 276angel:

coin introduced, 951see also weights, denomination, angel

Angel (on wts), 1355angel & Kings arms (shop sign), 207angel & sc:

mark on wts, 21, 1331shop sign, 247, 1382trademark, Anderson Brothers, 1448

angel & star (shop sign), 207–208, 1382angemeldet, German patent pending, 703Angldile Computing Scale Co, 2131–2134, 2230

addresses, 2131–2134dates, 2131–2134sold to Smith Scale Co, 2139trade card, 180, 901trade sc, 180, 901see also catalogue

"Angldile Computing Scales, Part 1" (article), 2131–2140

Angldile Scale: conical dial, 2131–2140damper, 2131–2140dash pot, 2131–2137distinctive mechanism, 2131–2140finish colors, 2137history, 2131–2140light-up marquee, 2133, 2137officers & directors, 2131–2140pendulum scale, 2131–2133

angle sc see pendulum scanglers & letter sc, spring, 1263anglers sc, 198, 428, 1726

mkrFarlow, Charles & Co, 1726Murcott, Theophilus, 1726Parnell, 198, 199Siebe, A, 1726

Anglo-Saxon, weighing practices, 1326aniline dye, note by Beare, 1862animal-feed sc see feed sc

animal-form wt see weight, shape, animalanimal sc:

mkrAvery, W & T Ltd, 978Avery-Salter, 543Béranger, Joseph, 1664Davis, A B & Co, 785Marriott, Henry, 1883Ubrig, E & Co, 1439

"Animal Shaped Weights of the Burmese Empires " (article), 2824

Anne I of G B, coinage, 463, 914"Another German Coin-op" (article by Holtman), 2532"Another Look Back" (article by Holdaway), 851–855Anscheutz & Co see Anscheutz & SchlaffAnscheutz & Schlaff:

address next to Clais, Johann Sebastian, 1886circular coin sc, 1850–1851coin sc mkr, 269, 597, 607, 1300, 1684, 1760,

1850–1851collaborating with Clais, Johann Sebastian, 1724dates, 598, 1724hydrostatic sc mkr, 1684out of use, 1913pendulum sc mkr, 269, 597, 1850–1851

anti-friction plate, 137–138def, 170–171

Antique Weights, The Nineteenth Century (review), 2243

Antwerp box end, def, 172, 254Antwerp bullion ounce, 1992Antwerp end see beam end shapesAntwerp mark, 1991Antwerp pound, 1992, 1995anvil, inspectors, 120"Any Advance on Six?" (article by Buchanan), 2243–

2249aperiodic bal, 700

mkr, Bunge, Paul, 700"Apothecary balance" (article by Pommier), 599–601apothecary sc:

equal arm hand held, 793, 799, 801, 804–805, 1192

equal-arm pillar, 78, 185, 477, 599, 793, 797, 806–807, 977, 1195–1196, 1464

inventor, Fitch, Dr Calvin H, 2029mazak beam, 977mkr

Avery, W & T, 793, 801, 805Avery, W & T Ltd, 793, 805–806, 977,

1424Bastick, Richard & Son, 1734Bather, George, 1738Beach, Thomas, 1508Becker's Sons, 477Béranger, 929Chisholme, James, 1738Day & Millward, 802DeGrave, Short, Fanner & Co, 794, 806Dodge Mfg Co, 36, 360Ensign, 807Exupere, L, 599–601

Fairbanks, 73, 78, 109, 143–144, 805, 1422

Fairbanks, E & T, 805Fairbanks & Co, 73, 78, 109, 143–144,

805, 1422Gruber, John P., 2551Herbert, Thomas, 354, 1192Herbert & Sons, 1195–1196Herbertz, John Wilhelm, 800Holt, William, 1738Kern, Gottlieb & Sohn, 803Kosmo, 799Mattocks & Son, 1731Maul, Philipp Jakob, 1654Meymott, Samuel, 1737Newman, J, 1519Nicholl, William Lewis & Co, 1733Ovendon, James, 1731Pallett, Richard, 1736Payne & Ovendon, 1732Poupard, E, 799Poupard, E II, 1330Poupard, Edward, 799Robinson, James, 1841Sauter, August, 806Sharples, G, 802Tivoli, J L & C, 807Torsion Balance Co, 1000Troemner, Henry, 811Warmisham, Samuel, 1733Webb, R W, 798Young, John & Son, 799–800, 804

nationalityAmerican, 36, 73, 78, 109, 143, 360, 805,

811, 1000, 1422, 2029British, 793–794, 799–802, 806–807, 977,

1192, 1195–1196, 1330, 1424, 1508, 1726, 1731–1734, 1736–1738

French, 185, 599German, 803, 806Irish, 1841

pendulum, 1654retailer

Baileys, 1726Maw Son & Mawson, 1726Piggott, John, 1726Sparks, Treharne & Co, 802

roberval, 78, 793steelyard, 73, 805, 1422, 2029torsion, 997, 1000trip, 1591see also Prescription sc

apothecary sc (article), 797–808, 826–835apothecary wt, 832

Avery, W & T, 828, 833–834, 968Birmingham Avery Historical Museum, 832Gruber, John P., 2551mkr

Day, William Chambers, 829H & S, 829, 834Young & Son, 835

see also weights, denomination, Troy; Weights, denomination, Troy

apprentice, 210–214, 239–248, 1741apprenticeship, 1388, 1741

vows, 1741approval, requirements, 2259approval seal, def, 171aquaregia, acid to sweat coins, 265Arab trader, 626"Arabic Glass Weights" (article by Vorley), 160–162Arabic Glass Weights in British Museum, n d

catalogue, 162Arabic numerals, 912Arbiter see Vandome & Hart LtdArbroath (inspectors mark), 45arc, graduated, 642arc arrestment see radial arrestmentArc Scale Co, 2845–2846, 2861–2865

double fulcrum family sc mkr, 2845–2846, 2861–2865

"Arc Scale Co, etc" (article by Berning), 2861–2865Arc Scale Manufacturing Co, 2845–2846Archaeological Resource Centre (York, England),

2109Archdall, Henry:

coin wts mkr, 462, 465, 1103–1104, 1756dates, 1756H A intertwined mark, 1756inherited dies, 1756inspector for Trustees of Linen Manufacture,

1756Irish wts mkr, 462, 465, 1103–1104, 1755–1756master of Goldsmiths' Co of Dublin, 1755official wts mkr for Ireland, 1755–1756successor of Archdall, William, 1756

Archdall, William: apprentice of King David, 1756assay master of Dublin, 1755–1756coin sc mkr, 1758coin wts mkr, 1103, 1757Collector of Revenue, 1756on Common-Council of Dublin, 1756dates, 1756inherited dies from Kidder, Vincent, 1757official wts mkr for Ireland, 1755Receiver of Duties on Plate, 1756succeeded by Archdall, Henry, 1756successor of Kidder, Vincent, 1823warden of Goldsmiths' Co of Dublin, 1756

Argyll, 45inspectors mark, 45

arm, def, 171Armand, P, patentee, 426Armourers' Co:

guild, 248records, 248

Arms, Edward (Chief Engineer for Gurley, W & L E), 2965

Army & Navy see catalogueArmy & Navy Stores:

household sc retailer, 1727postal sc retailers, 1673

roberval sc retailer, 1667spring bal retailer, 1673

"Arresting the Vacua"(article by Oliver), 2593–2597arrestment:

plate, 2153sequence, 3, 4system, Oertling, 2153

arrestment gear, 3–4, 116–117, 154–155, 653, 2363def, 171–172, 287, 1026beam raised, 1211, 1213box, inventor Cramer, J A, 631circular, 643

inventor Mendeleev, 643cord lift, 277, 437, 630–632, 665double, 751parallel, 643, 720pedal & spring, 1027rods in twin pillars, 664

arrow sc, def, 171, 172"Arrow Sc & Wts" (article by Benton), 869–870Arstall:

coin sc mkr, 2009nesting wts, 2011

Arstall, Ellen: daughter of Arstall, George, 2003daughter of Dicas, Mary, 2003partner in Arstall, Widow & Son?, 2003

Arstall, Frederick Dicas: addresses, 2013dates, 2013son of Arstall, George, 2004son of Dicas, Mary, 2004

Arstall, George: addresses, 2013article by Morrison-Low, 2003–2014dates, 2013Dicas' hydrometer mkr, 2003father of Arstall, Ellen, 2003father of Arstall, Frederick Dicas, 2004husband of Dicas, Mary, 2004partner of Dicas, Mary, 2003scientific instrument mkr, 2003son-in-law of Dicas, John, 2004son of Arstall, William?, 2007

Arstall, Thomas: addresses, 2014dates, 2014

Arstall, Widow, date, 2013Arstall, Widow & Son:

addresses, 2013bank sc mkr, 2012bullion bal mkr, 2012dates, 2013hydrostatic sc mkr, 2012possibly Arstall, Ellen, 2003trade card, 2012

Arstall, Widow A & Son: addresses, 2013dates, 2013

Arstall, William: addresses, 2013coin sc mkr, 2001, 2009

coin sc retailer, 2002dates, 2013father of Arstall, George?, 2007trade card, 2010

Art Nouveau, 2438see also Postal sc

artist, Breugel, 2963Arundel, 45

inspectors mark, swift (hirondel), 45, 1977Arvon (mark on wts), 69Arzberger, Friedrich:

academic engineer, 2593, 2595air damping, 701designer of air damping, 702Director of Imperial & Royal Standardisation

Committee of Austria, 702, 2593precision bal mkr, 701, 2662

ASCO: advertisements, 2158answer from Rangeley, 2157–2160balance-ball, 2157detachable scoop, 2157equal-arm balance, 2157fan-chart, 2157household scale, 2160oil filled damper, 2157, 2159take-over by Bizerba, 2157see also Automatic Scale Co

ASCO (query from Cohn), 2157Asco-Bizerba, 2157Ashanti see Akan; weights, nationality, AkanAshmolean museum collection of coin-wts, 1794Ashton under Lyme mark, 1960asparagus sc:

mkr, Maul, Philipp Jakob, 1655pendulum, 1655

Asprey: household sc retailer, 1727pendulum sc retailer, 1676postal sc retailer, 1676

assay: def, 665bal, 3, 6, 157, 629–632, 664–665, 996, 1719,

1791, 2792–2794def, 3, 6, 171accuracy of, 2793, 2934beam length, 5bearings & pivots, 2794button bal, 154, 157capacity of, 2793description, 2117mkr

Ainsworth, 2498, 2792–2794, 2934Avery, W & T Ltd, 159Becker, F E & Co, 280–281, 2498Blattner, Jacob, 1976Bosch, Gebr, 664Bunge, Paul, 792, 792, 2498Cramer, J A, 630–632Denver Balance Co., 2498Field, John, 2117Galonde, 629–632

Keller, S, 154–155, 157–158Keller Balance Mfg Co, 157Kohlbusch, 2498Lingke, Wilhelm, 2498Maison Exupère of Paris, 2497Makins, 2113–2121Oertling, Ludwig, 5, 159, 2118,

2498Oertling, Ludwig Ltd, 159Smith & Thompson, 2498Sommers, Charles I, 1392Sommers & Son, 1396Torsion Balance Co, 996Troemner, Henry, 811, 2498Voland & Sons, 2498Webb, R W, 798

rider's weight on, 2935see also precision bal

method, 534, 665sc mkr

Sommers, Charles I, 1392Sommers & Son, 1396

tons, 280, 331wts see Weights, denomination, troy

assay balance: Agricola, Georgius, 2623Berzelius, J J, 2623Biringuccio, Vannoccio, 2623Cramer, Johann Andreas, 2623Ercker, Lazarus, 2623evolution of, 2497Norton, Thomas, 2623silver (Eduard Harkor), 2623

The Assay Balance, Its Evolution and the History of the Companies That Made Them (review), 2497–2498

Assay Master: Birmingham, Jackson, James, 1475, 1494–1496Cork, Smart, Richard, 1472–1473Dublin, Lord Richard, 1471French, Charpentier, 1623Goldsmiths' Co, Basbee, Walter, 2081Sheffield

Bradbury, D, 1474, 1623Johnson, 1471

Assay Office: American, 531–534, 3019Birmingham, 23–24, 45, 498–500, 1471, 1473–

1474, 1494–1496, 1565, 2442Boise City, 531Bristol, 45, 499–500British, 2440Charlotte, 531Cork, 1473Dahlonega, GA, 3019Dublin, 1471Edinburgh, 45, 2442Exeter, 498Glasgow, 45Helena, 531London Goldsmiths' Hall, 23–24, 45, 498, 968Mint, 1474, 1477

New York, 531–534Newcastle on Tyne, 45, 497–498, 500Philadelphia, 1470Sheffield, 502, 1471, 1473St Louis, 531

assay scale, 3019assaying, 534, 1436Assize of Bread, 1054–1055, 1074, 1087, 1104Assize of David, 2018, 2020, 3043Assize of James I, 3044Assyrian, weight, 2147Assyrians, scale beam ends, 2144Astill, Susannah:

coin sc mkr, 242dates, 1732master of Wenborn, Robert, 1739partner of King, 1732partner of Partridge, John, 1731partner of Payne, Benjamin Matthew, 1732succeeded by Astill & King, 1732successors of Astill & Partridge, 1732widow of Astill, William, 242

Astill, William: apprentice of Goodman, John, 1729coin sc mkr, 242, 1731dates, 1731husband of Astill, Susannah, 242master of Payne, Benjamin, 1726, 1731, 1737master of Trout, Thomas, 1732master of Wynn, John, 1732sc mkr, 3086–3088succeeded by Astill & Partridge, 1732

Astill & King: Astill, Susannah & King, Thomas, 1732dates, 1732sc mkr, 1732succeeded by Astill & Payne, 1732successor of Astill, Susannah, 1732

Astill & Partridge: Astill, Susannah & Partridge, John, 1732coin sc mkr, 1732dates, 1732succeeded by Astill, Susannah, 1732successors of Astill, William, 1732

Astill & Payne: Astill, Susannah & Payne, Benjamin, 1732coin sc mkr, 1732dates, 1732succeeded by Payne, Benjamin, 1732successors of Astill & King, 1732

Aston & Mander, precision bal mkr, 1821Aston & Mander Ltd:

scientific instrument mkr, 1821see also catalogue

AT Co., 2227–2230Atheneum Library, founded by Fairbanks, 3066–3067Atherton, A & Co:

dates, 638wts, 638

Atomic Energy Commission, 2501atomic mass standard, 2219auction catalogue:

Auction Team Koln Breker (1992), 1608Boardman's (1986), 1795Bowers & Merena (Nov 1995), 1999Essener Auktion

X (1975), 64XIV (1976), 64XX (1977), 64IV (1985), 1899–19006 (1990), 64, 1899–1900

Hilden (1976), 64Malter auction VII (1979), 1900–1901Numismatica/Wendt

VI (1974), 64, 87, 1756X (1975), 64, 87, 254, 507XIV (1976), 64, 87XX (1977), 64, 87

Phillips Son & Neale (1982), 401Seaby's Bulletin (1970s), 1795Sotheby

1975, 1305, 13101984, 18731987, 965–966

Audouin see Albinet, Jean & Audouin, Jeanauncel, 1075, 1568

mkr, Targot, Thomas, 1727retailer, Parker, William, 1829see also bismar

Austin, Aaron, coin wt mkr, 499, 502Austin I, postal sc mkr, 408–409Austin II, postal sc retailer, 530Australian:

pendulum postal sc, 2407–2408advertising on, 2407aluminium, 2407made in New York, 2407patentee, Willis, 2407rates in New S Wales, 2407US patent, 2408

Australian gold rush, 151"Australian Pendulum Postal" (article by Denford),

2407–2408Austrian:

sccoin, 1290kitchen, 1945, 1966laboratory, 872ladle, 1945mkr

Arzberger, Friedrich, 701Nemetz, Guiseppe, 1822Praktik Product Scadle, 1945, 1966Rueprecht, 563Rueprecht, Albert & Sohn, 718Schember, C & Sohne, 1698Starke & Kammerer, 872

paper, 1698postal, 1260, 2407–2408precision, 563steelyard, 504–505

zinc wts see Weights, material, zincAustrian Imperial & Royal Standardisation

Committee, 702

"Authenticity" (article by Boogaard), 683–691autocollimation, def, 791–792Automat:

bilateral pendulum sc mkr, 1260Columbus Bilateral trade name, 1260patentee, 1260, 1631–1632

automatic: bal see folding gold balsc, 711, 1201

def, 171weighing machines mkr, Driver Southall Ltd,

1734Automatic Computing & Counting Scales, 2637automatic feed weigher, 2452automatic machines, 2424–2426automatic merchandising machine, 2423automatic sc mkr, Herbert & Sons Ltd, 1201automatic scale, 2214Automatic Scale Co:

addresses, 715, 2159advertisements, 2158Ltd, 2157paddle dashpot, 2159patentee, 715, 2159semi-self-indicating sc mkr, 715take-over by Bizerba, 2157tobacco scale, 2157

automatic weighing machine, 2433see also coin-freed; scale, coin-operated

Autoway postal sc see Salteraverdepois see avoirdupoisAvery:

inverted roberval sc mkr, 2469patent, 805W & T, berangèr mkr, 2440

Avery, Henry Johnstone, family tree, 1506Avery, Thomas I:

family tree, 1506great-nephew of Beach, Thomas, 1506helping Avery, William, 1576

Avery, Thomas II, family tree, 1506Avery, W & T:

animal sc, 653apothecary sc mkr, 793, 805apothecary wts, 828, 833–834, 968béranger sc mkr, 1646, 2601Birmingham sc mkr, 1725bread sc mkr, 1790butchers sc mkr, 974ccd, compared with Maul, Philipp Jakob ccd,

1615ccd mkr, 717, 1616coal sc mkr, 975coin wts, 884, 919, 968, 1127–1132confectioners sc mkr, 803, 852contracting beam sc mkr, 1636counter beam mkr, 2312–2313

for Indian market, 2312–2313in Sri Lanka, 2312–2313

counter sc mkr, 7, 131, 711, 1644–1648, 1692, 2334

design registration, 829

earthenware wts, 143, 386egg sc mkr, 922folder mkr, 2405–2406half-roberval sc mkr, 2307inspectors sc mkr, 794kitchen sc mkr, 768office in London, 1725owners of Newman, J, 1519paper sc mkr, 1692–1694, 1702–1703person sc mkr, 224platform sc mkr, 32, 653, 726, 1636platform sc of Fairbanks design, 726postal sc mkr, 677, 1217, 1262, 1514–1518,

2307postal steelyard, 1514predecessors, 1505–1506price-computing, 974retailing Salter bals, 523roberval sc mkr, 731, 2601sack sc mkr, 1460spring resistant, 922stand sc mkr, 1452, 1458, 1519, 2334–2336steelyard mkr, 653, 1461, 1514–1518, 1702,

2307steelyard with two poises, 1518tea sc mkr, 1462trade card, 1579trade sc mkr, 1453Union sc mkr, 1838wholesalers, 1726wts, 588, 635–638, 653, 828, 833, 1272see also catalogue

Avery, W & T (article), 1514–1518Avery, W & T Ltd, 246, 274, 2331

apothecary sc mkr, 793, 805, 1424béranger sc mkr, 289bought Bartlett, 2940bought Bayliss, W & Co, 2840bought DeGrave, Short & Co Ltd, 246bought Hodgson & Stead, 2940bought Newman, J, 1519bought Oertling, Ludwig, 1724bought Pooley, 2940bread sc mkr, 1089–1092, 1095, 1097–1098,

1462, 1791butchers sc mkr, 289–290, 974ccd mkr, 1180, 1616coal sc, 130–131, 133, 974–976coin operated sc mkr, 2493–2495computing sc mkr, 1517confectioners sc mkr, 7, 852counter sc mkr, 1645–1648, 1692dates in Ireland, 1758earthenware wts, 83–85, 143, 386employer of Elphick, 2080fan sc mkr, 1318folding gold bal, 274, 2405–2406historical museum, 79, 83, 85, 1888history, 118inspector's bal mkr, 115–120inspectors tools, 118–119jockey sc, 60

owners of Driver, George & Son Ltd, 1734owners of Garland, James & Co, 1840owners of Oertling, Ludwig Ltd, 159owners of Tacho-Schnellwaagenfabrik, 959paper sc mkr, 1517, 1692, 1702parcel sc mkr, 1260, 1262part owners of Berkel G M B H, 959pendulum sc mkr, 1318person sc mkr, 1706platform sc mkr, 32, 1185, 1457porcelain wts see earthenwarePost Office sc, 1036postal sc mkr, 821, 1457, 1517postal steelyard, 1517pot plate, 1448pot wts see weights, material, earthenwareproportional wts, 635retailer, 523, 821retailing Salter spring bal, 523stand sc mkr, 1453steelyard mkr, 1090–1092, 1185, 1424, 1457,

1517, 1702steelyard with turn-over poise, 1091successors of Newman, J, 1758successors of Pooley, Henry & Co Ltd, 1732successors of Vandome & Hart Ltd, 1730suppliers to Commonwealth, 1036sweets sc mkr, 1184tobacco sc mkr, 7tobacconists sc mkr, 7trade mark, 1448trade sc mkr, 1448, 1451, 1453–1454vibrating inverted roberval sc, 1453weighbridge, 978wts mkr, 295–297, 441, 586–588, 611, 615, 633,

637, 1095, 1697yarn bal mkr, 1173see also catalogue

Avery, William: bought business, 1576family tree, 1506great-nephew of Beach, Thomas, 1506mercer, 1576

Avery, William Bielby, family tree, 1506Avery, William Henry, family tree, 1506Avery & Timson:

Avery, W & T & Timson W, 677–678patentee, 677–678

"Avery? Fairbanks?" (article by Grice), 1422–1425Avery Historical Museum, lyre-spring sc, 1888Avery-Salter, animal sc mkr, 543Avery Scale Co:

American sc mkr, 1123candy sc mkr, 1123Protector trade name, 1123

Avoirdupois system, 1346–1347origins, 2018, 2021–2023

Avoirdupois wts see weights, denominationAylesbury, Sir Thomas, 1010, 1012–1013

organised ccd making, 1727organised wts making, 1727

Ayr, mark on wts, 45, 46

Ayrshire, inspectors mark, 46

BB: C-spring mkr, 1874

mark on wts, 1005see also Briot

B (Kalkoff, P), 1874B & Cie see Béranger & CieB B, mark on wts, 46B B & Son, wts mkr, 638B C, mark on wts, 44, 46B D, C-spring mkr, 1874B H under W R crowned (Lancashire Blackburn),

1957B in F (Barrow in Furness), 1960B M crowned, mark on wts, 94B O G, mark on wts, 93B of L, mark on wts, 93B of R, mark on wts, 121B P under V R crowned (Pontefract), 1959B S, mark on wts, 121B S & M Co Ltd see Burrows, Stewart & Milne Co

LtdB S M 1867 (mark on wts; St Marylebone), 1960B S M mark (Marylebone), 1928B V & Co, wts mkr, 638Babcock Test, 218, 219baby sc:

berangér, 1294mkr

Chatillon, John & Sons, 333, 335, 338, 1600

Melot & Putzeys, 1293–1294top-pan spring, 1600see also Person sc

Babylonia: civilization of, 2146technical achevements of, 2144

Babylonian: mina weight, 2148

duck shaped, 2148granite, 2143swan shaped, 2148

pear-shaped weight, 2143shekel weight, 2143, 2148–2149

material made of, 2146Bache, E W, patentee, 549Bacon (author), 728Bacon, Francis, 986bacon sc, semi-self indicating, 8Badcock, William Geagle:

apprentice of Read, Samuel, 246, 1729, 1738coin sc mkr, 246dates, 1734master of Goddard, Howell, 1738master of Woodage, George Cave, 1735successor of Blackman, Solomon, 1734–1735

Badger Fire Extinguisher Co, steelyard mkr, 1039Badlam, Stephen, owner of Adams', John scales, 2537Bahrain, gold sc, 249, 626Bailey, patentee see Wilson, R & Bailey, W H

Baileys: apothecary sc retailer, 1726surgical appliance suppliers, 1726

Baillet, roberval sc mkr, 2487Baily's metal, bronze, 2080Baird & Tatlock:

Glasgowscientific instrument mkr, 1821see also catalogue

Londonprecision bal mkr, 1821scientific instrument mkr, 1821see also catalogue

precision bal mkr, 1791Baird & Tatlock Ltd, chromium-plated wt mkr, 2550bakelite, postal sc, 479bakers sc, 1053, 1352, 1592–1593

mkr, Chatillon, John & Sons, 1592–1593baking, 1053balance:

chemical, 2268general, 2268history of, 2268hydrostatic, 2268laboratory, 3033weight depositing, 2542–2547

balance, 2268, 2661"Balance as a Tool against Commercial Fraud", 2219balance ball, 137, 217–218, 1452, 1746

def, 138, 171, 1746fraud, 1184, 1746

balance bascule see bérangerbalance box:

def, 171fraud, 1184

balance indicator, 2438bird beak shaped, 2438

balance-romaine, 1246balances, history of, 2217–2218Balances & Weights catalogue of Whipple Museum

by Brown (review), 593"Balances by Greaves" (article by Crawforth), 23Balanciers Etalonneurs leurs Marques leurs Poincons

by Lavagne (review), 556Balden, Joseph:

family tree, 1506nephew of Beach, Thomas, 1506

Balden, Joseph I: coin sc mkr, 1508dates, 1508, 1576family tree, 1506gold machine mkr, 1508steelyard mkr, 1508, 1574wts mkr, 1508

Balden, Joseph II: dates, 1508family tree, 1506

Balden, Joseph Jr.: dates, 1508family tree, 1506

Balden, Joseph Sr.: family tree, 1506

gold machine mkr, 1508steelyard mkr, 1508, 1574wts mkr, 1508

Balden, Samuel, 1579Balden & Whitfield:

dates, 1508sc mkr, 1508

Balduin Heller's Söehne, patentee, 318Baldwin, Leroy Wilbur, coin operated sc patentee,

2431, 2457ball see poiseBall, William, 2388–2390

apprentice of Burton, James, 1736apprentice of Picard, John, 1736apprentice of Winspeare, Thomas, 1736clock mkr, 2388steelyard mkr, 2388–2390

Bister, 2388–2390ball & rod:

mkr, 1220, 1232postal sc, 1294–1295, 1320see also Wright, H B

rod pre-loaded for postal rate, 1232, 1294–1295ball scale, American, 2685, 2687Ballans, F, bread, sc mkr, 1089balloon-foot, counter sc, 1452, 1454, 1458, 1461balls, silver braid, 205, 206Balog (author), 310band, 229

def, 171, 229bandi, 2357bandolier, 2231Banfield, S:

dates, 1443pot plate, 1443

Banfield, S Ltd, trade sc mkr, 1443bank:

scdef, 257ccd, 66, 991, 1019equal arm, 136, 697, 811, 1020, 1105,

1189, 1211–1215, 2679–2682mkr

Arstall, Widow & Son, 2012Bourne, Thomas, 697Bourne & Smith, 136Crosby, Daniel I, 1763Crosby, Daniel II, 1763CWS Scales Dept, 1105Dearborn, Benjamin, 1189, 1211–

1215Fairbanks, 78Fairbanks & Co, 78, 107Knight, George, 1416Nicholl & Fowler, 1733Osterlich Ltd, 1105Pickering, James II, 1832Plympton, H, 1189, 1211–1215Salter, 518, 526, 528Salter, Geo & Co, 518Sutcliffe, H & Co., 2679–2682Testut, 1295

Troemner, Henry, 811, 1020Winsbury, John & Son, 1733

nationalityAmerican, 78, 811, 991, 1020, 1189,

1211–1215British, 89, 114, 136, 172, 257, 518,

526, 528, 697, 1105, 1416, 1733, 2243–2249, 2679–2682, 2901–2902

French, 1295Irish, 1762–1763, 1832

patentee, Schmolz, W, 1020rocker, 991spring, 518, 526, 528top-pan spring sc, 518, 526, 528see also bankers; bullion

weighing coins, 23wts see weights, purpose

Bank of England, 1128, 1963, 2243–2249Bullion Office of, 2243–2244owner of Standard Troy Wt of 1758, 392sc, 105, 114, 2243–2244sorting machine, 103

Bank of Ireland, 1755, 1832Banker and his Wife, Reymerswaele's painting, 744bankers:

sc, 2901–2902def, 257

weighing money, trade card, 1295wts see weights, purpose, bankers

Banks, J, patentee see Weerasinghe, B E & Banks, JBanque de France' adjuster, Charpentier, 1623bar wts see weight, shape, barBa'ra Ibn, Cairo mint official, 815Barclay (author), 610barge sc:

mkrBéranger, Joseph, 1664Brown, Lennox & Co, 655, 661, 698–699

platform, 655, 661, 698–699, 1664Barker, S G see British Research Association, Barker,

S G & Hedges, J JBarlett, John & Son, successor of Bartlett, John, 824Barlow, H B, yarn bal patentee, 1176Barmer Waagenfabrik, béranger mkr, 2440Barned & Co, sc mkr, 556Barnes, W M, bread sc mkr, 1089Barnes Scale Company, MI sc mkr, 3034Barnet's "What Kind of Poise?" (query), 2835–2837Barnett, John, biography, 2989Barnett & Cima's, Notes & Queries 147, "What Kind

of Poise", 2835–2837Barnett's "Found, the Missing Mordan" (article),

2987–2989Baroque, 2438Barrington, John:

coin wts mkr, 1758date, 1758

Barrow: accuracy, 2080sc for comparison of local standards, 2080

Barrow in Furness mark, 1960

Bartholomew Lane, 1745, 3017–3019"Bartholomew Lane, London" (article by Diana

Crawforth-Hitchins), 3016–3019Bartlett see Hargrave & BartlettBartlett, C H:

parcel sc mkr, 1256patentee, 537, 1256steelyard mkr, 1028

Bartlett, C H & Co: dates, 1732patentee, 232, 537postal sc mkr, 232successor of Bartlett, Charles & Son, 1732

Bartlett, Charles: apprentice of Bartlett, John, 1732, 2920apprentice of DeGrave, Edward Abraham, 1732brother of Bartlett, John, 1732, 2920dates, 1732diamond sc mkr, 1732succeeded by Bartlett, Charles & Co, 1732working Newcastle, 1732

Bartlett, Charles & Co: dates, 1732succeeded by Bartlett, Charles & Son, 1732successor of Bartlett, Charles, 1732

Bartlett, Charles & Son: dates, 1732succeeded by Bartlett, C H & Co, 1732successor of Bartlett, Charles & Co, 1732

Bartlett, John, 2920apprentice of Wood, Robert (line omitted), 1732apprentice of Wynn, John, 1732coin sc mkr, 1732dates, 824, 1732harp top sc mkr, 2919–2922London & Bristol, 1732, 2919–2920master of Bartlett, Charles, 1732shop sc mkr, 2919–2922succeeded by Barlett, John & Son, 824succeeded by Bartlett, S, 1732succeeded by Pooley, 2919, 2940

Bartlett, John & Son: dates, 824, 1732, 2920shop sc mkr, 1732succeeded by Bartlett & Son Ltd, 824, 1732successor of Bartlett, John, 824

Bartlett, L, weigh scoop patentee, 492Bartlett, S:

dates, 1732successor of Bartlett, John, 1732

Bartlett & Son Ltd, 2920bread, sc mkr, 1089dates, 824, 1732locations, 2924succeeded by Pooley, Henry & Co Ltd, 1732successors of Bartlett, John & Son, 824, 1732working Bristol & Cardiff, 1732

Bartlett family, 1744"Bartlett Pairs" (article by Robinson & Knights),

2919–2922"Bartlett Pairs Postscript" (article by Rangeley), 2940–

2941

Barton, Clara, 2819–2820Barton, John:

bank sc designer, 2246dates, 1508father of Barton, William Bridgins, 1505steelyard mkr, 1505, 1508

Barton, William Bridgins: dates, 1508son of Barton, John, 1505steelyard mkr, 1505, 1508succeeded by Beach, Thomas, 1505

Basbee, Walter, assaymaster of Goldsmiths' Co, 2081Basch's "Allenders ccds", letter to editor, 960Basch's "Weighing in the American Kitchen" (article),

1247–1251base:

makers, 2058material

alabaster, 683brass black-patinated, 453, 1294, 1320brass cut-work on walnut, 409, 530, 688,

936, 939–940with Wedgwood plaques, 939

brass silver-plated, 1683buhl, 1220, 1232, 1273, 1287–1288, 1407cast-iron on ccd, 2063coromandel wood, 1667deer's hoof, 663gilt brass with malachite, 957, 1225, 1287glass, 1262, 1632, 1634, 1649inlaid stone, 361, 940, 2057–2058leather over wood, 939marble, 940, 1223, 1469, 1514–1515,

1667, 1678, 1702, 1742, 2057–2058

mother-of-pearl, 663onyx, 1678, 1680ornate brass, 146, 366, 936, 940, 1260,

1520oval brass, 681, 936, 939–940, 944pottery, 939ram's horn, 190silver, 1649silver snuffer tray, 1677silver with Limoges enamel, 939silver with stamp-box, 821specialist mkrs, 2058tortoiseshell, 1680tortoiseshell & brass, 1220, 1273, 1287–

1288tortoiseshell & silver, 1407wood, numerous referenceswooden bear, 663

"Basic Library": article by Crawforth, 87article by Sturgess, 186–189article by Willard, 2083–2084, 2091–2096

Basic Scale component, 2146load receiver, 2146load sensor, 2146readout, 2146

Basic Scale components, on Egyptian balance, 2146

Basingstoke, inspectors mark, 46basis weight, 3077basket of grapes, poise, 1288Bassingham, John:

dates, 1731same address as Bassingham, Samuel, 1731

Bassingham, Robert: brother of Bassingham, William, 1731dates, 1731master of Shorey, Ebenezer, 1731same address as Bassingham, Samuel, 1731son of Bassingham, Samuel, 1731succeeded by Winsbury, John (wrongly aligned

with Bassingham, William), 1731Bassingham, Samuel:

apprentice of Oxley, Henry, 1731dates, 1731employer of Bunn, John, 1731father of Bassingham, Robert, 1731father of Bassingham, William, 1731master of Brooks, William, 1731master of Bunn, John, 1731master of Turner, John Thomas, 1731same address as Bassingham, John, 1731same address as Bassingham, Robert, 1731

Bassingham, William: brother of Bassingham, Robert, 1731erroneous record, not succeeded by Winsbury,

John, 1731member of Drapers Co, 1727son of Bassingham, Samuel, 1731

Bastian's Die Munzwaage in der Hand des Sammlers (review), 619

Bastick, Richard: (not Thomas) apprentice of Vandome, Richard,

1734apprentice of Bastick, Thomas, 1734dates, 1734succeeded by Bastick, Richard & Son, 1734successor of Bastick, Thomas & Son, 1734

Bastick, Richard & Son: apothecary sc mkr, 1734dates, 1734successor of Bastick, Richard, 1734

Bastick, Thomas: dates, 1734master of Bastick, Richard, 1734partner of Driver, John Samuel, 1734

Bastick, Thomas & Son: succeeded by Bastick, Richard, 1734successors of Bastick & Driver, 1734

Bastick & Driver: Bastick, Thomas & Driver, John Samuel, 1734dates, 1734succeeded by Bastick, Thomas & Son, 1734succeeded by Driver & Son, 1734yarn sc mkr, 1734

batch weighing, 2214Bate, R B see Bate, Robert BrettellBate, Richard I:

apprentice of Oven, Henry, 1736apprentice of Snart, John, 211

coin sc mkr, 211, 212dates, 1736father of Bate, Richard II, 1736master of Turvey, William, 1736succeeded by Bate, Richard II, 1736

Bate, Richard II: dates, 1736partner of Sewell, George, 1736son of Bate, Richard I, 1736successor of Bate, Richard I, 1736

Bate, Robert Brettell, 2333, 2597Admiralty Charts of, 2251book on Bate (reviewed), 1786–1788bullion balance mkr, 2243–2245coin sc mkr, 1787collaborator with Cotton, William, 1723dates, 1723, 2245inspectors sc mkr, 1791, 2081Mathematical Instrument to His Majesty's Board

of Excise, 2251mkr of Kater's design of wood beam, 2080,

2081, 2243–2245New Imperial Standard, 2251–2252

price of, 2252sc refurbished by Ladd & Oertling, 2080Standard Measure mkr, 2251Standard weights mkr, 1786, 2250–2252successful manufacturer, 2245trade card, 2245, 2247working with Berge, Matthew, 1787working with DeGrave & Son, 1787working with Dring & Fage, 1787working with Field, John, 1787working with Holtzapffel & Co, 1787working with Kater, Henry, 1786–1787, 2243–

2245working with Ladd, E W, 1787working with Landale & Tod, 2250–2252working with Long, Joseph, 1787working with Makins, G H, 2115working with Neill, Robert, 1787working with Oertling, Ludwig, 1787, 2115working with Potter, J D, 1787working with Robinson, Thomas Charles, 1787working with Sanders, Thomas, 1787working with Sikes, Bartholomew, 1787working with Simms, William, 1787working with Troughton, Edward, 1787working with Young & Son, 1787

Bate & Co: coin sc mkr, 1736dates, 1736moved to Birmingham, 1736successors of Bate & Sewell, 1736

Bate & Sewell: Bate, Richard II & Sewell, George, 1736succeeded by Bate & Co, 1736

Bath, inspectors mark, 46Bather, George:

apothecary sc mkr, 1738apprentice of Stanley, Nathaniel, 1738dates, 1738

partner of Chisholme, James, 1738successor of Chisholme & Bather, 1738

bathroom sc, 2803see also Person sc

bathroom sc mkr, Salter, Geo & Co Ltd, 543, 554Batley mark, 2031Batz, Gary, biography, 2541Batz's:

"Herbert Griesshaber's 1648 Cologne Langenbergh Scale & Box" (article), 2942–2944

letter to editor, silver prover, 1141Light Coin Act, response, 1969"Presidential Coin Scales" (article), 2535–2541Response to Review, Pommier's Poids

Monétaires II, Poids pour monnaies non françaises (article), 2721–2726

reviewInventaire des poids, 1386–1387L'aventure du Metre, 1296–1297

Bausch & Lomb, trip sc mkr, 3095Bavarian Office of W & M, 642Bavarian wts see Weights, nationalityBaverstock, George:

apprentice of Vaughton, Christopher, 1737dates, 1737

Bayley, Michael: on Bartholomew Lane, 3018date, 1727, 3019

Baylis, George Henry: apprentice of Fage, William II, 1737dates, 1737at same address as Poupard, Charles, 1737successor of Fage, Elizabeth, 1737

Beach, 2649Beach, Thomas:

apothecary sc mkr, 1508apprentice of French, Robert, 1501article by Crawforth, D, 1499–1513, 1539–1548,

1572–1580beam sc mkr, 2314cheesemongers sc mkr, 1545coin sc mkr, 1508–1509, 1512contracting beam sc mkr, 1547dates, 1026family tree, 1506flour sc mkr, 1546great-uncle of Avery, Thomas, 1506great-uncle of Avery, William, 1506indenture, 1501inspectors sc mkr, 1508, 1553, 1575prices, 1539–1548steelyard mkr, 1026, 1504, 1508, 1512, 1543,

1565, 1572–1573successor of Barton, William Bridgins, 1505trade card, 1507, 1512trade sc mkr, 1508, 1539, 1574uncle of Balden, Joseph, 1506variations offered, 1547weights mkr, 577widow, 1579see also catalogue

beaker, measuring, 797beam:

def, 172accelerating, 2603aluminium, 4, 5arrestment theory, 3Baily's metal, 2080bifurcated, 1261, 2190brass, numerous referencesbrass alloy, 4bronze, 5, 115, 249, 281, 814–816, 1567–1569compensating poise for, 2822contracting, 1507copper beryllium, 5curved, 2479–2480, 2484–2485design theory, 4displacement of, 2949double, 1479, 1528–1529, 1538, 1941–1942early style, 1351–1354, 1377, 1380equal-arm, 2575–2578five, 2200flexure, 230gauge, def, 9gilded, 91, 138, 957glass, 1168gun-metal, 115, 2248, 2337–2338hand held, 2442hinged, 1326, 1567, 1724iron, 2357, 2395ivory, 1300, 1718–1719lacquered, 700lattice, 230, 247, 642, 2363

bankers, 1940early designs, 1215, 1745precision, 4, 157, 258, 287, 493, 563, 620,

642, 1215, 2363reasons for, 642, 1745trade, 7, 111, 137, 559

leaf-section, 205magnalium, 5mazac, 975, 977mediaeval, 1566, 1609–1613nickel/chromium, 5nickel-plated brass, 2318painted, 9, 136, 335, 957, 1205, 1539–1547,

1586, 1590, 1744, 2005with positive face line, 2950quartz, 750rectangular, 2381sao-Bakari, 321screwed-together rods, 589sets, 148short, 5, 589, 700, 790, 843slit, bismar, 1326slotted, 1277snake, postal sc, 345square section, 1040stable equilibrium, 2949steel, 2197–2198theory of, 2949–2951thickness, 5tin, 1787

tubular, 1293, 1570twin, 2479, 2885in unstable equilibrium, 2950variable, 758vibrating, 2603volute shaped, 2479wire, 1133, 1176wood, 591, 1851, 2081, 2243–2249, 2249–2250Zapon-coated, 700

beam def, 171beam end:

def, 171agate, 7, 1458

beam end shapes, 2572–2574agate-swan, 1452, 1454Antwerp, 254Berlin box, 149, 156box, 2, 5, 204, 225, 495, 1452, 1542, 1547, 2007bright ball, 1541, 1545, 2007Chinese, 175cusp box, 196double hole, 228, 599, 601, 2356, 2358–2359

flattened, 2395Dutch, 229, 472, 858, 860, 1097, 1456, 1540,

1547, 2006English early, 1351German swan neck, 62, 82, 507, 1789hole & cord, 249, 625, 1612, 2025hook, 1351horned double-hole, 2359–2360horned hole, 41inverted swan-neck, 256, 1189, 1211, 1464Japanese trumpet, 326lotus, 2176Nürnberg, 228, 254, 277, 305, 2414–2415open box, 42, 80, 284, 1419oval box, 1749Renaissance trumpet, 172, 173ring & hole, 224–225, 249, 281, 591, 1351,

1421, 1566–1568, 1609–1612round end, 2005Sharkey, 7, 89, 111, 137, 412, 559, 1453, 1458,

1519, 2315Sharkey's patent, 111, 2315square, 1540, 2006square box, 805, 1976stirrup, 411, 477swan, 208, 214–215, 217, 2357, 2395–2396,

2414–2415swan box, 173, 437, 447swan heavy duty, 2006–2007trumpet, 579, 1351trumpet end, 579, 1351trumpet shaped, 2144variations, 173

beam sc: def, 172, 2679material

bone, 2679brass, 2679bronze, 2679electrum, 2679

iron, 2679steel, 2679stone, 2679wood, 2679

monarch, Ramesses III, 2679U S A see steelyard

Beams, sao-Bakari, 321"Beams, Repairs & Inspectors" (article by Lound), 7–9Bean, egg wts mkr, 411Beardmore & Co, wts mkr, 896Beare, Steve, 3071

biography, 2294, 3074Beare's:

Aniline dye, note, 1862"Buckelew & Waterman-A Short Lived

Philadelphia Business", (article), 3113–3118

"Fairbanks 175th Anniversary Celebration" (article), 3071–3073

"New York Scalemakers 1836-1877" (article), 2293–2294

"The Variety Works Scale, an American Puzzle" (article), 2884–2891

bearing: def, 174adjustment, 631agate, 3, 218, 256cone & cup, 657, 1853corundum, 3deterioration rate, 3protected by collar, 1587tool steel, 2350

Bearman, Robert, biography, 2468Bearman's, "Sharp Practice" (article), 2464–2468Becker:

analytical bal, 5articles on, Meten & Wegen (pp. 1876-1884,

1916-1920, 1943-1946), 2183assay bal mkr, 2498Delft, dates, 2184see also Becker, Julian H; Julian H Becker

Becker see George & Becker LtdBecker, C, use of air-damping, 2183Becker, Christian:

American patentee, 1002American sc mkr, 998, 1002article by Carley, 996–1003assay wt mkr, 2530dates, 998, 1002father of Becker, Christopher A, 1000father of Becker, Frank, 1000partner in Becker & Sons, 1002partner in Becker Brothers, 1000, 1002precision bal mkr, 702, 844son of Becker, Christopher, 1000succeeded by Torsion Balance Co, 1002successor of Becker Brothers, 1002

Becker, Christian Inc: American sc mkr, 998, 1002dates, 998succeeded by Vertex Industries, 1000successors of Torsion Balance Co, 998

Becker, Christopher: American sc mkr, 1000, 1002dates, 477, 1000, 1002father of Becker, Christian, 1000father of Becker, Ernest, 1000father of Becker, Henry, 1000father of Becker, Jule, 1000Netherlands, 477partner in Becker & Sons, 1002precision bal mkr, 620, 702scientific instrument mkr, 1000separated from sons, 1002

Becker, Christopher A, 1000patentee of Chainomatic, 1002precision bal mkr, 620son of Becker, Christian, 1000

Becker, Ernest: partner in Becker & Sons, 1002partner in Becker Brothers, 1002son of Becker, Christopher, 1000

Becker, F E & Co: assay bal mkr, 281bullion bal mkr, 281chemical bal mkr, 281precision bal mkr, 1821see also catalogue

Becker, Frank, 1000son of Becker, Christian, 1000

Becker, H L Fils: Belgian sc mkr, 1002family, 1000run by Becker, Henry, 1000run by Becker Henry, 1000

Becker, Henry: part owner of Becker, H L Fils, 1000partner in Becker's Sons, 1002son of Becker, Christopher, 1000

Becker, Jule: part owner of Becker, H L Fils, 1002partner in Becker's Sons, 1000son of Becker, Christopher, 1000

Becker, Julian H: advertisement, 2164dates, 2183–2184quadrant balance, 2164–2165, 2183–2184

with three dashpots, 2164–2165, 2183–2184

Becker & Sons: American sc mkr, 995, 1002bank sc mkr, 995counter sc mkr, 995dates, 1002Netherlands sc mkr, 1002Old Advert, 995partners Becker, Christopher, Becker, Christian

& Becker, Ernest, 1002precision bal mkr, 995, 1002shop sc mkr, 995

Becker Brothers: American sc mkr, 1002dates, 1000, 1002partners Becker, Christian & Becker, Ernest,

1002succeeded by Becker, Christian, 1002

Becker's Sons: air-damping-dates, 2183–2184analytical bal mkr, 843–844, 2598, 2607apothecary sc mkr, 477assay wt mkr, 2530Becker, Jule & Becker, Henry sons of Becker,

Christopher, 844dates, 844, 1002drugstore sc mkr, 477family history, 477family tree, 1000microbalance mkr, 843Netherlands sc mkr, 477, 837, 843, 1002optical projection sc mkr, 837partners Becker, Jule & Becker, Henry, 1002precision bal mkr, 837, 843succeeded by Hollandische Optiek Fabriek

(system Hensoldt) N V, 844see also catalogue

Becket (author), 277Beckman, O, patentee, 624Bedell, O W:

American sc mkr, 1284, 1314, 3056–3059egg sc mkr, 1284, 1314, 3056–3059see also Zenith

Bedell, Orlando W, 3056–3057, 3081–3084, 3118–3123

beekeeper, 3056–3057fly rod mkr, 3056Zenith Egg scale mkr, 3056–3059, 3081–3084,

3118–3123Bedford Museum, spring bal, 1888Bedfordshire, inspectors mark, 46beehive sc, spring, 1669–1670Beek's:

"Response to Bussey Questions" (article), 2130"Salter in Berlin" (article), 1438–1440

beer measure: American, 1139Bristol-ware, 1159German manufacture, 1159glass with copper band, 1187hogshead, 1160mocha-ware, 1159scratch-blue, 1159Staffordshire manufacture, 1159transfer-printed pot, 1187

beer measure mkr, Gaskell & Chambers Ltd, 1187Beesley, H, yarn bal patentee, 1176Beeton, Isabella (author), 769"Beginner's Guide Part 1" (article by Crawforth-

Hitchins), 2571–2578"Beginner's Guide Part 2" (article by Crawforth-

Hitchins), 2599–2606, 2672"Beginner's Guide Part 3" (article by Crawforth-

Hichins), 2655–2662"Beginner's Guide Part 4" (article by Crawforth-

Hichins), 2683–2690"Beginner's Guide Part 5" (article by Crawforth-

Hichins), 2711–2718

"Beginner's Guide Part 6" (article by Crawforth-Hichins), 2739–2756

"Beginner's Guide Part 7" (article by Crawforth-Hichins), 2767–2774

"Beginner's Guide Part 8" (article by Crawforth-Hichins), 2825–2832

Behrens & Co, US postal mkr, 3045Bel August & Co:

precision bal mkr, 1821see also catalogue

Belcher see Standley, Belcher & MasonBelgian law on rust-free wts, 280Belgian sc:

coin sc, 233–234, 1295crane weigher, 1906mkr

Becker, 478, 1002Becker, H L Fils, 1002Jaspar & Taurines, 1906Melot & Putzeys, 1293–1294Merlin, John Joseph, 694, 887, 1685,

1724, 1760Wolschott, J F, 233–234, 254, 1295

bell, with candlestick, 406Bell, George:

folding gold bal mkr, 1625son of Bell, Hamlet, 1625

Bell, Hamlet: dates, 1625–1626father of Bell, George, 1625Folder Maker (article), 1625–1626folders delivered by Stubs, Peter, 1626folding gold bal mkr, 200, 503, 1624–1626,

1828, 1999article, 1625–1626

folding gold bal retailer, 1626folding gold bal with compound wts, 1999gold bal, 200, 502, 504lozenge-shaped wt for 7 s, 1624making folders for Whitley, John, 1626retailing folders by Houghton, T, 1626retailing folders by Wilkinson, A, 1626wts mkr, 200, 502, 503

Bell, Hamlet & Co: coin wt mkr, 503folding gold bal mkr, 1828

Bell, Henry: folding gold bal retailer, 628retailer, 628

bell wts see weight, shapeBelmont, bathroom sc, 554Ben, John:

apprentice of Townsend, Richard, 1735–1736dates, 1733master of Hurley, Jonathan, 1733master of Phillips, Walter, 1736at sea, 1785

bench drill, inspectors', 120bench sc:

def, 174see also Counter sc

Bendall, Simon, author, 2579–2581

Bendemaecker, Willem, weights mkr, 1606Benetfink & Co, ccd patentee, 1180Bengal ruttee wt see Weights, nationality, BengaliBennet, Thomas Moseley, ironmonger, 2006Bennett, stand mkr, 1787Bennett, Thomas Moseley, trade sc mkr, 2006, 2014Bennett, William:

apprentice of Freeman, Samuel I, 1734dates, 1734

Bensinger, J M, weigh scoop patentee, 492bent lever sc see pendulum scBenton (author), 134, 435, 545, 728Benton's Arrow Scales & Weights (article), 869–870bentwood measure see dry measureBéranger:

description of roberval sc, 2483–2484evolution of roberval sc, 2483–2484linkage on roberval sc, 2482roberval sc mkr, 2487, 2601verification of roberval sc, 2483–2484

"Béranger" (article by Heitzler), 2479–2488Béranger, Joseph:

animal sc mkr, 1664article by Crawforth, D, 1663–1664barge sc mkr, 1664béranger designer, 1664, 1742, 1791, 2481,

2601–2602, 3028bought Decrand, 1664bought Turpin-Bremal, 1664brackets for roberval sc, 2479coin operated sc patentee, 2451cross-brace for roberval sc, 2480dates, 1663decimal sc inventor, 1664father-in-law of Catenot, 1664father of Catenot, Widow, 1664foreman at Turpins, 1663La Lyonnaise mkr, 2482leg & stay mechanism, 2488, 2515mark of, 2479–2482roberval sc mkr, 1664, 2181, 2479–2488, 2601star crowned, 1663steelyard mkr, 1664steelyard patentee, 1664steelyard platform sc mkr, 2481succeeded by Catenot, 1664weighbridge mkr, 1664

Béranger, Joseph & Maag, patentee, 1664Béranger & Cie:

coin operated sc mkr, 2451counter sc mkr, 784, 1642, 2479–2488dates, 1663French sc mkr, 784, 1642, 1662–1663, 2479–

2488French wts mkr, 1664roberval sc mkr, 2479–2488succeeded by Catenot-Béranger, 1664weighbridge mkr, 1664wts mkr, 1664

Béranger & Maag: French sc mkr, 1664steelyard patentee, 1664

béranger designer, Béranger, Joseph, 1664, 1742, 1791, 2602

Béranger et Maag, centesimal sc mkr, 1664béranger patentee, Béranger, Joseph, 2602béranger principle, 1641béranger sc:

def, 174apothecary, 929baby, 1294Belgian, 2438bird beak indicator on, 2438British, 2439bullion, 1939butter, 1198cast iron, 2439Continental, 2441counter, 485–486, 647, 1198, 1646–1647, 1742,

2216, 2320, 2322, 2438–2441double beam, 2438–2439druggists, 2051encased stays, 1646, 1742exposed stays, 1646French pattern, 1643German, 2439half linkage on, 2440Imperium, 1647knife edge on, 2439–2440linkage on, 2440marks

intertwined HF, 2440intertwined TW, 2440KFS, 2440

mkrAvery, W & T, 1646Avery, W & T Ltd, 289, 1647Barmer Waagenfabrik, 2440Béranger & Cie, 784, 1664Bizer, Andreas, 2440C W, 647Disquè, David, 2441Hauth, Ernst, 2440Herbert & Sons, 1198, 1742Hizar, Terazzi, 485Kuhn, Freres Saone, 2440L Roche, 2441M, 911Melot & Putzeys, 1293Pentru Bucatarie, 2440Reiss, C, 2441Steinfeldt & Blasberg, 530, 1641Testut, Charles, 2643–2644Troemner, Henry, 811, 1643, 1939–1940

originally called a pendulous sc, 1664shop, 289, 485, 530, 647, 784, 811, 911, 1641,

1742, 2438–2441single beamed, 2439

Berastegui's: "Chick Pea Scales" (article), 420–421"Spanish Patent of 1860" (article), 307

Berg, Dukedom, 26–31, 61–65, 112, 114Berg, Johann Daniel vom:

coin sc mkr, 28, 30, 63

dates, 63German sc mkr, 30, 63

Berge, Matthew: scientific instrument mkr, 1787working with Bate, Robert Brettell, 1787

Bergman & Slack: Bergman, Edward Frederick & Slack, John

Ruggles, 1931British patentees, 1932patentee, 1932

Berkel, see also catalogueBerkel, Maatschappij, Van Berkel's Patent N V, 959Berkel G m b H, 959Berkeley, egg sc mkr see egg sc, mkr, EggXactBerkeley, Ralph, sc mkr & inspector, 43Berkshire mark (stag under tree), 1956Berlin box end, def, 172Berlin box end see beam end shapesBermejo's painting, Saint Michael, 745Bernard, egg sc, mkr, 384, 924Bernes, John, coin wt mkr, 951Berning, author, 2392Berning, B & J's, "Angldile Computing Scales, Part 1"

(article), 2131–2140Berning, Bill:

biography, 2140, 2432see also Berning, William F

Berning, Bill & Jan, 2500Berning, Jan, 2833, 2861–2865, 2885

biography, 2140Berning, William, 2423, 2432Berning, William F:

biography, 2432see also Berning, Bill

Berning's: "Accessing U.S. Patents" (article), 2883"Arc Scale Co, etc" (article), 2861–2865"Carters Standard" (article), 2607–2610"Gaston's Scale Works" (article), 2978–2984"Gibson Parcel Post Scale" (article), 2914–2918"Shaler's Spring Balance" (article), 2647–2649"Why Weigh Solder?" (article), 2525–2529

Bernstein, Aaron David, 2275alias Rebenstein, 1948biography, 1948–1949ccd mkr, 2063dates, 1948father of Bernstein, Alexander, 1947, 2275inventor of coin sorter, 1947, 2275, 2287patentee, 1950, 2287

Bernstein, Alex: biography, 2273–2279brother of Johanna, 2275brother of Julius, 2275engineer, 2275–2277father of Dr. Arnold, 2277gold-coin tester, 2278, 2287–2292

directions for use, 2278, 2291table model, 2289–2291

pointer plate on, 2291patentee, 1950, 2272–2279, 2287–2292

French, 2288

son of Bernstein, Aaron, 1947, 2275Bernstein, Alex & Co:

apparatus for sorting coins, 1947–1955ccd mkr, 66, 842, 1179, 2272–2279, 2287–2292dates, 1949, 2272–2278German sc mkr, 1179, 2272–2278, 2287–2292owned by Bierstedt, Eugen, 1954, 2275patentee, 842, 2272–2279, 2287–2292sc retailed by Ravene, Jacob Sohne & Co, 1954

Bernstein, Alexander: son of Bernstein, Aaron, 1947see also Bernstein, Alex

Bernstein, Alexis see Bernstein, Alex"Bernstein's, Apparatus for sorting Coins" (article by

Lindner), 1947–1955Berquist, P J, weigh scoop patentee, 492Berrian, patentee, 754Berrian Mfg Co:

ccd, 840, 1034, 2269awarded Medals of Excellence, 2270–

2271letter clip for, 2269–2271

use of, 2270–2271letter sc mkr, 848, 2269–2271

Berriman: author, 2024metrologist, 2143

Berriman's, Historical Metrology (review), 186Berry, coin wts mkr, 1508Berry, Miles, patent agent of Fairbanks, E & T design,

724Berstein, Alex:

firm of, 2273–2279dates, 2273–2279

partner of Nathan, Alex, 2273–2279patents of, 2273

Bertin, E, precision bal mkr, 1791Berwick, 1928

inspectors mark, 46Berzelius, J J, chemist, 564Besnard, C-spring mkr, 1874Bessey, Age of Avery scale (query), 2334Betjemann, G W, patentee, 456Betterway Egg sc, 378, 379Bevin, Ernest, 3031Bevin Boys, 3031–3032Bevis, I L, weigh scoop patentee, 2924Bevis & Clayton:

Bevis R R & Clayton M G, 1933British patentees, 1933

Bévringer: béranger sc by Troemner, Henry, 1643see also béranger

"Beware of Fake Nesting Weights" (article by Lockner, translated by Schmidt), 251–253

Bewdley mark (anchor conjoined with crown mark), 1959

Bex, postal sc mkr, 479Beyreis':

"Sandy Harris, Scale Inventor"(article), 3110–3112

"W & L E Gurley Troy, NY" (article), 2964–

2966Bibliography of Weighing Instruments, Soslau, Judy &

Eric, ISASC (1995), 2091Bibliotheque Nationale:

collection of coin-wts, 1794written up by Dieudonne, coin wts, 87, 498, 879,

881, 1562, 1607, 1796, 1879Bicknell see Imlay & Bicknellbicycle sc:

mkr, Salter, Geo & Co, 518spring, 518

Biddle Hardware Co, see also catalogueBierstedt, Eugen:

ccd mkr, 1179German sc mkr, 1179owner of Bernstein, Alex & Co, 1954successor to Bernstein, Alex, 2274successor to Nathan, Alex, 2274

bifurcated: beam, 2190ends, 2322pillar, 2217–2218

big head scale, 2457–2461Biggs, author, 1796Biggs':

"English Coin Weights" (article), 879–888, 913–919, 951–954, 984–988, 1010–1016, 1040–1046, 1060–1066, 1079–1086, 1125–1132, 2579

"English Weight-Systems in 14th Century new Interpretation 1990" (private paper), 1998

English Weights (review), 1661–1662Local Verification Marks (articles), 1891–1896,

1924–1930, 1955–1961, 1977–1983, 2031–2037

Mediaeval Nesting Wts (reply), 1797Review Article (British Coin-Weights by

Withers), 1793Biggs, Norman, biography, 2444Biggs, Professor, Response on 14th Century Weights

Systems, 2107Biggs & Vangroenweghe's "Unusual 1640s Coin

Scale" (article), 1549–1552Biggs & Withers' "Excelente Coin-weight" (article),

2443–2444Biggs' Weights& Measures of Scotland (review),

3043–3045bilateral pendulum:

patent, 1629–1630, 1632–1634sc see pendulum

bilateral postal sc, mkr, Maul, Philipp Jakob, 361, 1627–1636

Billings, John, brother of Billings, R, 2474Billings, R, coin sc retailer, 12, 356–360, 2472, 2474bimetallism, 881, 985, 1898, 2068binary division, 1993Binding Book of Blacksmiths', 2254Bingham, agent for Fairbanks, 2329Bingley, Master of Mint, 391Binns' Paktong, N & Q 128, answer, 1972Biographic Index of American Science, Elliot (1979),

2091Birch, George:

apprentice of Wenborn, Robert, 1739dates, 1739succeeded by Herbert, Thomas & Sons, 1736

"Birds of a Feather" (article by Katz), 2556–2560Birks, J, weigh scoop patentee, 2924Birmingham, inspectors mark, 21, 24, 46, 1978, 2031Birmingham Assay Office, 23–24, 45, 498–500, 1471,

1473–1474, 1494–1496mark on wts, 45, 498stamping wts, 23–24, 1082

Birmingham style, folding gold bal, 200bishop marks, 2387bismar, def, 175, 1030, 1035, 1075"Bismar":

article by Carley, 823–824article by Crawforth, 1026–1035article by Knights, 1240–1244

bismar: banned, 1327, 2714coin, 236, 321, 992, 1303, 2712–2713compendium, 1031counterpoise on, 2145ease of use, 1369hay fork, 669kitchen, 765, 773, 823, 1031, 2714letter opener, 1408, 2714martini, 1030, 2715multi-pivot, 400nationality

American, 992, 1030–1031Bermese, 2713British, 16, 236, 479, 568, 773, 944–946,

1030–1031, 1220, 1231, 1303, 1999, 2498, 2701–2702, 2929–2930, 2936–2940

Danish, 1031, 1264, 2177–2179, 2713Finnish, 1240–1244German, 2713Indian, 2712Indian Ocean, 1244Persian, 2712Peruvian, 2909–2911Roman, 823, 2713, 2911Russian, 2712Scottish, 2714

postal, 2, 16, 19, 236, 397, 400, 428, 454, 479, 568, 679–680, 704–708, 817, 944, 1030–1031, 1220, 1231, 1264, 1359–1360, 1408, 2701–2702, 2714, 2936–2940

registered design, 1220, 2701–2702saddled, 2498shelf edge, 2701–2702, 2715slit beam, 1326trade, 823, 1030, 1241wooden sc, 1030, 1241–1242zoge bakari, 321

bismar, 2712bismar mkr:

Bex, 479

Bradford, Darby & Hulls, 1303Farthing, J, 1231Greaves, 236, 1031Greaves, Edward, 16, 2701–2702Greaves, John & Son, 16, 946, 2701–2702Hartley, 773, 1031Hooper, H, 1220, 2701–2702Linex, 1031, 1264, 2714Lund, W, 1231Maasstrone Mfg Co., 2714Mordan, S & Co, 944, 946Oetker, Dr., 2713Orr, P & Sons, 1999S T S see bismar mkr, Turner, Samuel SeniorSilvester & Co, 1220Smith, A, 2714Thornhill, 1231, 2701–2702Turner, Samuel Senior, 568, 1030, 2936–2940

bismar patentee: Hotson, J H, 708Hulls & Bradford, 1303Juris, F, 705Mahloy, C, 679Richardson, G L, 668–669Riess, R W, 992Rulke, C, 708Rys, V, 679–680Schnechenberg, E, 704Slotosch, M, 680Smith, A, 2714Suffield, S W, 1030Weerasinghe & Banks, 704Wertheim, P, 705

bismar retailer: Farthing, John, 1231Perry & Co, 1359–1360

Bizer, Andreas, béranger mkr, 2440Black, Dr Joseph, scientist, 236, 238, 564Black, Starr & Frost:

American sc retailer, 1668pendulum sc retailer, 1668

black-leading, 614Blackburn, Isaac:

son of Blackburn, John I, 1734successor of Blackburn, John, 1734

Blackburn, James: apprentice of Blackburn, John I, 1742employed by Blackburn, John I?, 1742son of Blackburn, John I, 1734

Blackburn, John I: apprentice of Moffett, Elizabeth, 1585apprentice of Moffett, James, 1585business alone, 1585coin sc mkr, 248, 1398dates, 1727employer of Blackburn, James?, 1742employer of Blackburn, William?, 1742father of Blackburn, Isaac, 1734father of Blackburn, James, 1734master of Blackburn, James, 1742master of Blackburn, John II, 1585master of Blackburn, William, 1742

master of Christ's Hospital boys, 1747member of Haberdashers Co, 1727partner in Moffett & Blackburn, 1585partner of Moffett, Elizabeth, 1734partner of Vandome, Richard, 1734successor of Moffett & Blackburn, 1734uncle of Blackburn, William, 1742

Blackburn, John II: apprentice of Blackburn, John, 1585succeeded by Blackburn, Isaac, 1734

Blackburn, William: apprentice of Blackburn, John I, 1742employed by Blackburn, John I?, 1742nephew of Blackburn, John I, 1742

Blackburn mark, 1957Blackhart, J W, patentee, 668, 671Blacklock, C W & Hynes, M, patentee, 565–566, 622Blackman, Solomon:

coin sc mkr, 1735dates, 1734–1735master of Sawgood, John, 1735master of Woodage, George Cave, 1735sc mkr, 3086–3087succeeded by Badcock, William Geagle, 1734–

1735Blacksmith's Co, wanted Sommers, Joseph II as

member, 1742Blacksmith's Livery Co:

coat of arms, 1355–1356, 1381grants, 1740, 1747Guild, 16, 208–210, 239, 248, 1069–1074, 1140,

1355, 1388, 1395members, 1583, 1724records, 248records missing, 1381

blade, def, 171, 175Blades, John:

same address as Blades, Tristram, 1730sc mkr, 1730

Blades, Tristram: apprentice of Goodman, John, 1729apprentice of Gray, Francis, 1730coin sc mkr, 1730same address as Blades, John, 1730

blan pain bread, 1052blancke weights, wts for least current wt, 1010Blattner, Jacob:

advert, 2552assay bal, 1976dates, 1976sc mkr, 2552scientific instrument mkr, 1976succeeded by Blattner & Adams, 1976

Blattner & Adams, successors of Blattner, Jacob, 1976Blauvelt, Jay, & Blauven, coin operated scale, 2426Bleuler, John:

dates, 1727grain sc mkr, 1727scientific instrument mkr, 1727

Blews, W & Sons, design registration, 1086Blews, William:

ccd mkr, 1508

dates, 1508wts mkr, 1508

Blews, William & Sons, wts mkr, 1086Blombach, C, C-spring mkr, 1874Blondeau, Pierre, machinery inventor, 461blowpipe bal, 2623–2627

description, 2624–2625Göttleib, Kern & Sohn, mkr, 2624–2625Göttling, J F A, 2623Griffin, J & Son, agent, 2625how to recognize, 2627Letcher & Sons, mkr, 2625Lingke, William Friedreich, mkr, 2624Newton, E T, mkr, 2625Plattner, Freiberg apparatus mkr, 2625–2626Plattner, Karl Friedreich, mkr, 2624Pxii Co, mkr, 2625set, 2627supplier

Bullock & Crenshaw, 2627Denver Fire Clay Co, 2627Eimer & Amend, 2627Henry Heil Chemical Co., 2627John Taylor & Co., 2627Justinian Caire, 2627Mine Smelter & Supply Co, 2627

"Blowpipe-Set Balances" (article by Shannon, Shannon & Burchard), 2623–2627

Blumbach, F, Russian Central W & M Dept, 2078–2082

Board of Trade, 23, 67, 74, 85, 90, 92, 116, 486, 543, 633–634, 734–735, 2209–2210, 2220–2221, 2438, 2801

diamond mark, 1218examination, 1423–1425Model Regulations, 1424, 2031notice, 2220packaged goods regs, 1188Parallel W & M Regs (1908), 1090registered design system, 1218regulations for iron wts, 614–616Report 1882, 24stamping wts underneath, 2031Standards Department, 1128, 1187, 2076–2083successor of Exchequer, dates, 2076system of numbers for W & M authorities, 1977Trade mark system, 1218

Board of Trade Notices: 1905, 808, 22091913, 1835

comment on Union sc, 1835–18381914, 22091927, 2209

Board of Trade Regs: 1826, 584, 6161864, 614, 6341878, 584, 587, 614, 734–735, 18351889, 22, 43–44, 85, 386, 1459, 18351890, 584, 614, 616, 636, 640, 18391895, 115, 1181897, 115, 6141907, 67, 85, 386, 614–616, 634–636, 713,

1090–1094, 1158, 1424, 1647, 1835, 1838

Board of Trade Report: 1872, 1358–13591882, 24, 90, 1977

Board of Trade standards, 90boar's head:

mark (Bradford), 1957mark on wts, 46

boars heads, in shield (Grimsby mark), 1977bob-up sc, 693Bodall, Tom, Jamesburg, NY Borough Historian, 3117Bodmer, R, yarn bal patentee, 1176Boe-Paupier à Paris, C-spring mkr, 1874Böelle, à St Christoph:

C-spring mkr, 1865, 1874date, 1876

Böelle, M: C-spring mkr, 432, 435, 1874dates, 1876

Böelle & Breard, C-spring mkr, 1874Bohmer (author), 114boîts de changeur, 2516Boker, Henry, C-spring mkr, 435, 1874Boker, Henry & Co, C-spring mkr, 435, 1874Bondeli, Johann Emanuel:

platform sc inventor, 721weighbridge mkr, 721

Bonneville, H A, patent agent, 455Boogaard, biography, 2325Boogaard & Doniger's "French Patent Postals"

(article), 1535–1537Boogaard's:

"1001 Variations" (article), 291–298"Authenticity" (article), 683–691death, 2086"Drugstore Scales" (article), 477–478"Fancy Postal Scales" (article), 662–663"Indian Weights" (article), 2323–2325"Rare Wilkinson balance" (article), 627–629"Trip to Malta" (article), 864–868Troy/avoirdupois nesting wts (query), 1358–

1359book, useful:

Abell's Skilful Housewife's Book (1846), 1251Abridged British Patent Specifications 1840-

1899, 1839Act of Common Council of City of London

(1617), 24Agricola's De Re Metallica (1556), 665Airy's Papers relating to the Restoration of the

Standards of W & M (1841), 1961Airy's Weighing Machines (1892), 134Alberti's Mass und Gewicht (1957), 332Alexander's Report of the Standards of W & M

for the State of Maryland (1845), 1140, 1858

Alexander's Universal Dictionary of W & M (1867), 2319

Alphandèry's Dictionnaire des Inventeurs Français (1962), 2172

American Antiquarian Society's Diaries of John

Hull Mintmaster & Treasurer of Colony Massachusetts (1857), 749

American Weigh (1984), 717, 2433Anderson et al's Handlist of Scientific

Instrument-makers Trade Catalogues 1600-1914 (1990), 1846

Andrews' Colonial Period of American History (1934), 1858

Aquinas' Summa Theologiae, Secunda Secundae, 2219

Arbuthnot's Tables of Ancient Coins (1727), 2093

Arnould & Massing's Splendours of Flanders (1993), 1998

Ascham's Toxophilus (1545), 870Avery's

Glossary of Terms used in the Sc Trade1912, 20921950, 169

Glossary of Terms used in the Sc Trade, 2nd edition (1964), 2156

Bache's Salter Story of a Family Firm (1960), 187, 545

Badcock's Touchstone for Gold & Silver Wares (1677), 1785

Balog's Ummayad Abbasid & Tulunid Glass Wts (1976), 310

Banwell's Machine Shop Practice (1940), 2525–2529

Barker's Pictorial History of American Scales 1850-1950, 2375, 2390, 2525–2529

Barry's Errors in Practicle Measurement in Science, Engineering, & Technology (1978), 2268

Beckert's Care & Use of Analytical Balances, 2259

Becket's Use of the Hydrostatical Balance (1775), 277

Beeson's Clockmaking in Oxfordshire (1989), 2388, 2390

Benjamin's Sciences & Sensibility: Gender & Scientific Enquiry 1780-1945, 2012

Berning's Scales, A Collector's Guide (1999), 2392, 2433, 2647

Bernstein'sDie Milch (1904), 2277, 2279Erinnerungen an das elterliche Haus

(1913), 2275, 2279Naturwissenschaftliche Volksbuecher

(1899), 1949Von 1850 bis 1875 Kindheit und

Jugendjahre (1926), 1955Zum hundertjahrigen Geburtstag Eures

Grossvaters A Bernstein (n.d.), 1955, 2275, 2279

Bernstein's Die Electrische Beleuchtung (1880), 2276, 2279

Berriman's Historical Metrology (1953), 2024, 2093

Bibliography of Weighing Instruments by Soslau, Judy & Eric, ISASC (1995), 2091

Biètry's Dictionary of Weighing Terms (1983), 2156, 2190

Biggs'Antique Weights, The Nineteenth Century

(1998), 2243, 2252apothecary Weights An Outline Catalogue

(1994), 2056, 2112Bullion Weights (1995), 2256, 2445English Weights (1992), 1788, 1998Verification Marks on Weights (1996),

2112, 2331Biographic Index of American Science (Elliot;

1979), 2091Board of Trade Notices Annotated (1913), 1835Board of Trade Regulations (1907), 1838Boaz's Robert Boyle & 17th Century Chemistry

(ND), 2735Bohmer's Die Goldwaage in der Marker (1954),

114Bonner's New York The World's Metropolis

(1924), 2553Borzone's

I Pesi Monetari di Monete Italiane (1988), 2361

I Pesi Monetari di Monete non Italiane (1988), 2351, 2357, 2361, 2387

Brabner's Comprehensive Gazetteer of England & Wales (c1892), 2927

Bradford & Knopf's Of Plymouth Plantation (1970), 1140, 1858

Brander's Beschreibung einer neuen hydrostatischen Waage (1771), 610

Brauer's Construction of the Balance (1909), 3–6, 134, 187, 205, 728, 1815, 1906, 2053, 2092, 2292, 2322, 2384, 2487, 2597, 2604, 2735

Braunfels & Schnitzler's Karl der Grosse (1965), 1997

Brequin Col de's Reponse sur la nouvelle bal placee par Magelhaens, 610

British Almanack (1871), 353Broadbent's Avery Business (1949), 728, 1580,

1707Bryant's The Age of Elegance 1812-1822 (1958),

2735Bryden's Scottish Scientific Instrument-makers

(1972), 1309Buchanan's Tables for Converting the W & M

hitherto in use in GB into those of the Imperial Standards (1829), 2072

Bud & Warner's Instruments of Science: An Historical Encyclopedia (1998), 2267–2268

Bueschel's, Collector's Guide to Vintage Coin Machines (1995), 2433

Bueschel's Big Head Lollipop Scales (1994), 2084, 2432, 2436

Calendar of Patent Rolls Henry V 1416-1422, 954

Calendar of Patent Rolls Henry VI 1422-1429, 954

Calendar of State Papers Domestic Series

Charles I 1633-34 (1863), 1015Calendar of State Papers Domestic Series

Commonwealth 1650-51 (1877), 1015Campbell's London Tradesman (1747), 808Cantu & Settle's Antique Instruments at Museum

of History of Science Florence, 610Carysfort Report (1758), 390, 582Chaldecott's Studies in the History of Scientific

Instruments (1989), 2248Challinor's John Whitehurst (1976), 1083Challis's Tudor Coinage (1978), 986Chandlee's How to Obtain a Patent (1917), 2914Chandlee's What to Invent (1917), 2914Chaney's Our Weights & Measures (1897),

1044, 2081, 2265Chaney's Weights & Measures…in the British

Empire (1897), 2319Chisholm's On the Science of Weighing (1877),

2597Chisholm's Weighing & Measuring & Standards

of M & W (1877), 2082, 2092Chitty's Burn's Justice of Peace & Parish

Officer (1831), 2336Cjourn's Weights & Measures of England

(1987), 1074, 2531Clark & Hall's Legislative & Documentary

History Of Bank of US (1832), 2540Clarke Morrison-Low & Simpson's Brass &

Glass (1989), 1310, 2072Clark's John Hull Builder of the Bay Colony

(1940), 749Clew's The Somershire Coal Canal & Railways

(1986), 2419Clifton's Directory of British Scientific

Instrument Makers (1995), 2014, 2579Cochran-Patrick's Records of the Coinage of

Scotland (1876), 2072Cochran's Patent Balance Compared with Other

Instruments for Weighing (1803), 2092Connor & Simpson's Weights & Measures in

Scotland: A European Perspective (2004), 3043–3045

Connor's W & M of England (1987), 1090, 1384, 1569, 1891, 1896, 1997, 2023, 2082, 2447, 2927, 3043

Considine's Industrial Weighing (1948), 2092Copeland's Roads & Their Traffic 1750-1850

(1968), 728Craig's, Newton at the Mint (1946), 1042, 1044,

1881Craig's History of the London Mint (1953), 277,

498, 954Cramer's Elementa Artis Docimasticae (1739),

630Cranston's Regulating Business…Law (1979),

2037Crawforth's

Scientific Instrument Makers in the London Guilds (1987), 1070

Sovereign Balances 1 (1983), 1622, 2287, 2288, 2292, 2765, 2777

Weighing Coins English folding gold bals

of the 18th & 19th C (1979), 169, 675, 1070, 1083, 1309, 1625, 1846, 2014, 2072, 2084, 2224, 2541, 2566, 2579

Crawforth's Handbook of Old Weighing Instruments (1984), 685, 830, 2083, 2087, 2163, 2258–2259, 2341, 2343, 2575

Cross' History of Banking in California (1927), 153

Cunliffe's Parallel W & M Regulations (1908), 636

Curtis's Testing of Yarns & Fabrics (1930), 1175Dameri's La Bona Opinione (1997), 2362–2364Danforth's Nesting Wts, catalogue of Streeter

Collection (1988), 1434, 2521, 2524Darby's Gentleman's & Trader's Guide (1753),

1309Davie's

Early Patent Drawings (1997), 2639Guide to Historical Research in the PTO

(1997), 2639Dept of Ag, Bureau of Weights & Meas' Rules

& Regulations relating to Wts & Meas (1951), 2156

Dericci & Wilson's Census of Medieval & Renaissance manuscripts (1935), 782

Detecto's A Pictorial History of Scales (1950), 2092

Detroit in History & Commerce (1891), 2610Dictionary of Scientific Biography (1976), 1083Dictionnaire Universel des Poids et Mesures

(1965), 2912Dieudonne's Manuel des Poids Monetaires

(1925), 87, 498, 879, 881, 1562, 1607, 1796, 1879, 2363, 2517, 2867

Dobyn's The Patent Office Pony, A History of the Early Patent Office (1904), 2668, 2820

Dorchester Town Records (1885), 1858Doursther's Dictionnaire Universel des Poids et

Mesures (1940), 2323, 2524Dresner's Units of Measurement, An

Enclopaedic Ditionary (1971), 2561–2562

Easton's Tate's Modern Cambist (1908), 2093Ede's Gold & Silver Coins (1808), 1785, 2586–

2587Ehrenkreutz's Ayyubid Mint in Cairo, 816Eldred's Sampson Mordan & Co (1986), 950Ellet's New Cyclopedia of Domestic Economy

(1873), 1251Encyclopaedia

Americana (1975), 2229Britannica (1783), 132Britannica (1797), 693, 723, 728, 2196,

2349Britannica (1842), 1885Britannica (1910), 1948Britannica (1969), 6Britannica (c. 1810), 135Brockhaus (1987), 1948

Chambers, 135Diderot (1751-1763), 468–476, 629–632,

1863, 2006Instruments of Science (1998), 2239of Islam (1965), 1025Judaica (1971), 1948Meyer (1971), 1948Penny, 135Universal Jewish (1948), 1948

Encyclopaedia of the History of Science (1996), 2091, 2510

Engelmann's Leben & Wirken…P H Hahn (1923), 610

Epstein's Babylonian Talmud Seder Nezikin Baba Bathra (1935), 1998

Fabyan's New Chronicles of England & France (1811), 1998

Fairbank'sBeginning the Second Century (1930),

2283, 2286Early Recollections (1880), 2283, 2285–

2286Fairbanks Standard 150 Years 1830-1980

(1980), 2285–2286Pioneers in Industry (1930), 2284–2286Through the Years (1980), 77Town of St. Johnsbury, Vermont (1914),

2284, 2286Fanning's Steady as She Goes (1986), 1712Faraday's English & Welsh Boroughs (n.d.),

1961Felt's An Historical Account of Massachusetts

Currency (1839), 817Fieldhouse's For Land's Sake (1957), 2140Fleta (1290), 2015, 2018Foster's Politics of County Power (1985), 1961Galster's En Sieger fra Alborg (1961), 1613Gear & Gear's Encyclopaedia of the History of

Science, Technology, & Medicine in Non-Western Cultures (1997), 2824

Geldof's Pondera Medicinalia (1989), 2351Gemmill & Mayhew's Changing Values in

Medieval Scotland (1995), 1997, 3044Gentleman's & Traders' Guide (1753), 1309Gibbon's Decline & Fall of Roman Empire n.d.,

1025Gibb's Money from Cowrie Shells to Credit

Cards (1986), 1785Gibson & Smout's Prices Food & Wages in

Scotland 1550-1780 (1995), 1997Gilbertoni, Melodi & Luppi's, Museo della

Bilancia a Campogalliano (1995), 2403–2404

Giraud Histoire du pesage en regions Lyonnaise (1986), 2479, 2486

Graham'sScales & Balances (1981), 1707, 2083Weights & Measures

1979, 28991987, 19611993, 1788, 2083

Gravesande's Physicaes elementa mathematica

(1742), 610Gregory's East Yorkshire Windmills, 1120Grierson's English Linear Measures (1972),

1997Griffenhagen's Tools of the Apothecary (1956),

808Griffin's Chemical Handicrafts (1866), 2735Grolier's Encyclopaedia (1996), 2183Grueber's Handbook of the Coins of Great

Britain (1970), 1562, 1846Gurley's

Handbook for Sealers of Weights & Measures (1910), 2160, 2965

Handbook of Weights & Measures for Use of Sealers (1912), 2092, 2965

Haeberle's Zehntausend Jahre Waage (1966), 87, 134, 278, 728, 885–888, 1465

Hakluyt'sNatural & Moral History of the Indies

(1590), 2394Voyage of Discovery (1598-1600), 56

Hale's Good Housekeeper (1839), 1251Hall & Tilling's Correspondence of Isaac

Newton (1976), 1066, 2402Hall's Text Book of Physics, Largely

Experimental (1893), 3092, 3096Halsey & Dale's Metric Fallacy (1904), 2092Handbook of Chemistry & Physics (1914-1960),

2525–2529Handbuch der Historischen Metrologie Band I,

Witthoft (1991), 2091Hanham's Celys and their world: An English

Merchant Family of the 15th C (1985), 2024

Hankerson's Cooperage Handbook (1947), 1140, 1858

Harris' LexiconTechnicum or The Universal English Dict of the Arts & Sciences (1710), 2731, 2735

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Scheurer's The Science of Weighing Yesterday (1965), 2093

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Shorter Cambridge Medieval History (1952), 1025

Shortt's Thirteenth Century Steelyard Balance from Huish (n d), 1717

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Simon's Irish Coins in Ireland (1749), 1785, 1846, 1881

Singer Holmyard's History of Technology (1958), 135

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Snelling's View of the Coins Current at this Time throughout Europe (1766), 1066, 1796

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2540Spedding's Letters & the life of Francis Bacon

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Swinton's Proposal for Uniformity of W & M in Scotland (1779), 2072

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2093Truth Publishing's Elkhart A Complete

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2912Usher's Pilgrims & their History (1918), 1140,

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Vinci (1797), 610Vieweg's Kulturgeschichte der Waage (1967),

749Voorsanger's Art and the Empire City (2000),

2553W & M Inspectors and Inspection Model

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Indiana(1916), 2140Webb's

English Local Government- The Parish and the County (1906), 1895–1896, 1930

London Apprentices vol 21 Founders' Co 1643-1800 (1998), 2355

London Apprentices vol 22 Armourers' & Braziers'Co 1640-1800 (1998), 2355

Weigel's Illustrations of the Useful Professions (1698), 304, 305, 1465

Westropp's Notes on Irish Money Weights & Foreign Coins Current in Ireland (1918), 1608, 1846, 1881

Williams'A Biographical Dictionary of Scientists

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Wilson & Reader's Men & Machines (1958), 105

Wilson'sNew York Commercial Register (1859+),

2553Proposed Adjustment of W & M for

Pharmacopoeia (1859), 808, 826–830

Winchester's Tudor Family Portrait (1955), 986Withers' British Coin Weights (1994), 1778,

1846, 2072, 2256, 2401, 2445, 2517, 2548, 2555, 2579

Witte's Deneraux et Leurs Ajusteurs aux Pays-Bas Méridionaux (1899), 65, 2867

Wittop-Koning & Houben's 2000 jaar gewichten in de Nederlands (1980), 1898–1899, 2400, 2555

Woolhouse's W & M of all Nations (1854), 1121, 1608, 2094

Yale's Ingenious and Enterprising Mechanic (1997), 2194–2196, 2285, 2286, 2329

Yeoman's Guidebook of United States Coins (1996), 2065

Zavattoni's Bilance e Strumenti per Pesare le Monete (2004), 2873–2874, 2891–2894

Zevenboom & Wittop-Koning's Nederlanse Gewichten (1970), 87

Zupko'sDictionary of W & M for the British Isles

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A Compilation of Canadian Manufacturers & Distributors of Sc & Weighing Mach, Traquair (2001), 2636

Akan Weights and the Gold Trade, Garrard (1980), 2024

Alte Tecknik auction (1992), 1608American Weigh, Taft Museum (1984), 717Anatolian Weights & Measures (2003), 2838–

2839Apothecaries Weights-an outline catalogue,

Biggs (1994), 2112Avery's Glossary of Terms used in the Sc Trade,

2nd edition (1964), 2156Balances & Weights catalogue of Whipple

Museum, Brown (1982), 593Balanciers Etalonneurs leurs Marques leurs

Poincons, Lavagne (1981), 556Biètry's Dictionary of Weighing Terms (1983),

2156Bilance e Strumenti per Pesare le Monete

Zavattoni (2004), 2873–2874, 2891–2894

British Coin-Weights, Withers (1993), 1793–1796

British Weights & Measures, Zupko (1977), 188Bullion Weights, an outline catalogue, Biggs

(1995), 1937Byzantine Weights, an Introduction, Bendall

(1996), 2579–2581Coin-weightmakers for coins from 24 countries

(1998), 2333Construction of the Balance, Brauer (1909), 187Contributions to Arabic Metrology, Miles

(1958), 188Control of Pounds & Pints, Stocks (1975), 785Counterfeit Coin Detecting Devices, Mallis

(1974), 87Dept of Ag, Bureau of Weights & Meas' Rules

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Development of Chemical Balance, Stock (1969), 87, 187

Dictionary of English W & M, Zupko (1968), 186

Dictionary of W & M for the British Isles (1985), Zupko, 1074

Die Merkzeichen der Nürnberger Rotschmiede (1981), Lockner, 557

Die Munzwaage in der Hand des Sammlers (1983), Bastian, 619

Die Waage des Chemikers, Jenemann (1979), 189

Directory of British Scientific Instrument Makers 1550-1851, Clifton (1995), 1967–1968

Drug Weighing in Britain, Crellin & Scott (1969), 87, 187

Early Arabic Glass Wts & Stamps, Miles (1948), 188

Early Letter Weighing Devices of G B, Wortley (1950), 87

Earth to Heaven royal animal-shaped weights of Burmese empires, Gear (1992), 1662–1663

Economist's Guide to Weights & Measures, 188English Weights, Biggs (1992), 1661–1662Equal Measure for Kings & Commoners Gold

Weights of the Akan, Nitecki (1982), 594Equilibrium Index, Crawforth D (1995), 1999Errors in Practicle Measurement in Science,

Engineering, & Technology, Barry (1978), 2268

European Coin wts for English Coins, Houben (1978), 66, 87

French W & M before the Revolution, Zupko (1978), 189

Gewichte und Waagemacher in Alten Koln, Kisch (1960), 186

Gewichten in Beeld, Van Ark (1977), 226Handbook of W & M, Roberts (1908), 87Handlist of Scientific Instrument-makers' Trade

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Historical Metrology, Berriman (1953), 186Honest Weight: The Story of Toledo Scale Terry

(1999), 2956Ingenious and Enterprising Mechanics Yale

(1997), 2195–2196Instruments of Science: An Historical

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International Congress, Modena's La Massa e la sua Misura (1995), 2217–2219

Inventaire des Poids, Pommier & CNAM (1989), 1386–1387, 1623

Irish National Inventory of Historic Scientific Instruments, Mollan (1990), 1753–1754

L'Aventure du Metre, Pommier ed (1989), 1296–1297

Lead Weights, the David Rogers Collection Biggs & Withers (2001), 2635–2636

Lions Ships & Angels, Withers (1995), 1935–1936

London Livery Company Apprentice Registers, Webb (1605-1800), 2978

Manuel des poids Monetaires, Dieudonne (1925), 87, 186

Marks & Marking Wts & Meas of British Isles,

Ricketts & Taunton (1996), 2105–2106Measurers, Bennett (1995), 1983Measures and Men, Kula (1986), 2127–2128Measures Wts & Monies of all Nations,

Woolhouse (1859), 188Money Sc & Wts, Sheppard & Musham (1922),

87, 186Monied Mans Vade Mecum, Martin (1773), 299Muntgewichten Voor Munten van de

Nederlanden (1981), Houben, 402Munzwaage in der Hand des Sammlers (1983),

Bastian, 619Nederlanse Gewichten, Zevenboon & Wittop-

Koning (1970), 87Nesting Wts Einsatzgewichte & Piles a Godets,

Zak-Danforth (1988), 1165–1167Notes on Irish Money Weights & Foreign Coin

Current in Ireland, Westropp (1916), 87Numismatica/Wendt Auktion catalogues (1974,

1975, 1976, 1977), 87Old English Bronze Wool wts, Dent (1927), 187Pondera Medicinalia, Vangroenweghe &

Geldof (1989), 1297–1299Pondera-pesi e misure nell'antichità Museo

della Balancia (2001), 2719–2721Proceedings of the American Metrological

Society (1880), 189Public & Private Science, Morton & Wess

(1993), 1849–1853R B Bate of the Poultry, McConnell (1993),

1786Report of Secretary of Treasury on Construction

& Distribution of W & M, Nicholson (1857), 189

Salter, Story of a Family Firm, Bache (1960), 187, 545

Sampson Mordan & Co, Eldred (1986), 961Scale Manufacturers Asso's Terms & Definitions

for the Weighing Industry (1958, 1964, 1981), 2093, 2156

Scales & Balances, Graham (1981), 355, 1073, 1789–1792

Scales & Weights, Kisch (1965), 87, 186Science Preserved, Holbrook (1992), 1714–1720Short History of Weighing, Sanders (1947), 87Special Aspects of Coin-Weights, Houben,

2104–2105Steady as She Goes, Fanning (1986), 1712–1714Story of Standards, Perry (1955), 187Strife of Scales in City of London, Kingdon

(1904), 187Theatrum Staticum, Leupold (1726), 575Treatise of Weights Metrology & Measures of

Scotland, Hunter (1624), 189Treatise on Weighing Machines, Owen (1922),

87Two Thousand Jaar Gewichten in de Nederland,

Wittop-Koning & Houben (1980), 355Two Thousand years of Nested Cup-weights,

Houben (1984), 738U S Standards of Weights & Measures Their

Creation & Creators, Frazier (1978),

102Universal Cambist, Kelly (1821), 188Verification Marks on Weights, Biggs (1996),

2112Veteran Scales & Weights, Jewell (1979), 139,

189Waagen & Gewichte, Winskowsky (1977), 66Weighing & Measuring, Chisholm (1877), 187Weighing Coins English Folding Gold Balances,

Crawforth (1977), 135, 189Weighing of Money, Houben (1982), 557Weight Stamping by the Worshipful Co of

Founders & City of London, Stevenson (1991), 1563–1565

Weights & Measures, Graham (1979), 226, 1072–1073, 1788–1792

Weights & Measures Act 1878 to 1904, Fletcher (1908), 2103–2104

Weights & Measures Document (1497), 17Weights & Measures in Scotland: A European

Perspective, Connor & Simpson (2004), 3043–3045

Weights & Measures in Victoria, Proctor (1983), 906

Weights & Measures of England, Connor (1987), 1074

Weights & Scales, Mehlmann (1979), 163Whipple Museum Bal & Wts, Brown (1982), 593Working Papers 1 Studies in Design &

Technology (1987), 1705–1712Zehntausend Jahre Waage (1966), Haeberle, 87,

610Boos, wrongly entered see DeboosBooth, G, sc mkr, counterpoise balance, 1720Booth & Simmons, successors of Miles, William

Henry, 1733, 1747Borda weighing - see Substitution weighingBordeaux administration of sc & wts mkrs, 862Borg Scale, competitor of Hanson, 2973Boro Laboratories & Appliance Co Ltd:

retailers, 755specific gravity bal retailer, 755

Boroughs: def, 1894non-county, 2034–2035

Borsumm-Buisman (author), 1879, 1901Bosch, Gebrûder:

assay bal mkr, 664dates, 665scale mkr, 2167use of oil-damping, 2167

boss, def, 170, 175Boston market beam:

def, 1593steelyard, 1593

Bot (author), 1899bottle wts see weight, shapeBoucher, J B, C-spring mkr, 1874Boué, roberval sc mkr, 2487boulle see buhlBoult, A J, patentee, 595Boulton, Matthew:

coiner, 495Lunar Society, 1120

Boulton, Matthew & Watt, James, 659, 1304Boulton & Watt, manufacturers, 659, 1118Bourne, Thomas:

dates, 1508equal arm on pillar sc mkr, 697, 2349inverted roberval sc mkr, 697, 2349iron wts mkr, 1508roberval sc mkr, 697, 1724trade card, 697weighing machine mkr, 1508see also catalogue

Bourne & Smith: bank sc mkr, 136bullion bal mkr, 136counter roberval sc mkr, 136inverted roberval sc mkr, 136Old advert 1828, 136postal sc mkr, 132, 136sack sc mkr, 136shop sc mkr, 132, 419warehouse sc mkr, 136weighing machine mkr, 696

bouyancy correction, 2219bow front sc:

dated, 1671, 1673, 2556–2560, 2877–2881spring, 513, 546, 551, 623, 922, 1259, 1407,

1671–1674, 2556–2560, 2877–2881bow-front sc retailer, Liberty, 981bow-front spring bal, 2556–2560, 2877–2881

Apollo Studios, 2556Bernard Rice, 2559Bernard Rice's Sons, 2559Tiffany competitor, 2559treated metal & glass case, 2559

Gilfillan, patentee, 622, 2556, 2878–2879Gilfillan Sc & Hardware, patentee, 2878–2879Gorham silversmiths, 2556Heintz Art Shop, 2556

silver on bronze case, 2557Jennings Bros, 2556, 2558

Jennings, Edward & Erwin, 2558zinc-alloy case, 2558

gold-bronze plated, 2558mkr

I D L Mfg, 2881Kingsbury Mfg Co, 2881Marvel Scale Co, 2881

patents for, 2556Pelouze, 2556, 2560

as advert forKenwood Felts, 2880, 3026St Charles cream, 2880

modelColumbian, 2878–2879

with scoop for confectioners, 2881

Countess, 2880–2881Crescent, 2556, 2878–2879Guildcrest for Stationers Guild,

2880–2881

National, 2877, 2879Petite, 2880–2881Princess, 2556, 2880–2882Rapid, 2880–2881Star, 2560, 2878–2879Union, 2877–2879X-1, 2880–2881X-2, 2880–2881

patentsnationality, 2881

American, 2881Belgian, 2881Canadian, 2881English, 2881French, 2881German, 2881

retailer, 2880Apollo Studios, 2880Gorham, 2880Heintz Art Metal, 2880Jennings Bros, 2880Tiffany Studios, 2880

retailer, Tisdall, J H, 2879Tiffany Studios, 2556, 2559–2560, 2880

Columbus, 2560Crescent, 2557, 2560desk set, 2557

patterns, 2557bow front spring bal, see also spring balBower Mfg Co, egg sc retailer, 1314box:

bamboo, 55, 325Berg & Mark, 6black & gold English, 1377book-shape, 1354brass, 2658cap end, 236, 268, 273, 301card paper, 2658cardboard, 2658carved, 249, 281, 625–626CFS (cut from solid), 49, 54, 80, 154–156, 208–

215, 244–249, 457, 625–626, 1380–1383, 1585, 1749, 1761–1764, 1779, 1782–1784, 1787, 1799–1801, 2657

china, 1453Chinese style, 160cut-from-solid see box, CFSdiaper stamps, 1356, 1382ebony, 115English, 2995–2996fish shaped, 57–58, 157German CFS, 27, 42, 65, 228Indian Ocean, 249, 281, 625–626ivory, 115Japanese scabbard, 321japanned metal, 160, 457, 2442lacquered, 625–626leather cloth, 41, 154leather covered, 23, 28, 41, 65, 131, 154, 233–

236, 268, 271, 321, 428–429, 686, 1231, 1417–1419, 2658

made-up see box, MUB

metal, 2657MUB (made up box), 214, 247, 356, 495, 1192,

1393, 1762, 1831, 2657nickel-alloy, 1942nickel-plated, 2038–2045oval japanned, 457, 1502–1503oval japanned (article), 178oval wood, 1323–1326painted

Indian Ocean, 249, 281Persian, 223

paper, 2658rosewood, 1413–1415round, 115serpentine, 1749, 1761, 1763–1764, 1798–1801shagreen, 205, 215, 247, 269–271, 457–459,

676, 869, 1390, 1395–1396, 1581, 1587, 1602, 1685–1686, 1781, 1879, 2082, 2658, 2996

def, 312round pens, 1396

silver edging, 1685silver ribbon edging, 1396snail-shaped, 625–626Spanish, 2995–2996tin, 149, 154–157, 191, 421, 1098, 1790tooled, 49, 208violin, 55, 59, 227, 325, 1685well for nesting wts, 1380wholesaler, 1356zinc, 2657

box end, def, 172, 175box end beam:

def, 172–173, 175see also beam end shapes

box mkrs, 1782boxed swan neck end, def, 172Boyle, Robert, scientist, 574Boyle Robert, scientist, 574Bozzo, sc mkr, 2387Brabant mark, 1991Braby, James:

father of Braby, Thomas, 1915kitchen sc mkr, 772, 1725pendulum sc designer, 1911–1914pendulum sc mkr, 1911same address as Braby, Thomas, 1912silver medallist, 1911trade sc mkr, 1725

Braby, James & Thomas (article by Crawforth, D), 1911–1916

Braby, Thomas: coach-spring mkr, 1904same address as Braby, James, 1912son of Braby, James, 1915spring bal mkr, 1903, 1915–1916T B mastersign, 1915

Bradbury, D, assay master, 499, 502Bradbury, Daniel:

assay master of Sheffield, 1473coin wts mkr, 1473

Bradford, 1957

inspectors mark, 46Bradford, Darby & Hulls:

bismar mkr, 1311Bradford, William & Darby, Richard & Hulls,

Jonathan, 1311coin sc mkr, 268, 1303hydrostatical sc mkr, 268, 1303moving load sc mkr, 1303patent date, 394unusual coin sc design, 1760see also Hulls, J & Bradford, W

Bradford, Samuel: date, 1758postal sc mkr, 1758

Bradford, William see Bradford, Darby & HullsBradford mark, 1981Brady & Martin:

precision bal mkr, 1821precision bal retailer, 1726scientific instrument retailer, 1726, 1821see also catalogue

Bragin, L, ccd mkr, 1019braided cord, def, 175brake, pendulum sc, 1408Bramall & Brookes-King, patentee, 413Brand, Phil, Managing Director, Hanson Limited,

3011Brander, G F:

author, 610chemical bal mkr, 573, 604–605, 607hydrostatic sc mkr, 573, 604–605pendulum sc designer, 573, 605scientific instrument mkr, 604

Brandon Mfg Co, 2756succeeded by Howe Scale Co, 2756

Brantford Computing Scale Co, computing scale mkr, 2637

Brantford Scale Co, 2637Brantford Speciality Mfg Co, computing scale mkr,

2637Braselmann, August:

coin sc mkr, 30, 63dates, 63German sc mkr, 30

Braselmann, Johann Peter: coin sc mkr, 30, 62–64dates, 63master of Mittelstenscheid, Johann Caspar, 62

brass: cleaning, 3035, 3036prices, 1542wts

numerous referencesstamping, 21, 92

Brass (author), 408Brass' "A Scale Collector in Italy" (article), 2352–

2353"Brass Beam Scales-To clean or not to Clean!" (article

by Lound), 3036Brass' "Candlesticks, Part 1" (article), 3099–3109Brass' "Candlesticks" (article), 403–408Brass' "What will happen to my collection?" (letter to

editor), 1036Brass' "Young Person Scale" (article), 18–19Brauer (author), 3–6, 134, 187, 728, 1815, 1906, 2053Brauer's Construction of the Balance (review), 3–4, 6,

187Braun-Knecht-Heimann, scientific instrument mkr,

1821Braun-Knecht-Heimann Co:

precision bal mkr, 1821see also catalogue

bread: article on, 1051–1059, 1087–1098penalties for short wt, 1182priced, 1058, 1087prices, 1055prices in Boston USA

Contemporary Comment 1732, 1104Contemporary Comment 1754, 1104

of treat, 1052bread sc, 1051–1059, 1087–1098

equal-arm, 23, 1051, 1053, 1087–1098, 1352, 1790

mkrAnderson Brothers, 1089Avery, W & T, 1790Avery, W & T Ltd, 1089–1092, 1097–

1098, 1462, 1791Ballans, F, 1089Barnes, W M, 1089, 1097Bartlett & Son Ltd, 1089, 1095Carnegie & Layton Ltd, 1089Cocksedge & Co, 1089Cooperative Wholesale Society Ltd, 1089Daniels, J B, 1089Davis & Southerton, 23, 1089, 1095Day & Millward, 1089, 1586Dayton Royal Computing Sc, 1093DeGrave & Co, 1098Hall, J & Son, 1089Hunt & Co, 1089Jackson, E, 1089Morvan, G & B, 1089Parnall & Sons Ltd, 1089Parry, Walter, 1089Pooley, H & Son Ltd, 1089Pooley, Henry & Son Ltd, 1089Premier Scale Co Ltd, 1087Salter, George & Co, 523, 1089, 1093Siddons, J & J, 1089, 1098United Yeast Co Ltd, 1089, 1097Wedderburn, G A, 1089Whitehead & Honey, 1089Wood, A R, 1089Young Son & Marlow, 1089

patent, 1088spring, 1093steelyard, 1090–1092, 1462

"Bread Weighing" (article by Crawforth D), 1051–1059, 1087–1098

bread weights see weights, purpose, breadBrearley, competitor of Hanson, 2973Brecknell:

béranger sc mkr, 2468counter sc mkr, 2470inverted roberval sc mkr, 2469potato beam sc mkr, 2470provision sc mkr, 2468semi-automatic sc mkr, 2470vibrating counter sc mkr, 2470

Breithaupt: precision bal mkr, 1821scientific instrument mkr, 1821see also catalogue

Brenner, C, partner, Buoy, Brenner & Co, 2887Brequin (author), 610Brequin, Col de:

author, 610inventor, 607–608

Brerner, John, 556Breughel's drawing Everyman, 737Brevete, def, 175, 332, 446Briais, Narcissé, 147, 332, 446, 479, 481, 1360, 3030

candlestick sc patentee, 1373, 1535coin & postal sc mkr, 147, 332cord & wt sc patentee, 1373desk set, 1676flexure spring sc patent, 1904hydraulic sc patentee, 1373N B trade mark, 446patentee, 446, 1370, 1375, 1535pendulous pendulum sc, 1676pendulum sc mkr, 1253, 1404, 1406, 1650, 1676pendulum sc prices, 1673postal sc mkr, 1252–1253, 1651, 1677–1679roberval sc mkr, 1252, 1679sales in GB, 1370silver sc, 1676spring bal mkr, 1373, 1404, 1535spring bal patentee, 1373–1376, 1404, 1535steelyard mkr, 1403, 1677steelyard sc patentee, 1373wholesaler, 1253, 1360

Briais, Narcissé Eugene see Briais, NarcisséBriais, Victor:

patentee, 1370postal sc patentee, 1403–1404, 1536steelyard patentee, 1403, 1536, 1677

Brighton mark, 1960Brind, William:

apprentice of Read, Samuel, 246, 1729, 1737coin sc mkr, 22, 205–206, 211, 214, 246, 248,

1938dates, 22, 206, 1730, 1737employed by Read, Samuel, 1745master of 5 apprentices at once, 1729master of Bullock, William, 1737master of Goodman, William, 1730, 1737master of Phillips, Edward, 248, 1737master of Wheatley, John, 1737steelyard mkr, 22, 205trade card, 205two shops, 205wt mkr, 205

brine sc, 604

Briot, Nicholas: weight engraver, 216, 914, 1010–1011, 1352,

1358wts, 1014

Brisson, Raymond J, pres, Fairbanks Foundation, 2805Bristol, inspectors mark, 21, 46, 1927Bristol Assay Office, griffon mark on wts, 500Bristol-ware see beer measureBritannia, postal pendulum sc, 1292British:

coinage, 40patentee, 66, 549, 1882, 1886, 1902, 1932, 1984

see also patentee, Britishpostal system, 2, 817, 1219–1233scale mkr, Salter, 2240scale retailer, von der Nahmer, 2240

British Automatic Co, person sc retailer, 518British Coin-Weights by Withers (review), 1793"British Date Marks" (article by Crawforth), 1004–

1007British Duplex Seals Ltd:

Duplex trade name, 1945, 1965kitchen sc mkr, 1965ladle mkr, 1965patentee, 1965

British Egg Marketing Board, 412British laboratory balance, 2543British Museum collection of coin-wts, 1794British national standard for mass, 2219British patentee see patentee, BritishBritish Postal Union, 2258British Research Association, Barker, S G & Hedges, J

J, yarn bal patentee, 1176British sc, grain, 354, 518, 524, 566, 592, 1451British sc mkr, Wharton, W & Sons, dates, 3098–3099British Standards, 90"British Verification Marks" (article by Crawforth),

20–24, 43–48, 67–72British Weights & Measures by Zupko (review), 188Broad, John, inspector for Berkshire, 1956broad arrow:

mark on wts, 581see also Government departments

broad pieces, def, 1552Broadbent (author), 728, 1580, 1707Brock, Richard:

apprentice of Marsh, Elizabeth, 1738master of Evitt, John, 1738

see also Brocke, RichardBrocke, Richard, 2254

coin sc description, 2256coin sc mkr, 2253–2256

bound to Collet, Thomas, 2254label, 2255

Bromilow, coin sc retailer, 282Bromley, James, sc mkr, 3091Bronze Age, 2719bronze cleaning, 1238bronze wts:

stamping, 21see also Weights, material

Brookes, A G, patent agent, 539

Brookes-King, patentee see Bramall & Brookes-KingBrookhouse, R, wt mkr, 410, 416Brooks, Percy C, manager of Fairbanks, E & T & Co,

107Brooks, William I:

apprentice of Bassingham, Samuel, 1731dates, 1731master of Fletcher, William Francis, 1731

Brooksby, Elizabeth: coin sc mkr, 214, 1396remarried to Gibson, Thomas, 214widow of Brooksby, Thomas II, 1735see also Gibson, Elizabeth

Brooksby, Thomas I: apprentice of Picard, John, 212, 1735coin sc mkr, 212–214, 1069, 1396dates, 213, 1735father of Brooksby, Thomas II, 1735foreman of Picard, John, 213master of Brooksby, Thomas II, 213, 1735master of Gibson, Thomas, 213, 1735master of Sangster, William, 213, 1735succeeded by Gardner, Ann, 214successor of Picard, John, 1735

Brooksby, Thomas II: apprentice of Brooksby, Thomas I, 213coin sc mkr, 214, 1735dates, 213–215first husband of Brooksby, Elizabeth, 1735master of 5 apprentices, 1743master of Wood, William, 1735son of Brooksby, Thomas I, 1735succeeded by Gibson, Thomas, 214successor of Gardner, Ann, 214trade card, 214trained with Gibson, Thomas, 214

Brower Mfg Co: American sc mkr, 920, 1284, 1313, 1315egg sc mkr, 920, 1284, 1313, 1315pendulum sc mkr, 922, 924Save-all trade name, 1284steelyard mkr, 920, 1284, 1313

Brown see Fairbanks, Brown & CoBrown, HH, 2424Brown, Isaac:

coin sc mkr, 427, 1413–1420, 1725patent false, 1414registered design, 1413–1415watch mkr, 1725

Brown, Isaac & Son, coin sc mkr, 1419Brown, J G, painting Farmers Weighing Fish, 1301Brown, James:

sc inventor, 1304scientific instrument mkr, 1304

Brown, John, 2704Brown, L E, 3101

kitchen sc mkr, 3101Brown, Lennox & Co:

barge sc mkr, 655, 661, 698–699platform sc mkr, 655, 661, 698–699

Brown, O: Balances & Weights of the Whipple Museum

(review), 593Balances & Weights of the Whipple Museum

(review), 593Brown, Richard & Sons:

coin sc mkr, 1028coin sc wholesaler, 1419folding sovereign bal, 1028, 1419–1420steelyard mkr, 1028

Brown & Co, postal sc retailers, 938Brown & Sharpe, American sc mkr, 1169, 1696, 1702Brown & Sharpe Mfg Co:

caliper gauge for paper, 1696paper sc mkr, 1702steelyard mkr, 1169, 1702see also catalogue

Browne: date, 1759postal sc retailer of Ratcliff, J & E rolling pin,

1759Bruges:

clove, 2018gold mark, 1991gold ounce, 1992hundredweight, 1992load, 1992mark, 1991pound, 1994–1995, 2018silver mark, 1991silver ounce, 1992wool weighing, 2020

Brunswick Drug Co, see also catalogueBrunton see Ford, Whitmore & BruntonBrussaut, roberval sc patentee, 2601Brussels:

bullion ounce, 1992mark, 1991

Bryden, D (author), 1309Bryden, John, 2293

scale mkr, 2293Bryden & Robidoux scales, 2293Bryden's "John Gardner's Coin-Scale" (article), 1303–

1311Bte SGDG, def, 446bu, 319Bucatarie, Pentru, béranger mkr, 2440Buchanan (author), 2072Buchanan, Peta, Dr., 2268, 2788

biography, 2249, 2264, 2547Buchanan's:

"Any Advance on Six?" (article), 2243–2249"Hydrostatic Weighing" (article), 2731–2735"Oertling Verified Unequally?" (article), 2260–

2265Quantitive Measurement & the design of the

Chemical Bal 1750-1900 (unpublished thesis), 2082, 2264

Buchenwald Concentration Camp, scale at, 2238Buckalew, B R, gold sc retailer, 153Buckelew, James:

business activities, 3114father of Buckelew, John, 3114Jamesburg, NY, 3113–3114

Buckelew & Waterman, 3110–3112, 3113–3118American, sc mkr, 3110–3112, 3113–3118dates, 3110, 3113location of, 3110, 3113shop scale

accuracy of, 3111–3112description of, 3110–3111geometry of, 3110–3112half roberval & steelyard, 3110–3112mechanism of, 3110–3111shown at American Pharmaceutical Asso,

3113shop scale mkr, 3110–3112, 3113–3118

Matos patent, 3116–3117"Buckelew & Waterman-A Short Lived Philadelphia

Business", (article by Beare), 3113–3118Buckelew,John D, 3110, 3113–3114

census findings, 3113farmer, 3110, 3113Inverness mansion, 3114living in NJ, 3110, 3113providing capital for Buckelew & Waterman,

3110, 3114Buckinghamshire mark, 69, 2031Bucklen, Herbert E, organizer of Strubler Computing

Scale Co, 2134Bud, Dr. Robert, 2239Bueschel (author), 2084, 2436Bueschel, Richard, 2423–2432, 2436Bueschel, Richard M, biography, 2432Bueschel's:

Big Head Lollipop Scales (1994), review by Storck, 2436

Collector's Guide to Vintage Coin Machines, 2433

Buffalo Scale Co: advert, 179American sc mkr, 82, 179, 901, 1696druggists sc mkr, 2051grain sc mkr, 82, 222–224paper sc mkr, 1696, 1700steelyard mkr, 1700see also catalogue

Buffalo Scale Works, 2552buffer, poise, 1411buffing wheel, 1235buhl, base, 1288Bull, James, wts made for his bread retailing, 1057Bull, William, 2388–2389

apprentice of Picard, John, 2388–2389bull-top, 1451, 1454bullion:

checker, 1939coins as, 1082ounce, 1990–1992sc, roberval, 1939wt systems, mediaeval, 1990–1992

bullion bal, 182, 649, 1189, 2243–2244, 2872designer

Cotton, William I, 114Kater, Henry, 114Napier, J M, 104

bullion bal mkr: Arstall, Widow & Son, 2012Bate, R B, 2243Becker & Co, 281Bourne & Smith, 136Day, William Chambers, 810Dearborn, Benjamin, 1189, 3037–3039Fairbanks & Co, 992Howard & Davis, 1212, 1216Kohlbusch, Herman, 1940Napier, J M, 105Oertling, Ludwig, 159Plympton, H, 1211–1215, 3037–3039Sharples, B, 802Troemner, Henry, 811, 1939, 2872Troemner, Henry & Co, 157Young & Son, 800

bullion balance, 3037–3039Bullion Office of the Bank of England, 2243"Bullion Weights an outline catalogue" by Biggs

(review), 1937Bullock, William:

apprentice of Brind, William, 1737coin sc mkr, 1737dates, 1737

Bullock, William & Co: bought by Salters, 518dates, 638trade card, 644wts mkr, 518, 638, 644

Bullwinkle, Thomas: apprentice of Whitemarsh, William, 1732dates, 1732

Bundy Manufacturing, Co., 2206Bunge, Paul:

aperiodic bal mkr, 700assay bal mkr, 792autocollimation, 791, 837chemical bal mkr, 5dates, 720, 792, 1468mechanical wt loading, 719optical projection sc mkr, 837precision bal mkr, 5, 549, 589–590, 664, 700,

719, 792, 837, 1468prize, 1468, 2239

awarded by Jeneman, 2239awarded to Bud & Warner, 2239

scientific instrument mkr, 1821short beam design, 1790see also catalogue

Bunn, John: apprentice of Bassingham, Samuel, 1731dates, 1731worked for Bassingham, Samuel, 1731

Bunsen, gas burner inventor, 2627Buoy, Brenner & Co, 2887

Buoy, D, Buoy, William, Brenner, C & Kohler, J, 2887

scale manufacturers, 2887Buoy, Dennis:

American patentee, 2885ball scale patentee, 2885–2889

biography, 2887–2889family tree, 2887–2889partner, Buoy, Brenner & Co, 2887patentee

Conkling, E W, witness, 2886Long, Chas C, witness, 2886

patents, 2889Variety Works Scale, 2884–2891

marks for assembly on, 2884–2891Buoy, William:

partner, Buoy, Brenner & Co, 2887son of Buoy, Dennis, 2887

Burchfield, Samuel, sc mkr, 3091Burchfield, Thomas:

apprentice of Wynn, John, 1732coal sc mkr, 35dates, 1732iron wts mkr, 35master of Morgan, Joseph Walter, 1732master of Stillwell, Edward I, 1732sc mkr, 3087, 3090, 3091succeeded by Burchfield, Thomas & Son, 1732

Burchfield, Thomas & Son: Burchfield, Thomas & William, 1732dates, 1732person sc mkr, 1732succeeded by Williams, Thomas II, 1732successors of Burchfield, Thomas, 1732

Burdet see Thiebaud, A & BurdetBureau des Ecorces, C-spring mkr, 1874Burgauer's Favorit, letter, 445"Burmese Bronze Weights" (article by Houben), 347–

352Burmese sc, 241, 249, 281"Burmese Weights" (article by Gear), 1521–1524

review, 1662–1663Burnett, Thomas, dates, 1723Burrell (author), 1997Burrows, agate supplier, 1787Burrows, P F M, patentee, 650Burrows, Stewart & Milne, Canadian sc mkr, 1437–

1438Burrows, Stewart & Milne Co Ltd:

butchers sc mkr, 1437–1438steelyard mkr, 1437–1438

Burton, James: date, 1736master of Ball, William, 1736

bush, def, 175Bushell, wts mkr, 545, 638bushell measure, American, 1137, 1139bushes, lack of, 1521Buss, Thomas Odempsey:

dates, 1727grain sc mkr, 1727scientific instrument mkr, 1727

Bussey, London dealer for Salter, 2130Bussey, Frederick, 2088

foundry, 2088Bussey, George Gibson, 2087

patent, 2087, 2090, 2130Bussey, patentee, 2087

Bussey, Peckham, London, 2087Bussey & Co, 2087, 2088

parcel post bal, 2087–2088"Bussey Questions", article by Moon, 2087–2090butchers outfitters, Smith & Stevenson, 1447butchers sc:

automatic, 1201béranger, 289equal-arm, 1196fan & steelyard, 559inverted roberval, 130, 1193, 1197–1198mkr

Avery, W & T, 974Avery, W & T Ltd, 289, 290, 974B S & M Co Ltd see Burrows, Stewart &

Milne Co LtdBurrows, Stewart & Milne Co Ltd, 1437–

1438Chatillon, John & Sons, 1591Computing Scale Co, 559Fairbanks, 109, 512Fairbanks & Co, 108, 109Herbert, Thomas, 1192Herbert & Sons, 1192–1198, 1743Herbert & Sons Ltd, 1197, 1201Marlin, A a Joue, 758Marriott, Henry, 1883Preston, William B, 508Simpson, W R, 1842Troemner, Henry, 1643Wood, Robert, 1192

repairer, Newman, J, 1828retailer

Douglas, William & Sons, 1726Wood, Vallance & Adams, 1438

semi-self-indicating, 974steelyard, 508, 758, 1437–1438, 1462, 1774–

1776trip, 1591variable beam steelyard, 758

Butchers Shop 1583, painting, 1774–1776butcher's stone, 2799butchers' weighing, 1160Butes, E, patentee, 454butter moisture sc, 809butter sc:

béranger, 1198equal arm wooden, 591inverted roberval, 1197mkr

Fairbanks, 109, 218Fairbanks & Co, 109, 144, 218Herbert & Sons, 1197–1198Roberts, D L, 514, 1878

steelyard, 109, 218, 514Butterworth see Fawcet & Butterworthbutton, assayed, def, 665button bal, 331

def, 175pivot see Cone pivot

button bal mkr: Keller, S, 154

Keller Balance Mfg Co, 157button pivot, def, 175Buyer Beware see Caveat Emptorbuying (article by Knights), 1533–1534"Buying Ice" (article by Katz), 2222–2223Byzantine:

glass wts see Weights, nationalitysteelyard, 168

CC B, mark on wts, 44, 46C B Dale see CoalbrookdaleC Biegefeder (mancur), 1863C C, mark on wts, 69C C A crowned mark (Cornwall), 1977C C mark on wts (City of Cork), 1759C C under potentilla mark (Carlisle), 1959C crowned, 20, 22, 789, 985

mark on wts see Carolus Rex; weights, monarch, Charles

C D: mark on coin wts, 20, 1471mark on coin wts see Dublin mark

C D C, mark on wts, 69C D crowned, 20

mark on wts, 69C D mark on wts (City of Dublin), 1759C dagger C mark (Chester), 1927C G, C-spring mkr, 1874C L B, C-spring mkr, 1874C M on wts see weights, denomination, carat metriqueC M P, C-spring mkr, 1874C O, mark on wts, 69C R, stamp on beam, 1357–1358C R see Charles I of GBC R crowned, 985

mark on wts, 985C S see Sommers, CharlesC S Co, monogram see Computing Scale CoC S H, mark on wts, 93C S H Industries Inc:

AA trade name, 416American sc mkr, 417, 1315egg sc, 416–417egg sc mkr, 417, 1315

C S P see Sharples, GC S P in chain links, trade mark of Sharples B of

Preston, 802C-spring bal, def, 195–196C-spring mkr:

B, 1874B D, 1874Besnard, 1874Blombach, C, 1874Boe-Paupier, à Paris, 1874Böelle, à St Christoph, 1865, 1874Böelle, M, 432, 435, 1874Böelle & Breard, 1874Boker, Henry, 435, 1874Boker, Henry & Co, 435, 1874Boucher, J B, 1874Bureau des Ecorces, 1874

C G, 1874C L B, 1874C M P, 1874Chemin, 1867Chemin, à Paris, 1867Cheville, père, 1875D B, 1874D M, 1875D P, 1875Delalande, 1875dolphin/fish mark, 1876, 1902Dubois, Jacques, 1875Dumaine, 1875Dumaine, P, 1875Dupont, J au Fresne, 1875E L S, 1875F D, 1875F D P, 1875F F, 1875F H, 1875fish/dolphin, 1876, 1902Fleuri, 1875Fleuri, à Pont Degrene, 1875Fleuri, G, 1875Fleuri, M, 1875Fleury, 1875Fleury, Frères, 1875flower, 1876Grund, P, 1875H & M, 1875H S, 1875Hamon, F, 1875Hamon, H, 1875Hamon, I?, 1875Hamon, P ainé, 1875Hamon, Paul, 1875Hamon, Pierre, 1875Hanin, 1867, 1875Hanin, à Paris, 1875Hanin, à St Romaine, 1875Hanin, ainé, 1875Hanin, fils, 1867, 1875Hanin, fils à Paris, 1875Hanin, fils à St Romaine, 1875Hanin, le père, 1875Herbertz, P, 1871, 1875Hilger & Sons, 1875I G. V P, 1875I L, 1875I L T M, 1875Imhoff & Lang, 1875J B crowned, 1875J M R, 1875Jarres, R, 1875Jung, C, 1875K & M, 1875Kalthoff, P, 1875Klein, I, 1875Kleuser, W, 1875Krups, Robert, 1875L B, 1875Labiche, à Sourdeval, 1875

Lansen, 1875Le Termelier, Andrè, 1875Leboucher, 1865, 1875Leboucher, Eugene, 1875Leboucher, Jnr, 1875Leboucher, Manuel, 1875Leboucher & crescent, 1875Lebreton, Eugene, 1875Lebreton, Fils ainé à Sourdeval, 1875Lemercier, 1875Letermelier, 1873Lockhaus & Gunter, 1875Luginbuhl, Ulrich, 1867, 1875M B, 1875M F, 1875M F G, 1875M F I, 1875M S G, 1875Mari I crowned, 1875MG C, 1875Miquelard à Avranches, 1875P Q R, 1875Paupier L, 1873Querue, 1875R C, 1875R S, 1875R V, 1875Reform, 1875Régnier, à Paris, 1875Régnier, à Samur, 1875Renaut, N, 1875Riviere, 1875Salter, Geo & Co, 1873–1874, 1873–1875, 1875Schmidt, Peter Ludwig, 1875Seers, 1875Sessler, Georg, 431Sessler, J G, 1864, 1875set-square & compasses, 1875Tesche, C W, 1876Tesche, W W, 1876Testut, Charles et Fils à Paris, 1876Tribo, 1876Venot, 1876Wegermuff, 1876Wiedeman, 1864

C-spring sc: pivotted pointer, 1902postal, 897rack & pinion, 1868

C W: on coin wts, 1062German béranger shop sc mkr, 647mark on British wts, 697

C W., see also coin sc, mkr, Ward, CallingwoodC W O under mitre mark, 1930, 1971

see also Cawood, Wistow & OtleyC W S see Cooperative Wholesale SocietyC W S Scales Dept, bank sc mkr, 1105C*S, 1925

see also County of SouthamptonC*S with H below, 1926C*S with H below see Hampshire

Cadwick, weighing machine mkr, 659, 1508Caille Bros Co, MI sc mkr, 3034Caille Brothers, 2459

see also catalogueCaille Co, MI sc mkr, 3034Caithness, inspectors mark, 69cake sc, mkr, Chatillon, John & Sons, 1591Calais & Chairgrasse, roberval sc mkr, 2487Calcott, Thomas:

master of Gowers, Weston, 1731member of Leathersellers Co, 1727

Caledonian sc, 692, 698calibrate:

def, 192steelyard, 333–334

California Directors & Sealers, 2258California gold rush, 151caliper gauge for paper, Brown & Sharpe Mfg Co,

1696Calley see Anderton Son & CalleyCallington, Cornwall, 1977

manor, 1977Calstock, Cornwall, 1977

manor, 1977cam:

def, 192, 229to find deficit, 1415

cam & pendulum: def, 192sc def, 192

cam sc, def, 192Cambridge County, inspectors mark, 69Cambridge University, 1928, 1960Camilleri, Serge, biography, 2579Camilleri's:

"DeGrave Short & Fanner Exported" (article), 2405–2406

"Folders for Foreign Coins" (article), 2563–2570Tongue folding gold bal (query), 1941"Weighing the 7s Coin" (article), 1624–1625

"Canadian Butchers' Scales" (article by Allan), 1437–1438

"The Canadian Equal Arm Letter Scale" (article by Laycock), 2816–2818

Canadian gold rush, 151Canadian patentee see patentee, CanadianCanadian postage rates, 2816Canadian sc:

butchers, 1437–1438egg, 412, 1034, 1279mkr

Burrows, Stewart & Milne, 1437–1438Standard Egg, 379, 1034

Canadian sc retailer: Standard Egg Scales, 1279Vancouver Importing Co, 1279Wood, Vallance & Adams, 1437–1438

"Canadian Scale" (article), 2637Canadian verification marks, 927"Canal Weigh-house at Midford" (article by Halse),

2415–2419cancellation, 24

Candle, George: dates, 1737successor of Walker, Catherine, 1737

candle-mkrs sc, 468candler:

egg, 376, 2296–2298Reliable Mfg Co, 1316

candlestick: bell-mounted, 406British registered design, 404, 3099–3100brocaded, 3105cord & wheel, 1373

patent, 1373dating, 3102, 3104desk set, 3097–3098

dates, 3098diagram of, 3100drawing of, 3100first registered design, 404, 3099–3100, 3102French patent, 1373glass, 403, 407, 3101–3102, 3104, 3106hydraulic, 2739–2746, 3100

patent, 1373ivory, 408kitchen, 1558marble-based, 2058, 3101–3102, 3104materials of

brass, 3097–3109cast iron, 3101, 3107glass, 3101–3102, 3104, 3106ivory, 3101–3102, 3104Matlock marble, 3101, 3104silver, 3101–3102, 3106tin, 3101–3102, 3105wood, 3101–3102, 3104

parts of, 3100postage rates on, 3102registered design, 405, 3099–3100second registered design, 3105signed Rooke, 3104silver, 1669sizes of, 3101spring bal, 11, 224, 361, 401–408, 623, 686,

839, 1073, 1223, 1287, 1375, 1535, 1558, 1669, 2643–2644, 3030

tapering helical spring, patent, 1375with thermometer, 407tin, 1792, 3101types of, 3100

compression spring, 3100extension spring, 3100–3102

for US market, 3108–3109wooden, 1375, 1535see also spring bal, candlestick

candlestick postal sc: dates, 1073, 1224, 1669, 2514, 3098–3109see also Postal Sc

"Candlestick Postal Scale" (article by Katz), 2514candlestick sc:

kitchen, 3101Matlock base on, 3101–3102, 3104mkr

Blews,William & Sons, 3102Briais, Narcissé, 1375, 1535Brown, L E, 3101Chatillon, John & Sons, 405, 407, 1558Criterion, 1792Hodges,R, 3105L & S, 1669Ratcliff, Edmund, 403Ratcliff, Joseph & Edmund, 403, 1792,

3102–3103, 3106–3108Turner, Samuel, 2514, 3102, 3108unknown, 3100–3101, 3109Wharton, T & Sons, 405, 3102, 3108–

3109Wharton, W & Sons, 3098–3099

dates, 3098–3099Winfield, R W, 403–407, 1073, 1792,

3099–3107, 3109parcel, 623, 1261sizes, 3101

candlestick sc patentee, Susse, Michel Victor, 1373candlestick sc registered design, Winfield, R W, 404,

3099, 3105"Candlesticks, Part 1" (article by Brass), 3099–3109"Candlesticks" (article by Brass), 403–408candy sc:

mkrAvery Scale Co, 1123Chatillon, John & Sons, 1591

Cannon, wts mkr, 586cannon-ball sc, steelyard, 1721–1722, 2685, 2687Cannon Iron Foundries Ltd:

dates, 638wts mkr, 638

Cannon Iron Foundry: dates, 638wts mkr, 638

cannon sc, steelyard, 868cap, adjustable on spring sc, 1597cap end case, 268, 273, 287, 1231capacity, def, 192carat, derivation, 2447, 2620carat metrique, diamond sc, 1142carat wts:

standardization, 2622see also Weights, denomination

Carbon 14 dateing, 2904cardboard repairs, 1269Carley's:

"American Weighing Scoops" (article), 487–491"Early U S postal system" (letter), 1017"Hay Weighing Forks" (article), 666–671"Moisture testers" (letter), 218"Roman Bismar" (article), 823–824"Torsion Balance Co & Christian Becker"

(article), 996–1003carlin see weights, denominationCarlisle mark (C C under potentilla mark), 1959Carlstedt Mfg Co:

Champion trade name, 414E Z trade name, 380egg sc mkr, 41, 379–380, 414–415, 1276, 1313

steelyard mkr, 41, 379–380, 414–415, 1276, 1313

Carlton, bathroom sc, 554Carnegie & Layton:

coin operated sc mkr, 2495inverted roberval sc mkr, 2469

Carnegie & Layton Ltd: bread, sc mkr, 1089person sc mkr, 1707, 2495see also catalogue

Caro Rex see Caroluscarob beans, 152, 925, 2447, 2620carob seed, as weight standard, 2620Carolus see weights, denomination, Carolus; weights,

monarch, Charles I; weights, monarch, Charles II

Carolus Rex, on coin wts, 1016, 1355Carracci, Annibale, painter of Butcher's Shop 1583,

1774–1776, 2362carrier:

def, 192, 194see also nose-guard

Carron: cast iron, 1119dates, 638wts mkr, 638

cart steelyard, 2675–2678how to weigh with, 2677

"Cart Steelyards of East Anglia" (article by Carter), 2675–2678

cart weighers see platform sc; steelyardCarter, Charles D:

assignor to Hart, Henry C, Mfg Co, 2609–2610patentee, 2609–2610

Carter's: "Cart Steelyards of East Anglia" (article), 2675–

2678Computing Scale weights (query), 2208–2209

"Carters Standard" (article by Berning), 2607–2610cartridge sc, steelyard, 1039Cary, William:

precision bal mkr, 1821scientific instrument mkr, 1821see also catalogue

Carysfort, Lord, report, 390, 582Casartelli:

spring bal mkr, 1168yarn bal retailer, 1174

Casartelli, J, paper sc mkr, 1692Casartelli, J & Son:

dates, 1103yarn bal mkr, 1103

Casartelli, John & Son Ltd, yarn bal mkr, 957, 1168Casartelli, Joseph:

dates, 1103precision bal mkr, 1821scientific instrument mkr, 1821see also catalogue

case: glass, 6, 2658–2659see also box

Case, Cesar, Netherlands patentee, 1879

"Cased Bell Weight" (article by Crawforth), 237"Cased Postal Weights" (article by Crawforth), 422–

424"Cased Weights" (article by Crawforth), 1048cased wts:

prohibited, 1048regs, 83see also weight, shape, cased

Casella, L: person sc mkr, 1716scientific instrument mkr, 1715, 1821steelyard mkr, 1715see also catalogue

Casella, L P: precision bal mkr, 1821scientific instrument mkr, 1821see also catalogue

Cass, J A, hydrostatic sc mkr, 576Castell, chickpea sc mkr, 421Castinel & Bonnet, roberval sc mkr, 2487casting wts, 468castle & lion mark, 1928

see also Norwichcastle in shield, 1959

see also Gatesheadcastle in three layers mark, 1960

see also Launcestoncastles three mark, 1928

see also Newcastlecatalogue:

Abrahams, A & Co 1855, 1821Accum, Frederick

1804, 18211805, 18211817, 18211819, 1821

Adams, George1753, 18211756, 18211766, 18211769, 18211770, 18211771, 18211772, 18211774, 18211777, 18211782, 18211784, 18211785, 18211787, 18211789, 18211790, 18211791, 18211795, 18211814, 1821

Anderson Tool Co., 2227Angldile Computing Scale Co A, 2131–2136,

2140Angldile Salesman's Handbook, 2140Army & Navy 1907, 16, 237, 1667Aston & Mander Ltd 1910, 1821Avery, W & T

1830, 828, 8351835, 20881849, 1445, 15141850, 16381862, 15151878, 15151880, 1218, 1449, 1452, 1515, 1644–

1646, 1702–1703, 1838, 25881885, 18391889, 1452, 1645–1646

Avery, W & T Ltd, 1453, 19091894, 851895, 85, 16161897, 11, 115–120, 7941898, 806, 828, 1454, 1457–1458, 1460–

1462, 1702–17031900, 851906, 7, 1090–1091, 1098, 1185, 1260,

1451, 1517, 1697, 1702–1703, 1839

1908, 11841909, 1453, 1647–1648, 18401912, 828, 835, 1706, 2074–20751916, 32, 828, 1453, 1703

Baird & TatlockGlasgow

1885, 18211902, 18211912, 1821

London1897, 18211901, 18211904, 18211906, 18211908, 18211910, 18211911, 18211912, 18211914, 1821

Bartlett & Son Ltd 1913, 2940–2941Bausch & Lomb, 1904, 3094, 3096Beach, Thomas n d, 1508, 1513, 2711Becker, F E & Co

1884, 18211900, 18211902, 18211903, 18211905, 18211913, 1821

Becker, Julian H1934, 2183–21841965, 2183

Becker's Sons1919, 65, 21831926-1929, 2598c.1913, 2183c.1932, 843

Bel, August & Co1877, 18211880, 1821

Berkel (n d), 1706Biddle Hardware Co 1910, 1078, 1555

Bosch, Gebrûder c.1920, 2167Bourne, Thomas n d, 1508Brady & Martin

1892, 18211900, 1821

Braun-Knecht-Heimann Co 1910, 1821Breithaupt 1835, 1821Breithaupt 1891, 1821Brown & Sharpe Mfg Co 1927, 1702Brunswick Drug Co n d, 2053Buffalo Scale Co 1894, 1696, 1700, 1840, 2053Buffalo Scale Co Inc c 1923, 1840Bunge, Paul 1893, 1821Caille Brothers n d, 1706Carnegie & Layton Ltd 1928, 1707Cary, William

1827, 18211832, 1821

Casartelli, Joseph 1876, 1821Casella, L

1871, 18211874, 18211875, 18211880, 18211887, 18211895, 18211898, 18211900, 1821

Casella, L P1860, 18211866, 1821

Catalog des Poids Byzantins (n d), 310Central Scientific

1906, 3092, 3093, 30961909, 3093, 30961914, 3093, 30961922, 30921923, 3092, 3093, 3094, 30961937, 3094, 3096

Chatillon, John & Sons1894, 18401904, 15991924, 1249–1250, 1555, 1591–1593,

1840, 22231927, 3095–3096

Clark, T & C & Co 1865, 612Clarkes

1865, 6111880, 612

Co-operative Wholesale Society1925, 7331933, 712

Collet, Freres 1855, 1821Crowden & Garrod 1895, 434, 1873Dancer, J B

1855, 18211873, 18211874, 1821

Day & Millward1861, 16421889, 1451, 1454, 1516, 1636, 1647,

1725–1729, 2963

1912, 20751924, 1516, 1707, 1709

Defiance Machine Works n d, 2971DeGrave, Short & Co 1910, 2339DeGrave & Co c.1911, 1098Denison, Samuel & Son Co Ltd 1909, 1183,

1532Dollond, George

1825, 18211830, 18211831, 1821

Dring & Fage1870, 18211911, 1821

Eimer & Amend 1894, 2053Eimer & Amend 1927, 3095–3096Elliott, William & Sons 1851, 1821Elliott Bros

1856, 18211860, 18211862, 18211864, 18211867, 18211869, 18211870, 18211872, 18211874, 18211876, 18211879, 18211895, 18211897, 18211899, 1821

Elt, Geo, 413Embden, S van n. d., 1872Eyre, John 1758, 1513Fairbanks, Brown & Co 1865, 2053Fairbanks, Morse & Co 1927, 1701, 1815, 1840Fairbanks & Co

1859, 79, 107, 1247, 1696, 1700, 1807, 1815, 1840, 3092, 3096

1865, 20511880, 1840, 2256–22571882, 2421–24221891, 79, 107–109, 1106, 1840, 2050,

2187, 2257, 23491901, 2525–25291902, 74, 107, 2525–25291904, 1840, 2525–25291906, 1170, 1555, 1701, 1808, 1813,

1815, 2052–2053, 2525–2529, 3092

1914, 20531915, 2181918, 3095–30961919, 1814–1815, 1840, 1918, 25821925, 20751927, 1701, 1815, 1840, 2258, 2582

Fairbanks & Co of London c 1915, 1647Fontaine, G 1891, 1821Ford, Whitmore & Brunton n d, 1513Franklin Educational Co, 1899, 3093, 3096Fraser, William 1785, 1821

Gage, A P & Son, 1892, 3093, 3096Gallenkamp, A & Co

1900, 18211902, 18211907, 18211911, 1821

George, W & J1900, 18211902, 18211903, 18211905, 18211913, 1821

Great Exhibition1851, 10, 1885–18861862, 10

Griffin, J J & Sons Ltd1894, 18211897, 18211899, 18211900, 18211901, 18211902, 18211905, 18211906, 18211907, 18211910, 18211912, 1821c 1913, 757, 2662

Griffin, John J & Co1849, 18211850, 18211852, 1821

Griffin, John J & Sons1861, 18211866, 18211868, 18211873, 18211875, 18211877, 18211884, 18211889, 18211892, 18211893, 1821

Griffin, John Joseph1854, 18211856, 18211858, 18211861, 1821

Griffin, Richard & Co1844, 18211845, 1821

Griffin & George Ltd 1956, 6Gurley, W & L E

1873, 18211878, 18211888, 18211893, 18211895, 18211897, 18211899, 18211905, 18211907, 1821

1908, 18211909, 18211910, 18211912, 18211914, 1821

Hall, J & Son c 1900, 1648Hanson 1935, 1710Harris, P & Co (1913) Ltd 1914, 1821Harris, Philip & Co

1875, 18211886, 18211889, 18211893, 18211902, 18211903, 1821

Harris, Philip & Co Ltd1906, 18211908, 18211911, 18211912, 1821

Hartner, G c 1913, 1697, 1699–1700, 1707Heil, Henry 1891, 2053Herbert & Sons

1870, 1193, 1197–11981890, 1198

Herbert & Sons Ltd 1910, 1197How, James

1875, 1821c 1860, 1821c 1870, 1821

Howe Scale Co1883, 1840, 1896, 20501885, 20531896, 2421–24221899, 1700–1701, 2421–24221902, 1700–1701, 1840

JaCeM 1939, 923Jackson, Frederick & Co Ltd 1908, 1821Johnson, Clapham & Morris Ltd 1939, 413Jones, William & Samuel

1792, 18211793, 18211795, 18211797, 18211798, 18211801, 18211803, 18211805, 18211810, 18211811, 18211813, 18211814, 18211815, 18211817, 18211818, 18211825, 18211826, 18211830, 18211831, 18211836, 18211837, 18211838, 1821

1843, 18211850, 18211855, 1821

Jones of Binghamton, 562, 1840, 2350Kern, Gottlieb (date?), 1173Kern, Gottlieb & Sohn

1900, 8051933, 868, 1076, 2530

Knight, Richard & George1811, 18211816, 18211834, 1821

Knott, L E, 1916, 3095–3096Kohlbusch, Herman 1902, 1643, 1940, 2525–

2529Krups, Robert 1905, 1872–1873, 1876Langley & Michaels Co 1897, 2049, 2053, 2185Maiben, Joseph M & Co 1913, 1821Mardon, A H 1902, 1697, 1698Martin, Benjamin

1761, 18211768, 18211780, 1821

Maul, Philipp Jakob1909, 1649–1655, 1699–1700, 19331912, 1656–1657

McKesson & Robbins 1883, 2186–2187Munz-Waagen & Gewichte 1976, 64Negretti & Zambra

1859, 18221864, 18221871, 18221874, 18221878, 18221885, 18221900, 1822

Nemetz, Guiseppe 1885, 1822Newark Scale Works 1937, 3095–3096Newark Scale Works 1945, 3095–3096Newman, J n d, 1519Newman, John

1822, 18221827, 18221836, 18221837, 18221845, 1822

Norvell-Shapleigh Hardware Co 1903, 1805–1807, 1811–1812, 1815, 1863, 2000, 2222–2223

Oertling, Ludwig1880, 2260–22611885, 1822, 27891891, 2260, 2262, 27891909, 27911932, 2263–2265

Parnall1889, 1452, 14541901, 1456–1457

Parnall & Sons Ltd 1901, 1456, 1458, 1645Paul, Robert W

1892, 18221896, 1822

1898, 18221903, 18221904, 18221912, 18221913, 18221914, 1822

Pelouze 1911, 1673Pixii, N C

1832, 18221833, 1822

Pixii, père & fils1835, 18221838, 18221842, 18221845, 18221849, 1822

Pooley & Son1859, 702c.1877, 728

Pooley & Son Ltd1902, 16451907, 2349

Pye, W G & Co1903, 18221909, 18221911, 18221914, 1822

Queen, James W & Co1856, 18221860, 18221862, 18221867, 18221868, 18221870, 18221871, 18221872, 18221873, 18221874, 18221875, 18221876, 18221877, 18221878, 18221880, 18221881, 18221882, 18221883, 18221884, 18221886, 18221887, 18221888, 18221889, 18221890, 18221891, 18221892, 18221893, 18221894, 1822

Queen & Co1890, 18221893, 18221895, 18221897, 18221898, 1822

Reeves, W & Co 1914, 1822Reynolds & Branson 1893, 1822Reynolds & Branson Ltd

1900, 18221914, 1822

Robinson, Thomas Charles1828, 18221829, 18221842, 1822

Salter1869, 5451877, 545, 18741886, 5451893, 547–551, 1451–1452, 1704, 18741904, 5361912, 547, 925, 20731924, 5451933, 413, 5451948, 5451955, 413, 545, 925, 19841962, 545, 19841966, 413–414, 545

Sartorius1896, 25981933, 25981952, 2547

Sauter, August c.1925, 806Schember, C & Sohne 1888, 1699Sears, Roebuck & Co

1908, 1877–18781927, 1878

Siddons, J & J 1924, 1097, 1184Special Exhibition of Scientific Apparatus 1876,

2264–2265Springer Torsion Balance Co 1894, 998–999,

1001Standley, Belcher & Mason 1902, 1822Steinfeldt & Blasberg c 1892, 1641Stubs, Peter n d, 1513Thomas, Arthur H, 1906, 3095–3096Tiffany Studios 1920, 2633Toledo n d, 1706Torsion Balance Co

1915, 20531922, 2613

Townson & Mercer1874, 18221878, 18221880, 18221884, 18221888, 18221892, 18221895, 18221901, 18221906, 18221908, 18221912, 1822

Townson & Mercer Ltd 1914, 1822Triner Scale & Mfg Co 1910, 1248Troemner, Henry

1890, 3093, 30961899, 1939, 2051, 2525–2529

1904, 2525–25291909, 2525–25291912, 2525–25291913, 30921919, 3095–30961920, 2525–25291921, 17011926, 413, 416, 1643, 1701, 2525–2529,

2655, 26621930, 1930, 1936, 2525–25291941, 1250, 1930, 1931

Troughton & Simms1829, 18221834, 18221836, 18221837, 18221840, 18221842, 18221844, 18221852, 18221864, 18221889, 18221898, 18221900, 18221908, 18221909, 1822

Ubrig, E & Co 1892, 1439, 1706, 1890, 1909–1910

Vandome, Titfords & Co c 1912, 1703Vandome & Hart Ltd c 1935, 1690, 1704von der Nahmer, A 1913, 2240–2242Waterlow & Sons

1861, 2998–29991908, 3004–3005

Watkins & Hill1828, 18221832, 18221836, 18221838, 18221845, 1822

Welch, W M Mfg Co, 1915-1916, 3094, 3096Wooley, James Sons & Co, 1891, 1822Wooley, James Sons & Co Ltd 1911, 1822Wright, Alexander & Co 1906, 1822Yeates & Son

1877, 18221880, 18221883, 18221887, 1822

Zimmerman, A & M1877, 18221880, 1822

see also auction catalogue; exhibition catalogue; journal; museum catalogues

Cataloguing a Collection: French method, 1387Mollan method, 1753

"Cataloguing a Collection" (article by Crawforth), 145–148

catch: double button, 1011one button, 1394

strap with wriggle-work, 1549twisted strap, 1380, 1382two button, 1353–1358, 1377, 1380, 1382, 1549

Catenot, Béranger & Cie, 2480coin operated sc mkr, 2451

Catenot, Elisa, 2451coin operated sc patentee, 2451

Catenot, first husband of Catenot, Widow, 1664Catenot, son-in-law of Béranger, Joseph, 1664Catenot, successor of Béranger, Joseph, 1664Catenot, Widow:

daughter of Béranger, Joseph, 1664first husband Catenot, 1664second husband Trayvou, 1664succeeded by Trayvou, 1664successor of Catenot-Béranger, 1664

Catenot-Béranger: French sc mkr, 1664succeeded by Catenot, Widow, 1664successor of Béranger & Cie, 1664

Catherwood: coin sc mkr, 1340–1341ducat sc mkr, 1340–1341rocker mkr, 1340–1341

Cattell, Robert: apprentice of Read, Samuel, 1735dates, 1735master of Kirby, Thomas, 1735

Cattle, sc mkr, 3087Cattle, Bennet, ccd mkr, 272–273Cattle, John, 2899"Caught Short" (article by Wormser), 32–34Caveat Emptor (Buyer Beware), 683–691

def, 2036"Caveat Emptor" (or Buyer Beware) (article by

Crawforth), 38–39, 144Cavendish, bal mkr, 2655–2656Cavendish, H, scientist, 327–331Cawood, Wistow & Otley, 1929, 1971

inspector Dawson, James, 1971mark, 1930

ccd: def, 195article, 264–277, 759–764, 786–788, 818–820,

840–842, 874–876, 902–904, 930–932, 962–964, 1018–1020, 1177–1181, 2058–2066, 2272–2279, 2411–2412, 2759–2765, 2818

bank, 66, 991, 1019based on noise, 841bender, 841bismar, 931clip-on poise, 1618cruciform rocker, 190–191, 1561, 1613equal-arm, 2759galvanic, 903grain wts, 273hinged beam, 1618hydraulic, 963lira & half-lira, 1616moving load, 13–15, 78, 754, 759, 763–764,

786, 990, 1034

multi-beam, 273–274, 717one coin, 1123pendulum, 269, 990rocker, 12–15, 235, 238, 269–277, 307, 445,

621, 754–764, 787, 820, 840–842, 874–876, 895, 902–904, 947, 962–963, 990, 1018–1019, 1034, 1177–1181, 1825, 2059–2066, 2272–2279, 2759, 2818, 2899

rocker with multiple weight inserts, 2818rocker with two sets feet, 761–763, 848silver coin, 273–274with sliding poise, 2063sliding poise for pfennigs lost, 1619–1620spirit level, 1619–1620spring, 962, 1020steelyard, 13, 818–820, 841, 930–931see also coin gauge; hydrostatical sc

ccd & postal sc, 848, 964ccd mkr:

Allender, John, 13, 760, 786, 960Avery, 717, 1180Avery, W & T, 717, 1616Avery, W & T Ltd, 1180, 1616Bernstein, Aaron David, 2063Bernstein, Alex & Co, 66, 1179, 2272–2279Berrian Mfg Co, 840, 848, 1034Bierstedt, Eugen, 1179Blews, William, 1508Bourn, 272Bragin, 875, 1019Cattle, Bennet, 273Chatillon, John & Sons, 754Davis, George, 269, 274, 276, 1179–1180Dye, John S, 874, 962Etalon, 445Fairbanks & Co, 15, 18, 78Fairbanks & Ewing, 763Fairbanks Infallible Scale Co, 15, 759, 962Favorit, 445Fawcet & Butterworth, 273, 275Greaves, Edward, 16Greaves, John & Son, 16, 235–238Harris, William & Co, 275Harris & Co, 274, 1034Harrison, 287, 365, 446, 1034Helliwell, 621Herper, F J, 819Hoag, G, 14, 930, 932Imlay & Bicknell, 764Infallible Coin Scale Co, 762, 962Lort, John, 1825M B Coin Scale Co, 760Maranville, H, 13–14, 763Maul, Philipp Jakob, 1614–1622, 2272–2273McNally, J T, 962McNally & Harrison, 15, 2059Meyer & Co, 764, 2763–2765Meyers, F & Co, 2763–2765Mordan, S & Co, 947, 949Mordan, Sampson & Co, 1684Painter, W, 820

Reitze, August, 1177–1181, 2275Simmons, 621Staples, C D, 818Stubbs, B, 1027Sutton, J W, 875, 904Tabberer, William, 1725Taylor, William II, 1508Thompson, J A, 14, 761Winfield, R W, 11–12, 235

ccd nationality: American, 2759–2765

see also American, ccdBritish, 11–12, 16, 235–238, 269–276, 287, 365,

446, 621, 717, 764, 947, 949, 1027, 1034, 1179–1180, 1508, 1616, 1684, 1725, 2759, 2899

English for Spain, 1616French, 445German, 445, 1177–1181, 1614–1622, 2272–

2279Greek, 190Irish, 1825Prussian, 1177Spanish, 307, 445Turkish, 190

ccd patentee: Allender, J, 13, 78–79Allender, John, 13, 78–79, 2761–2765Andrew, J, 276Atwater, J B, 963Bachmann, E, 964Benetfink & Co, 1180Bernstein, A, 842Berrian, 754Bragin, L, 875, 1018Clark, M, 963Clarke & Spinks, 276Cummings, D, 841Davis, George, 269–270, 276, 597, 717, 1179,

1748Doherty, P, 874, 876Ellinckhausen, 2763Field, S A, 930Finch, F E, 1019Haas, W W, 991Hoag, G, 14, 15Hopkins, George M, 841Howard, George, 2762–2763Howard, K & G, 2761–2763Knight, E, 990Kronenberg, 763Leuders, E, 931Maranville, H, 13–14, 763, 818, 820McNally, J T & Harrison, W H, 15, 962, 2059Meyer, 2763Meyers, Frederick, 2764Moore, T, 2759–2760Parnell, W H, 1019Porter, T I, 1018Purnelle, E C, 990Reitze, August, 1177–1181, 2275Richtmann, C, 990

Riess, R W, 275–276, 992Robinson, H G, 13Robinson, W H, 1020Saddler, M D, 1020Savoure, J P, 274–276, 400Smith, G & Wells, J J, 962Smith, Gideon B, 13, 787Snider, W N, 2761Street, E, 931Sutton, J W, 875Sydney, S, 276Sydney S, 276Thompson, J A, 14–15, 761, 840, 876, 931,

1018Towsey, T J, 841Treff, Kelman, 307Wedderburn, J, 275–276Wiarda, J, 875Wilkinson, Anthony, 2760

ccd retailer, Herbert & Sons, 1748"Celebrity Inventors" (article by Willard), 2844celluloid, graduation chart, 1669Celtic wts, 1074Census information, use for research, 2890cental see weights, denomination, centalcentavos (Spanish coinage), 307centesimal sc:

mkrBéranger et Maag, 1664Merlin, John Joseph, 887Quintenz, Friedrich Alois, 886, 888Sanctorius, 887

centner see weights, denomination, metricCentral Scientific:

mkr Harvard Trip Scale, 3092trip sc mkr, 3092–3093

Ceratonia siliqua, 2447Ceylon see Sri LankaCFS:

def, 192see also box, CFS

chain, long rods, 1545chain bal:

def, 192–193inventor, Serrin, V, 620yarn, 1176

chainomatic: patentee, Becker, Christopher A, 620, 1002precision bal, 6, 620, 1002, 3020

def, 620mkr, Rhone-Poulenc, 620

chains, cleaning, 1235Chaldecott, J A, 2248Challis, Dr, 2444Chamberlain, Daven, biography, 3080Chamberlain's "Supplementary Notes on Paper Scales"

(article), 3077–3080Chambers see Gaskell & Chambers LtdChameroy, coin operated sc patentee, 2451Champion, Phillip:

apprentice of Tadloo, Joseph, 1733dates, 1733

Champion Egg sc see Carlstedt Mfg CoChancellor, Thomas:

apprentice of Vincent, Robert II, 1729coin sc mkr, 1729dates, 1730master of Price, Richard, 1730partner of Vincent, James, 1733same address as Chandler, Thomas, 1730

Chandlee & Chandlee: patent attorneys, 2914–2916

advert, 2914Certificate of patentability, 2914

Chandler, C F, Prof., NY School of Mines, 2530Chandler, E C, patentee, 671Chandler, Thomas:

dates, 1730master of Grove, Thomas, 1734same address as Chancellor, Thomas, 1730

Chaney, Henry J: author, 1044, 2077, 2081superintendent of Standards Dept, 2077–2082

Chapman, Professor S., biography, 2271Chapman's "Comment on Pitrat" (article), 2271Chappell, G, patentee, 596"Charles Dickens' Scale" (article by Weiss), 838–839Charles I of GB:

abolished square wts, 1010coin wts, 216, 882, 968, 985, 1012, 1014, 1043coinage, 914, 985, 987, 1012monarch's mark, 20

Charles II of GB: coin wts, 461, 1041coinage, 461, 914, 1040regulations for markets, 730weighed on steelyard, 15

Charpentier: adjuster to Banque de France, 1623adjuster to Tresor de la Couronne, 1623trade card, 1623

chart: def, 192graticule, 5horizontal fan, 2227–2230

description of, 2228–2229optical, 5

Chatillon: article by Lindeyer & Crawforth, 1556–1560,

1591–1601spring bal mkr, 88, 333–338, 417, 447–452,

1249–1250, 1555Chatillon, John, advert, 2553Chatillon, John & Sons:

3 star, 1597American sc mkr, 333–338, 417, 447–452,

1282–1283, 1555, 1705, 2610baby sc mkr, 333, 335, 338, 1600bakers sc mkr, 1592–1593butchers sc mkr, 1591cake sc mkr, 1591candlestick sc mkr, 405, 407, 1558candy sc mkr, 1591ccd mkr, 754, 760

coal sc mkr, 333counter sc mkr, 450, 452egg sc mkr, 416–417, 1282–1283, 1601Eureka, 1557family sc mkr, 1597fish sc mkr, 451grocers sc mkr, 1592hide sc mkr, 1596ice sc mkr, 1595, 1597kitchen sc mkr, 333–335, 1249, 1558–1559milk sc mkr, 88Old Advert, 754paper sc mkr, 1704–1705patentee, 1557, 1594–1596person sc mkr, 450platform sc mkr, 333, 1592postal sc mkr, 405, 407, 1556, 1558pot plate, 1463roberval sc mkr, 452, 1556spring bal mkr, 88, 333–338, 417, 447–452,

1249–1250, 1555–1560, 1591–1601, 1705

steelyard mkr, 334, 1556, 1593tea sc mkr, 1556, 1592trade card, 754, 760trade counter sc, 1557trip sc mkr, 1591union sc mkr, 1592waggon sc mkr (for use on), 1596weights mkr, 1593see also catalogue

Chatillon, John & Sons (article), 333–338, 447–452, 1556–1560

Chatillon & Son Inc, 88candy scale mkr, 2101milk sc mkr, 88patentee, 88spring bal mkr, 88

Chattillon, John & Sons see Chatillon, John & SonsCheapside, 1745cheat bread, 1052cheating, 33, 852–855, 865, 1182–1188check see Staychecking sc, 1200cheeks see Shearscheese sc:

pot, 1452semi-self indicating, 8

Cheeseman's "Comment on a Union Sc" (article), 1837–1838

cheesemongers sc: mkr

Beach, Thomas, 1545Herbert & Sons, 1743Parnall & Sons, 1456

Chellingworth, Gerry, collector, 2920Chellingworth's "P Poncia Rocker" (article), 2777chemical bal, 3–6, 171, 479, 1719, 2353

def, 3, 6pendulum, 283, 559, 1076roberval, 1101see also precision bal

chemical bal mkr: Becker, 281Brander, G F, 573, 604–605, 607Bunge, 3, 5Bunge, Paul, 5Griffin & Tatlock Ltd, 479Maul, Philipp Jakob, 559, 1076Rictus trademark of Maul, Philipp Jakob, 559Sauter, 5Troemner, Henry, 1101

chemical bal retailer, Kern, Gottlieb & Sohn, 1076chemical sc, mkr, Maul, Philipp Jakob, 559, 1076Chemin:

C-spring mkr, 1867spring bal mkr, 1867

Chemin à Paris, C-spring mkr, 1867chemists sc:

mkr, Fairbanks & Co, 107see also apothecary sc

cherub see puttocherub decoration, 957Cheshire, Pooley & Co, 91Cheshire, Thomas:

dates, 91, 638inspectors bal, 91, 115, 1586

Cheshire, Thomas & Co, wts, 638Chester (C dagger C mark), 1927Cheville, pere, C-spring mkr, 1875Chicago Recording Sc Co., 2459Chichelye, banned bismar, 1327Chickpea Scales, 420–421, 2584, 2852–2853"Chickpea Scales" (article by Berastegui), 420–421Chigi see steelyardChilds, Ezekiel, 2372china, box, 1453"China" (article by Crawforth-Hitchins), 1443–1455china wts see Weights, material, earthenwareChinese:

coin sc, 55–59, 1497–1498coinage, 56

kesj, 56concave wts see Weights, nationalityculture, 2147do'tchin, steelyard, 56–60, 157, 225, 926do'tchin invention, 1852do'tchin making, 225gold sc, 156, 158gold sc for U S, 156weights, 2149

chinthe wts: article, 347–352see also weight, shape

Chirlandaio's painting, Saint Michael, 746Chisholm (author), 2082Chisholm, H W, 2261, 2263–2264, 2265

Warden of the Standards, 2261Chisholme, James:

apothecary sc mkr, 1738apprentice of Holt, William, 1738partner of Bather, George, 1738at same address as Leake, George, 1739successor of Chisholme & Bather, 1738

Chisholme & Bather: Chisholme, James & Bather, George, 1738succeeded by Bather, George, 1738succeeded by Chisholme, James, 1738

Chisholm's: On the Science of Weighing & Measuring &

Standards of Measures & Weights (1877), 2092

Seventh Report of the Warden of the Standards (1873), 2108

Weighing & Measuring (review), 187Chislet mine, 3031–3032Chisman:

coin sc mkr, 1724dates, 1724watch mkr, 1724

chondrometer see Grain scChristie's Auction, 2453Christofle:

date, 198, 1676French sc mkr, 220, 1676pendulum sc mkr, 1676postal sc mkr, 198, 219–220, 1676sc retailed by Asprey, 1676

Christ's Hospital, 1583, 1741, 1747Church, Stephen:

apprentice of Court, Richard II, 1738dates, 1738

Churchill, Winston, 3031cigar sc, mkr, Maul, Philipp Jakob, 1659circular arrestment, 2593

devised by Arzberger, 2593first published by Mendeleev, 2593see also radial arrestment

"Circular Radial Arrestment 1888-1965" (article by Holtman), 2598, 2607

cire perdu process, 348City Diectories, use for research, 2890City of Cork (C C mark on wts), 1759City of Dublin (C D mark on wts), 1759City of London:

dagger, inspectors mark, 856inspectors mark, 1982mediaeval weighing practices, 2016

civilization: ancient

Andean, 2903Chinese, 2903, 2911Egyptian, 2903, 2911Indus, 2903, 2911Pruvian, 2903, 2911

Mesopotamian, 2903, 2911Clais, Johann Sebastian:

address next to Anscheutz & Schlaff, 1886collaborating with Anscheutz & Schlaff, 1724Index bal, patent, 610patentee, 270, 276, 573, 597, 606–607, 1724pendulum sc designer, 1073

Claridge, Christopher: dates, 1737son of Claridge, Richard, 1737successor of Claridge, Richard, 1737

Claridge, Richard: apprentice of Wood, John I, 1732dates, 1732father of Claridge, Christopher, 1737master of Redhead, John, 1737succeeded by Claridge, Christopher, 1737

Clark see Landers, Frary & ClarkClark, A M, patent agent, 509Clark, Edward:

apprentice of Sleigh, Richard I, 1739apprentice of Thompson, Daniel, 1731

Clark, M, American patentee, 963Clark, S, wts, 638Clark, T & C, wts, 638Clark, T & C & Co:

dates, 638see also catalogue

Clark, T & C & Co Ltd, 613Clark, W, patent agent, 454Clark, W R, patentee see Gilmore & ClarkClark, William:

apprentice of Lind, John, 1732dates, 1732sc mkr, 3091

Clark, William II, apprentice of Anderson, James Andrew, 1738

Clarke see Snart & ClarkeClarke, J & I:

date, 1759trade sc mkr, 1759

Clarke, Richard: apprentice of Read, Samuel, 1729sc mkr, 1729

Clarke & Spinks, ccd patentee, 276Clarkes:

wts, 611–613see also catalogue

Class A, sensitivity, 67, 1593Class A B & C:

def, 67, 193, 958on sc, 67

Class 1, def, 1424Class 1 2 & 3, def, 1424, 1459Class 2 weighing, 2198, 2212Class B, sensitivity, 67, 1593Class C, sensitivity, 67, 1593Class I II III & IIII, regs, 1456classification of sc (article), 1456–1462Classifying machines, 103–104, 114claw, 795, 1075, 1212

velvet-covered, 1212Clawson, Clement C, 2426–2427Clawson Machine Co, 2426–2427Clay, A B, patentee, 671Clayton, Dr Frederick:

cloth sc mkr, 1170–1171dates, 1759

Clayton, F & J, yarn sc retailer, 1760Clayton, F & Sons, yarn sc retailer, 1760Clayton, M G see Bevis & ClaytonClayton, Thomas, 2446cleaning, brass, 3036

cleaning sc: (article by Crawforth), 1203–1210, 1234–1240,

1265–1272(article by Govier), 3035(article by Lound), 3036

cleaning scales, 265–1272, 1203–1210, 1234–1240, 3035–3036

Clemson, William: apprentice of Wood, Robert, 1732dates, 1732sc mkr, 3086, 3090succeeded by Clemson, William & Son, 1732

Clemson, William & Son: dates, 1732sc & wts mkr, 1732successor of Clemson, William, 1732

Clerk of the Market, 44, 730, 1398Clifford Wood Co., 2221

see also Gifford Wood Co.clipping, 264, 495, 880, 1303clock-shaped postal sc, 1255Clockmakers Company, 1074, 1724cloffe allowance, 2016–2017"Close Finnish" (article by Knights), 1240–1244cloth die, 1171cloth sc:

article by Crawforth, 1143–1150, 1168–1176equal-arm, 1124, 1171–1174glass flexing, 1168mkr

Casartelli, 1168Exupere, L, 1169Fairbanks & Co, 1169Kern, Gottlieb, 1173Lord Horatio, 1172

nationalityAmerican, 1169British, 1168, 1172French, 1169German, 1173

pendulum, 1168spring, 1168steelyard, 1169see also yarn bal

cloth template, 1168, 1171Clothworkers Co Guild, 1727clove, def, 2018clover, four-leaved, mkrs mark, 1379Clupka, D J, weigh scoop patentee, 492Co Ed, mark on wts, 69Co-operative Wholesale Society:

bankers' scale made by, 2935bankers' scale made for, 2901–2902dates, 2935mfg of food & dry goods, 2935supplier for Avery scales, 2935supplier for Berkel scales, 2935supplier for Herberts scales, 2935supplier for Salters scales, 2935see also catalogue; "Corrections & Clarification"

Co Ork, mark on wts, 1345Co Ww, mark on wts, 122

coal, penalties for short wt, 1182coal sc:

articles, 32–34, 130–133deadweight, 131, 133, 976inverted roberval, 132–133, 1196mkr

Avery, W & T, 32, 975Avery, W & T Ltd, 130–133, 853, 974–

976Burchfield, Thomas, 35Chatillon, John & Sons, 333Davis, A B & Co, 785Fairbanks & Co, 76, 86, 992Herbert & Sons, 1196, 1725–1727Pooley, Henry & Son Ltd, 854Poupard, Thomas James, 1737

platform steelyard, 32, 131–133, 221portable machine, 853roberval, 35, 853single-lever scoop, 976single lever steelyard, 312, 974, 976steelyard, 853

Coalbrookdale Co: dates, 638wts, 638

Coast Agencies, egg sc retailer, 1315Coathupe (author), 1876cob, Irish name for reale, 1848Cochran, J Edward:

dates, 2131–2140Dundee, IL, 2134Elkhart, IN, 2134inventor, 2131patentee, 2134patents, 2131–2140West Pullman, IL, 2131

Cochran, Joseph W, 2134lumberman, 2137

Cochran, Percy, 2134cock see PointerCocker, H H see Albinson, J H & Cocker, H Hcocket bread, 1052cocking sc, def, 193Cocksedge & Co:

bread, sc mkr, 1089succeeded by Warmisham, Cocksedge & Co,

1733cocoa bean sc, mkr, Salter, Geo & Co Ltd, 544cocoa sc:

mkr, Salter, Geo & Co Ltd, 544spring, 544

coffee pot, mark on coin wts see Founders Cocoffee sc:

mkr, Salter, Geo & Co Ltd, 544spring, 544

Coffill, Joseph Taylor, 2407Cohn, E, spring bal retailer, 1439Cohn's:

ASCO (query), 2157"Making Sc" (article), 333–338, 447–452"New York Assay Office" (article), 531"Redeeming Trade Dollars" (article), 648–649

"Salt Steelyard" (article), 2403–2404Troemner (query), 1643"Wardmote Inquest" (article), 729–730"Weighing in India, 1733" (article), 2414–2415

coin: denomination

Forint, 3040Korona, 3040

coin & postal sc: rocker, 2060steelyard, 1681

coin clipping, 2446coin form wts see weight, shape, monetiformcoin-freed sc:

def, 193person, see also coin-freed sc; coin-operated sc;

scale, coin operated"Coin-freed Weighing Machines from 1884-1940"

(paper by Kinmonth), 1705–1712coin gauge, 270, 841, 875

mkr, Fawcet & Butterworth, 273, 275see also Gauge

coin-operated, American, 1710–1712coin-operated machine, Saddler, M D, 1020coin operated pendulum sc, 1629coin operated person sc, 717

see also American Weigh; person sccoin-operated sc:

agent, National Weighing Machine Co, 2428–2429

big head, 2457–2461, 2496country

Britain, 2451, 2493France, 2451, 2454–2455, 2493, 2495Germany, 2395, 2451, 2454Italy, 2496US, 2451, 2457–2463

German, ticket issuing, 2532lollipop, 2496maker

Avery, 2451, 2493Avery, W & T Ltd., 2493–2494BAC, 2496British Automatic Co., 2496Caille, 2430, 2459Caille Brothers, 2459Carnegie & Leyton, 2495Catenot, 2451Chicago Recording Co, 2430–2431Chicago Recording Scale Co, 2459Clawson Machine Co., 2426–2427Columbus, 2425–2426Day & Millward, 2495De Vilbiss Scale Co., 2460Fairbanks, 2423–2426, 2428Fey, 2460, 2496Gem, 2496Hanin, 2451Hartner, 2494–2495Howe, 2424Jennings, 2462Merlin, 2451

Mettez & Cie, 2435Mills, 2459Moore Talking Scale, Co, 2459National Automatic Weighing Machine

Co., 2457National Novelty Co, 2431Pacific Scale Works, 2461Pooley, Henry & Sons, 2493–2494Public Scale, 2430, 2461Reimann, 2454–2456Rosenfield Manufacturing Co., 2458SAFAA, 2495Salter, 2354, 2424, 2494Seitz Werke, 2532Siebe, 2451Toledo Scale Co., 2459–2460Ubrig, 2455–2456US Machine & Invention Co., 2426–2427US Machine & Inventions Co., 2453Watling, 2459–2460, 2462Weeks, 2425–2426

operator, Manhattan Introduction Co, 2430–2431

patenteeAlliott, 2451Amet, 2430Baldwin, 2431, 2457Béranger, 2451Catenot, 2451Chameroy, 2451Colby, 2457–2458Crane, 2462Davenport, 2424De Vilbiss, 2460Debac, 2451Everitt, 2423–2424, 2452Faure, 2457Fey, 2461Goddard, 2451Hanin, 2451Herrmann, 2451Hodgson, 2452Lafargue, 2452Lamont, 2452Lancaster, 2457Marc, 2453, 2455Martini, 2452Murdoch, 2451Napier, 2451–2452Reimann, 2454–2456Rosenfield, 2458, 2460Schneekloth, 2457Smith, 2457Stead, 2452Tatters, 2451Ubrig, 2455–2456Washburn, 2457Watling, 2462Weber, 2457Williams, 2452

person, 980, 2392, 2423–2436, 2451–2463, 2532

see also scale, coin operated"Coin Operated Scales, Catalog # 18" (review), 2392"Coin or Bullion Weights" (query from Pomer), 2224coin sc:

1640s (article), 1549–1552, 1778–1785, 1818–1819, 1879–1881, 2995–2997, 3040

1700s style, 1780bismar, 236, 321, 992, 1303book on, 2891–2894, 3040boxes, 2395

bentwood, 2398Berlin, 2395black-japanned, 2395Dutch, 2399oval japanned, 178, 1502–1503, 2537round-ended, 2398

brass, 2359counting, 991cruciform, 190–191do'tchin, 55–59, 227–228, 325double ducat, 541equal arm, 11, 16, 26–31, 41, 49, 53–55, 61–65,

160, 178, 205–215, 282, 457, 495, 814–817, 988, 1040, 1067, 1101, 1104, 1352–1356, 1497, 1749–1769

equal arm early style, 1352equal arm pillar, 437folding, 200, 231, 274, 313, 457–458, 502, 508,

627, 672–673, 1028, 1082–1083, 1126, 1624–1626, 1827–1828, 1847, 1941–1942, 2224, 2405–2406

instructions for use, 2224see also folding gold bal

Hungarian ducat, 228, 541, 575–576hydrostatical, 256, 261–262, 270, 299–303,

1303, 1494–1495, 1684japanned metal box, 178, 197, 458, 1082–1083knipwaage, 1897–1900mass-stabilised, 233mkr

A W see Wilkinson, AnthonyAbdy, William, 503–504Adams, George, 1310Aeckersberg, Johann Peter, 30, 63–65Aeckersberg, Johann Wilhelm, 30, 63Albertoni, Antonio, 2359Allmond, George, 1729Amos, John & Parkes, William, 1508Anscheutz & Co see Anscheutz & SchlaffAnscheutz & Schlaff, 269, 597, 607, 1300,

1684, 1760, 1850–1851Archdall, William, 1758Arstall, 2009Arstall, William, 2001, 2009Astill, Susannah, 242Astill, William, 242Astill & Partridge, 1732Astill & Payne, 1732Austin, Aaron, 499, 500Backer, J de, 2866Badcock, William Geagle, 246Balden, Joseph I, 1508

Balden, Joseph Sr., 1508Barnard, 2519Bartlett, John, 1732Bate, Richard, 211–212Bate, Robert Brettell, 1787Bate & Co, 1736Batist, 2894Bayley, Michael, 3019Beach, Thomas, 1508–1509Bell, George, 1625Bell, Hamlet, 200, 502–503, 1624–1626Bell, Hamlet & Co, 502, 1827Berg, Johann Daniel vom, 28, 30, 63–64,

2894Bergé, Jacques, 2519Blackburn, John, 248, 1398Blackman, Solomon, 1735Blades, Tristram, 1730Blanc, Jacques, 2519, 2893Bradford, Darby & Hulls, 268, 1303Braselmann, August, 30, 63Braselmann, Johann Peter, 30, 62Briais, Narcissé, 147, 332Brind, William, 16, 22, 205–206, 211,

214, 246–248, 1938Brooksby, Elizabeth, 214, 1396Brooksby, Thomas I, 212–214, 1069, 1396Brooksby, Thomas II, 212–214, 1735Brown, Isaac, 427, 1413–1420, 1725Brown, Isaac & Son, 1419Brown, Richard & Sons, 1028Brunel, Joannès, 2519Bullock, William, 1737C S see Sommers, CharlesC W see coin sc, mkr, Ward, Callingwood;

Ward, CallingwoodCatherwood, 1340–1341Catlinetti, Giovanni, 2358–2360Cattle, Bennet, 272–273Chadet, Jean-Pierre, 2519Champy, Pierre, 2519Chancellor, Thomas, 1729Charreton, Jean, 2519Chisman, 1724Clot, Mathieu & Pallais, Pierre, 2519Cooke, J & Sons, 199Cooper, E, 1477Corvay, François, 2519Court, Alice, 242Court, Richard I, 242Court, Richard II, 242Craig, Michael, 1760Croome, Thomas, 207, 1291Crosby, Daniel, 1750Crosby, Daniel I, 1761Crosby, Daniel II, 1760Damiani, Antonio, 1101, 2893Darby, Richard & Co see Bradford, Darby

& HullsDassin, Pierre, 2519Daussone, Claude, 2519Davies, Joseph, 1508

Davis, John, 1508Day, William Chambers, 810de la Bouchardière, Gabriel, 2519de Neve, Guilliam, 2726Deane, John, 207Dearsly, Thomas, 1740Deblois, Lewis, 356Deflacieu, Barthélémy, 2519Deflacieu, Jacques, 2519Deflacieu, Jacques & Claude, 2519Degrave, Charles I, 207, 242, 246–247Degrave, Charles II, 242Degrave, Mary, 242Degrave & Son, 2224Deinert, Paulus, 541–542, 575Dorsman, Paulus, 850Dutton, James, 1729Dutton & Smith, 1733Edley, William, 1725Ellinghaus, Johann Daniel, 30, 63Fairbanks & Co, 108Farriols, 2893Fischer, Johann, 63Fletcher, 1847Ford, Richard, 1508Forsthoff, Johann Wilhelm, 27, 30, 61,

63–64Franting, Henry Neale, 3019Freeman, Rebecca, 242Freeman, Robotta, erroneous entry, 242Freeman, Samuel, 3019Freeman, Samuel I, 242Freeman, Samuel II, 242, 391–392Freeman, Samuel III, 592Freeman & New, 1395Freeman & Son, 1498Freeman & Sons, 1498French, Robert, 1502–1503, 1508Frodsham, William, 1724Gable, Thomas, 388Gale, William, 245–246Galot, Isaac, 2519Garcin, Paul, 2519Gatchell, Samuel, 1769Gatchell, Samuel & Sons, 502George, St, 1607Gibson, Elizabeth, 214–215, 1396Gibson, Thomas, 213–215, 1396Gibson & Sommers, 215, 1296Goodman, John, 1729Goulding, Thomas, 1140Gowers, Weston, 1731, 1782Grand, Barthélémy, 2519Gray, Francis, 556Greppi, Bartolomeo, 2359–2360Grobet, Jean, 2519Grosset, Flury, 2519Grosset, Jean, 2519Grosset, Laurens, 2519, 2893Hand, Ephraim, 1783, 1801Hane, Peter Caspar, 30, 63Harris, Elizabeth, 242

Harris, John, 242, 391, 593, 1040, 1379–1380

Harris & Co, 274Harrison, Charles, 1802Harrison, Thomas, 495, 676Hart, Benjamin, 211–212, 242, 244–245,

248Hart, Joseph I, 212, 242, 248, 1377Hart, Susan, 242, 1377Hawkins, William, 245Heeley, Edmund, 1723Heeley, James & Son, 1039Henry, Solomon, 263, 271, 282, 1723Herbert, Thomas, 354, 1192Herberts, John William, 49–55, 63, 501–

502Herbertz, Johan Wilhelm, 63Herbertz, Johann Abraham, 30, 53–54, 63Herbertz, Johann Phillipp, 29–30, 49, 54,

63, 63–64Herbertz, Johann Wilhelm, 29–30, 49, 54,

63, 112Herk, Peeter, 2894Hiatt, Henry, 1739Hill, Matthew, 270, 1724Hoe, Robert, 638Holt, I & W, 1738Holt, James, 246Houghton, Stephen, 627Houghton, Stephen & Son, 673Houghton, Thomas, 231, 501–502, 1626Hunt, Basil, 1508Hux, Elizabeth I, 208, 242, 1383Hux, Thomas & Elizabeth, 208, 242, 248,

1383Hux, Thomas I, 242, 248Hux, Thomas II, 208, 242, 248, 1383IK see coin sc, mkr, Kirch, Johannes; coin

sc, mkr, Kirk, JohnJ F M see coin sc, mkr, Mayer, Johann

FriedrichJackson, Anne, 242Jackson, Henry, 1802, 1804Jackson, James, 268, 1494–1496, 1508Jackson, John, 242Jackson, Thomas, 242Jenks, Edmund, 207Jennings, Silas, 243Joy, John, 1727Key, George, 245Kirch, Henricus, 2397Kirch, Johannes, 506–507Kirk, John, 208, 459, 462, 463, 465, 467,

480, 496Knight, E, 990Kruse, Abraham, 29, 31, 61–64, 2894Kruse, Johann Melchior, 29–31, 61–64,

2894L'Admiral, J Jr, 2894L'Admiral, Jacob, 2893Lalune, Jacques, 2519Lamb, Elizabeth, 208, 242

Lamb, Percivell, 242, 638Lamb, William, 1733Lambert, David, 2519Laminette, Giraud, 2519Laminette, Jean-Baptiste, 2519Lane, John, 244–245Langenberg, Johannes, 2866–2867, 2942–

2944Lecocq, Thomas, 2519Lind, John, 1732Lind, Joseph, 454, 457, 459Linderman, Johannes, 2396, 2399Lort, John, 1825Loss, Johann, 542Lumsden, Benjamin, 2070Lund, John, 501–502, 1723Lund, William, 1723Machique, Dominique, 2519Marion, Claude, 2519Marion, Henri, 2519Marion, Jean, 2519Marsh, Elizabeth, 242Martin, Benjamin, 269, 299–303, 310,

1300, 1718Marx, Philip Wilhelm, 2891Mayer, Johann Friedrich, 436–437Merlin, John Joseph, 1685, 1724, 1760Messerano, Giovanni Battista, 2356Mettmann, Mattheis, 2866Meymott, Clement, 242, 808Meymott, Mercy, 242, 247, 808Meymott & Porter, 1737Michaud, Jacques, 2398, 2519Migel, Pedro en Sevilla, 2995–2997Mittelstenscheid, Johann Caspar, 27, 31,

63, 2894Mittelstenscheid, Peter Caspar, 63, 2894Moffett, Elizabeth, 242Moffett, Elizabeth & Son, 1584Moffett, James, 242, 248, 592Moffett, James Thomas, 242, 248, 1581–

1585Moffett & Blackburn, 248Mordan, S & Co, 272, 947Mountford, 1476, 1508Mountford, Humphrey, 1508Mountford, I, 1508Mountford, William, 1476, 1508Napier, 103Napier, David, 1299Neale, Henry, 207, 1353, 1356, 1381,

1783, 3017, 3019on Bartholomew Lane, 3019

Neale, John, 207–208, 244–245, 1377, 1382

Neale, Samuel, 207, 247–248, 1355–1356, 1377

Neusts, Jacobus, 1792Newton, William, 3018–3019Newton, William & Co, 1736, 3018–3019Nicholl, William Lewis, 1730Nicklin, Edward, 1508

Oven, Henry, 1736Overing, Thomas, 211–212, 247–248,

3019Oxley, Henry, 1727Pallett, Elizabeth, 1192Pallett, Elizabeth Mary, 1192Pallett, Thomas II, 1192Pallett & Son, 1192Pallias, Pierre, 2519Partridge, John, 1729Pascal, Dominique, 2519Phillips, Edward, 16, 247–248, 1938Phillips, Elizabeth, 242Phillips, Walter, 1736, 1783, 3019Phillips, William, 242Picard, Ann, 213–214, 1069, 1388Picard, John, 210–212, 1067–1070Pickering, David, 1764–1765, 1830Pickering, James II, 1831Pillois, 593Pingard, Jean, 2519Pingard, Joseph-Emeric, 2519Pixley, Thomas II, 1737Plumly, George, 1490Poppenberg, Caspar Diedrich, 31, 63Poppenberg, Diedrich Peter, 31, 63Poppenberg, Diedrich Peter & Peter

Caspar, 63Poppenberg, Gebrûder, 31, 63–64Poppenberg, Gebrûder, Diedrich Peter,

Caspar Diedrich & Peter Caspar, 31, 63, 2894

Poppenberg, Johann Peter, 31, 62–64Poppenberg, Peter Caspar, 31, 63–64Pourin, 592Poussett, Philip, 211, 1389Proctor, Charles & Luke, 261–262, 268,

467R W, 22, 1352–1353R*A, 1550–1551Ramsden, Jesse, 675Ray, Caleb, 817Raybay, Nicolas, 2518–2519, 2519, 2548Read, Joseph, 183, 242, 246, 808, 2540Read, Samuel, 207–208, 244–248, 556Reeves, Thomas, 1734Reynolds, Joseph, 1729Reynolds & Nicholl, 1733Richtmann, C, 990Ridgard, Joseph, 22Robert, Jean (père), 2519Roberts, Richard, 243, 3019Roberts, Timothy, 243–244, 3019Roberts, Timothy & Son, 3019Robinson, Daniel, 627, 1827Rogers & Sons, 16Rogon, Pierre, 2519Rubidge, James, 1737S D, 1104, 1767Sangiusto, Andrea, 2892Sangster, E & J, 9Sangster, Elizabeth, 9, 242

Sangster, James, 208, 221–224, 1069Sangster, John, 9, 242–243, 246Sangster, Thomas, 242Sangster, William, 212–214, 242, 1069Schooling, James, 1736Sewell, George, 582, 2540Sewell & Bate, 2540Sewell & Young, 1734, 2540Sharp, Thomas, 1323–1326Sheldon, John, 446, 1027, 1723Shenstone, J T, 988Sherman, Henry, 242, 246, 248Sherman, Sarah, 242Skinner, William, 1729Sleigh, Richard Snr, 242, 245Snart, Charles, 1729Snart, John, 208, 210–211, 245, 248, 1069Sommers, Charles I, 215, 499–502, 1388–

1399, 2540Sommers, Charles II, 1388–1399Sommers, Joseph I, 211–212, 582, 1069,

1388–1390Sommers, Joseph II, 215, 1388–1399Sommers, Samuel, 1388Sommers & Son, 215, 1396Sommers & Stanley, 215, 1399Springer, Johann Caspar, 31, 63–64Stanley, 215Stanley, N, 1399Stiles, William, 245Stubbs, Benjamin, 1027Swithin, John, 248T H see coin sc, mkr, Houghton, ThomasT P, 1352, 1354–1355, 1357–1358Tallman, James, 1383Taylor, William, 207, 243Taylor, William II, 1508Thompson, 14Thompson, Daniel, 248Thompson, John, 245Thompson, John II, 1731Tisseur, Jean (fils), 2519Titfords & Vandome, 592Tomlinson & Bickley, 1508Tongue, J, 1941–1942Tongue, William, 1508, 1943–1944Törv. Védve, 3040Troemner, Henry, 1020Tucker, Richard, 499, 502Vandome, Richard, 592, 1734Vandome, Richard & Co, 1734Vandome, Titfords & Co, 592Vandome, Titfords & Pawson, 592Vandome & Coy, 592Vandome & Hart, 592Vaughton, Christopher, 246Vincent, James, 1729Vincent, Robert & Son, 1733Vincent, Robert II, 208Vincent & Chancellor, 1733Vivien, Pierre, 2519Ward, Callingwood, 496–497, 500–502,

1062, 1066, 1508Waren, Joseph, 1508Wenborn, Robert, 22, 1739Westwood, I & O, 467Westwood, John & Obediah, 1508Wilford, David, 242Wilkinson, Anthony, 502–503, 627–629,

672–675, 1624–1626, 1827, 2537–2539

Williams, Thomas I, 508, 2082Wilson, John, 496, 500Winfield, R W, 11–12, 233–234Wolschot, J F, 2894Wolschott, J F, 233–234, 254, 1295, 2396,

2399Wombwell, Charles, 1727Wood, John, 243, 1140, 1192Wood, Richard, 1192, 1732Wood, Robert, 1192Wornell, John, 2540Young, George, 2540Young, John, 18, 2539Young & Son, 2539–2540see also ccd

moving load, 236, 990, 1034, 1310–1311numbered consecutively, 1323–1326oval japanned box, 178, 1502–1503pendulum, 199, 269, 541, 576, 597, 607, 990,

1684, 1850–1851pre-loaded pan, 576provincial, 2002roberval, 275rocker, 11–15, 78, 235–238, 269, 272–274, 365,

754, 990, 1684, 2272–2279, 3040see also ccd

Schickerts, 12, 233, 427, 1413–1420shelf edge, 268–269spring bal, 448, 518steelyard, 14, 235, 268–276, 286–287, 299–303,

310, 400, 990, 1027–1029, 1039, 1300, 1303, 1306, 1685–1686, 1787, 1833, 1897–1900

unequal-arm beam, 1039zoge bakari, 321see also ccd

coin sc (guinea sc), 1466coin sc & letter sc:

ccd, 754, 848roberval, 275spring, 1682steelyard, 930, 1681

coin sc box, 2357–2358, 2360–2361chamois-lined, 2358–2361

coin sc designer, Cotton, William (1), 1723coin sc forgers:

Halifax, 264, 1303Hull, 1303

coin sc material, bronze, 814–816coin sc nationality:

American, 12–15, 40–41, 78, 356–360, 2059–2066, 2535–2541, 2894

Austrian, 1290, 2399, 2894

Belgian, 2396, 2866, 2894Berg & Mark, 26–31, 61–65, 112, 541, 2576,

2894British, numerous referencesByzantine, 2894Chinese, 55–59, 1497–1498Egyptian, 190, 191English, 2395–2396, 2398, 2576French, 445, 472, 556, 592, 1607, 2398, 2518–

2519German, 26–31, 61–65, 112, 228, 437, 445,

506–507, 541–542, 575, 850, 957, 2272–2279, 2395–2397, 2866–2867, 2891, 2942–2944

Greek, 190–191Hungarian, 2399, 3040Indian Ocean, 281Italian, 2356, 2357–2361, 2399, 2892, 2894Japanese, 55–59, 321, 325Netherlands, 1897–1900, 2396–2397, 2894Portugese, 2399Prussian, 2894Roman, 814–816, 2576, 2620Scottish, 1303–1311Spanish, 307, 445, 2399, 2893Swiss, 2399, 2894Turkish, 190–191, 2894Viking, 2576

coin sc pan (brass), 2357, 2359coin sc patentee:

def, 193, 194Bradford see coin sc patentee, Hulls & Bradford;

Hulls & BradfordCase, Cesar, 1879Clais, J S, detector, 269–270, 276, 579Cotton, W, 103Dearborn, Benjamin, 2064Hall, N R, 198–199Henry, S, 263, 271, 276, 282Hulls & Bradford, 268, 276, 394, 1303Loring, D & Dearborn, Benjamin & West, U,

2064Rogers, S A, 2064West, U & Dearborn, Benjamin & Loring, D,

2064coin sc retailer:

Arstall, William, 2002Bell, Hamlet

folders by Wilkinson, A, 1626retailing folders by Houghton, T, 1626

Bell, Henry, 628Bell Henry, 628Billings, R, 12, 356–360Brown, Isaac & Son, 1419–1429DeGrave, Mary & Son, 1626Denton, Joseph, 1626Knight, George & Sons, 1415–1416Lee, 1824Lockhart, James, 2069Martin, Benjamin, 1300Parker, William, 1829Poyntell, William, 2536

Tomlinson & Bickley, 1508Warren, James, 1845Whitley, John, 1626Williams, Thomas, 2082Williams, William, 1419–1420

coin sc wholesaler, Brown, Richard & Sons, 1419coin scale, 2775–2777

American, 2775–2777British, 2253–2256Hungarian, 3040Italian, 2356Milanese, 2357–2361

"Coin Scale Makers" (articles by Crawforth), 206–215, 239–240

coin sorting machine mkr: Bernstein, Aaron David, 1947–1955Cotton, William, 1962–1963Reitze, August, 1177–1181

coin tester mkr, Helliwell, 621"Coin Weights" (article by Mallis), 1602–1608"Coin-weights" (article by Withers), 1471–1479coin wts:

articles by Biggs, 879–884, 913–919, 951–954, 984–988, 1010–1016

hall-marked, 1471–1478how to make, 2778mkr

Archdall, Henry, 1756Archdall, William, 1757Berry, 1508Crosby, Daniel, 1762Crosby, James, 1764Cuthbert & Paris, 1765Gatchell, Samuel, 1769H J, 1802Harrison, Charles, 1802Harrison, James, 1508Jackson, James, 1062Kidder, Vincent, 1773Locker, John, 1824Lord, Richard, 1771Moore, William II, 1827Mountford, William, 1476Owen, 1062, 1065, 1508Smart, Richard, 1472–1473, 1771, 1842Spear, Richard, 1843Tongue, William, 1508Ward, Callingwood, 1062, 1066, 1508Whitworth & Yates, 1508

square prohibited, 914see also Weights, denomination

coinage: Act of 965, 1182Act of 1587, 43, 985Act of 1604, 985Act of 1611, 985Act of 1619, 985Act of 1663, 1040Act of 1757, 1057Act of 1773, 310, 496, 1079Act of 1774, 23, 196, 216, 467, 496, 966, 1079,

1125, 1565, 2068

Act of 1775, 498, 1079, 1081Act of 1797, 20, 22, 1083, 1119, 1894Act of 1817, 1125Act of 1821, 1125Act of 1870, 23, 1128, 1970Act of 1878, 21, 115, 613–614, 636, 734–735,

828, 894, 1036, 1128, 1154, 1182, 1564, 1960–1961, 1977

Act of 1889, 21–22, 115, 613, 633, 636, 955, 1128, 1154, 1564, 1929, 1969–1970, 1979, 2077

active, def, 879alien, def, 879alloyed, 266American, 2535British, 2535

use of Portuguese coinage, 40British use of Portuguese coinage, 40bullion price, 881clipped, 880counterfeit, 264–277crown gold, def, 880fineness, def, 880five-pound piece, 1180Great Recoinage, 1041hammered, 880increased in value by 10, 985milled, 880minted before 1663 demonetised in 1733, 1060New Standard 1774, 23, 196, 216, 467, 496,

966, 1068, 1079, 1081–1082, 1125, 1565, 2068

old, def, 879silver, 272, 1041silver in poor condition, 1041token, 1128US Act of Apr 2, 1792, 2536value, def, 880

coinage nationality: American, 2536Chinese, 56German, 28, 1177Hungarian, 3040

Coined before 1772: on coin wts, 1081–1086

see also weights, denomination, guineasee also New Standard

Coined since 1772: on coin wts, 1081–1086see also New Standard

coins, table of, 40, 310coins, 2395, 2446"Coins weighed by the Drop" (article by Simpson),

2068–2072coke depot wg machine, 728Colby, Edward J.:

coin operated sc mkr, 2457–2458coin operated sc patentee, 2457–2458

Colchester mark, 2031Colebrook, Samuel:

apprentice of DeGrave, Charles I, 1737dates, 1737

shop in Bristol, 1737Colkers' "A few of our Scales" (article), 190–191collar, def, 193"Collecting Adventure" (article by Wormser), 221–

225"Collecting Ancient Weights" (article by Malter),

308–310"Collecting European Coin-Scales" (article by Valent),

2395–2400Collector's Guide to Vintage Coin Machines (review),

2436collectors of taxes see revenue collectorsCollet, Freres:

precision bal mkr, 1821scientific instrument mkr, 1821see also catalogue

Collet, Thomas: coin sc mkr, 2254master of Brocke, Richard, 2254

collimation, def, 792Collings & Wallis:

dates, 638–639wts, 638–639

Collot (author), 836Collot, A, precision bal mkr, 702Collot, A II:

dates, 836precision bal mkr, 836–837

Cologne, inspectors marks, 64Cologne bullion ounce, 1992Cologne mark, 1990Cologne ounce, 1990–1991"Colonial American W & M" (article by Mahoney),

1135–1140, 1855–1860Colonial India, sc for, 16, 147Colonial paper money, 12, 356–360Colonial postal rates, 1230Colonies British, equipment tested, 2077Colt Industries, 3074

Fairbanks Wg Division, 77, 3066successor to Fairbanks, 3066

Columbia see Landers, Frary & ClarkColumbus, 1260

see also Automat; Maul, Philipp JakobColumbus sc, 2425column:

def, 193acanthus leaves, 547, 1706attached to box, 117bifurcated, 256, 261black & gold, 1397boy gas-lighter, 1294, 1320boy kneeling, 530, 1029, 1220, 1293boy naked, 1293, 1400boy with fig-leaf, 1400bud-topped, 1232bull-top, 1193, 1198, 1451, 1454, 1723caryatid, 1289china, 1453–1454, 1464, 1723, 1743cord lift, 277, 437, 630–632, 665, 793, 806–807,

1692curled leaves, 1372

double pillar, 41, 78, 664, 1216double split pillars, 1189, 1211–1216, 1368eagle-topped, 1627–1628engraved, 1220facetted, 1458fold down, 80, 942folding, 1417–1419harp top, 7, 137, 1452, 1458heart shaped, 233Justice, 1291lamp-lighter, 1320lever-lift, 89, 311, 599, 806, 1693, 1789, 1970–

1971, 1976lion-top, 1197lyre top, 7marble, 1453Mercury-top, 1295milk-maid, 1273porcelain, 712postman, 1295putto, 1225, 1287satyr, 1288screw into box, 49, 52, 80–82, 156, 806screw onto base, 117screw onto cloth gauge, 505scroll top, 1744slip into lid, 807snake curled round stem, 1232snake topped, 399split, 1212, 1215

inventor, 1212square section, 642stem with leaves, 1223, 1225tapering square, 642tree with eagle, 1254twisted, 547, 1439, 1454, 1745two, 1176wheat-sheaf, 1453wooden, 277, 591

combination scale, 2240–2242compound-lever, self-indicating pendulum,

circular face, 2212person, luggage, dynamometer, 2169–2170,

2240–2242come-again guineas, 1042"Comment on Pitrat" (article by Chapman), 2271Commission 1818, uniform system of W & M, 390Commission 1838, standards of W & M, 391–392Commission 1843, new Standards, 391Commission Report of 1854, new Standards, 392Commissioner of Patents, US, 2819commodity platter, 715

see also Goods Platecommon wheat bread, 1052Commonwealth:

coin wts, 1013coinage, 914, 1040

Company see under individual guildscomparison with standard units, accuracy of, 2146compasses & set-square, mastersign, 1875compendium, patent, 679compensating poise for sc beam, 2822

compound bal, patent, 661compound lever:

A A, 657F T, 695I T, 695long A A, 660U U, 723U V, 693, 724V V, 657, 693, 698–699Y V, 695, 724Y Y, 2821

compound lever platform sc: mkr

Daniels, 2821–2822Edgell, James, 661Wyatt, 655–659

compound lever sc, 227def, 193–194first application, 1852

compound wt, def, 200, 1828compression spring sc, def, 194, 553compression springs see Spring balcomputing cylinder, 217, 2673–2674computing sc, 217, 2132–2140, 2199–2209, 2227–

2230, 2673–2674def, 194with circular dial, 2210, 2300–2301with conical dial, 2131–2140with drum or cylinder, 2673–2674

British, 2210with fixed horizontal chart, 2210with lever & pendulum, 2210with lever principle, 2209mkr

Angldile Computing Scale Co, 2131–2140Avery, W & T Ltd, 1517Day & Millward, 1516

with pendulum, 2131–2140platform type, 2210with spring-balance principle, 2209–2210steelyard, 1461, 1516–1517steelyard & drum, 2210weights (query), 2208–2209

computing scale: British, 2300–2306

c-spring, 2304–2305description of, 2302–2306first, 2300–2306

patent, 2300–2301flexure spring, 2302mkr, James, 2300–2306poises, 2305–2306specific gravity, 2304tubular steelyard, 2305–2306

Computing Scale Co, 2205–2206, 2209, 2673–2674butchers sc, 216–217, 559CSCo mark, 558dates, 216–217Dayton Automatic Scale Co successor, 2206Dayton Moneyweight Scale Co successor, 2206Hobart Manufacturing Co successor, 2207international operations, 2206

Moneyweight Scale Co, selling organization for, 2206

Ozias & Canby, 2205PMI food equipment group successor, 2208postal sc, 2673–2674re-incorporation of, 2206roberval & micrometer, 217sales agency for, 2206Sanderson, 2205Smith, 2205steelyard mkr, 559Stimpson Computing Scale Co. successor, 2206see also Dayton Automatic Scale Co.

computing self-indicating sc, 890, 2210Computing-Tabulating-Recording Co., 2206concave wts see weight, shapeconcealed-stay see béranger sc, encased-stay; roberval

sc, encased-staycondemned, mark on wts, 1007conderin wts see weights, denominationcone and cup, def, 196cone-chart see conical chartcone pivot, def, 194, 196confectioners sc, 130–131

equal arm, 7mkr

Avery, W & T, 7, 803, 852Avery, W & T Ltd, 7, 131, 852

see also Shop scCongress, Act of (1843), 12conical chart, 2121–2140conical computing chart see conical chartconical dial see conical chartConn, Angldile plant builder, 2136Connor, Professor Robin, 2444

biography, 2110Connor, R D:

author, 3043–3045see also Connor, Robin D

Connor, Robin D (author), 1074, 1090, 1384, 1569, 1891, 1896, 1997, 2023, 2082, 3043–3045

Connor's "Survival of the 8-lb Stone" (article), 2531Conservatoire National des Arts et Metiers, 1386–

1387constant load bal see Substitution balConstruction of the Balance by Brauer (review), 187Contemporary Comment:

16th century, Raleigh weighs smoke, 27819th century, weighing gold dust, 176363 AD, appointing of zygostates(weighers),

25881548, German mkr, 2341599, do'tchins, 561604, Spanish precision bal, 3621652, lack of control of wt of coins at Mint,

19011667, person steelyard, 151681, Irish coin steelyard, 18481720, problems encountered by money-changers

in USA, 24021732, bread prices in Boston USA, 11041754, bread prices in Boston USA, 1104

1769, Sangster repair bill, 91773, guinea weighing, 151783, scale house, 23361818, Records of carrier, 26781821, Adams on W & M, 18331823, new steelyard introduced in France, 21841825, order for New Standard Weights &

Measures, 22501830, beam for weighing bushel measure, 2249–

22501835, spring bal with lever, 18761840, new problem in weighing machines, 21221849

Calif. Order for hay and gold weighing scales, 2193

coins as postal wts, 9881851, Cotton's Bank of England sovereign sc,

1141859, do'tchins, 561869, ironmongers adjusting wts, 8881873, award to Fairbanks, 1111882, 2350–23511883, pre Parcel Post Service parcel scales,

2307–23081892, coal weighing, 341910, accuracy of weighing instruments, 22231912, do'tchins, 2251913, computing scales, 2209–22101916, weighing ice, 22231922, 2488, 25151929, 22991930s, U S destruction of false sc, 5551992, 1840

Contemporary Document, 2329–2330continuous knife edge, 115

def, 194, 196contracting beam, 655–658, 698, 1636

def, 1547contracting beam sc:

mkrAvery, W & T, 1636Beach, Thomas, 1547

contracting machine: def, 698mkr, Bourne, Thomas, 697

Contributions to Arabic Metrology by Miles (review), 188

Control of Pounds & Pints by Stocks (review), 785Convention, ISASC 2005, 3110, 3113conventiontaler see weights, denominationconvex wts see weight, shape, convexCook, M G, patentee, 539, 622Cooke, J & Sons, postal sc, 147, 199, 428Cooke, Troughton & Simms:

precision bal mkr, 1791scientific instrument mkr, 1791see also Troughton & Simms

coolie yoke, 2145coomb see Winchester measureCoon, Tim:

successor to Bedell, 3082Zenith egg sc mkr, 3082

Cooper see postal sc, retailer, Partridge & CooperCooper, E, coin sc mkr, 1477Cooper, George:

joiner, 2466working for Sharp, Thomas, 2466

Cooperative Wholesale Society: apoth wt mkr, 835equal arm counter sc mkr, 712wt mkr, 732see also catalogue

Cooperative Wholesale Society Ltd, bread, sc mkr, 1089

Cope & Cope Ltd: egg sc mkr, 414–415, 921Summit-Hanning trade name, 414

Copeland: plate mkr, 1455wts mkr, 812

copper plugs, 614, 635, 639copper-workers sc, Japanese, 324Copyright Act, 2091Corcoran, Bryan I:

dates, 354, 1727grain sc mkr, 354, 1727scientific instrument mkr, 1727

Corcoran, Bryan Ltd, 354dates, 354

cord, holding letter, 428cord & wheel, candlestick, 1373cord & wt sc:

patent, 1373postal, 1373

cord & wt sc patentee, Briais, Narcissé, 1373cord fulcrum, def, 175cord lift, 631, 665cord pivot, def, 172–173, 194cord replacement, 928Corderoy, Edward, half owner of Vandome & Hart

Ltd, 1733Corless:

calliper mkr, 1787scientific instrument mkr, 1787, 2656

Cormick, Michael: coin wts mkr, 1760dates, 1760

corn sc: mkr, Fairbanks & Co, 78, 108see also Grain sc

cornometer see Grain scCornwall (C C A crowned mark), 1977Cornwall East mark, 2031Cornwall West mark, 1980"Corrections & Clarification" (article by Lound), 2935corundum bearings, 3

durability, 3hardness, 3

Costa's Egg Sc (article), 1275–1284, 1311–1317Costell, Stacey, 2372cotton, steelyard, 322, 334, 1301–1302Cotton, William (1):

bullion bal designer, 114coin sc designer, 1723, 1787

collaborator with Bate, R B, 1723, 1787date, 1723sc designer, 103, 114sorting machine, 1962–1963sorting machines mkr, 103, 1962–1963worked with Napier, David, 103

Cotton, William (2): dates, 638wt mkr, 638

cotton beam, def, 195cotton sc:

mkr, Salter, Geo & Co Ltd, 544spring, 544steelyard, def, 195

CO[U] 2[u] cartridge sc, Badger Fire Extinguisher Co, 1039

counter platform sc see platform sccounter roberval sc see roberval sccounter sc, 67, 136

def, 195balloon-foot, 1452, 1454, 1458, 1461béranger, 485–486, 647, 1198, 1646–1647, 1742Caledonian, 692, 698Caledonian equal arm & steelyard, 692decimal, 227, 722equal arm, 7, 137, 256, 712, 1195–1196, 1452,

1744–1745fan sc, 229, 709French pattern, 1741–1742half roberval & spring, 1600half roberval & steelyard, 1807, 1811inverted roberval, 129–136, 256–257, 355, 418–

419, 697, 731, 1073, 1193–1198, 1442, 1451, 1636, 1642, 1723, 1743

London pattern, 1644micrometer sc, 361, 505mkr

Angldile, 180Avery, W & T, 7, 131, 711, 1644–1648,

1692Avery, W & T Ltd, 1645–1648, 1692Béranger & Cie, 784, 1642Bourne, Thomas, 697Bourne & Smith, 136Buoy, Brenner & Co, 2887

dates, 2887C W, 647Chatillon, John & Sons, 450, 452, 1600Computing Scale Co, 217Cooperative Wholesale Society, 712Day & Millward, 711, 1451Denison, Samuel & Son Co Ltd, 1183Denison, Samuel & Son Ltd, 1183Dodge Scale Co, 505Fairbanks & Co, 78, 109, 1807, 1811Fairbanks London, 1647Garland, James & Co, 1590Hall, J & Son, 1648Herbert & Sons, 1195–1196, 1198, 1723,

1728, 1744–1745Howe Scale Co, 1528Jones of Binghamton, 1078

Mattocks Automatic Scale Ltd, 1731Maul, Philipp Jakob, 1655–1656Newman, J, 1519Parnall & Sons Ltd, 1645Penn Scale Mfg Co, 647Perfas, 647Pooley, Henry & Son Ltd, 1645Preston, William B, 508Salter, Geo & Co, 547Springer Torsion Balance Co, 999Terazzi, 485–486Troemner, Henry, 1643, 1721–1722, 2887Variety Works, 2884–2891Walker, A & Co Ltd, 709

paper, 1692pendulum, 559, 1318phanzeder sc, 284roberval, 106, 109, 128, 131, 136, 287–289, 611,

647, 711, 1183, 1195, 1451, 1637–1638, 1644–1648, 1655, 1728, 2600

self indicating, 709–711semi-self indicating, 709–711, 714sensitivity, 714with side beam, 2221spring, 547, 1039, 1439, 1557, 1600steelyard, 78, 109, 198, 217, 505, 647, 758, 871,

1078, 1528, 1537–1538, 1570, 1655–1656, 1692, 1721–1722, 2074, 2884–2891

testing, 714top-pan, 2600torsion, 999trip, 647vibrating, 1183

counter sc, 67, 136counter sc (article), 1644–1648counter sc patentee:

Buoy, 2884–2891Culmer, 217Ozias, 217Webster, 547, 549

counter scale, nonautomatic-indicating equal-arm, 2258

counter steelyard, def, 1423counterbalance see counterpoisecounterchange weighing see transposition weighingcounterfeit assay marks, 1475–1476"Counterfeit Coin Detecting Devices of the US"

(article by Mallis), 12–15review, 87

counterfeit coin detector: German, 2272–2279see also American, ccd; ccd

"Counterfeit Coin Detectors": article by Crawforth, 264–277article by Gorlick, 759–764

counterfeit coin values, 266counterfeit coinage, 265–277, 1063, 1303

punishments, 266counterfeit detector, def, 786counterfeit guineas, 270counterfeit Portugese Pieces, 266

counterfeiting, 759, 2446counterpoise:

def, 194–195scoop, 154

counties, W & M authories, 1925counties corporate, 1927counting sc:

def, 196coin, 991jetons, 1105mkr

Maul, Philipp Jakob, 1655Osterlich Ltd, 1105

patentee, Sanderson, 3012trade, 1461, 1655, 3012

counting scale, 3012county boroughs, 1982, 2033county councils, 1982County of Southampton, 1735coupon sc, 1105Court, Alice:

coin sc mkr, 242dates, 1738employed foreman Daniels, George, 1738successor of Court, Richard II, 1738widow of Court, Richard II, 242widow of Court Richard II, 242

Court, Mary (omitted in error): succeeded by Court, Richard II, 1738successor of Court, Richard I, 1738widow of Court, Richard I, 1738working 1723-1724, 1738

Court, Richard I: apprentice of Marsh, Elizabeth, 242, 1738coin sc mkr, 242dates, 1738husband of Court, Mary (omitted in error), 1738master of Prickett, James, 1738succeeded by Court, Mary (omitted in error),

1738Court, Richard II:

coin sc mkr, 242dates, 1738husband of Court, Alice, 242master of Church, Stephen, 1738master of Daniels, George, 1738master of Matthews, John (wrongly called

Jackson, Wm), 1738succeeded by Court, Alice, 1738successor of Court, Mary (omitted in error),

1738Courts, Leet, 43–44, 2032Coventry mark, 1927Cow Chow see PurinaCowcher & Co, coin wts mkr, 1062Cozens see postal sc, retailer, Partridge & CozensCraddock, Anthony, 2444cradle, def, 174, 196Craig (author), 277, 498, 954, 1042, 1044, 1060, 1079,

1881Craig, Michael, coin sc mkr, 1760Cramer, J A:

assay bal mkr, 630–632German author, 630

Crane, C H: dates, 638iron wts mkr, 638

Crane, Samuel G., 2462coin operated sc mkr, 2462coin operated sc patentee, 2462

Crane Foundry Co: dates, 638design Reg, 636wts, 635, 637, 639

Crane Foundry Co Ltd, wts, 613, 616–617crane sc, spring, 516, 543–544, 1531–1532, 1906crane weigher, 543, 1931crane weigher mkr:

Denison, Samuel & Son Co Ltd, 1532Denison, Samuel & Son Ltd, 1531–1532Hart, David, 1734James, John & Co, 1730Jaspar & Taurines, 1906Marriott, Henry, 1903Salter, Geo & Co Ltd, 543–544Salter, George & Co Ltd, 543

crane weigher patent, 1931crane weigher patentee, Ward, T H, 1931cranked hanger, 134, 150, 174, 860, 1053

def, 174, 193Crawford's "Fairbanks Infallible Coin sc" (query),

2409–2411Crawforth:

A's, "Howell & James" (article), 2990–2993, 3021

author, 767–775, 1070obituary, 1161–1165

Crawforth, Andrew, biography, 2306Crawforth, A's:

"DeGrave, Short & Fanner" (article), 2354, 2405–2406

"Earliest Computing Scale?" (article), 2300–2306

"Kirkoswold Weight of 1662" (article), 2925–2927

Crawforth, D (author), 1876Crawforth, D's:

"Dearborn's Gold Standard Balance" (article), 1211–1216

"Dr Fitch's Descendants" (article), 2053–2055"English Colonial Scales" (article), 1778–1785"Fire Gilding - Ormolu" (article), 1580"Howe they altered" (article), 1528–1531"Humans on Scales" (article), 1287–1295"Irish Scalemakers/Retailers" (article), 1755–

1773, 1777, 1798–1804, 1823–1832, 1841–1846

"James & Thomas Braby" (article), 1911–1916"James Jackson Jeweller's Initiative?" (article),

1494–1496"Joseph Béranger" (article), 1663–1664"London Scale Makers" (article), 207–215, 239–

248"Mediaeval Bronze Beam" (article), 1609–1613

"More Flexure Springs" (article), 1902–1910, 1931–1935, 1964–1966, 1984–1986

"Philipp Jakob Maul- Part 1" (article), 1627–1636

"Pop it in the Post" (article), 1219–1233, 1252–1264

"Porcelain China or Pot?" (article), 1443–1455"Pre 1700 England" (article), 1326–1328, 1346–

1356"Robervals with Encased Stays" (article), 1479–

1488"Scale in Question" (article), 36–37, 53–55"Siebe & Marriott" (article), 1882–1888"Sight-hole Shears" (article), 1586–1590"Sommers Scalemakers" (article), 1388–1399"Thomas Beach" (article), 1499–1513, 1539–

1548, 1572–1580"Tree of Knowledge", 2129"Trial of the Pyx" (article), 1435–1437"Who'd be a Baker?" (article), 1051–1059,

1087–1098Crawforth, M, 2539

author, 767–775, 1070obituary, 1161–1165

Crawforth-Hitchins': "Bartholomew Lane, London" (article), 3016–

3019"Beginner's Guide Part 1" (article), 2571–2578"Beginner's Guide Part 2" (article), 2599–2606"Beginner's Guide Part 3" (article), 2655–2662"Beginner's Guide Part 4" (article), 2683–2690"Beginner's Guide Part 5" (article), 2711–2718"Beginner's Guide Part 6" (article), 2739–2746"Beginner's Guide Part 7" (article), 2767–2774"Beginner's Guide Part 8" (article), 2825–2832"European Coin-ops" (article), 2451–2463"European Coin-ops Part 2" (article), 2493–2496"First US Scale Patentee" (article), 2639–2643,

2668"Herbert's. Part 2" (article), 1723–1748"Is This Damping?" (article), 2192"Model of Daniels' Patent 199,356 Platform

Scale" (article), 2821–2822"More oil-damping" (article), 2167"More Saddled Steelyards" (article), 2381–2387"Potato Scales" (article), 2963

Crawforth-Hitchins, Diana, 2268, 2885biography, 2547

Crawforth-Hitchins & Berning's "Model of Usher's Compensating Poise for Scale Beams" (article), 2822

Crawforth-Hitchins & Leadbetter's "Developing Torsion Balances" (article), 2611–2615

Crawforth-Hitchin's Letter to the Editor, 3076Crawforth-Hitchins' "Paper Scales" (article), 3077–

3079Crawforth-Hitchins'"Hungarian Rocker?" (article),

3040Crawforth's:

"About Postal Patents" (article), 395–397"Anatomy of a Cased Weight" (article), 1048"Balances By Greaves" (article), 235–237

"Basic Library" (article), 87"British Date Marks" (article), 1004–1007"British Verification Marks" (article), 20–24,

43–48, 67–72, 90–96, 115–124, 163–165

"Cased Bell-weight" (article), 237"Cased Postal Weights" (article), 422–424"Cataloguing a Collection" (article), 145–148"Caveat Emptor" (article), 38–39"Counterfeit Coin Detectors" (article), 264–277Directory of British Scientific Instrument

Makers 1550-1851 (review), 1967–1968"Early Platform Scales" (article), 655–661, 692–

699, 721–728"Egg Scales" (article), 375–384, 410–417, 919–

924"English apothecary Scales & Weights" (article),

797–808, 826–835"Five-turn Folder" (article), 672–675"George Salter & Co" (article), 515–529, 543–

554, 2163"Glossary of Terms" (article), 170–175, 192–

196, 227–232, 255–260, 283–288, 311–316, 339–344

"Grain Scales" (article), 80–82"Grain Testing Scales" (article), 2847–2853"Gregory's Imperialised Metric Wts" (article),

1107–1112"History in a box" (article), 1067–1070"Iron Weights in Britain" (article), 581–588,

611–619, 633–639"Kirkoswold Weight of 1662" (article), 2925–

2927"Making Scales" (article), 333–338, 447–452"Making Scales & Weights" (article), 468–476"Michael's Favourites" (article), 1413–1420"Monied Man's Vade Mecum" (article), 299–

303"More Solder Scales" (article), 2550"Moving Load Scale-Steelmar or Bisyard"

(article), 1026–1035"New York Assay Office" (article), 531–534"Patent Postals" (article), 398–400, 425–428,

453–456, 481–484, 509–512, 537–540, 565–568, 595–596, 621–624, 650–652, 677–680, 704–708

"Patently Interesting" (article), 198–199, 263, 298, 318, 389

"Photograph Coin Weights" (article), 967–970"Photograph Scales & Weights" (article), 363–

372"Rare Folders" (article), 200"Replacing Cords on English Money Scales"

(article), 928"Roberval" (article), 127–135"Sets of Weights" (article), 731–735"Simple Weights for Coins" (article), 166–167"Springs" (article), 1465–1467"To Clean or Not to Clean" (article), 1203–1210,

1234–1240, 1265–1272"Variation on a Theme" (article), 219–220Weighing Coins, book review, 135

"Weighing in the Kitchen" (article), 767–775"Weighing up the Terms" (article), 169"Weight Depositing Scale" (article), 982–983"What Will Happen to my Collection" (article),

971–972"Yarn Cloth & Roving Scales" (article), 1143–

1150, 1168–1176"Yekeri Steelyard Maker" (article), 645–646

Crellin & Scott (author), 87, 800, 808, 830Crellin & Scott's Drug Weighing in Britain (review),

87Crescent, trademark see PelouzeCrescent postal sc, 371Crichton, James, precision bal mkr, 1720, 1791Crimean War sc, 816–817, 1233Criterion, 132–133, 1259

tin candlestick postal, 1792trademark see Setton & Durward

crocus (mark on wts), 20see also Saffron, Walden

Crofford, C B, weigh scoop patentee, 492crontal see Weights, denominationcrontaler see weights, denominationCroome, Thomas:

apprentice of Swithin, John, 1733coin sc mkr, 207, 1291dates, 1733master of 5 apprentices, 1743steelyard mkr, 207succeeded by Wynn, John, 1732–1733trade card, 207, 1291wt mkr, 207

Crosby, Daniel, 1750coin sc mkr, 1749coin wts mkr, 1762D C on wts, 1749–1750, 1762sc mkr to Bank of Ireland, 1755sight-hole shears, 1749, 1831trade card, 1761

Crosby, Daniel I: coin sc mkr, 1761dates, 1750, 1762shop sign crown & sc, 1831trade card, 1763

Crosby, Daniel II: coin sc mkr, 1760D C mark on wts, 1830dates, 1750, 1760

Crosby, James: coin wts mkr, 1764dates, 1764I*C on wts, 1764succeeded by Pickering, David, 1765, 1831

cross, def, 193, 196Cross, William:

dates, 638wts, 585, 617, 638

Cross, William & Son: dates, 638wts, 617, 638

Cross, William & Son Ltd: dates, 638

wts, 638cross within 4 crosses, 45

mark on wts, 45see also Abingdon

crossed keys (mark on wts), 122Crossword, by Brass, 254, 282Crotti Co, Italian sc mkr, 2027Crowden & Garrod, see also cataloguecrown:

double rose coin, 953French coin circulating in GB, 953see also weights, denomination, crown

Crown immunity, G P O, 1036crown mark on coin wts:

Royal Mint, 1604Sheffield assay mark, 1474

crowns three & rugged cross mark, 1928see also Nottingham

crowns three in line see Colognecrowns three vertically stacked, 1928

see also HullCrowther-Benyon (author), 986, 1796cruciform rocker, 190–191, 1561

markings explained, 191cube wts see weight, shapeCuff, John, scientific instrument mkr, 1850Cullinan, Sir Thomas, 2693culling, 461, 1041–1042Culmer, J W, American patentee, 217Cummings, D:

American ccd patentee, 841, 2061ccd, 841

Cunliffe & Owen, annotaters for Board of Trade, 2209–2210

cup bearings, def, 196cup wts see weight, shape, nestingcupcake wts see weight, shapecupid's bow, def, 193, 196cupping glass:

mark of Deinert, Paulus, 542mark of Loss, Johann, 542

Curie, Pierre, torsion balance of, 2183Curie, Pierre & Marie, designers, 702, 764, 843current wt, def, 196cusp box end, def, 172, 196Cust (author), 749cut from solid (CFS) box:

def, 196see also box, CFS

cut to cotton, 1170cut to run, 1170cut to worstead, 1170Cuthbeard, 1765

see also Cuthbert, JohnCuthbert, John:

imprisoned, 1773master of Goldsmiths' Co of Dublin, 1755

Cuthbert & Paris: coin wts mkr, 1765, 1771–1772Cuthbert, John & Paris, Henry, 1765dates, 1765official wts mkrs for Ireland, 1755

Standard weights mkr, 1765succeeded by Kidder, Vincent, 1772successors of Lord Richard, 1825

Cutlers Co Guild, 1727CW (béranger mkr), 2440cylindrical wts see weight, shape, cylindricalcypher, def, 196Cypriot see weights, nationalityCzechoslovakia, 2320

Phanzeder, 2320–2321Prague, 2320–2321

Czechoslovakian: kitchen sc, 544, 551, 753sc mkr, Pearl, 551, 753

"Czechs and Balances" (article by Knights), 2320–2322

Dd see droemt; weights, denomination, pennyweightsD B (C-spring mkr), 1874D C, 1761

wts mkr, 586see also Crosby, Daniel

D C B (mark on wts), 69D C C (mark on wts), 69D G & Co, wts mkr, 638D J, French wts mkr, 600D L C (mark on wts), 164"D L Vaid, Indian scale-maker" (article by Wilson),

2420D M, C-spring mkr, 1875D P, 17, 1765

C-spring mkr, 1875French sc mkr see Pascal, Dominiquesee also Pickering, David

D R G M, Deutches Reichs Gebrauchsmuster, 703, 1651, 1902

D R P, Deutches Reichs Patent, 703D V:

French mkr postal sc, 41postal sc mkr, 41, 1368

da Vinci, Leonardo: pendulum resistant scale, 2179scale inventor, 2179self-balancing scale, 2179–2180self-indicating readout scale, 2179–2180

Dacre family history, 2926–2927dagger in shield crowned mark, 1978

see also Londondagger mark see City of Londondairy sc, 2489–2492

mkrDairyman's Supply Co, 224, 2489–2492Salters, 526Vertex Industries Inc, 1000

pot, 1452spring, 224, 526, 2489–2492torsion, 1000see also Butter sc

Dairymans Supply Co, milk sc, 223–224, 2489–2492Dairymen's Supply Co:

dairy sc, use of, 2491–2492

dairy sc mkr, 2489–2492Dakin Manufacturing Co:

Old Advert, 1944spring bal mkr, 1933–1934

Dale, C B see CoalbrookdaleDamiani, Antonio:

coin sc mkr, 1101diamond sc mkr, 1101

damper, 2833def, 227, 230, 313, 700–701glycerine filled, 2452pendulum sc with, 677, 1704pneumatic, 2591spring bal with, 1599see also dashpot; magnetic damper

Dampier: as author, 398pendulum sc mkr, 399, 1913

Dampier, C E, patentee, 398–399, 1223damping:

air cylinder, 700–702, 764, 843air pump, 719eddy current, 2190–2191electromagnetic, 2190glicerine, 2213magnetic, 2189–2191, 2591oil, 872, 2190, 2833

Dancer, J B: precision bal mkr, 1821scientific instrument mkr, 1821see also catalogue

Danell & Hill's "Alexandra Person & Package Scale" (article), 2240–2242

Danforth (author), 1434Danforth, E Zac (author), 1434Danforth's Scales as Symbols (article), 739–749Daniel Schall & Co., 2458Daniels, George:

apprentice of Court, Richard II, 1738foreman to Court, Alice, 1738, 1742

Daniels, J B, bread sc mkr, 1089Daniels, William, patentee, 2821–2822Danish patentee, Thiele, F A, 825Danish sc:

grain, 825steelyard, 535

Danish sc mkr, Thiele, F A, 825Darby, Richard see Bradford, Darby & Hullsdashpot:

def, 227, 230, 313, 700–701ASCO scale with, 2157–2160coin operated person sc with, 2427, 2433computing scale with, 2131–2140, 2160, 2213glicerine, 2213oil, 2164–2165, 3020paddle, 2164–2165

aaadef, 2159–2160pendulum sc with, 677, 1704, 2131–2140, 2213,

2433powder scale with, 3020Sauter's use of, 2166spring bal with, 1599

vertical, 2164–2165see also damper; oil-damping

Data-Link, Rolamite mkr, 2500Data-Link Corp., 2477–2478Data sheets, ISASC, 17Davenport, William S, 2426

coin operated sc mkr, 2424, 2426coin operated sc patentee, 2424, 2426

Davenport Portable Scale Co, assignor, 2862Davenport's patent, 2424

dash-pot, 2424levers, 2424platform, 2424rolling levers, 2424

Daventry mark, 1960Davey, John, spring bal mkr, 1508Davidson, W H, weigh scoop patentee, 492Davies, Joseph:

coin sc mkr, 1508dates, 1508

Davies, W G, weigh scoop patentee, 492Davignon, roberval sc mkr, 2487Davis, A B & Co:

coal sc mkr, 785hay sc mkr, 785Old Advert, 785person sc mkr, 785platform sc mkr, 785railway sc mkr, 785

Davis, David Porter: apprentice of Plympton, Henry, 2643apprentice of Willard, Aaron Jr, 2368clock mkr, 2375working with Howard, Edward, 2643

Davis, David Porter Jr, clock mkr, 2375Davis, George:

ccd, 269, 274, 276, 717, 1180ccd patentee, 1179, 1748patentee, 717, 1210

Davis, James, sc mkr, 3090Davis, John:

coin sc mkr, 1508date, 1508

Davis, Johnstone: dates, 1768sc mkr, 1768

Davis, William: dates, 1768sc mkr, 1768

Davis & Southerton, bread, Sc, 23, 1095Davy, Humphrey, Lunar Society associate, 1120Dawson, James, inspector for Cawood, Wistow &

Otley, 1971Dawson & Smith, sc mkrs, 3089Day, William Chambers:

analytical sc mkr, 810apothecary wts mkr, 829bullion bal mkr, 810coin sc mkr, 810coin wts, 919, 1127–1132dates, 810design Registration, 829

diamond sc mkr, 810patentee, 1636platform sc mkr, 696succeeded by Day, William Chambers & Co,

810weighing machine mkr, 696

Day, William Chambers & Co: apoth wt mkr, 829dates, 810succeeded by Day & Millward, 810successors of Day, William Chambers, 810

Day & Co, wt mkr, 386Day & Millward, 1442, 1451, 1791, 2963

accelerating roberval postal sc mkr, 2308apoth wt mkr, 829apothecary sc mkr, 802bread, sc mkr, 1089, 1586coin operated sc mkr, 2495computing sc mkr, 1516counter sc mkr, 711, 1451dates, 810, 1729double roberval, 1725French counter roberval sc, 1442grocers sc mkr, 1442Imperial weighing machine mkr, 1442inspectors sc mkr, 1791inverted roberval sc mkr, 2469lion agate sc, 1442London pattern, 1647patentee, 1442platform sc mkr, 1636postal sc mkr, 1516, 2308postal steelyard, 1516pot plate, 1441potato scale mkr, 2963registered design, 1442, 1642roberval sc mkr, 711, 802, 1725saddled steelyard mkr, 2504shop sc mkr, 711steelyard mkr, 1516, 2504succeeded by Day & Millward Co, 810successors of Day, William Chambers & Co,

810trade sc mkr, 1442vegetable scale mkr, 2963vibrating counter roberval sc, 1442weighing machine mkr, 1451wt mkr, 83–84, 385, 789, 829see also catalogue

Day & Millward Co, successors of Day & Millward, 810

Day & Millward Ltd: dates, 810person sc mkr, 1707, 1709shop sc mkr, 958

Dayotas, Pete, 3071Dayton, American sc made by Pooley, Henry & Son,

1093Dayton Automatic Scale Co., 2206Dayton Moneyweight Scale Co., 2206Dayton Royal Computing Sc, bRead, sc mkr, 1093Dayton Scale Co., 2206

division of Hobart Manufacturing Co., 2207de Corduanier, Gerard, coin weight mkr, 2517De Grave, Charles II, coin sc mkr, 242De-Liar, Langley, 2945–2948de Mez, Georg, bal mkr, 2657De oudste Muntgewichten uit de Nederlanden 1300-

1600 (review), 2354De Vilbiss, Allen, coin operated sc patentee, 2460deadweight machine, 132–133, 714, 853, 974–975,

1648, 2959–2963accelerating, 714, 1648, 2961testing, 714

deadweight scale: accoutrements for, 2962British, 2951, 2959–2963description of, 2959–2963mkr

Barratt, 2961Gatward, 2961Tong, 2961Wisbech, 2961

potato, 2959–2963weights for, 2962

"Deadweights at the Bottom of my Garden" (article by Knights), 1635–1636

Deane, John: coin sc mkr, 207dates, 1727master of Taylor, William II, 1736member of Cutlers Co, 1727

Dearborn, Benjamin, 3038American sc mkr, 37–3039, 1189, 1211–1216,

1554, 2369, 2639–2643, 3037–3039balanced platform mkr, 2643bullion bal mkr, 1189, 3037–3039carriage platform mkr, 2643coin sc patentee, 2064dates, 3038gold standard bal mkr, 1211–1216, 2369, 2642–

2643, 3037–3039hydrostatic bal mkr, 2642–2643proportional bal mkr, 2642–2643US Patentee, 2639–2643vibrating steelyard mkr, 2639–2643

patent changes, 2639–2642Dearborn, Benjamin (article), 1211–1216Dearborn, John M:

American sc mkr, 1554cooking range, 1554

"Dearborn's Gold Standard Balance" (article by Crawforth D), 1211–1216

Dearborn's patent bal, 2369, 2375, 2376, 2639–2642Dearsly, Thomas:

apprentice of Stiles, William, 1740coin sc mkr, 1740dates, 1740

Debac, P B G, 2451coin operated sc patentee, 2451

Deblois, Gilbert, coin sc mkr, 2475Deblois, Lewis:

coin sc mkr, 2472–2475coin sc seller, 2472–2475

Deblois, Louis see Deblois, LewisDeboos, Henry:

apprentice of Winsbury, John, 1733date, 1733

decal, restoration, 1319deci wts see Weights, denomination, kilogramdecimal sc, 721, 2600–2601, 2961

def, 227counter, 227, 722mkr

Quintenz, Friedrich Alois, 721, 885–888Rolle, 721, 885–888Schwilgue, Jean-Baptiste, 721, 885–888Strasburg-Grafenstadt Engine Co, 888

mobile, 888model, 1113patent, 722, 887shop, 722trade, 885, 887two poises, 1664

decimal sc inventor: Béranger, Joseph, 1664Quintenz, Friedrich Alois, 721, 885–888

"Decimal Scale" (article by Haeberle), 885–888decoration, prices, 2005decorative wts see weight, shapeDecrand:

bought by Béranger, Joseph, 1664French sc mkr, 1664

Deering Precision Instruments, drug sc mkr, 1247, 2054

defacement of light coin, 1079Defiance Machine Works:

advertisement, 2968, 2970advertising envelope, 2970cover (envelope), 2970proportion sc

advertisment, 2967–2968cutter head sc, 2968–2969description of, 2968–2969label, 2967

proportion sc mkr, 2967–2971see also catalogue

"Defiance Machine Works-Proportional Balance" (article by Lushbough), 2967–2971

deflection reading, 589DeG & Co see Degrave & CoDeGrave:

indenture for Standards, 184Inspector's tripod, 2448shop, 1228

DeGrave, 2224DeGrave , Mary, long period as sc mkr, 1744DeGrave, Charles & Son:

DeGrave, Charles I & DeGrave, Charles II, 1737employer of Lawrence, Edward, 1738succeeded by DeGrave & Sawgood, 1737successor of DeGrave, Charles I, 1737

DeGrave, Charles I: apprentice of Read, Samuel, 246, 1729, 1737beam sent to Liverpool, 2007coin sc mkr, 207, 242, 246–247

dates, 855, 1737employed Woodage, George Cave, 1735father of DeGrave, Charles II, 1737husband of DeGrave, Mary, 242master of Colebrook, Samuel, 1737master of Goddard, Howell, 1738master of Goulding, Somerset, 1741master of Shury, Samuel, 1738partner of Read, Samuel, 246partner of Sawgood, John, 1735succeeded by DeGrave, Charles & Son, 1737successor of Read & DeGrave, 1737trade card, 247

DeGrave, Charles II: brother of DeGrave, Edward Abraham, 1737son of DeGrave, Charles I, 1737son of DeGrave, Mary, 242

DeGrave, Edward Abraham: brother of DeGrave, Charles II, 1737dates, 1738master of Bartlett, Charles, 1732master of Fanner, William, 1738master of Sangster, Robert, 1735partner of DeGrave, Mary, 1737son of DeGrave, Mary, 1737

DeGrave, Mary, 242coin sc mkr, 242employer of Nicholl, William Lewis, 1738long period as sc mkr, 1744mother of DeGrave, Charles II, 242mother of DeGrave, Edward Abraham, 1737partner of DeGrave, Edward Abraham, 1737partner of Sawgood, John?, 1737succeeded by DeGrave & Son, 1737successor of DeGrave, Charles & Son, 1737widow of DeGrave, Charles I, 242

DeGrave, Short, Fanner & Co: apothecary sc mkr, 794, 806used abbreviated name DeGrave & Co, 1737used name DeGrave & Co, 1737

DeGrave, Short & Co, 1791dates, 1737name used by DeGrave, Short & Fanner, 1737succeeded by DeGrave, Short & Co Ltd, 1737successors of DeGrave, Short & Fanner, 1737

DeGrave, Short & Co Ltd, 246, 3032bought by Avery, W & T Ltd, 246, 1737, 1817dates, 1737integrated with Oertling, L Ltd, 1817integrated with Oertling, Ltd, 1817, 2790limited Co in 1906, 1791succeeded by Avery, W & T Ltd, 1817successors of DeGrave, Short & Co, 1737

DeGrave, Short & Fanner: assay balance mkr, 2154–2155, 2263dates, 1727, 1737DeGrave, Edward Abraham & Short, Samuel R

& Fanner, William, 1737diamond sc mkr, 250, 353employer of Webb, William A, 1738gold bal mkr, 2354grain sc mkr, 1727

inspector's kit mkr, 2267, 2448postal scale mkr, 353, 2307, 2857–2860provider of Post Office scales, 2307Standard W & M mkr, 1720, 2448

prices for, 2252succeeded by DeGrave, Short & Co, 1737successors of DeGrave & Son, 1737used name DeGrave, Short & Co, 1737wts mkr, 1451

"DeGrave, Short & Fanner" (article by Crawforth, A), 2354, 2405–2406

"DeGrave, Short & Fanner Exported" (article by Camilleri), 2405

DeGrave & Co: abbreviated name of DeGrave, Short & Co, 1737abbreviated name of DeGrave, Short & Fanner,

1737abbreviated name of DeGrave, Short & Fanner

& Co, 1737accuracy, 2080bread, sc mkr, 1098ladder sc, 258paper sc mkr, 1691–1692, 1697, 1703sc for comparison of local standards, 2080vibrating roverbal postal sc mkr, 2308wts, 297, 618see also catalogue

DeGrave & Sawgood: DeGrave, Mary & Sawgood, John, 1737succeeded by DeGrave, Mary, 1737successor of DeGrave, Charles & Son, 1737

DeGrave & Son: coin sc, 2224

retailer, 1626coin sc retailer, 1626dates, 855, 1737DeGrave, Mary & DeGrave, Edward Abraham?,

1737employer of Sawgood, John, 1745folding gold bal retailer, 1626succeeded by DeGrave, Short & Fanner, 1737successors of DeGrave, Mary, 1737Troy wt, 856working with Bate, Robert Brettell, 1787

DeGrave Retailer, Waterlow & Sons, 3000, 3004–3005

Deighton, William, 2446Deinert, Paulus:

brother-in-law of Loss, Johann, 542coin sc mkr, 541dates, 542mark cupping glass, 542mark P D & ostrich, 542

Deir & Co, postal sc retailers, 938Delalande, C-spring mkr, 1875Deland, P, weigh scoop patentee, 492Dell, John, sc mkr, 2887, 3116Dell, William Rawbonn & Son:

dates, 1727grain sc mkr, 1727scientific instrument mkr, 1727

demesne bread, 1052

demi-lune, 1863see also mancur

demonetisation 1733, 1060demonetisation 1773, 496demonetisation 1776, 2068demonetisation 1892, 1126demy, 1695dénéreux, 2516Denford's:

"Australian Pendulum Postal" (article), 2407–2408

print of Springer Torsion Bal, 671denier de Calais, 1561

see also penniesdenier of Paris, 1991Denison, Edmond Beckett:

poise collecting postal scale, 2123poise lifting postal scale, 2123

Denison, Samuel & Son Co Ltd: counter sc mkr, 1183crane weigher mkr, 1532roberval sc mkr, 1183see also catalogue

Denison, Samuel & Son Ltd: crane weigher mkr, 1531–1532dates, 1531

"Denison Lent" (article by Rangeley), 1531–1532Dennison, Aaron, watch maker, 2368, 2372Dent (author), 24dental sc, 227dentists sc:

mkr, Amalgamated Dental Company Ltd, 2056rocker, 227, 2056

Denton, Joseph, coin sc retailer, 1626Dent's Old English Bronze Wool Weights (review),

187Denver Balance Co., assay bal mkr, 2498Department of Trade & Industry, 1159Depierris, H A, patentee, 454–455Depose, def, 227"Depressed Tourist Turns Expert" (article by Sait),

3015–3016Derave, Charles II, coin sc mkr, 242DeRyuter, NY, location of Zenith egg sc, 3082Desaguliers, Dr, scientist, 659Deschamps, J, hydraulic sc patentee, 509–510Descriptive List of Elementary Physical Experiments

1887, by Harvard College, 3092design:

Art Nouveau, 2438Baroque, 2438Rococo, 2438

design patent, 2342design registration see registered designdestruction, 555, 588Detecto, competitor of Hanson, 2973Detecto Scales:

bought by Counselor, 3011liquidation of, 3010

Detecto Scales producing Metro bath scales, 3010Detroit Automatic Scale Co, MI sc mkr, 3034Detroit Computing Scale Co, MI sc mkr, 3034

Detroit Scale Mfg Co, MI sc mkr, 3034Deutches Reichs Patent, D R P, 1633"Developing Torsion Balances" (article by Crawforth-

Hitchins & Leadbetter), 2611–2615Development of the Chemical Balance by Stock

(review), 87, 187Devey, John:

dates, 1508spring bal mkr, 1508

Devonshire mark, 1981Dewsbury mark, 2031Deyerlein, Johann Georg, patent agent, 888dial:

def, 228engraving, 448pot, 1452slanting, 1248

dial face spring bal see Spring bal, dial facedial-face spring bal mkr, first, Hanin, 1073dial indicator, def, 228dial-poise steelyard, def, 1027dial reading sc, Vertex Industries Inc, 1000diamond:

Cullinan, 2693Hope, 2694

diamond registration mark see Registration markdiamond sc, 2393–2394, 2447, 2619–2622, 2650–

2654, 2691–2695electronic, 2694glass-cased, 493, 1724, 1791hand-held, 189, 210, 247, 250, 353, 592, 798,

1101, 1392, 1396, 1731–1734, 2225–2226, 2619

makers, list, 2695mkr

Avery, W & T, 2653Bartlett, Charles, 1732Damiani, Antonio, 1101, 2622Day, William Chambers, 810Degrave, Short & Fanner, 250, 353, 2393–

2394Driver & Sons, 1734Fournel, Antoine, 189, 863Freeman, Samuel, 2650Haigis, 493Koritschoner, David, 1724, 1791, 2653Lewis & Nicholl, 1733Neale, Samuel, 2654Neven, Peter, 2653Overing, Thomas, 247Roberts, Timothy & Son, 1731, 2650Samuel, Neale, 2225–2226Snart, John, 210, 2619Sommers, Charles I, 1392Sommers & Son, 1396Vandome, 592Vandome, Titfords & Pawson, 1734Webb, R W, 798Williams, Thomas, 2651Young, John I, 1734

unmarked continental, 2651–2653diamond sc nationality:

British, 210, 247, 250, 592, 798, 810, 1392, 1396, 1724, 1731–1734, 2393–2394, 2619, 2650–2654, 2691–2692

French, 189, 476, 2691, 2693German, 493–494, 1142, 2693Indian, 2393–2394, 2693Italian, 1101, 2622

"Diamond Scales" (article by Sait), 2619–2622"Diamond Scales" Part 2 (article by Sait), 2650–2654"Diamond Scales" Part 3 (article by Sait), 2691–2695diamond shovel, French, 476diamond tweesers, 2654diamond weighing, carat metrique, 1142, 2621–2622,

2693diaper stamps, box, 1356, 1382Dicas, Anne:

addresses, 2014dates, 2014daughter of Dicas, John, 2004hydrometer mkr, 2014wife of Gamage, Benjamin, 2004, 2014

Dicas, John: addresses, 2013dates, 2013father-in-law of Arstall, George, 2004father of Dicas, Anne, 2004father of Dicas, Mary, 2003hydrometer inventor, 2003hydrometer mkr, 2003scientific instrument mkr, 2013

Dicas, Mary: addresses, 2013dates, 2013daughter of Dicas, John, 2003hydrometer mkr, 2003mother of Arstall, Ellen, 2003mother of Arstall, Frederick Dicas, 2004partner of Arstall, George, 2003scientific instrument mkr, 2013wife of Arstall, George, 2003–2004

Dicas & Arstall: addresses, 2014dates, 2014Dicas, Mary & Arstall, George, 2003scientific instrument mkr, 2014

Dicas Patent Hydrometer Manufactory: addresses, 2014dates, 2014hydrometer mkr, 2014owned by Gamage, Benjamin, 2014

"Dick's Earthenware Weights" (article), 83–86Dictionary of English Weights & Measures by Zupko

(review), 186Dictionary of W & M for the British Isles by Zupko

(review), 1074Diderot & L'Alembert (authors), 468–476, 629–632,

1863, 2006Die Merkzeichen der Nürnberger Rotschmiede by

Lockner (review), 557Die Munzwaage in der Hand des Sammlers by Bastian

(review), 619Die Waage des Chemikers, The Chemist's Balance by

Jenemann (review), 189, 2183, 2239diet sc:

mkrChatillon, J & Sons, 1250Salter, Geo & Co Ltd, 524, 551Troemner, H, 1250

spring, 524–525, 546, 551, 1250steelyard, 1250

Dieudonne (author), 87, 498, 879, 881, 1562, 1607, 1796, 1879

Dieudonne's Manuel des Poids Monetaires (review), 87, 186

differential transformer, def, 2215diminished coin, 265dinar wts see Weights, denominationdirectory, city, Hartford, CT, 2099Directory of British Scientific Instrument Makers

1550-1851, 2252Crawforth input, 1967–1968

dirham, mass changes, 1025dirhams see weights, denomination, dirhamdispensing sc see apothecary scDisquè, David, bèranger mkr, 2441district numbers, inspectors mark, 47–48divisions, def, 228Dixey, Charles Wastell:

dates, 1727grain sc mkr, 1727scientific instrument mkr, 1727

Dixon & Vardy, wts mkr, 638dobra, Portuguese coin, 1062Dobson, Samuel, sc mkr, 3089documents:

Government, useful, list of, 2095Standard of W & M in the Exchequer (1497),

1090useful, Ministry of Agriculture & Commerce 5

Dec., 1840, 2483Dodge Mfg Co, counter sc, 361Dodge Scale Co:

micrometer counter sc, 505patentee, 504

Doerr's Salter, Gram bal, letter to editor, 1142Doherty, P, ccd patentee, 876Dollond, George:

brass box supplier, 1787precision bal mkr, 1821scientific instrument mkr, 1821see also catalogue

dolphin/fish, mastersign, 1876dolphins, two:

mark, 1960see also Brighton

Domenech, Arnaldo, chart mkr, 776–783"Domestic!" (article by Knights), 2073–2075domestic sc, in trade (article by Knights), 2073–2075Dominion of Canada, 2264DON with rose, 1972

see also DoncasterDoncaster, coin sc retailer, 282Doncaster mark, rose, 1972Doniger & Boogaard's "French Patent Postals"

(article), 1535–1537Doniger's:

"Dr C H Fitch Ingenious Inventor" (article), 2038–2049

"Julian H Becker" (article), 2164–2165"Ohaus Numiscales" (article), 2775–2777"Scales of the Gold Rush" (article), 151–158,

2194Dopp, Heinrich Friedrich, 2275

successor to Bernstein, Alex, 2275dormant, platform sc, 1457, 3072Dorsman, Paulus:

coin sc mkr, 849dates, 850trade card, 849

do'tchin: def, 228Chinese sc, 56, 157, 225, 269, 926English, 1718–1719, 1853Japanese sc, 59, 926market, 57

do'tchin, 56–57, 157, 224, 227, 1718–1719"Do'tchin" (article by Thurkow), 55–59double arrestment gear, 751double beam sc, steelyard, 1528, 1537–1538double button catch, Charles I, 1011double cone beam, Ramsden, Jesse, 1720, 1745double cone wts see weight, shapedouble ducat sc, 541double headed eagle, mark on wts, 1428–1429double hole end:

def, 172, 228see also beam end shapes

double pendulum see Pendulum scdouble radial arrestment, used by Becker's Sons, 2607double roberval, Day & Millward, 1725double sovereign, coin minted 1823, 1126double sovereign wt see Weights, denominationdouble weighing machine, Herbert & Sons, 1725Dougall, R:

succeeded by Warmisham, Samuel, 1733successor of London, Frederick Stephen, 1733

Douglas, N S, weigh scoop patentee, 492Douglas, William & Sons, butchers sc retailer, 1726Douglas' "Response to Bate" (article), 2279–2280Dover mark, 1982Dowling, Edward:

dates, 1738partner of Hamshaw, Thomas Philip, 1739patentee, 1445

Dowling & Hamshaw: dates, 1739Dowling, Edward & Hamshaw, Thomas Philip,

1739succeeded by Hamshaw, Thomas Philip, 1739

Downing, J S, patentee, 511Doyle, J & Son:

dates, 1736succeeded by Doyle & Son, 1736successor of Doyle, John, 1736

Doyle, John: apprentice of Smith, Thomas, 1736

dates, 1736succeeded by Doyle, J & Son, 1736

Doyle, Leonard: succeeded by Doyle & Son, 1738successor of Wenborn, Frederick Thomas, 1738

Doyle & Son: dates, 1733precision bal mkr, 1791at same address as Gilbert, John A & Co, 1736at same address as Tadloo, Alfred, 1733successors of Doyle, J & Son, 1736successors of Doyle, Leonard, 1738successors of Nicholl & Fowler, 1733

dr, see also weight systems, dram; weights, denomination, dram; weights, denomination, drop; weights symbols, dram

"Dr. C H Fitch dates" (article by Katz), 2185"Dr. C H Fitch Ingenious Inventor" (article by

Doniger), 2038–2049drachm, def, 828, 1121Dragon, wts mkr, 865Drake, Humphrey, master of Griggs, John, 1735dram, def, 828, 1121drap (drop) see PendantDrapers Co Guild, 1727drawer:

bow front, 1674equal-arm, 1690roberval, 1679

Dresden, 2320Dresser, Gordon, 3056, 3123DRGM, def, 703, 757drill, inspectors, 120Dring & Fage:

dates, 1727Dring, John & Fage, William I, 1727grain sc mkr, 1727precision bal mkr, 1821scientific instrument mkr, 1787working with Bate, Robert Brettell, 1787see also catalogue

Driver, George & Son: succeeded by Driver, George & Son Ltd, 1734successors of Driver & Son, 1734

Driver, George & Son Ltd: owned by Avery, W & T Ltd, 1734succeeded by Driver, Southall Ltd, 1734successors of Driver, George & Son, 1734

Driver, John Samuel: apprentice of Vandome, Richard, 1734foreman of Vandome, Richard, 1734partner of Bastick, Thomas, 1734

Driver, Southall Ltd: automatic weighing machines mkr, 1734successors of Driver, George & Son Ltd, 1734successors of Southall & Smith, 1734

Driver & Sons: dates, 1734diamond sc mkr, 1734succeeded by Driver, George & Son, 1734successors of Bastick & Driver, 1734

droemt, 825

drop see Pendant"Drop units" (article by Simpson), 2068–2072DRP, def, 703, 757drug sc:

mkrDeering Precision Instruments, 1247, 2054Magic Dragon Ent, 2055

nationality, American, 1247, 2054steelyard, 1247, 2054, 2055

drug store sc, mkr, Becker's Sons, 477"Drug Store Scale" (article by Boogaard), 477–478Drug Weighing in Britain by Crellin & Scott (review),

87druggists sc, 1000, 1643, 2050–2052, 2187

béranger, 2051equal-arm, 2050mkr

Buffalo Scale Co, 2051Fairbanks & Co, 78, 86, 107, 109, 2050,

2187Howe Scale Co, 2050Torsion Balance Co, 2052Troemner, Henry, 1643

roberval, 2050steelyard, 2050, 2052torsion, 2052see also apothecary sc

drum, def, 192, 228Drury, J F, plaster pattern mkr, 1787dry measure:

plywood, 1160turned wood, 1160

Du Brul, Napoleon: Torsion scale inventor, 2615–2616Torsion scale patentee, 2615–2616

dual purpose sc, coin & postal sc, rocker, 2060dual-purpose sc, coin & postal sc, steelyard, 1681Dublin mark:

C D, 20C D on coin wts, 1471

Dubois, Jacques, C-spring mkr, 1875ducat:

coinage, 310, 953see also weights, denomination

ducat sc, 228, 541def, 228mkr, Deinert, Paulus, 541pre-loaded pan, 541rocker, 1340–1341

ducatoon see weights, denomination, ducatoonducats see weights, denomination, ducatDuchess see PelouzeDudley-Westropp's Notes on Irish Money Weights

(review), 87Dumaine, C-spring mkr, 1875Dumaine, P, C-spring mkr, 432, 435, 1875Dunbar, Malcolm, son-in-law of Oertling, Henry,

1817Dunbar, Malcolm & Nalder, Francis, managers of

Oertling, L Ltd, 1817Dunn, John:

apprentice of Goodman, John, 1729, 1731

dates, 1723, 1731sc mkr, 1723, 1729

Dupas see Michalet, E M & Dupas, H GDuplex Handy Scale, weighing ladle mkr, 1945Dupont, J au Fresne, C-spring mkr, 1875dust-cap, blued steel, 1588Dutch end:

def, 172see also beam end shapes

Dutton, J B Mfg Co, MI sc mkr, 3034Dutton, James:

apprentice of Vincent, Robert II, 1729, 1733coin sc mkr, 1729dates, 1733foreman of Vincent & Chancellor, 1733master of Ballard, Jonathan Delver, 1747master of Hawkes, Joshua, 1733master of Savage, Joseph, 1732partner of Smith, William, 1730

Dutton & Moss: ironmonger, 2006, 2014trade sc mkr, 2006

Dutton & Smith: coin sc mkr, 1733Dutton, James & Smith, William, 1733succeeded by Smith, William & Co, 1733successors of Smith, William, 1733successors of Vincent & Chancellor, 1733

dwt see weights, denomination, pennyweightsDye, John S:

ccd mkr, 874mkr of Doherty's patent, 876Old Advert, 874

Dyer (author), 498, 1081, 1083, 1796dynamometer, 2169–2970

Salter, 224, 547dynamometer mkr, Ubrig, E & Co, 1439

EE & T Fairbanks & Co, reorganized 1874, 3064E Award, received by Hanson Scale, 2977E E C Egg Weight Grades, 412E II R crowned, 21E J, French wts mkr, 600E L B, spring bal mkr, 1986E L S, C-spring mkr, 1875E R see Elizabeth IE R crowned, 23

mark on wts see weights, monarch, Edward VIIsee also Elizabeth I

E R Y: mark on wts, 122see also Yorkshire East Riding

E U trade mark, Ubrig, Emil & Co, 1890E W:

parcel sc mkr, 1258, 1907possibly W E, 1258, 1907spring bal mkr, 1258, 1907

E Z see Carlstedt Mfg CoEades, Richard, 3123eagle, postal sc, 1254"Earliest Computing Scale?" (article by Crawforth, A),

2300–2306"Earliest English Coin Weights" (article by Houben),

1561–1562"Earliest U K Postal?" (article by Mussell), 2Earlville, NY, home of Zenith egg scales, 3056, 3081Early Arabic Glass Weights & Stamps by Miles

(review), 188"Early History of Inclination Balance" (article by

Jenemann), 571–578, 602–610Early Letter Weighing Devices of Great Britain by

Wortley (review), 87"Early Platform Scales" (article by Crawforth), 655–

661, 692–699, 721–728"Early Recording Milk Scale" (article by Schmidt),

2489–2492Early U S postal system (letter from Carley), 1017Earth to Heaven, royal animal-shaped weights of the

Burmese empires by Gear (review), 1662–1663

earthenware wts: article by Dick, 83–86see also weights, material

East Berlin, 2320East Lake style, spring bal, 1600Easter bread, 1052Eastern Mediterranean, weight, bronze, 2149Eayre, Joseph, platform sc mkr, 659–660, 710, 722Economist Guide to Weights & Measures (review),

188ecu see weights, denomination, ecuEdgell, James:

patentee, 661weighing machine mkr, 661

Edinburgh assay office, mark on wts, 45Edley, William:

coin sc mkr, 1725dates, 1725watch mkr, 1725

"Edme Régnier" (article by Pommier & Simcock), 2171–2172

Edward II of G B, weigh-beam, 730Edward IV of G B:

coin wts, 882, 917coinage, 913see also weights, monarch

efficient choice of sc, 973Egan, G, The Medieval Household, 2109egg, categories see egg gradesegg & letter sc, 375, 381, 415, 1263egg candler, 376, 2295, 2297–2298

function of, 2297purpose of, 2297

egg grades, 2295, 2833egg grading, 2834egg poise see weights, purposeegg sc:

article by Costa, 1275–1284, 1311–1317article by Crawforth, 375–389, 410–419, 919–

924article by Foster, 2833–2835article by Jibben, 2295–2299bilateral pendulum, 415

bismar, 379bob up rocker, 379bow front, 383, 417, 552, 922, 932with candler, 2295, 2833–2834double pendulum, 1659, 2951equal arm, 376, 381equal arm & pillar, 381, 922equal arm & spring, 922grader, 413, 2295–2299graduations on, 2295half roberval & pendulum, 379, 383, 415, 417,

958half roberval & spring, 133, 381, 383, 415half roberval & steelyard, 375, 379, 383, 415,

1278, 1312half roberval & weight lifting, 340mass stabilised, 415mkr

A A see C S H Industries IncA B C, 379–380, 1279A B F see Mount Tacoma Mfg CoAcme see Speciality Mfg CoAvery, W & T, 922Bedell, O W, 1284, 1314Berkeley see egg sc, mkr, EggXactBernard, 384, 924Betterway, 379Bramall & Brookes-King, 413Brower Mfg Co, 920, 1284, 1313, 1315C S H Industries Inc, 417, 1315

A A Featherlite trade name, 416, 1315

Carlstedt Mfg Co, 41, 379–380, 414–415, 1276, 1313

Champion trade name, 414E Z trade name, 380

Champion see Carlstedt Mfg CoChatillon, John & Sons, 417, 1282–1283,

1601Columbus see Maul, Philipp JakobCope & Cope Ltd, 415, 921

Summit-Hanning trade name, 414–415, 921

E Z see Carlstedt Mfg CoEggXact, 383, 1277Elt, George H Ltd, 378–379, 383

Eltex trade name, 378Royston trade name, 384

Frost Poultry Fences, 1279Gilt Edge see White Mfg CoGradencandle Mfg Co, 1283–1284Gradenway, 1313Hart, 1279Hart, D W Mfg Co, 1279Hart, H W Mfg Co, 1283Hartner, 381Hyda see Standard Egg Scales; Vancouver

Importing CoJaCeM, 923–924James Mfg Co, 376, 378–379, 381, 415–

417, 919, 1281Reliable trade name, 380

Jiffy Way Inc, 379, 1314, 2295–2299Johnson, Clapham & Morris Ltd, 416–417Jolly, CC, 2296Kahlert Mfg Co, 1313Kresky, 1276–1278, 1284Kwikway, 383Lincoln Mfg, 415, 1276M in star see Maul, Philipp JakobM M & S see egg sc, mkr, Myers, M &

Son LtdMagic, 1279, 1279

see also Natl Poultry Equipt CoMascot see Oakes Mfg Co IncMaul, Philipp Jakob, 383, 415, 1659

Columbus trade name, 414M in star trade mark, 382

Mount Tacoma Mfg Co, 381, 1312A B F trade name, 382

Myers, M & Son Ltd, 383M M & S trade name, 382

Natl Poultry Equipt Co, 1279, 1284, 2833–2834

Oakes Mfg Co Inc, 383–384, 1313Mascot trade name, 383–384

Otto, H J Mfg Co, 1315Pacific Poultry Appliance Co, 1277Parnall, 415Perfection see Pacific Poultry Appliance

CoPetaluma Electric Incubator Co, 414–415,

1275–1276, 1284Standard trade name, 414

Poultriquip Line see Reliable MfgProspectus Mfg Co, 922, 1314–1315Reliable Automatic Dial Egg Scale, 379,

919Reliable Mfg Co, 417, 1278, 1281, 1284,

1312–1314Speedie trade name, 414

Royal, 924, 1276Royston see egg sc, mkr, Elt, George H

LtdRussell Orris Co, 2872S T S see egg sc, mkr, Turner, Samuel SnrSalter, Geo & Co Ltd, 381, 383, 383–384,

415, 417, 524, 543Salter, George & Co, 922Speciality Mfg Co, 340, 383, 410, 415,

1282, 1315Acme trade name, 382Unique trade name, 414

Speedie see Reliable Mfg CoSpratts Patent Ltd, 381Standard, 380, 415Standard see Petaluma Electric Incubator

CoSummit-Hanning see Cope & CopeTroemner, H, 417, 1276Turner, Samuel Snr, 37, 381, 415

S T S trade mark, 380Unique see Speciality Mfg CoWard, Montgomery & Co, 383, 1279,

1282Webb, William A, 410, 417, 905White Line Egg Grader see White Mfg CoWhite Mfg Co, 381, 389, 1280–1282,

1284Gilt Edge trade name, 382

Zenith, 379, 415Zenith see Bedell, O W

moving load, 379, 417, 1034patent, 376–377, 389, 415, 1659, 2295pendulum, 373, 379, 381, 415, 921–922, 1313–

1316, 1659, 2295–2299poise on, 2296quadrant & cord, 924roberval, 131, 379, 415, 924rocker, 379, 381, 415, 417, 922, 1276–1277,

1279, 1283sectors on, 2295spring, 381, 383, 417, 524–526, 543, 552, 922,

1283, 1601steelyard, 376–384, 415–417, 905, 922, 1277–

1279, 1281, 1313telescopic steelyard, 31, 376top pan, 552two load pivots, 1278unequal arm, 378–384, 414–415, 1973Unsigned, 2872vertical indicator, 2295weight lifting, 377, 383, 410, 539

egg sc & letter sc, 381, 924, 1263half-roberval & spring top-pan, 924pendulum, 381roberval, 415, 1263spring, 552

egg sc nationality: American, 379–383, 411, 415–417, 958, 1275–

1284, 2833–2834, 2872German, 2872

egg sc patentee: A B C Egg Scale, 379Bate, R O, 2872Bramall & Brookes-King, 413Brookhouse, R, 410, 416Chapman, N E, 382–383Cope & Cope, 414–415Hunt, J, 380–381Jiffy-Way Inc, 379Laughlin, 411Piejus, A H, 377, 384Powell, E E, 379–380, 1280Powell, J E, 2833–2834Thomas & Parker, 376–377White, O C, 382, 389Zimmer, Benjamin, 2295

egg sc retailer: Bower Mfg Co, 1314Coast Agencies, 1315Eltex, 932, 1726Farm Master, 1314Hannaford, C A, Sydenham, 1726JaCeM, 923–924More, Ken, 920

Oakes Mfg Co, 1314Poultriquip Ltd, 1281, 1284Purina, 1314Standard Egg Scales, 1279Vancouver Importing Co, 1279

egg sc test wts see weights, purposeegg tester mkr:

Bean, 411Brookhouse, R, 416Reliable Mfg Co, 417

egg testers, 411, 415–417egg weights, 2295egg weights or sizes see egg gradesEgyptian:

balance, 2143–2144, 2176–2177, 2216, 3025, 3027

civilization, evolution of, 2147, 2149coin rocker, 190coin wts see weights, nationalitysc

equal-arm, 579, 2144bronze, 2143limestone, 2143

technical achievements of, 2144weight, 2143, 2147, 2149

figural, 2147Egyptian coin rocker, 190Egyptian sc, equal-arm, 579, 3027Egyptians, scale beam ends, 2144Ehrenkreutz (author), 816Eimer & Amend:

trip sc mkr, 3095see also catalogue

eke wt, def, 694, 878eke wts, see also weights, purposeEldred's Sampson Mordan & Co (review), 961electromagnetic bal mkr, Yeates & Son, 1754electronic analytical sc, mkr, Vertex Industries Inc,

1000electronic computer, 2216

Harvard, 2216IBM, 2216

electronic sc, 16, 1202mkr, Herbert & Sons Ltd, 1202

electronic top-loading sc, mkr, Vertex Industries Inc, 1000

elephant, mark on wts, 69, 1927Elizabeth I, coinage, 914, 984, 987Elizabethan nesting wts see weights, monarchElizer, Marshall R, biography, 2812Elizer's "The Life of a Patentee" (article), 2812ell measure, 1139Ellerman see Pike & EllermanEllet, Mrs, cookery writer, 1250Ellinghaus, Johan Daniel:

coin sc mkr, 30, 63dates, 63

Elliott, William & Sons: precision bal mkr, 1821scientific instrument mkr, 1821see also catalogue

Elliott Bros:

precision bal mkr, 1821scientific instrument mkr, 1821see also catalogue

elliptical spring bal mkr: Marriott, Henry, 1882Pooley, Henry & Son, 1885Siebe, Augustus, 1886Siebe & Marriott, 1861

elliptical springs, 1465, 1861, 1869, 1884multiple, 1884, 1885

Ellis, T T, weigh scoop patentee, 492Elphick, employee of Avery, W & T Ltd, 2080Elt, Geo, see also catalogueElt, George H Ltd:

egg sc, 379, 384, 932Eltex trade name, 384Old Advert, 932Royston trade name, 384Smallholder trade name, 378

Eltex: egg sc retailer, 932, 1726see also Elt, George H Ltd

Elvar, 2505–2506double beam steelyard, 2505–2506

Ely mark, 1929Emanuel, B D, weigh scoop patentee, 492Embden, S van:

Netherlands sc retailer, 1872see also catalogue

embossed wts, 1142see also weight, shape

Emilton, beam sc mkr, 2314Empire Typewriter, 1256enamel wts see weights, material, earthenwareencased stay roberval see roberval sc, encased stayencased stays, 1479–1488

béranger sc, 1646, 1742encyclopaedia see book, useful, encyclopaediaEncyclopaedia of the History of Science (1996), 2091end frictions see Anti-friction plateEngelmann (author), 610England, Parker & Sommers:

dates, 1730, 1735successors of Goodman, John, 1730, 1746

"English apothecary Scales & Weights" (article by Crawforth), 797–808, 826–835

English bal, 197see also roberval sc

English coin scale (query by Slaets), 2253–2256"English Coin-Weights" (article by Biggs), 879–884,

913–919, 951–954, 984–988, 1010–1016, 1040–1046, 1060–1066, 1079–1086, 1125–1132, 2579

"English Coin Weights" (article by Houben), 1561–1562

English coinage, 1849, 988"English Colonial Scales":

part 1 (article by Crawforth, D), 1778–1785, 2995

part 2 (article by Zavattoni), 1818, 2995part 3 (article by Houben), 1879, 2995

response by Mallis, 1879–1880

English hundredweight, wool wt, 2018English postal rates to France, 199, 353English pound:

goods, 1994wool wt, 1994, 2018

English tax on wool, 2018English Turnpact Act of 1741, 2211"English W & M Inspectors" (article by Holdaway),

1835–1836English Weights by Biggs (book review), 1661–1662engraving dials, 448Ensign:

apothecary sc mkr, 807photographic sc mkr, 807

"Entertaining Trade Cards" (article by Weiss), 898–901

envelope, with scale depicted, 2818equal-arm bal:

accessories for, 2655buoyancy correction, 2593

equal-arm beams, 2575–2578, 2679–2682, 2906–2908with equal graduation units, 2575with fixed pivot, pan below beam, 2575with fulcrum, 2575

central, fixed pivot, 2575with resistant, 2575

fixed pivot, 2575loose, 2575

with stabilizer, 2575fingers or pillar, 2575long cords, 2575rods or chain, 2575suspended from hook, 2575

straight, equal-arms, 2575see also even-arm sc; weigh-beam

equal arm sc: def, 229, 2575with air damping, 2662aluminium, 851American Mint, 2578apothecary, 599, 793arrestments for, 2655–2656

British, 2655–2656German, 2655–2656

assay, 154attachments for special purpose, 2662balance, 2180, 3027bank, 136, 697, 811, 1020, 1105, 1189, 1211–

1215, 2577Basel, 2655béranger see bérangerboxes for, 2657with brush on arm & pendulous pointer, 2661bullion, 532, 2577button, 2578cases & containers for, 2656–2660cases for, 2658–2659with chain disc, 2661coal, 854coin, 11, 16, 26–31, 41, 49, 53–55, 61–65, 160,

178, 205–215, 282, 457, 459, 495, 507, 541, 814–817, 988, 1040, 1067, 1101,

1104, 1352–1356, 1417–1419, 2001, 2009, 2069–2070, 2578

computing, 2660cord centre pivot, 569, 2025counter, 712, 2660with damping, 2661diamond, 1101drug, 1247egg, 2660first verification, 716fixed poise added, 1400general purpose, 2577gold, 1247, 2025with graduated arc, 2661with graticule, 2661hydrostatic, 2732for Indian market, 2577Indian Ocean, 2657inspectors', 2577, 2659–2660kitchen, 769with loose weights, 2660mazak, 977mkr

Arzberger, F, 2662Baird & Tatlock, 2661Cavendish, 2655–2656Corless, John, 2656Georg de Mez, 2657Griffin, J J, 2662Griffin & Sons, 2656Loss, Johann, 2661Oertling, 2655, 2659Owen, G A, 2656Oxley, Henry, 2657Robinson, T C, 2655–2656Rueprecht, 2662Sartorius, 2659, 2662Troemner, Henry, 2655, 2660, 2662

Nuremberg, 2655painted, 957paper, 1690–1694pendulum added, 577–578from Persian-Afghan border, 2659person scale, 2577Peruvian, 2905–2913pillar, 475, 559, 591, 599, 712, 1482with poise, 564, 2660with poise patent, 1400from Portugal, 2659postal, 41, 345, 562, 580, 687, 1232, 1294,

1367–1368, 1400, 1482, 1686, 2578, 3027

pre-loaded pan, 541, 1294, 1313precision, 493, 563, 589, 2079Print butter test bal, 2655quadrant added, 541refinement of, 2175repairing, 8, 137–138rider wt added, 564, 2661roberval see roberval scRoman, 2176, 2660, 2907shop, 712, 769, 958

short-beam, 589sight hole shears, 473steelyard extension, Caledonian sc, 692, 698tobacco, 2578tolerances, 9, 713, 716trade, 2005, 2012weight-depositor, 718–719wooden, 591

Equal Measure for Kings & Commoners Gold Weights of the Akan by Nitecki (review), 594

"Equilibrium", 261825th anniversary, 2787

equipoise see flagequivalent sc:

mkr, Salter, 524spring, 524

Eran's "A Roman Steelyard" (article), 168–169Ercker's Treatise on the Art of Assaying (1574), 2117Ernst, H, weigh scoop patentee, 492error testing, 67, 713–715Eschemann, W & Co:

pendulum sc mkr, 958postal sc mkr, 958

escritoire with sc, Sheldon, John, 1682escudos, Portuguese coin, 1062Essex County:

inspectors stamping wts, 1893mark, 2031

esterlins, 1561see also pennies

estimating, method, 1689estimating sc:

def, 229see also Computing sc; Counting sc; Paper sc

Etalon, ccd, 445Etherington, John, British inspector, 2331Euler, L:

author, 610mathematician, 602

Eureka, 1557see also Chatillon, John & Sons

Eureka Scientific Co. Ltd., Chromium-plated wt mkr, 2550

"European Coin-ops" (article by Crawforth-Hitchins), 2451–2463

"European Coin-ops Part 2" (article by Crawforth-Hitchins), 2493–2496

European Coin Weights for English Coins by Houben (review), 66

"European Porcelain wts" (article by Houben), 385–388

Evans, Thomas, apprentice of Pallett, Richard, 1736even-arm sc:

def, 229see also equal-arm beams

even bal mkr, Fairbanks & Co, 994even bal sc, 2601

with beam, 2601even beam sc, 2603Everitt, George:

apprentice of Meymott, Clement I, 1737apprentice of Pixley, Thomas II, 1737

dates, 1737master of Fage, William, 1737master of Poupard, Abraham, 1737partner of Schooling, James & Lawrence, John

P, 1736Everitt, P:

Father of British coin machines, 2423patentee, 518, 549, 2423–2426, 2433–2435,

2452countries, 2423

Everitt, Percival: coin operated sc patentee, 2423–2424, 2452see also Everitt, P.

Everitt's Patent, 2423–2424, 2433–2435, 2452"Everitt's Patents, 1884 & 1889" (article by Airy),

2433–2435Everyman, drawing by Breughel, 737Evitt, John:

apprentice of Brock, Richard, 1738apprentice of Brocke, Richard, 2254apprentice of Jenks, Edmund, 1738apprentice of Marsh, Elizabeth, 1738

"The Evocative Scale Queen" (article by Wehman), 2340–2343

evolution of scales, 2175, 2213evolution of weighing, 2239evolution of weighing machines, 2175, 2213evolution of weight systems, 2146–2148, 2213ewer mark:

Founders' Co, 1477see also Founders' Co

Ewing see Fairbanks & EwingExact Weight, scales made by Smith Scale Co, 2139Exact Weight Scale Co:

postal sc patentee, 704–705spring bal mkr, 704

Exactus trade name, Maul, Philipp Jakob, 1660"Excelente Coin-weight" (article by Biggs & Withers),

2443–2444Exchequer, transfer to Board of Trade 1876, 2076Exchequer wts, 43Exeter:

mark, 1927, 1980, 2033refusing to conform, 1980

exhibition catalogue: Great Exhibition 1851, 10, 1885–1886Great Exhibition 1862, 10International Exhibition of Scientific

Instruments 1876, 643Paris 1867, 10

Exhibition of Scientific Apparatus, 2261Exon:

mark, 1927mark on wts, 69, 164see also Exeter

expansion spring see Spring balexporter, Wagstaffe, Thomas, 1491exposed stays, béranger sc, 1646Express package steelyard, Fairbanks, 109Exupere, L:

apothecary sc mkr, 599–601cloth sc mkr, 1169

French sc mkr, 599–601, 1169, 1692O crowned mastersign, 600–601paper sc mkr, 1690steelyard mkr, 1169wts mkr, 600

FF, on wts, 61, 353, 684, 1043F C, mark on wts, 164F D, C-spring mkr, 1875F D P, C-spring mkr, 1875F F, C-spring mkr, 1875F H:

C-spring mkr, 1875V-spring mkr, 1875

F M & Co, wts, 638F T design, platform sc, 695fabric sc see cloth scFabrique Strasbourgeoise de Constructions

Mécaniques, roberval sc mkr, 2487face, 9, 137

def, 9, 138factory sc, mkr, Fairbanks & Co, 107Fage see Dring & FageFage, Elizabeth:

dates, 1737succeeded by Baylis, George Henry, 1737successor of Fage, William II, 1737widow of Fage, William II, 1731

Fage, William II: apprentice of Everitt, George, 1737dates, 1731husband of Fage, Elizabeth, 1737master of Baylis, George Henry, 1737master of Phillips, Samuel, 1737succeeded by Fage, Elizabeth, 1737

Fairbanks: 175th celebration, 3071–3073, 3074–3076agent Berry, 2349agent Bingham, 2329archives, 2349founder of St Johnsbury Academy, 3067hay scales, 2329–2330label, 3075Model, 922, 3074–3076Morse & Co, Old Advert, 182, 184parts list & instructions, 3075postal steelyard mkr, 2370schematic, 3076time capsule, 3074–3076uncrated scale, 3074–3076

"Fairbanks" (article by Grice), 1422–1426Fairbanks, Brown & Co:

Old Advert, 182see also catalogue

Fairbanks, E & T, 3060–3068, 3116ads in National Geographic, 3064ads in Saturday Evening Post, 3064ads in Scientific American, 3064apothecary sc mkr, 805beam scale mkr, 2582–2583cheese scale mkr, 2421–2422

hay scale mkr, 3062history, 2195, 3060–3068person sc mkr, 676, 695, 2421–2422, 2423–2424platform scale mkr, 2350–2351, 2421–2422,

2423–2424, 3061–3062, 3068, 3076steelyard mkr, 723, 805, 1169, 1422using agent Little, George, 723–724weighbridge mkr, 723weighing machine, 2421–2422, 2423–2424weighlock mkr, 2211

Fairbanks, E & T & Co: awards at Great Exhibition 1851, 107contract for PO sc, 107exports, 107manager, Brooks, Percy C, 107

Fairbanks, Erastus, 3060, 3066Fairbanks, Erastus & Thaddeus:

patent dates, 2344patent numbers, 2344patentees, 110, 2344platform sc, discussion of, 2344–2349platform sc patentee, 723, 736, 2344

Fairbanks, F, postal sc patent, 509, 511Fairbanks, Henry, 3064

patentee, 110, 724Fairbanks, Joseph F, father of Fairbanks, E & T, 3060Fairbanks, Joseph P, 2326, 3060, 3066Fairbanks, Morse & Co, 3065

Old Advert, 182, 184paper sc mkr, 1692, 1702person sc mkr, 184, 2421–2422steelyard mkr, 1702see also catalogue

Fairbanks, Stevens & Co., 2194Fairbanks, Thaddeus, 111, 396, 654, 723, 2212, 2283–

2286, 2326–2329, 3060–3061, 3066–3068patentee, 110, 396, 1169, 3061platform sc inventor, 3061

Fairbanks, Thaddeus & Horace, patentees, 110Fairbanks, Thaddeus & Paddock, H, patentee, 110Fairbanks & Co:

advert, 86, 142, 177, 182, 184, 992Allender's ccd, 78American ccd retailer, 2066American sc mkr, 15, 73–79, 80, 86, 100, 106–

110, 142–144, 177, 182–184, 218, 396, 405, 426–427, 676, 989–994, 1017, 1106, 1114, 1169, 1692, 1696, 1701

American sc retailer, 1665–1666apothecary sc mkr, 73, 78, 109, 143–144, 805,

1422article by Needle, 75–79, 106–110bank sc mkr, 78, 107butchers sc mkr, 108–109butter sc mkr, 109, 144, 218ccd, 15chemists sc mkr, 107cloth sc mkr, 1169coal sc mkr, 76, 86coin sc mkr, 108corn sc mkr, 78, 108counter sc mkr, 78, 109, 1807, 1811

dates, 1017druggist sc mkr, 78, 86, 107, 109, 2050for English market, 1422even bal mkr, 994factory sc mkr, 107glass blowers sc mkr, 109, 994gold sc mkr, 86grain sc mkr, 989grocers sc mkr, 78, 109, 994growth, 2196hay sc mkr, 86importing sc, 79jewellers sc mkr, 107kitchen sc mkr, 1807market sc mkr, 109marketing strategy, 2196moisture tester, 144, 218mystery sc mkr, 2582–2583nesting wts, 78new address 1856, 86paper sc mkr, 1692, 1696, 1701parcel sc mkr, 1106patent model, 1114, 2052patents, 110, 143, 396, 426, 1017, 2195–2196person sc mkr, 676photographers sc mkr, 1918platform sc mkr, 75–78, 86, 106, 109, 177, 992,

2194, 2195–2196post office sc mkr, 78, 107postal sc mkr, 78, 108–109, 405, 427, 1017,

2256–2258prescription sc mkr, 73, 78, 107–108railway sc mkr, 86retailer of Wilcox Silver Plate Co, 1665–1666shop sc mkr, 106silver sc, 107spice sc mkr, 1805spring bal mkr, 78, 86, 107steelyard mkr, 78, 143–144, 1169, 1701tobacco sc mkr, 107trade sc mkr, 107, 109trip sc mkr, 109, 3092Union sc mkr, 1836, 1838warehouse sc mkr, 86, 107, 992weighmasters sc mkr, 78wheelbarrow sc, 78wts, 109see also catalogue

Fairbanks & Co of London: counter sc mkr, 1647registered design, 1647see also catalogue

Fairbanks & Ewing: ccd mkr, 763, 3116Old Advert, 182

Fairbanks & Greenleaf, 3065Fairbanks & Hutchinson, Old Advert, 182"Fairbanks 175th Anniversary Celebration" (article by

Beare), 3071–3073Fairbanks Centennial postal scale, 3072Fairbanks distillery scale, 3073"Fairbanks Infallible Coin Sc" (query by Crawford),

2409–2411Fairbanks Infallible Scale Co, 2410

American ccd retailer, 759, 2066manager W H Harrison, 15, 759, 2066, 2410trade card, 759

Fairbanks-Morse Development Fund, 2805Fairbanks postal scale:

adopted by U.S. Government, 2257, 2404with bifurcated pillar, 2257capacities on, 2256–2257fused dome base, 2256for metric and American Standards, 2256–2258patent for, 2256–2258poise for mail classes, 2257query by Crawford, 2256–2258rectangular base, 2257with revolving beam, 2256–2258

"Fairbanks Profile" (article by Needle), 75–79, 106–110

Fairbanks recreation, 3071–3073"Fairbanks Scale Time Capsule" (article by Farnum &

Beare), 3074–3076Fairbanks Scales:

history, 2804–2807strikes, 2804successor to Colt Industries, 3066successor to Fairbanks-Whitney, 3066

Fairbanks time capsule, 3073"Fairbanks Union Scale" (article by Stein, T), 1807–

1815Fairbanks-Whitney, successor to Fairbanks, 3066"Fairfax County W & M 1744" (article by Netherton),

1859–1860"Fake Nesting Wts" (article by Schmidt), 251–253"Fakes & Reproductions" (article), 2710Falcot Frère, 2487Falkirk Iron Co:

dates, 638wts, 635

Falkirk Iron Foundry, wts, 638fals wts see weights, denominationfalse wts, 151family sc:

mkrArc Scale Co., 2861–2865Chatillon, John & Sons, 1597North Bros Mfg Co, 2855–2856Ubrig, Emil & Co, 1889

family sc, 1203, 2855–2856, 2861–2865see also Kitchen sc

fan chart, def, 229, 311fan sc, 2448

def, 229first British?, 1318mkr

Avery, W & T Ltd, 1318Herbert & Son Ltd, 1200

trade, 1200"Fancy Postal Scales" (article by Boogaard), 662–663Fanner, William:

apprentice of DeGrave, Edward Abraham, 1738partner in DeGrave, Short & Fanner, 1737

Faraday, 2215Farlow, Charles & Co, anglers sc mkr, 1726Farm Master, egg sc retailer, 1314farmers sc:

mancur, 258, 260retailers, Jacem, 1726spring, 544see also Animal sc; Butter sc; Dairy sc; Milk sc;

Pig weighing; Poultry scfarmers sc mkr, Salter, Geo & Co Ltd, 544Farmers Weighing Fish painting, 1301Farnham, Dave, 3071Farnum, Dave, biography, 3074Farnum, Jos W, US Mint Assayer, 3019Farnum, William, 2412–2414, 2823–2824

counter steelyardpatentee, 2412–2414, 2823–2824pivot bearings, 2414, 2823–2824u-shaped stirrup, 2414weight cradle, 2413, 2823–2824weights, 2413, 2823–2824

Farnum & Beare's "Fairbanks Scale Time Capsule" (article), 3074–3076

Farr, Chester N., 2293platform scale mkr, 2293

Farr, Jonathan L., 2293scale mkr, 2293

Farr, Ray, 2436Farr & Fowler, 2293

scale mkr, 2293Farthing, John:

bismar sc retailer, 1231postal sc retailer, 1231writing-machine mkr, 1231

fast, def, 229fathers of apprentices, 1741Faure, J C J C, coin operated sc patentee, 2457Fauvel, Louis Alexandre, patentee, 1370, 1375Favorit, German ccd, 445Fawcet & Butterworth, coin gauge mkr, 273, 275Fayard, Jean Joseph, platform sc patentee, 888Federal Census (1850, 1860, 1870, 1880, 1900),

2890–2891feed sc, mkr, Forschner, Chas & Sons Inc, 1039fees for inspectors see Acts of Parliament, 1775feet, pivot, 236Felix, L, patentee, 671"Fenland Weighing" (article by Knights), 2959–2963Fenlands:

map, 2959pattern dead weight scale, 2959–2963potato scale, 2959–2963potatoes, 2959

Ferry, James: apprentice of Poupard, Abraham, 1737dates, 1737succeeded by Ferry, James & Son, 1737

Ferry, James & Son: dates, 1737successors of Ferry, James, 1737

Fertig see Maul, Philipp Jakob"Few of our Scales" (article by Colker), 190–191

Fey, Charles: coin operated sc mkr, 2461coin operated sc patentee, 2461

Fidler, M & J see Watkins & Fidlerfiducial edge see reading edgeField, postal sc retailers, 938Field, John:

scientific instrument mkr, 1787weigher & stamper of money wts, 1126working with Bate, Robert Brettell, 1787

Field, S A, ccd patentee, 930Field, Thomas:

dates, 1508steelyard mkr, 1508

Figgins, John Burgess: dates, 1731successor of Phillips, Mrs E, 1731

Fijn-mechanische Industrie Becker's Sons N V: dates, 844Netherlands sc mkr, 844precision bal mkr, 844succeeded by Simmonds Precision N V, 844successors of Hollandische Optiek Fabriek

(system Hensoldt) N V, 844filed coin, 264, 1303Finch, F E, American ccd patentee, 1019"Finding a Latvian Steelyard" (article by Marson),

2377–2380Fine, H, weigh scoop patentee, 2924finial see column"Fire Gilding - Ormolu" (article by Crawforth, D),

1580"First US Scale Patentee" (article by Crawforth-

Hitchins), 2639–2643, 2668Fischer, Johann:

coin sc mkr, 63German sc mkr, 63

Fish, John, master of Payne, Thomas, 1733fish/dolphin, 1876

C-spring mkr, 1876fish/dolphin (Kind & Cie), 1876fish on plate with 3 crosses see Aldeburghfish sc, mkr, Chatillon, John & Sons, 451fish skin see Shagreenfish wts see weights, purposeFisher Scientific, trip sc mkr, 3095fishermans sc see Anglers scfishmongers sc, 1566Fitch, Dr. C H see Dr. C H FitchFitch, Dr. C H Ingenious Inventor (article by Doniger),

2038–2049Fitch, Dr. Calvin H:

American sc inventor, 1039, 2185–2188apothecary sc inventor, 2029, 2185article by Willard, 2050–2053dates, 2039patentee, 1039, 2039–2048, 2185portable scale inventor, 2185prescription sc inventor, 191, 2029, 2185rocker inventor, 2040sc manufactured by Randolph, N V & Co, 2038steelyard inventor, 191, 2029

trade card, 2038"Fitch's Descendants" (article by Crawforth, D), 2053–

2055fittings, 548"Five-turn Folder" (article by Crawforth), 672–675flag:

def, 230adjustment, 1214

flan, def, 23Flanders mark, 1991flans, stamping of, 23flat spring sc see Spring bal, flexurefleece hanging mark, 1972

see also LeedsFleischmann, Erasmus, nesting wts mkr, 2522Fleischmann, Johann Erasmus, nesting wts mkr, 2522Flemish pounds, 2018Fletcher, folding gold bal mkr, 1847Fletcher, H S:

date, 1731successor of Fletcher & Pearce, 1731

Fletcher, James, apprentice of King, Thomas, 1732Fletcher, Mrs S:

partner of Pearce, George, 1731successor of Fletcher, William Francis, 1731

Fletcher, Samuel: apprentice of Moffett, James Thomas, 1739dates, 1739master of Pugh, William II, 1733

Fletcher, William: dates, 1731succeeded by Fletcher, William Francis, 1731successor of Grout, John, 1731, 1746

Fletcher, William Francis: apprentice of Brooks, William I, 1731dates, 1731succeeded by Fletcher, Mrs S, 1731successor of Fletcher, William, 1731

Fletcher & Pearce: dates, 1731Fletcher, Mrs S & Pearce, George, 1731succeeded by Fletcher, H S, 1731

fleur-de-lys, on coin wts, 88, 985, 1604Fleuri:

C-spring mkr, 1875dates, 1876

Fleuri, à Pont Degrene, C-spring mkr, 1875Fleuri, G:

C-spring mkr, 1875dates, 1876

Fleuri, M, C-spring mkr, 1875Fleury, C-spring mkr, 1875Fleury Frères, C-spring mkr, 1875flexure pivot, def, 230flexure resistant, def, 230–231, 316flexure rib, 2134

on computing scale, 2134flexure spring, 1258

patent, 1376, 1401flexure spring sc:

postal, 231, 1376, 1651, 1933–1935postal patent, 1401

"Flexure Springs" (article by Crawforth D), 1902–1910, 1931–1935, 1964–1966, 1984–1986

Flint see Lovegrove & FlintFlorentine hundredweight, 1992Florentine load, 1992Florentine pound:

fine (sottile), 1990, 2021, 2219heavy goods (grosso), 1990, 1995, 2019

florin see weights, denomination, florinflour sc:

equal-arm, 1196mkr

Beach, Thomas, 1546Herbert & Sons, 1196, 1728

flower: C-spring mkr, 1876mastersign, 1876

flower & LB, mastersign, 1875"Folders for Foreign Coins" (article by Camilleri),

2563–2570"Folders how wide?" (article by Scarratt), 2437folding gold bal, 502, 2405–2406, 2563–2570

def, 230book on, 135compound wts, 200, 1606, 1828double beam, 1941–1942double sovereign, 200double turn, 231, 673, 1625, 2564

for guinea half & third, 231, 673, 1625for guinea half & third & Johannis half,

2564double turn for guinea half & third, 231, 673,

1625for doubloon, 2405, 2569for Egyptian lira, 2406equal-arm with pan & plate, 200, 274, 313, 457,

627–629, 1511–1512, 1626, 1827–1828, 1941–1942, 2565

five turns, 672–675, 2565–2566five wts, 274, 1626for foreign coins, 2563–2570gauge between columns, 1847gauge fitted in box, 274gauge slots in lid of box, 274gauges, 274German silver, 1941–1942, 1972guinea & sovereign, 200guinea half & third, 457, 673for half-50 Piastres, 2469for half-doubloon, 2405, 2470for half-Egyptian Lira, 2469for half-Napoleon, 2469for half-piastre, 2406for half-Turkish Lira, 2469with hydrostatic feature, 2566–2567instructions for use, 2224lozenge-shaped wt for 7 s, 1624metal case, 1942miniature, 1625mkr

Avery, W & T, 139, 274, 2405–2406, 2568–2570

Avery, W & T Ltd, 274Balden, Joseph, 1508Beach, Thomas, 1508Bell, George, 1625Bell, Hamlet, 200, 503, 1624–1626, 1828,

2565Bell, Hamlet & Co, 1828Bourne, Thomas, 2564Brown, R & Sons, 1028, 1419–1420DeGrave, Short, & Fanner, 2405, 2564Fletcher, 1847Herbertz, Johann W., 2567–2568Houghton, Stephen, 627Houghton, Stephen & Son, 673Houghton, Thomas, 231, 501–502, 673Mountford, 1508

I, 1508William, 1476, 1508

Mountford, I, 1508Mountford, William, 1476, 1508Ramsden, Jesse, 675, 2566–2567Robinson, Daniel, 627, 1827Smith, John, 2570, 2579T & B see Tomlinson & BickleyT H see Houghton, TTomlinson & Bickley, 1508Tongue, J, 1941–1942Ward, Callingwood, 502, 1508Waren (Warren), Joseph, 1508Whitley, John, 1827Wilkinson, Anthony, 502–503, 627–629,

672–675, 1624–1625, 1827, 2564–2565

moving poise, 2566for Napoleons, 2406paktong, 1941–1942, 1972pennyweight wts, 627, 2565pointer folding, 1511for Portugese coins, 2563

Johannis, 2563Lamoede, 2563Lisbon Moeda, 2563Lisbonina, 2563Moidore, 2563

for quarter-doubloon, 2470retailer

Asswad & Berbari, 2570Beach, Thomas, 1512Bell, Hamlet, 1626Bell, Henry, 628DeGrave, Mary & Son, 1626Denton, Joseph, 1626Neill, Robert, 1827Whitley, John, 1626Williams, Thomas I, 508, 2563

single turnguinea, 1476, 1511, 1624, 1847sovereign, 139, 1028, 1419–1420, 1511

six wts, 200, 627for Syria, 2570three wts, 457for Turkish lira, 2406

two slides, 629, 2565Folding Gold Balances (review by Crawforth), 135folding gold sc see folding gold bal; gold scfolding letter plate, 1231Folding Scale Company, 2980Foley, J S, patentee, 549Fontaine, G:

precision bal mkr, 1821scientific instrument mkr, 1821see also catalogue

foot, sphinx, 1289"For Silver or Gold Dollars?" (article by Katz), 2245Ford, coin wts mkr, 1062, 1066, 1508Ford, Henry, production line of, 2216Ford, Richard:

coin sc mkr, 1508hydrostatical sc mkr, 1508patentee, 1508sc mkr, 3089

Ford, Whitmore & Brunton: dates, 1508weighing machine mkr, 1508see also catalogue

Ford, William, sc mkr, 3090Ford & Co, weighing machine mkr, 696foreign postal rates, 1230Forest City Scale Works, 2703forge, inspectors, 120forged stamps, 43Forks see ShearsForschner, spring bal mkr, 1555Forschner, Chas & Sons Inc, feed sc mkr, 1039Forschner, spring bal mkr, 1555Forsdyke's "American Patent Models" (article), 1113–

1115Forsthoff, Johann Wilhelm:

coin sc mkr, 27, 30, 61, 63–64dates, 63trade card, 27

Foster, spring bal mkr, 1555Foster, Robert, biography, 2834Foster's:

"My Magic Scale" (article), 2833–2834"Response on GPO Weights" (article), 2333

"Found, the Missing Mordan" (article by Barnett), 2987–2989

"Found in USA - a British rarity" (article by Katz), 2121–2122

Founders' Co, 2088book on, 1563–1565charter 1614, 1043dates, 1043, 1160ewer mark, 21, 1477ewer mark spout to right, 1551guild, 20–21, 44, 463, 581, 1081–1082, 1160marks, 462, 497–498, 1043, 1960rights, 1565, 1960stamping wts, 1892stamping wts for coins, 1082stamping wts for USA 1744, 1859verification, 20, 1349, 1563–1565verifying guinea wts, 1604

Founders' Hall, 3016four-lobed crown with cross above mark, 2381Four R's Mfg Co, 2449–2550Fournel, Antoine:

A F, 862adjuster of Mint, 862dates, 862–863diamond sc mkr, 189, 863trade beam mkr, 862

Fowler, Albert, 2293platform scale mkr, 2293

Fowler, John: apprentice of Sawgood, John, 1735dates, 1735partner of Nicholl, William Lewis, 1735

Fowler, William Cave, 1733partner of Nicholl, William Lewis, 1733see also Nicholl & Fowler

Fox, H H, weigh scoop patentee, 492fraction bar:

def, 230, 232on roberval sc, 1591

fraction wts, def, 231franc see weights, denominationFrance, letters to, 61, 353Francis:

assistant mechanic at Standards Dept, 2079employee of Troughton & Simms, 2080

frank see postal franksFranklin, Benjamin, Lunar Society associate, 1120,

1219Franklin Educational Co, trip sc mkr, 3093Frary:

spring bal mkr, 1555see also Landers, Frary & Clark

Fraser, William: scientific instrument mkr, 1821see also catalogue

fraud, 851–855fines, 1182opportunities for, 1591–1597, 1599

"Fraud" (article by Roberts), 1182–1188Frazier's US Standards of W & M their Creation &

Creators (review), 102Freedom of City of London, 1069Freeman, sc mkr to Royal Mint, 391Freeman, M, patentee, 399, 400Freeman, Rebecca:

coin sc mkr, 242date, 1734master of 1 apprentice, 1743mother of Freeman, Samuel II, 242succeeded by Freeman, Samuel II, 1734successor of Freeman, Samuel I, 1734widow of Freeman, Samuel I, 242

Freeman, Robotta see Freeman, RebeccaFreeman, Samuel, 2129, 3019

on Bartholomew Lane, 3019Freeman, Samuel I:

coin sc mkr, 242dates, 1734father of Freeman, Samuel II, 242

husband of Freeman, Rebecca, 242master of Bennett, William, 1734master of Freeman, Samuel II, 1734master of Pollard, Thomas, 1734succeeded by Freeman, Rebecca, 1734

Freeman, Samuel II: apprentice of Freeman, Samuel I, 1734coin sc mkr, 242, 391–392dates, 1734father of Freeman, Samuel III, 1734master of Freeman, Samuel III, 1734master of Turvey, William, 1736master of Wade, Thomas, 1737master of Wornell, John, 1734son of Freeman, Rebecca, 242son of Freeman, Samuel I, 242succeeded by Freeman & Son, 1734successor of Freeman, Rebecca, 1734

Freeman, Samuel III: apprentice of Freeman, Samuel II, 1734coin sc mkr, 592dates, 1734partner of New, William, 1734son of Freeman, Samuel II, 1734Standards wts mkr, 1491succeeded by Freeman & New, 1734successors of Freeman & Son, 1734

Freeman & New: coin sc mkr, 1395dates, 1734Freeman, Samuel III & New, William, 1734succeeded by New, William, 1734successors of Freeman, Samuel III, 1734

Freeman & Son: coin sc mkr, 1498dates, 1734Freeman, Samuel II & Freeman, Samuel III,

1734lantern sight-hole shears mkr, 1586succeeded by Freeman, Samuel III, 1734successors of Freeman, Samuel II, 1734

Freeman of City of London, def, 209Freemantle, C M, Deputy Master of Royal Mint, 104French:

adjuster to Bank of France, 1623adjuster to Tresor de la Couronne, 1623for Britain, 1252double hole end, def, 172, 599double hole end see beam end shapeshinged beam, 1568inspectors refusing to stamp mancurs, 1873Louis d'or coinage, 1041Louis d'or wts see weights, denomination,

pistolenesting wts, 156, 475, 1166, 2399nesting wts for export, 156pistole see weights, denomination, pistoleporcelain wts see weights, material, earthenwarepostal rates, 1363–1366postal system, 1367–1376sight hole shears, 473tension tester, 1873

town wts, 475trade card

Charpentier, 1623Exupere, L, 601

W & M inspectors, 1873wts mkr, 600

French, Robert: coin sc mkr, 1502–1503, 1508dates, 1508master of Beach, Thomas, 1501steelyard mkr, 1501trade card, 1502–1503

"French coin scale for foreign use?" (article), 2518–2519

French counter roberval sc, Day & Millward, 1442French designer:

Curie, Pierre & Marie, 702Serrin, V, 620

French Grocer, c.1880, 2471"French Patent Postals"(article), 1367–1376, 1399–

1410, 1535–1537French patentee see patentee, FrenchFrench patents, novelty, 1369French pattern, National, 1645French postal rates, 1363–1366, 1537French postal sc, rarity, 1369French sc:

apothecary, 185, 599–601assay, 629–632béranger, 1642, 2479–2488butchers, 758C-spring horizontal, 1869–1871C-spring with dial-face, 1868ccd, 445centesimal, 886–887chainomatic, 620cloth, 1169coin, 472, 592, 1607counter see Béranger sccustoms, 858–863decimal, 721, 885–888demi-lune hexagonal, 1865dial-face spring, 1073, 1866diamond, 476, 863equal-arm postal, 1367, 1368exported to USA, 185flexure spring postal patent, 1904, 1907gold sc for U S, 156grain, 80half-roberval & steelyard, 1677hydraulic postal, 426kitchen, 1985–1986mancur, 432, 434, 1865market, 472mkr

A F, 860Béranger & Cie, 784, 1642, 1662–1663Béranger & Maag, 1664Boe-Paupier, à Paris, 1874Böelle, à St Christoph, 1865, 1874Böelle, M, 432, 435, 1874Böelle & Breard, 1874

Briais, Narcissé Eugene, 446, 479, 1252, 1535–1536, 1676–1679

Bureau des Ecorces, 1874Catenot-Béranger, 1664Charpentier, 1623

adjuster to Tresor de la Couronne, 1623

Chemin, à Paris, 1867, 1874Cheville, père, 1875Christofle, 220, 1676Collet Frères, 1821Collot, A, 702Collot, A Junior, 836–837D P see Pascal, DominiqueD V, 41, 1368Decrand, 1664Dumaine, P, 432, 435Dupont, J au Fresne, 1874Etalon, 445Exupere, L, 599–601, 1169, 1692F F see Fleury FrèresFayard, Jean Joseph, 888Fleuri, 1874Fleuri, à Pont Degrene, 1875Fleuri, G, 1875Fleuri, M, 1875Fleury, 1875Fleury Frères, 1874Fontaine, G, 1821Fournel, Antoine, 858–862Galonde, 630George, St, 1607Hamon, F, 1875Hamon, H, 1875Hamon, I, 1875Hamon, l, 1875Hamon, P ainé, 1875Hamon, Paul, 1875Hamon, Pierre, 1875Hanin, 1073, 1875Hanin, à Paris, 1866, 1875Hanin, à St Romain, 1875Hanin, fils, 1867Hanin, le père, 1875Hund, G, 220I crowned see Cheville, pèreI L, 1875J B crowned, 1875L B see LeboucherLabiche à Sourdeval, 1875Le Termelier, 1875Le Termelier, A G T E, 1875Le Termelier, Andrè, 1875Leboucher, 1865, 1875Leboucher, Eugene, 1875Leboucher, Jnr, 1875Leboucher, Manuel, 1875Leboucher, W, 435Leboucher with crescent, 1875Lebreton, Eugene, 1875Lebreton, Fils ainé à Sourdeval, 1875Lemercier, 1875

Letermelier, 1873, 1875Mari I crowned, 1875Marlin, A à Joue, 757–758Marlin, Alexandre, 757–758Merlin, Charles, 197, 721Merlin, John Joseph, 694, 887Miquelard, à Avranches, 1875Pascal, Dominique, 1422Paupier, L, 1873Perfas, 647Pillois, 593Pixii, N C, 1822Pixii, père & fils, 1822Pourin, 592Pradel, 50, 220Quintenz & Rolle, 721, 885–888R S see French sc, mkr, Régnier, à SamurRégnier, à Paris, 1875Régnier, à Samur, 1875Régnier, Edme, 1869Renaud fils, 80Renaut, N, 1875Rhone-Poulenc, 620Rolle & Schwilgue, 721, 885–888Societe Alsacienne de Constructions

Mecanique, 888St George see George, StTermelier see French sc, mkr, Le

Termelier; French sc, mkr, Letermelier

Termelier, Andrè, 1876Terraillon, 1985–1986Testut, 434, 1295, 1873Testut, Charles, 445Testut, Charles & Fils, 1876Trayvou, 1664Turpin-Bremal, 1664Turpins, 1663

paper, 1692pendulum, 50, 1361–1362, 1676person, 1867postal, 41, 50, 147, 220, 332, 446, 479, 1252,

1361–1362, 1535–1537, 1676–1677, 1686

precision, 472, 620, 702, 836–837retailer, Vickery, C, 1407roberval, 197, 1252, 1368spring, 472, 1073, 1874–1876steelyard, 472, 647, 1169, 1536, 1677steelyard telescopic, 647, 1569–1570turn over steelyard, 472V spring, 341, 469, 472, 1863

French scales & weights, 629–632, 858–863, 885–888article from Diderot, 468–476, 494

French Weights & Measures Before the Revolution by Zupko (review), 189

French wts mkr: A B, 600Béranger & Cie, 1664D J, 600E J, 600

Frey, Gustave, patentee, 1370

friction, spring bal, 1600–1601friction plates:

def, 8, 9, 138see also Anti-friction plate

friction steels, 8frictions, def, 9Frodsham, William:

coin sc mkr, 1724dates, 1724watch mkr, 1724

"From Bevin Boy to Scale Collector" (article by Robson), 3031–3033

Frost see Black, Starr & FrostFrost Poultry Fences:

egg sc mkr, 1279rocker mkr, 1279

Fucoma, steelyard, 409fuen wts see weights, denominationFuge see Koch, Fuge & Wagnerfulcrum, def, 231, 285fulcrum shackle see shearsfundo see weights, nationality, Japanesefurendal, 1075fusee cam, 692

Gg see weights, denomination, grainG crowned see monarc; monarchs' marks"G H Makins and the Assay Balance" (article by

Oliver), 2115–2121"G H Makins and the Assay Balance Part 2" (article by

Oliver), 2152–2155G H mark on wts, 1800G P O:

def, 232see also General Post Office; postal sc, Post

Office; weights, purpose, GPOG P O wts see weights, purpose, GPOG R & Co:

postal sc, 101–102, 112see also Riddle, Gabriel

G R crowned, 23, 1005mark on wts, 1005

G S & Co, wts see Salter, Geo & CoG S P see Sharples, GGable, Thomas:

apprentice of Joy, John, 1727, 1734coin sc mkr, 388dates, 388, 1734master of 4 Christ's Hospital scholars, 1747master of Pallett, Thomas, 1736member of Weavers Co, 1727successor of Joy, John, 1734

Gacon's: "French Patent Postals" (article), 1367–1376N B was Briais, letter, 446

Gaffron, E, Peruvian weight collector, 2903, 2905Gaffron, Elena, neice of Gaffron, E, 2903–2904Gaffron, Hans, son of Gaffron, E, 2903Gage, Alfred P, trip sc use promoter, 3093Gahn, J G, chemist & inventor, 564Gainsborough, painter, 1685

Gale, John: apprentice of Lane, John, 244, 1737apprentice of Neale, John, 1737apprentice of Read, Samuel, 1737dates, 1737

Gale, William: apprentice of Neale, John, 244, 1729apprentice of Read, Samuel, 246, 1729apprentice with Read, Samuel, 244coin sc mkr, 245, 246

Galileo, sc retailer, 2662Gallenkamp, A & Co:

precision bal mkr, 1821scientific instrument mkr, 1821see also catalogue

gallows: def, 9see also Shears

Galonde: assay bal mkr, 629–632French clockmkr, 630

galvanic ring, ccd, 903galvanising, date, 1440Gamage, Benjamin:

husband of Dicas, Anne, 2004, 2014hydrometer mkr, 2004owner of Dicas Patent Hydrometer Manufactory,

2014scientific instrument mkr, 2004

Gamages, household sc retailer, 1727Garcia, 2448Gardiner, Duncan, biography, 2709Gardner, partner of Ogier, William, 1736Gardner, Ann:

remarried to Gardner, 214succeeded by Brooksby, Thomas II, 214successor of Brooksby, Thomas I, 214widow of Picard, John, 214

Gardner, James: dates, 1744sc mkr, 1744

Gardner, John: coin sc method of use, 1306coin sc mkr (article), 1303–1311coin wts mkr, 1062grain sc mkr, 1309scientific instrument mkr, 1303–1311Scottish sc mkr, 1303–1311weighing in pennyweights, 2070yarn bal mkr, 1309

Gardner, Wal, sc mkr, 1744Gardner & Sons, sc mkr, 1744Gardner & Sons Ltd, sc mkr, 1744Garland, James & Co:

counter sc mkr, 1590dates, 638owned by Avery, W & T Ltd, 1840trade sc mkr, 1590union sc mkr, 1840wts, 638–639

Garrard (author), 2027Garratt, Thomas, wt mkr, 1043

Garrick, David, 2464Gascoigne:

retailerdairy eqipment, 2931goat milk bal, 2931pig weigher, 2931

Gaskell & Chambers Ltd, beer measure mkr, 1187Gassers' Space Age Weighing (article), 140–142Gassers' "Space Age Weighing" (article), 140–142Gaston, A G, 2983Gaston, A J see Gaston, Augustine JGaston, Anna Eliza, pres N B Gaston & Sons, 2982Gaston, Augustine J, 2979–2983

folding dairy sc, 2982–2983folding family sc, 2980–2983patentee, 2979–2983

Gaston, N B see Gaston, Nathan BrockwayGaston, N B & Son Scale Co, 2981Gaston, N B & Sons Scale Co, 2982, 2984

billhead, 2983partner

Gaston, Emma Heivly, 2982Gaston, Theodore Irving, 2982Gaston, Thomas Edgar, 2982

Gaston, N B Scale Co, 2981dates, 2980–2982

Gaston, Nathan Brockway, 2979–2984biography, 2980–2984husband of Battin, Ann, 2980husband of Tillinghast, Amelia, 2980

Gaston Scale Co., officers, 2984Gaston's, N B Sons Co.:

cover (envelope), 2978folding steelyard mkr, 2978–2984

"Gaston's Scale Works" (article by Berning), 2978–2984

Gaston's Sons, N B, 2982Gastrell, Reverend Francis, 2465Gatchell, Lamprey & Rendell Ltd:

date, 1768sc mkr, 1768

Gatchell, Robert & Sons: sc mkr, 1768succeeded by Maguire & Gatchell, 1768

Gatchell, Samuel: coin sc mkr, 1768–1769coin wts mkr, 1769dates, 1768S*G on wts, 1769succeeded by Gatchell, Samuel & Sons, 1768successor of Jackson, Henry, 1768trade card, 1769

Gatchell, Samuel & Sons: coin wts, 499, 502dates, 1798Irish sc mkr, 1777, 1798–1800made Irish standards, 1755successors of Gatchell, Samuel, 1768trade card, 1798–1799trade sc mkr, 1777

Gateshead mark, 1959gauge:

coin, 9, 137, 263, 271–274, 282, 287, 1303def, 138

distance between knife edges, def, 9mkr

Fawcet & Butterworth, 273Helliwells, 621Solomon, Henry, 282

Gauss weighing see transposition weighingGear's:

"Ancient Royal Animal Wts of Burma" (unpublished manuscript), 352

Earth to Heaven, royal animal-shaped weights of Burmese empires (review), 1662–1663

"How I got Started" (article), 1521–1524Gebr Bosch see BoschGelder (author), 1897, 1901gem sc, Afghan, 2785–2786General Post Office, 22–23, 294–295, 513, 528, 552,

580, 618, 685–686, 1036, 1219–1221exempt from inspections, 23, 1036G P O wts see weights, purpose, GPOsee also G P O; postal sc, Post Office; weights,

purpose, GPOGeo III up to 1 Jan 1772, on coin wts, 1081–1086geologists sc:

hydrostatical, 1033moving load, 1033

geometric wts see weight, shapeGeorge see Griffin & GeorgeGeorge, St:

coin sc mkr, 1607French sc mkr, 1607

George, W & J: precision bal mkr, 1821scientific instrument mkr, 1821see also catalogue

George, W & J Ltd, precision bal, 280, 281George & Becker Ltd:

aluminium beam, 5precision bal mkr, 5, 281

George I of GB: coin wts see weights, monarchcoinage, 463

George II of GB: coin wts see weights, monarchcoinage, 390, 463, 915

George III of GB: attitude to science, 1849coin wts see weights, monarchcoinage, 463, 495, 915collection, 1849–1853Standards, 390, 856

George IV of GB: coin wts, 884wts see weights, monarch

"George Salter & Co" (article by Crawforth), 515–529Georgius see George Kings of G BGeorgius II Rex, on coin wts, 1065Georgius III dei gra, on coin wts, 1085Gerald, Asahel, 2293Gerald, Guy C., 2293

Gerald & Farr: Fairbanks' Lawsuit against, 2191platform scale mkr, 2191, 2293

"Gerald's Advert, 1844" (article by Yale), 2191, 2293Gerald's Patent Platform scale, 2168, 2191Gerke, Louis & Koch, Lina, owner of Gerke & Koch,

1922Gerke & Koch:

dates, 1922manager Koch, Ferdinand, 1922owned by Gerke, Louis & Koch, Lina, 1922successors of Koch, Gebrûder, 1922

German: analytical wts, 868apothecary sc, 801, 804, 1464assay bal, 664butter moisture sc, 809C-spring with hinged pointer, 1902ccd, 445, 1177–1181, 1614–1622, 2063chemical sc, 631, 1076cloth sc, 1173–1174coin-operated sc, 1706–1707coin sc, 27–31, 61–65, 437, 506–507, 541, 619,

1614–1622coinage, 28, 1616–1617counter sc, 641, 647, 721, 758, 871, 1641demi-lune hexagonal, 1871demi-lune special, 1867diamond sc, 493egg sc, 381, 383, 412, 415fan sc, 890flexure spring bal, 1908, 1910, 1933gold sc, 156, 234gold sc for U S market, 156grain sc, 51–53, 80, 82ice sc for export, 1863inverted roberval & pointer with lens, 889kitchen sc, 505, 517, 765, 1439, 1453, 1462,

1889, 1908–1910kitchen sc for UK market, 1908mancur, 429, 434, 1864–1867, 1871, 1874mancur earliest, 1864milk sc, 1029nesting wts

for France, 1166statutes, 42

paper sc, 505, 602, 1692parcel sc, 889, 1076, 1439, 1917–1923patentee see patentee, Germanpendulum sc, 979–980, 1627–1634, 1649–1661,

1917–1923person, 1439, 1706platform sc, 696porcelain wts see weights, material, earthenwarepostal sc, 220, 317, 361, 368, 511, 623, 652,

707, 980, 1260–1261, 1627–1636, 1683, 1933

pot wts holder, 1463precision bal, 493, 589, 642, 700, 718–720, 750,

790–792, 1468ration mancur, 1873roberval postal, 1627

spice sc, 234steelyard, 409, 765, 871swan neck see beam end shapes, German swan

necktrade card, 1180trade sc, 641waistcoat-pocket postal sc, 1933wts holder, 1463yarn bal, 1174

German apothecary wts see weights, nationality"German CCDs Ph J Maul" (article by Lindner),

1614–1622German coinage, 28German Crab sc (mancur), 1863German Law of Patents (1877), 2278, 2287–2288German P O, 580German patent legislation, 757German patentee see patentee, GermanGerman patents, def, 703"German Postals by Ph J Maul" (article by Crawforth,

D), 1627–1636German rivetted swan neck end, def, 172German sc:

mkrA E, 641, 703Aeckersberg, Johann Peter, 30, 63Aeckersberg, Johann Wilhelm, 63Berg, Johann Daniel vom, 30, 63Bernstein, Aaron, 2063Bernstein, Alex & Co, 842, 1179Bierstedt, Eugen, 1179Boker, Henry, 435, 1874Boker, Henry & Co, 435, 1874Bosch, Gebr, 664Braselmann, August, 30, 63Braselmann, Johan Peter, 30, 63Breithaupt, 1821Bunge, Paul, 589, 700, 702, 719, 720, 792,

1468, 1821C W, 647Cramer, J A, 631Deinert, Paulus, 541Ellinghaus, Johann Daniel, 30, 63Favorit, 445Fischer, Johann, 63Forstoff, Johann Wilhelm, 27, 30, 63Fucoma, 409Fuge see German sc, mkr, Koch, Fuge &

Wagner; Koch, Fuge & WagnerGerke & Koch, 1922Gunter see German sc, mkr, Lockhaus &

GuntherHaas, Jacob B, 695–696Haigis, 493Hane, Peter Caspar, 30, 63Hartner, G, 381, 1707Heller, Balduin Söehne, 317Herberts, Johan Abraham, 30, 63Herberts, Wilem see German sc, mkr,

Herbertz, Johann Wilhelm; Herbertz, Johann Wilhelm

Herbertz, Johann Philipp I, 29, 30, 63,

1871Herbertz, Johann Philipp II, 1871Herbertz, Johann Wilhelm, 30, 63, 1724,

1871Herbertz, P, 1871Hilger & Sons, 1874–1875J F M see German sc, mkr, Mayer, Johann

Friedrich; Mayer, Johann Friedrich

JMAZ see German sc, mkr, Maul, Jacob; Maul, Jakob

Jung C, 435, 1875Kern, Gottlieb, 1173Kern, Gottlieb & Sohn, 804, 868, 1076,

1692Kind & Cie, 1876Kirck, Johannes, 506–507Kleuser, W, 435Koch, 1917–1923Koch, Fuge & Wagner, 1921Koch, Gebrûder, 1917–1923Krups, 505, 1462Krups, Robert, 1872–1875Kruse, Abraham, 29, 31, 63Kruse, Johann Melchior, 29, 31, 63Kuhlmann, Wilhelm H F, 790Leunig, 505Lockhaus & Gunther, 435, 1875Loss, Johann, 542Luginbuhl, Ulrich, 1867M in star see German sc, mkr, Maul,

Phillip JakobMaul, Jacob, 980Maul, Phillip Jacob, 383, 559, 911, 1614–

1622, 1692Maul, Phillip Jakob, 383, 559, 911, 1614–

1622, 1692Mayer, Johann Friedrich, 437Mittelstenscheid, Johann Caspar, 27, 31,

63Mittelstenscheid, Peter Caspar, 63Nahmer, A von der, 1725Nernst, Walter H, 750Oertling, Ludwig, 1724Poppenberg, Caspar Dieter, 31, 63Poppenberg, Dieter Peter, 31, 63Poppenberg, Dieter Peter & Peter Caspar,

63Poppenberg, Gebrûder Died Pet & Caspar

Died & Pet Casp, 31, 63Poppenberg, Johan Peter, 31, 63Poppenberg, Peter Caspar, 31Prutscher, A, 1029Quintenz, Friedrich Alois, 721, 885–888Reform by Krups, Robert, 1875Reitze, August, 1177–1181, 1954, 2275Rueprecht, A, 718Rueprecht, Albert & Son, 718Sartorius, Erich, 836Sartorius, Florenz, 643, 701, 836Sauter, August, 791Schlesinger, M, 1179–1181

Schmidt, Johannes, 434Schmidt, Peter Ludwig, 431, 434, 1875Schnellwaagen-Fabrik G M B H, 845–

847, 889–892Schopper, Louis, 80, 602, 753, 1174, 1692Sessler, J G, 430–431, 1864, 1876Spindler & Hoyer, 750Springer, Johan Caspar, 31, 63Steinfeldt & Blasberg, 530, 1439, 1641Steinheil, C A, 791Stollnreuther, Carl, 642Stuckrath, Paul, 720Tacho-Schnellwaagen G M B H, 844–847,

889–892Ubrig, E & Co, 1438, 1706, 1889Ubrig, Emil, 517, 623, 765, 958, 1261,

1438–1440Ubrig's Waagen-fabrik Gebr Ubrig, 1438Wagner see Koch, Fuge & WagnerWagner, C Ernst, 1921Wagner & Co, 1921Weintraud & Co Ges, 707Wiedeman?, 1864Zorn, Otto, 82

German silver, 1944, 1972dates, 1972

German swan neck end, def, 172German W & M regs, 888German wts, mkr, Hugershoff, Franz, 1463Gewerbe-akademie (Berlin), 2272, 2276Gewichte und Waagemacher im Alten Koln by Kisch

(review), 186Gewichten in Beeld by Van Ark (review), 226Ghana see AkanGibbs & Co, pendulum sc mkr, 753Gibson, Donald, 2914–2918

parcel sc patentee, 2914–2918Gibson, Elizabeth:

coin sc mkr, 214–215, 1396first widow of Brooksby, Thomas II, 214partner in Sommers & Gibson, 215, 1735partner of Sommers, Charles, 215second widow of Gibson, Thomas, 215succeeded by Gibson & Sommers, 215succeeded by Sommers & Gibson, 215successor of Gibson, Thomas, 214

Gibson, Thomas: apprentice of Brooksby, Thomas I, 213, 1735coin sc mkr, 213–215, 1396master of Flude, Joseph, 1747second husband of Brooksby, Elizabeth, 214succeeded by Gibson, Elizabeth, 214successor of Brooksby, Thomas II, 214trade card, 215trained with Brooksby, Thomas II, 214

Gibson & Sommers: coin sc mkr, 215, 1296partners Gibson, Elizabeth & Sommers, Charles,

215succeeded by Sommers, Charles, 215successors of Gibson, Elizabeth, 215see also Sommers & Gibson

"Gibson Parcel Post Scale" (article by Berning), 2914–2918

Giessen Mettler Instrumente GmbH museum, chainomatic, 620

Gifford Wood Co., 2221Gilbert, Ames & Co, grocers sc retailer, 1726Gilbert, John A & Co:

at same address as Allchin, Henry & Co, 1733at same address as Doyle & Sons, 1736same address as Smith, William & Co Ltd, 1733

gilded beam see beam, gildedgilded bismar, 1359–1360gilded sc, 681, 685, 718, 1287gilding:

oxidisation, 1580re-gilding, 138, 1236

Giles, Anthony, wt mkr, 1043, 1564Gilfillan, spring bal patentee, 1259, 1671, 1792Gilfillan, Errington Nuell see Gilfillan, Essington

NuellGilfillan, Essington Nuell:

French patentee, 1370, 1407postal sc patentee, 622–623, 1671–1672

Gill see Wilson & Gillgill measure, American, 1139Giller, Charles F, witness for Harris, Sandy, 3115Gilmore & Clark, patentee, 538gilt:

def, 8matt, 1205

Gilt Edge Sc see White Mfg Cogilt nickel, 1359–1360gin tame see steelyardGiraud, 2481Gladow, Dean E., 2502Gladstone, W E, President of Board of Trade, 1127Glaister, Joseph:

dates, 1726sc beam forger, 1726

Glasgow assay office, mark on wts, 45glass, spring bal, 1168glass beam, 1168glass blowers sc, mkr, Fairbanks & Co, 109, 994glass-blowers steelyard, Fairbanks, 109glass flexure, yarn, 1168glass wts see weights, materialglobe wts see weight, shapeGlossary of Terms for Weighing Apparatus, articles

by Crawforth, 170–175, 192–196, 227–232, 255–260, 283–288, 311–316, 339–344

Gluck, Nahan, biography, 2259Gluck's:

"H M Weaver Scale" (article), 2512–2513"Response on Anderson Scale" (article), 2258–

2259Gniser:

grain sc designer, 51scientific instrument mkr, 51

Gnutchel, patentee, 1370go-no-go sc:

postal, 1220, 1232, 1294–1295, 1320, 1649see also ccd

goad, 1075"Goat Milk Balance & Some Fishy Work" (article by

Hutchinson), 2931–2933Godbor, Thomas:

apprentice of Tomlins, Newman, 1736apprentice of Townsend, Richard, 1736dates, 1736

Goddard, Howell: apprentice of Badcock, William Geagle, 1738apprentice of DeGrave, Charles, 1738dates, 1738

Goddard, Robert, 2451coin operated sc patentee, 2461

Godet, roberval sc mkr, 2487Golaz, J, patentee, 622gold bal, def, 231gold gulden see weights, denominationgold sc:

Alaskan, 149American, 40, 154–158British, 183, 592, 1195, 2987–2989Chinese, 156, 158French, 156German, 2272Indian Ocean, 249, 625–626Japanese, 224, 321, 326Malay, 625–626miners, 149, 154, 156mkr

Fairbanks & Co, 86, 992Herbert & Sons, 1195Keller, S, 154Mordan, Sampson, 2987–2989Read, Joseph, 183Troemner, Henry, 811Vandome, Titfords & Co, 592Vandome & Co, 592

gold sc retailer, Warren & Co, 152gold scale, 2272gold scoop, 149Gold Standard, 1125gold Standard 1817, 881"Golden Scales, c.1090 B.C." (article by Newall),

2550Golden Smoke (article), 278Golder see Phillipson & GolderGoldsmiths' Co:

assaying, 730, 1994assaymaster Basbee, Walter, 2081Guild, 23–24, 43, 45Hall, 1069inspection of weights, 23, 968, 1068, 1074,

1082, 1563–1564, 1576, 1803, 1892inspection of wts for Ireland, 1803mark, 24, 45, 498, 1803Trial of the Pyx, 1435–1437wts for, 43, 1989

Goldsmiths' Co of Dublin, 1755Goodbrand & Co Ltd, yarn bal retailer, 1173–1174,

1726Goodman, John:

apprentice of Thompson, Daniel, 1731

apprentice of Thompson, John I, 1731Christ's Hospital scholar, 1747coin sc mkr, 1729dates, 1730foreman of Thompson, John I, 1731, 1743master of Astill, William, 1729, 1731master of Blades, Tristram, 1729master of Dunn, John, 1729master of Grigg, James, 1729, 1731master of Layton, William, 1729master of Stewart, James, 1729, 1731partner of Thompson, John II, 1731sc mkr, 3087succeeded by England, Parker & Sommers,

1730, 1746succeeded by Goodman, William, 1730

Goodman, William: apprentice of Brind, William, 1730, 1737apprentice of Gray, Francis, 1730, 1737dates, 1730–1731, 1737successor of Goodman, John, 1730

goods pan: def, 232oval hammered brass, 2098

goods plate, def, 174goods pound see mercantile poundGoodwin see Perkins, Goodwin & CoGoodwin's "How I Got Started" (article), 1321–1323Gore, James & Thomas:

date, 1737sc mkr, 1737

Gore, Thomas Hunsden: apprentice of Vandome, Richard, 1734dates, 1734master of Medwin, Thomas, 1738master of Palmer, Joseph, 1738partner of Shenston, James Templar, 1737at same address as Potter, John, 1737successor of Gore & Shenston, 1737

Gore, Thomas Ursden, sc mkr, 3091Gore & Shenston:

dates, 1737Gore, Thomas Hunsden & Shenston, James

Templar, 1737succeeded by Gore, Thomas Hunsden, 1737succeeded by Shenston, James Templar, 1737

"Gorge Arstall" (article by Morrison-Low), 2003–2014

Gorham: bow-front postal sc mkr, 1671flat-front with tapered back postal sc mkr, 1675half-roberval & spring sc mkr, 1669–1671, 1675pendulum sc mkr, 1077, 1668, 1687postal sc mkr, 1049, 1675, 1687, 1999spring bal mkr, 1049, 1669, 1675spring bal patentee, 1669–1670

Gorham Manufacturing Co, users of Troemner's bullion bal, 1940

Gorlick's "American Counterfeit Coin Detectors" (article), 759–764

Gorringe's (query on Dearborn), 1554gothic revival style, 940

Goto, Japanese wt mkr, 319, 326Gotto see Parkins & GottoGould (author), 610Gould, W, hygrometer, 574, 575Goulding, Somerset:

apprentice of DeGrave, Charles, 1741apprentice of Wood, Richard, 1741son of Goulding, Thomas, 1741

Goulding, Thomas: coin sc mkr, 1140dates, 1732father of Goulding, Somerset, 1741succeeded by Wood, Richard, 1732, 1746, 2090successor of Wood, John, 1732, 1746

Government departments, 1172Broad arrow, 581

Government of Canada, Oertling supplied balance, 2260–2261

Govier's "Howell & James Revisited" (article), 3021Govier's "To Clean or Not to Clean?" (article), 3035Gower, sc mkr, 3091Gowers, Weston:

apprentice of Calcott, Thomas, 1731coin sc mkr, 1731, 1782–1783coin sc style, 1781dates, 1731employed Hall, John, 1734master of Jackson, Richard, 1731reale wts, 1782trade card, 1782, 1801

gr see weights, denomination, grainGradencandle Mfg Co, egg sc mkr, 1283–1284Gradenway:

American sc mkr, 1313egg sc mkr, 1313steelyard mkr, 1313

graduated chart: attached to shears, 1716celluloid, 1669, 1672–1673circular on pendulum, 1649drum, 622, 1049, 1669–1670, 1675, 1687on end of beam, 1525, 1570hand-engraved, 448on hexagonal bar, 1174ivory, 1702–1703movable, 1168over & under, 1200pendulous, 772, 1168, 1655quadrant, 541, 1650widely spaced for small units & closely spaced

for large units, 1657–1658graduation chart, celluloid, 1669graduations:

def, 232see also divisions

Graham, George: dates, 1724scientific instrument mkr, 1724Standard weights mkr, 1724

Graham, Tom, obituary, 682Graham, Tom (author), 1707, 1788, 1961, 2083Graham's:

Reply to review, letter, 418Scales & Balances (review), 355, 1073"Troy Pound Mystery" (article), 390–394Weights & Measures (review), 226, 1072–1073

grain measure: hectolitre, 51metze, 51scheffel, 51

grain sc: def, 232accuracy, 51beam, ivory, 3013–3014box, 42, 60designer, Gniser, 51equal arm, 52, 60, 80, 82German, use of, 2847, 2850–2851instructions, 51–52, 989mkr

Adie, 1717Bleuler, John, 1727, 2848Bonnell, Lansing, 2899Buffalo Scale Co, 82, 222–224, 2897–

2899Buss, Thomas Odempsey, 1727Champion, 2897–2899Corcoran, Bryan, 354, 1727Corcoran, Bryan Ltd, 354DeGrave, Short & Fanner, 1727Dell, William Rawbonn & Son, 1727Dixey, Charles Wastell, 1727Dring & Fage, 1727Fairbanks & Co, 78, 80, 989, 2849–2850,

2852, 2895, 2899Gardner, John, 1309Garman, A S & Sons, 2897–2899Greey, W, 2897–2899Griffiths, A, 1727Hamilton, 2899Hicks, Joseph I, 1727Holbrooke, 2899Howe Scale Co, 1071, 2896–2899Langley, W, 1727Loftus, William Robert, 1727Long, Joseph, 1727Marseilles Mfg Co, 2899McKenzie, Alexander, 1727Ohaus Scale Co, 2895, 2898–2899Packer,W, 3013–3014Payne, Benjamin, 80, 1727Renauld Fils, 82Salter, 518, 524, 1451Salter, Geo & Co, 518, 2849, 2852Schopper, Louis, 80, 753, 2847, 2849Seed Trade Reporting Bureau, 2899Smith, William, 1730Snart, John, 80, 2847–2848Spear, Richard, 1843Standard Scale & Supply Co, 2899Thiele, F A, 825Troemner, 2899Vandome, 592Vandome, Titfords & Co, 1734

Victor, 2897–2899Young & Son, 1727Zorn, Otto, 82

nationalityAmerican, 78, 82, 222, 224, 989, 1071,

2849–2850Austro-Hungarian, 80British, 80, 354, 518, 524, 566, 592, 1451,

2847–2849, 3013–3014French, 82, 2853German, 42, 51–53, 60, 80, 82, 753, 2847,

2849–2850, 2852Irish, 1843Netherlands, 82, 2850, 2852Russian, 80, 2847, 2849Scottish, 1309Swedish, 82, 2851

patentee, Hedicke, Max, 81pendulum, 80, 753spring, 518, 524, 1451, 2849steelyard, 78–82, 224, 231, 354, 566–567, 825,

989, 1071, 1309, 1717, 1719, 2895–2899, 3013–3014

striker, 3013–3014"Grain Scales" (article by Crawforth), 80–82"Grain Scales" (article by Schmidt), 51–53grain striker, 2849

use of, 2849grain tables, "Amtliche Tafeln fur Getreideprobier mit

Vorlaufkorper Bauarten bis 1937", 51grain tester:

def, 231–232method of use, 989

"Grain Testing Scales" (article by Crawforth), 2847–2853

grain wts: def, 880mediaeval definitions, 1988–1989, 1992mediaeval Paris, 1989see also weights, denomination

grained edge, 1040Granat & Lamott, weigh scoop patentee, 492Grand Rapids Brass Works, MI sc mkr, 3034Grand Rapids Veneer Works, MI sc mkr, 3034"Grandfather's Standards" (article by Read), 2076–

2082, 2248graticule, 5gravel scale, Fairbanks, 2898–2899Gravesande, J S:

author, 576, 610, 1852sc designer, 577, 609

gravitation, measuring, 327gravity ball, 230

def, 230, 232gravity weight, def, 232Gray, Francis:

apprentice of Harrison, Thomas, 1727, 1731coin sc mkr, 556dates, 1731, 1737master of Blades, Tristram, 1730master of Goodman, William, 1730, 1737member of Skinners Co, 1727

Great Customs, wool tax, 2017Great Exhibition, 10, 1885–1886

see also catalogueGreat Exhibition 1851:

awards to Day, W C, 1636awards to Fairbanks, E & T & Co, 107awards to Winfield, R W, 10full catalogue, 1664Pooley exhibited, 1664Sheldon, John, 446

Great Recoinage 1696, 1041–1042Great Recoinage of 1774, 2563

see also Acts of Parliament, 1774Greatrex & Pallett:

date, 1736possibly successors of Pallett, Thomas II, 1736

Greaves, Edward, 16, 1233bismar mkr, 16, 1031coin sc mkr, 235dates, 16, 237postal sc, 16, 147, 235–237sc for Colonial India, 147successor of Greaves, John & Son, 237

Greaves, John & Son: bismar mkr, 16, 1233coin & postal sc, 16, 235–238coin steelyard, 235dates, 16, 237movable load sc mkr, 1032Old Advert, 238registered design, 238succeeded by Greaves, Edward, 237trade card, 238using German silver, 1972

Greece, technical achevements of, 2144Greek, weight, 2147–2148Greek ccd, 190Green, D G & Sons, wts mkr, 638Green, David:

dates, 638, 1788successor of Green, I & D, 1788wts mkr, 636, 638, 1788

Green, I & D: dates, 636succeeded by Green, David, 1788wts, 638, 639

Green, Thomas & Co: dates, 638wts, 638

Greenbury, J, patentee, 565Greene, James:

apprentice of Hoe, Robert, 1736dates, 1736

Greene, Joseph, 2465Greenhill, B J:

dates, 1736succeeded by Greenhill, Benjamin & Francis,

1736Greenhill, Benjamin & Francis:

date, 1736successor of Greenhill, B J, 1736

Greenhill, Benjamin Mills:

apprentice of Pallett, Richard, 1736succeeded by Greenhill, B J, 1736succeeded by Hamshaw, Thomas Philip, 1739

Greenhill, Mary A: date, 1736successor of Greenhill, William, 1736widow of Greenhill, William ?, 1736

Greenhill, William: dates, 1736husband of Greenhill, Mary A ?, 1736succeeded by Greenhill, Mary A, 1736successor of Wenborn, Robert, 1736

Green's "R W Winfield" (article), 10–12Greer, John N, assignor, 2862Gregory, Isaac:

author, 1108imperialised metric system, 1107–1112

Gresham, Sir Thomas, 2443Gresham, St, 1745Gresham's Law, 1060Grice, coin wts mkr, 1081–1086Grice's "Avery? Fairbanks?" (article), 1422–1425Grierson (author), 1998, 2072Grieshaber's:

German P O, letter, 580"Making Scales" (article), 844–847, 889–892"Making Scales & Weights" (article), 468–475

Griesshaber, Langenbergh coin sc owner, 2942Griffenhagen (author), 808Griffin, C:

address, 2124poise collecting postal scale, 2123–2124, 2126poise lifting postal scale, 2123–2124, 2126

Griffin, J J & Sons, specific gravity sc, 757Griffin, J J & Sons Ltd:

precision bal mkr, 1821, 2656scientific instrument mkr, 1821see also catalogue

Griffin, John J & Co: precision bal mkr, 1821, 2662scientific instrument mkr, 1821see also catalogue

Griffin, John J & Sons: precision bal mkr, 1821scientific instrument mkr, 1821see also catalogue

Griffin, John Joseph: precision bal mkr, 1821scientific instrument mkr, 1821see also catalogue

Griffin, Richard & Co: precision bal mkr, 1821scientific instrument mkr, 1821see also catalogue

Griffin & George, chemical bal, 6, 281Griffin & George Ltd, see also catalogueGriffin & Tatlock:

chemical bal, 281, 479precision bal mkr, 1791

Griffin & Tatlock Ltd, sc mkr, 2167Griffiths, A:

dates, 1727

grain sc mkr, 1727scientific instrument mkr, 1727

Griffon's head see Bristol Assay OfficeGrigg, James:

apprentice of Goodman, John, 1729, 1731dates, 1731sc mkr, 1729

Griggs, John: apprentice of Drake, Humphrey, 1735employed by Hart, Susan, 1735

Grimsby mark (boars heads in shield), 1977groat, 1561

also called gros de Calais, 1561"The Grocer" (article by Newall), 2468–2471Grocers Co Guild, 1074, 1724

inspection of wts, 1892grocers sc:

accuracy, 3equal arm, 78, 137, 559, 1196half-roberval & steelyard, 1592mkr

Chatillon, John & Sons, 1592Day & Millward, 1442Fairbanks & Co, 78, 109, 994, 1807Herbert & Sons, 1196, 1728, 1741, 1744,

1746Parnall & Sons, 1452, 1456Troemner, Henry, 1643

pot, 1452retailer

Gilbert, Ames & Co, 1726Perry, W G & Son, 558Savage & Co, 1726

semi-self indicating, 8steelyard with two beams, 1807steelyard with vertically stored poises, 1538trip, 1591see also counter sc

gros see weights, denomination, grosGros, H:

wt mkr, 386–387wt patentee, 387

gros de Calais see groatgross wt, 1689

def, 232law, 1182

ground nut sc, 544mkr, Salter, Geo & Co Ltd, 544

Grout, John: apprentice of Pallett, Thomas I, 1736dates, 1736erroneously shown as apprentice of Bassingham,

Samuel, 1731succeeded by Fletcher, William, 1731, 1746

Grove, Christopher I: apprentice of Saunders, Robert, 1734dates, 1734father of Grove, Christopher II, 1734husband of Grove, Rebecca, 1734master of Alcocke, Robert, 1734master of Grove, Christopher II, 1734master of Thompson, Jeremiah, 1734

Grove, Christopher II: apprentice of Grove, Christopher I, 1734son of Grove, Christopher I, 1734son of Grove, Rebecca, 1734

Grove, Rebecca: dates, 1734master of 1 apprentice, 1743mother of Grove, Christopher II, 1734widow of Grove, Christopher I, 1734

Grove, Thomas: apprentice of Chandler, Thomas, 1734apprentice of Sewell, George, 1734

Grove, Thomas II, apprentice of Young, John I, 1734Grove Co, 2099

Advertisement, 2100grs see weights, denomination, grainGrubb, Thomas:

dates, 1800scientific instrument mkr, 1800

Gruber, John P.: addresses, 2551advert for, 2551apothecary wt, 2551assay sc mkr, 2551bank sc mkr, 2551dates, 2551Indian cent, 2551weights mkr, 2551

Grund, P, C-spring mkr, 1875Gruuthuse Museum, Bruges, 2108guard link see Pendantguenea see wei; weights, denomination, guineaGuericke, Otto von, scientist & designer, 575Guerin, Rene, patentee, 1370, 1374Guide to Weighing Instruments, by Crawforth

(review), 17, 65guild see Clothworkers; Cutlers; Drapers; Founders;

Goldsmiths; Grocers; Haberdashers; Joiners; Leathersellers; Pepperers; Plumbers; Skinners; Spectaclemakers; Spicers; Weavers

Guildhall, stamping, 1960Guilds, rules, 1724guilloche, def, 19guinea:

def, 459, 1040counterfeit, 266, 270demonetised 1892, 1126minted, 1828various values, 882, 1041, 1042, 1304

guinea see weights, denominationguinea balance, 2446guinea sc (coin sc), 1466, 2446guinea wg (comment), 15guinea wts:

articles by Stocks & Crawforth, 459–467, 495–504

see also weights, denominationguineas:

before 1760, 1080, 1304before 1771, 1080, 1304after 1771, 1080, 1303light, 496

gunja beans, 925Gunn see Houghton & Gunngunpowder sc, 66

Peson à ressort, 2171–2172Gunter see Lockhaus & GuntherGurley, W & L E:

engineering instrument mkr, 2965Massachusetts Pattern sealers kit mkr, 2965–

2966measurers mkr, 2965precision bal mkr, 1821, 2964reweighing kit

mkr, 2966used by FDA, 2966

scientific instrument mkr, 1821supplier of sc for US Wts & Meas, 2965supplier of Standards for NBS, 2965surveying instrument mkr, 2965transit mkr, 2964user of Hall Process, 2964weights mkr, 2965see also catalogue

Gurley, William, 2964biography, 2964–2965partner of Gurley, Lewis, 2964partner of Phelps, Jonas, 2964

Gurley Precision Instruments: successor of Gurley, W & L E, 2966successor of Teledyne Corp, 2966

gvenea (gvinea) see weights, denomination, guineaGvlielmvs see weights, monarch, William III; weights,

monarch, William IVGvlielmvs et Maria rex, on coin wts, 1045Gye, F:

poise collecting postal scale, 2123poise lifting postal scale, 2123

Gye, Frederick, 2121–2122postal scale description, 2121–2122postal scale mkr, 2121–2122

gypsy sc (mancur), 1863

HH, mark on wts, 21, 46H:J see Jackson, HenryH & M:

C-spring mkr, 1875mancur mkr, 435

H & S: apothecary wt mkr, 829, 834see also Hodgson & Stead

H A see Archdall, HenryH A A H on wts (Archdall, Henry), 1756H C crowned, mark on wts, 93H crowned, 21

mark on wts, 93see also Henry Rex

H F, mark on wts, 93H F conjoined mark, 1960

see also Higham, FerrarsH hammer under crown N, mark in pans see Neale,

HenryH I, mark on wts, 462

H L see hectolitreH M Govt, mark on wts, 437"H M Weaver Improved" (article from patent), 2585–

2586"H M Weaver Scale" (article by Gluck), 2512–2513H N mkrs mark, Neale, Henry, 1381H R:

mark on wts, 985see also Henricus Rex

H R B, mark on jockey wt, 825H R crowned, 20H S, C-spring mkr, 1875H*J, coin wts mkr, 1802Haagse Balensen en Gewichtenfabriek, wts mkr, 1264Haas, went to Portugal, 1724Haas see Hurter & HaasHaas, I B:

came to UK from Swabia, 695Haas, Jacob B, 695made platform sc of Trotter, John design, 694–

695platform sc mkr, 694–695

Haas, W W: American ccd patentee, 991ccd patentee, 991

Haberdashers' Co: guild, 248members, 1583–1584, 1727records, 248

haberdepois, system of weighing, 2018haberdepois see avoirdupoisHaberson, Benjamin, American sc mkr, 1047haberty poie, system of weighing, 2018haberty poie see avoirdupoisHacienda de Desagravio:

location map, 2904–2905Peruvian wts found at, 2904–2905, 2908

Hacienda de Sagrario, Peruvian wts found at, 2903, 2907

Haddan, H J, patent agent, 539–540Hadn, mark on wts, 93Haeberle (author), 87, 134, 278, 610, 728, 1465Haeberle's:

"Quintenz Rolle & Schwilgue decimal sc" (article), 885–888

Zehntausend Jahre Waageextract, 885–888review, 87, 610

Hagley Library, 2887Hahn, George:

coin-operated pendulum sc, 1629patent, 1653patentee, 1629–1630precision bal pendulum sc, 1629

Hahn, Philipp Matthaus: dates, 607inventor, 572, 607–608, 2732kitchen sc mkr, 572pendulum sc mkr, 608, 1073triple load position pendulum sc, 609

Haighs' "W & M Control in South Africa" (article), 439–444

Haigis, precision bal mkr, 493hakari, Japanese sc, 319Hakluyt (author), 56Hale, Mrs, cookery writer, 1250half-angel see weights, denomination, angelhalf-crown see weights, denomination, crownhalf-dollar:

post-1853, 2063pre-1853, 2063

half-groat, 1562also called demi-gros, 1561

half-laurel see weights, denomination, laurelhalf-once, 2361half-peck loaf see peck loafhalf quartern loaf see quartern loafhalf roberval, def, 255, 397half roberval & half imperial, 2672half roberval & hanging pan, 133, 255, 940, 1256half roberval & micrometer steelyard, 361, 505, 1685half roberval & pendulum, 130, 133, 255, 379, 383,

414–415, 417, 622, 678, 958, 1406, 1649half roberval & poise, 1649half roberval & spring, 130, 133, 381–383, 515, 527–

528, 547, 623, 974, 1093, 1261, 1407, 1600, 1669–1675, 1697, 2097–2099

patent, 981, 1404half roberval & steelyard, 14, 78, 86, 109, 130, 133,

144, 171, 218, 255, 341, 375, 379, 383, 415, 537, 652, 678, 771, 942, 1021, 1028, 1217, 1223, 1256, 1258, 1260, 1278, 1312, 1460, 1592, 1671, 1807, 1811, 2505–2506, 2685

def, 1027advantage, 1027ease of use, 1369patent, 1028

half roberval & telescopic steelyard, 341, 596half roberval & weight lifter, 130–133, 340, 395, 399,

410, 538–539, 566, 1223, 1469half roberval sc, 2600

patent, 2600patentee, 2600

half-roberval spring scale, 2649half-unite see weights, denomination, uniteHalifax, coin forgers, 264–268, 1303Hall, A S, moisture tester, letter, 219Hall, J & Son:

bread, sc mkr, 1089counter sc mkr, 1648see also catalogue

Hall, John: apprentice of Wilford, David, 1734apprentice of Wilford, David, 1734master of 7 apprentices, 1743worked for Gowers, Weston, 1734

Hall, Nathaniel: pendulum sc mkr, 198–199, 707, 1253–1254,

1403, 1913pendulum sc patentee, 147, 198–199, 421, 455–

456, 707, 991, 1370, 1792Hall, R F, patentee, 549Hall & Co, postal sc retailers, 938Hall Process, for aluminium smelting, 2964

Halliday, J, 2109–2110"Hallmarks on Base Metal" (article by Withers),

1471–1479Halse's "Canal Weigh-house at Midford" (article),

2415–2419Halsey & Dale's Metric Fallacy (1904), 2092Halstaff & Hannaford, postal sc retailers, 938Hamburgische Staatsverband, 2277Hamilton, G, patentee, 425–426Hamilton Scale Co:

American sc mkr, 1711–1712person sc mkr, 1711–1712

hammer & crown: members of Blacksmiths' Co, 1291, 1381mkrs mark, 1355–1356, 1377, 1381

Hamon, F, C-spring mkr, 1875Hamon, H, C-spring mkr, 1875Hamon, I?, C-spring mkr, 1875Hamon, Painé, C-spring mkr, 1875Hamon, Paul, C-spring mkr, 1875Hamon, Pierre, C-spring mkr, 1875Hampshire:

C*S mark, 1926C*S with H below mark, 1926

Hampton, J W Jr, witness for Harris, Sandy, 3115Hamshaw, T:

bought by Herbert's, 2129tea scale mkr, 2110trade card, 2110

Hamshaw, Thomas & Sons: address, 2110dates, 1739, 2110successors of Hamshaw, Thomas Philip, 1739

Hamshaw, Thomas Philip: address, 2110dates, 1739, 2110partner of Dowling, Edward, 1739succeeded by Hamshaw, Thomas & Sons, 1739successor of Dowling & Hamshaw, 1739successor of Greenhill, Benjamin Mills, 1739

Hancock, A, patentee, 595Hand, Ephraim:

coin sc mkr, 1783, 1801dates, 1801Irish sc mkr, 1783, 1801trade card, 1801

The Handbook of Old Weighing Instruments (1984), Crawforth, M, 2087

Handbook of Weights & Measures by Roberts (review), 87

handle: def, 255wts see weight, shape

Handy Postal Scale, 3045Hane, Peter Caspar:

coin sc mkr, 30, 63dates, 63German sc mkr, 30, 63

hanger: def, 255by ball-&-rod mkr, 1291, 1293–1294cranked, 137, 150, 712, 768, 1352

date, 1351double forks, 1093–1098, 1790first cranked, 1053, 1351rod, 631twisted, 1095

hanger for counterpoises, 255hanger for pan, 255–256, 260hanger for plate, 255, 258hanger for proportional wts, 217, 255, 258, 312hanging sc, def, 255hanging sheep, mark on wts, 164Hanin:

C-spring bal mkr, 1867C-spring mkr, 1867, 1875c-spring with rack & pinion, 1865–1866dial-face spring bal, 1073

Hanin, à Paris, C-spring mkr, 1875Hanin, à St Romaine, C-spring mkr, 1875Hanin, ainé, C-spring mkr, 1875Hanin, C-spring mkr, 1867, 1875, 2172Hanin, C-spring with rack & pinion, 1865–1866Hanin, dial-face spring bal, 1073Hanin, fils:

C-spring mkr, 1867, 1875coin operated sc patentee, 2451Hanin, Guillaume Emmanuel, 1867person sc mkr, 1867, 2451spring bal mkr, 1867

Hanin, fils à Paris, C-spring mkr, 1875Hanin, fils à St Romaine, C-spring mkr, 1875Hanin, Guillaume Emmanuel:

Hanin, fils, 1867scientific instrument mkr, 1867

Hanin, le père, C-spring mkr, 1875Hanin, père & fils, patentee, 1867Hanin, scale mkr, 2172Hannaford see Halstaff & HannafordHannaford, C A Sydenham, egg sc retailer, 1726Hansen, C H, 2296Hansen, Marius:

biography, 2952–2955founder Hanson Bros Scale Co, 2952patentee, 2953, 2972

Hansen, William, 2953–2955Hanson:

Ful-O-Pep advert sc mkr, 2974person sc mkr, 1710, 1802, 2955Purina advert sc mkr, 2974steel tool box mkr, 2973Wrigley advert sc mkr, 2954

Hanson see catalogue, HansonHanson, Paul Jr., 2502Hanson Industries, 3008

clock manufacturer, 3008subsidiary of Hanson Limited, 3008Tellits Dials subsidiary, 3009

Hanson Limited, 3008bought by Teraillon, 3011UK Green stamps as customer, 3008

Hanson Scale: baby spring sc mkr, 2954, 2973bathroom sc mkr, 2954, 2972–2973, 2975, 2976,

3009coin operated person sc mkr, 2954, 2972competing with Borg, 2973competing with Brearley, 2973competing with Detecto, 2973competing with Health-o-Meter, 2973dietetic sc mkr, 2973

for Chicago Dietetic Supply, 2973European trade shows, 3008expansion, 2976–2977, 3007–3012expansion into Australia, 3007expansion into France, 3009expansion into Germany, 3009expansion into Ireland, 2976–2977, 3007–3008exportation, 2976farm sc mkr, 2973–2974foreign agents, 2976hanging spring sc mkr, 2955history, 2952–2955kitchen sc mkr, 2954, 2973–2974, 3007–3008overseas operation of, 2976–2977package sc mkr, 2954postal sc mkr, 2954, 2973, 2974received E Award, 2977Texas cotton sc mkr, 2972, 2974–2975US interests sold to Sunbeam, 3007Viking sc mkr, 2972

"Hanson Scale Company, Part 1" (article by Hanssen), 2952–2955

"Hanson Scale Company, Part 2" (article by Hanssen), 2972–2977

"Hanson Scale Company, Part 3" (article by Hanssen), 3007–3012

Hanson Scales, succeeded by Metro, 3010Hanssen:

Eric, 3009owner Detecto Scales, 3010Production Manager, Hanson Limited,

3009Jim, 3009

death, 3010Managing Director, Hanson Limited, 3010

Stanowner Detecto Scales, 3010producing Detecto Scales, 3010producing Metro Scales, 3010

Hanssen, Stan Lee, 2954–2955Hanssen's:

"Hanson Scale Company, Part 1" (article), 2952–2955

"Hanson Scale Company, Part 2" (article), 2972–2977

Hanssen's "Hanson Scale Company, Part 3" (article), 3007–3012

Hardy, James, wts mkr, 810Hare, Joseph, wts mkr, 810Harford, Henry B, assignor, 2862Hargrave & Bartlett, succeeded by Hargrave &

McCraight, 1735Hargrave & McCraight:

successor of Hargrave & Bartlett, 1735successor of McCraight, Charles & Son, 1735

Harling, G, yarn bal patentee see Thomas, G & Harling, G

Harness, Captain, Deputy Master of Royal Mint, 104harp crowned, mark on wts, 164harp top, def, 255–256Harper, John & Co Ltd:

kitchen sc mkr, 765, 1964Old Advert, 1965patentee, 765, 1964

Harper, John & Co Ltd & Crowley, C, kitchen sc patentee, 765

Harris: assay master, 390see also Melliship & Harris

Harris, John: coin sc mkr, 242, 391, 593, 1040, 1379–1380dates, 1380, 1727, 1738husband of Harris, Susan (wrongly called

Elizabeth), 242, 1738master of Smelt, Samuel, 1738member of Clothworkers Co, 1727steelyard mkr, 1040, 1379succeeded by Harris, Susan, 1738trade card, 1380wt mkr, 1040

Harris, P & Co (1913) Ltd: precision bal mkr, 1821scientific instrument mkr, 1821see also catalogue

Harris, Philip & Co: precision bal mkr, 1821scientific instrument mkr, 1821see also catalogue

Harris, Philip & Co Ltd: chromium-plated wt mkr, 2550precision bal mkr, 1821scientific instrument mkr, 1821see also catalogue

Harris, Philip Ltd, 2550Harris, Sandy, 3110–3112, 3113, 3115

American patentee, 3110–3112, 3113double beam patent, 3112grocery clerk, 3110half roberval & pendulum patent, 3112half roberval & steelyard patent, 3110–3112,

3113occupations, 3115patent witness, 3110–3112, 3115

Giller, Charles F, 3115Hampton, J W Jr, 3115Jones, Samuel P, 3115Lacey, William, 3116Mister, J W, 3115Palmer, A H, 3116

patents of, 3110–3112working at Philadelphia Custom House, 3110

Harris, Susan (wrongly called Elizabeth): coin sc mkr, 242successor of Harris, John, 1738widow of Harris, John, 242

Harris, William & Co, ccd mkr, 274, 1034Harrison:

ccd mkr, 287, 365, 446, 1034coin movable load sc mkr, 1034see also Longton & Harrison

Harrison, Charles: coin sc mkr, 1802coin wts mkr, 1802dates, 1802scientific instrument mkr, 1802

Harrison, James, coin wts mkr, 1508Harrison, Thomas:

apprentice of Roberts, Richard II, 1731coin sc mkr, 495, 676curly sight-hole shears, 1588–1589dates, 1588, 1731master of Gray, Francis, 1727trade card, 1588

Harrison, W H see McNally & HarrisonHarrods, household sc retailer, 1727Hart:

egg sc mkr, 1279see also Vandome & Hart Ltd

Hart, Benjamin: apprentice of Snart, John, 211brother of Hart, Joseph II, 1735coin sc mkr, 212, 242, 244, 248dates, 211, 1735master of Read, Samuel, 244son of Hart, Joseph I, 242son of Hart, Susan, 242successor of Hart, Joseph II, 1735

Hart, D W Mfg Co, egg sc mkr, 1279Hart, David:

crane weigher mkr, 1734dates, 1730, 1734succeeded by Hart, David & Co, 1730successor of James, John & Co, 1730

Hart, David & Co, 2129combined with Vandome & Co, 1730dates, 1730, 1734shop sc mkr, 1734successor of Hart, David, 1730weighing machine mkr, 1730

Hart, H W Mfg Co: egg sc mkr, 1283rocker mkr, 1283

Hart, Henry C, Mfg Co, 2609–2610Hart, Joseph I:

apprentice of Neale, Samuel, 248, 1735coin sc mkr, 212, 242, 248, 1377dates, 1735father of Hart, Benjamin, 242father of Hart, Joseph II, 1735husband of Hart, Susan, 242master of Snart, John, 248, 1735succeeded by Hart, Susan, 1735

Hart, Joseph II: brother of Hart, Benjamin, 1735master of Mantell, Samuel, 1736son of Hart, Joseph I, 1735succeeded by Hart, Benjamin, 1735successor of Hart, Susan, 1735

Hart, Susan:

coin sc mkr, 242, 1377dates, 1735employed Griggs, John, 1735mother of Hart, Benjamin, 242mother of Hart, Joseph II, 1735succeeded by Hart, Joseph II, 1735successor of Hart, Joseph I, 1735widow of Hart, Joseph I, 242, 1743

Hartley, spring bal mkr, 773Hartley, David, 2446Hartner:

coin operated sc mkr, 2495egg sc mkr, 381G, person sc mkr, 1707

Hartner, G: German sc mkr, 381, 1707office in London, 1725paper sc retailer, 1697–1699pendulum sc retailer, 1698–1700person sc mkr, 1707see also catalogue

Harvard, electronic computer of, 2216Harvard Trip Scale, 3092–3096

Central Scientific mkr, 3092–3096Harvard's Descriptive List of Elementary Physical

Experiments 1887, 3092Haskins, Jonathan, wts mkr, 1726Hass, Stu, 3071Hassler, U S designer, 102Hassler, Prof, present from US Government, 2080Hastings mark, 2034Hatton (author), 1310Hauser, postal sc mkr, 147Hauth, Ernst, béranger mkr, 2440Hawkes, Joshua:

apprentice of Dutton, James, 1733dates, 1733sc mkr, 1733

Hawkins, William: apprentice of Neale, John, 244, 1729coin sc mkr, 245dates, 1739

Hay, James: also spelled Hayes, 1508dates, 1508steelyard mkr, 1508, 1513

hay sc mkr: Davis, A B & Co, 785Fairbanks & Co, 86, 992Starratt & Masters, 666

hay weighing forks: bismar, 669spring, 666–671

"Hay Weighing Forks" (article by Carley), 666–671Hayes, James see Hay, JamesHaywood, William, coin wts, 460, 465, 1043Health-o-Meter, competitor of Hanson, 2973Health-O-Meter Scales, 3011–3012Heaney, D, patentee, 669–671Heard, Thomas:

Old Bailey trial of, 3085sc mkr, 3085, 3091

Heard, Thomas I: apprentice of Moffett, Elizabeth, 1739dates, 1739succeeded by Heard, Thomas II, 1739

Heard, Thomas II: dates, 1739successor of Heard, Thomas I, 1739

Hearn, Joseph: member of Leathersellers Co, 1727sc mkr, 1727

Heath, John: J H S, 199postal sc mkr, 199wts mkr, 810

Hebrew, civilization, 2147hectolitre measure, grain, 51, 825Hedges, J J see British Research Association, Barker,

S G & Hedges, J JHedicke, Max:

grain sc patentee, 81patent agent, 81

Heeley, Edmund: coin sc mkr, 1723date, 1723

Heeley, James & Sons: postal sc, 199, 428, 456sovereign sc, 1039

Heil, Henry, see also catalogueHeitzler, Michel, biography, 2486Heitzler's "Béranger" (article), 2479–2488Heizer, EL & AI, weigh scoop patentee, 492Heller's, Balduin Söehne, 317

parcel sc mkr, 317–318patentee, 318

Helliwell, coin tester mkr, 621Hemins, Edward, 2388Henricus Rex, mark on wts, 20Henry, Solomon:

coin sc mkr, 1723, 1760collaboration with Warner, Thomas, 1723dates, 1723patentee, 263, 271, 276, 282, 501

Henry C Hart Co, 2609–2610Henry IV, wts see weights, monarch, Henry IV of G BHenry Rex, 21, 46

H crowned mark on wts, 21Henry VI, wts see weights, monarch, Henry VI of G BHenry VII of G B:

documents, 17inspections in market, 730

Henry VIII of G B: King of England, 2221marks, 20wts see weights, monarch, Henry VIII of G B

hentha wts: article, 347–352see also weight, shape

Herbert: article, 1191–1202trainer of Wood, John, 2129

Herbert, George: building new premises, 1199

patentee, 549proprietor of Herbert & Sons Ltd, 1193

Herbert, inverted roberval sc mkr, 2469Herbert, Jim, Letter from, 2129Herbert, Richard, 2129

biography, 3091Herbert, Thomas, 2129

addresses, 1202apoth sc mkr, 354, 1192butchers sc mkr, 1192dates, 1193, 1736employed by Pallett, Elizabeth Mary, 1736,

1745succeeded by Herbert, Thomas & Sons, 1736trade sc mkr, 1191–1202weighing machine mkr, 1192

Herbert, Thomas & Sons, 352, 1193dates, 1736inverted roberval, 1193, 2469at same address as Medhurst Bros & Co, 1735succeeded by Herbert & Sons Ltd, 1736successor of Wood, Henry, 1732, 1736, 1746successor of Wood, Robert & Henry, 2090successors of Birch, George, 1736successors of Herbert, Thomas, 1736

Herbert & Sons, 2129addresses, 1202agate bearings, 1745apothecary sc mkr, 1195–1196béranger mkr, 2440béranger sc mkr, 1198, 1742butchers sc mkr, 1192, 1196–1198, 1743butter sc mkr, 1197–1198cheesemongers sc mkr, 1743coal sc mkr, 1196, 1725–1727counter sc mkr, 1195–1196, 1723, 1728, 1744–

1745curvilinear coal weighing machine, 1725dates, 354, 1193design registration, 1197double weighing machine, 1725flour sc mkr, 1196, 1728French pattern roberval, 1741, 1742gold sc mkr, 1195grocers sc mkr, 1196, 1728, 1741, 1744, 1746half-roberval & steelyard, 1726inverted roberval sc mkr, 1723kitchen sc mkr, 1195, 1729lever weighing machine, 1726middle single machine, 1724patent, 1725platform sc mkr, 1195, 1726provision dealers sc mkr, 1724, 1743registered design, 1197, 1723, 1743roberval sc mkr, 1193, 1195, 1723–1725, 1728–

1729, 1743sc retailer, 1748scroll stand, 1744spring bal mkr, 1748Standards sc mkr, 1196steelyard mkr, 1196, 1726, 1748trade card, 1194

weights, 1201, 1748see also catalogue

Herbert & Sons Ltd, 354, 1191–1202, 1722addresses, 1202butchers sc mkr, 1197, 1200–1201dates, 354, 1191, 1193, 1736electronic sc mkr, 1202fan sc mkr, 1200hygiene, 1200owners of Hislop, 1198successors of Herbert, Thomas & Sons, 1736successors of Vandome & Hart Ltd, 2129trade card, 1198trade mark, 1191Wembley lion, 1199see also catalogue

"Herbert Griesshaber's 1648 Cologne Langenbergh Scale & Box" (article by Batz), 2942–2944

Herbert's: "Herbert's the Tale of a Lion" (article), 1191–

1202skills derived from Roberts, Timothy, 2129skills derived from Taylor, William, 2129

Herberts, J W see Herbertz, John WilliamHerberts, Johan Abraham, German sc mkr, 30, 63Herberts, John William see Herbertz, John WilliamHerberts, Wilem, Herbertz, Johann Wilhelm, 1871"Herbert's A Chronology of Trade Scalemakers"

(article by Crawforth- Hitchins), 1723–1748"Herbert's Part 3" (article by Wilkinson), 2129Herbert's "The Proceedings of the Old Bailey London

1674-1834" (article), 3085–3091"Herbert's The Tale of a Lion" (article by Herbert),

1191–1202Herbertz, I W see Herbertz, John WilliamHerbertz, Johann Abraham:

coin sc mkr, 30, 54, 63dates, 63

Herbertz, Johann Philipp I: box decoration, 28dates, 1871German sc mkr, 29–30, 63, 1871

Herbertz, Johann Philipp II: coin sc mkr, 63dates, 63, 1871German sc mkr, 1871trade card, 29

Herbertz, Johann Phillipp: coin sc, 27–30, 49, 54, 63–64coin sc mkr, 63trade card, 29

Herbertz, Johann Wilhelm: coin sc, 29–30, 49, 53–55, 63, 112, 501–502coin sc mkr, 63dates, 63signed as Herberts, Wilem, 1871trade card, 29, 112

Herbertz, Johann Wilhelm see Herbertz, John WilliamHerbertz, John William:

apothecary sc mkr, 800coin sc mkr, 49, 53–55, 63, 112

in Solingen, 49

dates, 54, 112, 1724trade card while in Solingen, 112trained in Solingen, 63, 112, 1724wts mkr, 502

Herbertz, P: C-spring mkr, 1871, 1875German sc mkr, 1871

Herbertz, Wilem, 1871see also Herbertz, Johann Wilhelm

"Here's the Straight Scoop" (article by Katz), 2923–2924

Herper, F J, ccd mkr, 819Herrmann, A C:

coin operated sc mkr, 2451coin operated sc patentee, 2451

Herschell, Sir John, Master of Royal Mint, 104Hertfordshire County mark, 21Hetherington, R D D:

pot plate, 1447shop sc retailers, 1447trade sc retailer, 1447

Hewins, Richard: dates, 1738master of Marsh, John, 1738

hexagonal bar: graduated, 1174patented, 1176

hexagonal wts see weight, shapeHiatt, Benjamin:

dates, 1739succeeded by Phillips, Samuel, 1746

Hiatt, Henry: coin sc mkr, 1739dates, 1739at same address as Hiatt, James, 1739succeeded by Hiatt, Sarah, 1739

Hiatt, James, at same address as Hiatt, Henry, 1739Hiatt, Mary A:

dates, 1739succeeded by Phillips, Samuel, 1739

Hiatt, Sarah: succeeded by Miles, William Henry, 1733, 1746successor of Hiatt, Henry, 1739

Hibbert (author), 1563Hicks, Joseph I:

dates, 1727grain sc mkr, 1727scientific instrument mkr, 1727

hide sc, 1863see also C-spring; mancur

hide sc mkr, Chatillon, John & Sons, 1596high capacity analytical sc, Vertex Industries Inc, 1000High Constable, 1925, 1955Higham, Ferrars mark, 1960Hilger & Sons:

C-spring mkr, 435, 1875German sc mkr, 1874–1875

Hilgersom's "Alternative Shapes for Analytical Weights" (article), 795–796

Hill, James, stamper of money wts, 1127Hill, Matthew:

coin sc mkr, 270, 1724

dates, 1724steelyard mkr, 1724

Hill, Robert, successor of Palmer Joseph, 1738Hill, Rowland:

penny post, 817postage system initiator, 2, 19, 1220, 1229,

1233, 3026Hill, Sir Roland, 3026Hill, William, British Post Master General, 3099Hilton:

kitchen sc mkr, 765Novobeam trade name, 772

Himottu, A, weigh scoop patentee, 492hinged beam, Roman, 1567hinges, heart-cut-away, 1355, 1357–1358Hinz (author), 912Hipkins, steelyard patentee, 1092hirondel (swift) mark (Arundel inspectors), 45, 1977Hiscock, W, patentee, 483–484, 509, 511–512, 1255,

1257Hislop:

owned by Herbert & Sons Ltd, 1198Scottish sc mkr, 1198

Historical Metrology by Berriman (review), 186history:

of balances, 2217–2218of concept of mass, 2217of mediaeval weighing, 2217of weights, 2146

"History in a Box" (article by Crawforth), 1067–1070History of weighing, 2213

turning point in, 2213Hitchins, Leslie, biography, 2191Hitchin's "Magnetic Damping" (article), 2190–2191Hittite-Assyrian, civilization, 2147Hizar Terazzi, béranger sc mkr, 485Ho-Medic, successor to Taylor/Metro, 3012Hoadley, E J, 2097–2099

confectioner & Cigar Dealer, 2099producer of Moses' Cough Drops, 2099

Hoadley Manufacturing Co, 2099Hoag, G, ccd, 14–15, 930, 932Hobart Dayton 2000 System, 2208, 2214

printer on, 2214hobed, 1075Hodgetts, Samuel:

apprentice of Moffett, James Thomas, 1739dates, 1739

Hodgson, coin operated sc patentee, 2452Hodgson & Stead:

coin operated sc patentee, 2452dates, 829H & S, wt mkr, 402, 829

Hodgson Committee, 2034Hoe, Robert:

dates, 638, 1736master of Greene, James, 1736master of Phythian, Dod, 1736master of Winspeare, Thomas, 1736master of Wright, John, 1736shop sc mkr, 1736wts, 638

Hoffman, roberval sc mkr, 2487Hoffman, Edward, sc mkr, 2887Hoffman's system, 2321hogshead, def, 1160Holborn, 1745Holcroft, wts mkr, 585, 637Holcroft, T & Sons, wts, 637–638Holdaway's:

"Another look back" (article), 851–855"Comment of English W & M Inspectors"

(article), 1835–1836"How I Started" (article), 1099–1100"Inspector Looks Back" (article), 711–716

Holland (author), 1339Holland, Lionel, biography, 2510Holland's:

"An Ancient Coin Balance" (article), 814–816"Islamic Bronze Wts from Caesarea Maritima"

(article in American Num Soc Mus Notes), 1339

"Okka Weights in Ottoman Palestine" (article), 1023–1025

"Response to Ruttees" (article), 2447"Sartorius Again" (article), 2591–2592"Talent of St Mary" (article), 1332–1339Weight for Munitions? (query), 1272"Weights of the Bible" (article), 2507–2510,

2550Hollandsche Optiek Fabriek (system Hensoldt) N V:

dates, 844Netherlands sc mkr, 844precision bal mkr, 844succeeded by Fijn-mechanische Industrie

Becker's Sons N V, 844successors of Becker's Sons, 844

Holt, I & W: coin sc mkr, 1738dates, 1738Holt, James & Holt, William, 1738succeeded by Holt, William, 1738successors of Holt, James, 1738

Holt, James: apprentice of Newton, William (omitted in

error), 1738apprentice of Read, Samuel, 246, 1729, 1735,

1738coin sc, 246, 810dates, 1735, 1738master of Holt, William, 1738partner of Holt, William, 1738succeeded by Holt, I & W, 1738

Holt, William: apothecary sc mkr, 1738apprentice of Holt, James, 1738dates, 1738master of Chisholme, James, 1738partner of Holt, James, 1738successor of Holt, I & W, 1738

Holtman, Ritzo, 2545biography, 2184, 2532, 2547

Holtman's: "Another German Coin-op" (article), 2532

"Circular Radial Arrestment 1888-1965" (article), 2598, 2607

"J H Becker, a Response" (article), 2183"Knipwaage from Netherlands" (article), 1897–

1900"Mediaeval Nesting Weights" (query), 1751–

1752"Mediaeval Nesting Weights" (reply), 1797"More 'Irish' Steelyards" (article), 1897–1900"Roman Steelyard" (reply), 1853–1854

Holtzapffel & Co, 1787, 2124–2125postal sc mkr, 399scientific instrument mkr, 1787working with Bate, Robert Brettell, 1787

Homa, 319see also Weights, nationality, Japanese

home-made wts see weight, shape, home-madeHomer (author), 24Honey see Whitehead & HoneyHonourable East India Co., 2245hook end, def, 172–173hooks, 548Hooper, H:

inventor, 2, 19, 147, 1220medallion made by Silvester, Richard & Co, 2postal sc, 2, 19, 147, 1220, 1720

Hopken, F & Son, wts mkr, 1554Hopkins, Isaac Stiles, 2812

American patentee, 2812folding prescription bal, 2812Pres

Emory College, 2812GA Institute of Technology, 2812

Hoppe, spring bal mkr, 1555horn, 1972

see also Ripon markHorn & Albracht:

patent, 510postal sc, 510–511, 622

Hornbostel, E von, researcher, 2908, 2911Horncastle, England, 2221horned hole end:

def, 172see also beam end shapes

Horner, S A, Angldile sales-manager, 2137horse & woolsack, mark on wts, 1343horse bread, 1052Hortyz see Ortyz, HHotson, J H, bismar patentee, 708Houben (author), 87, 816, 881, 954, 1435, 1562, 1607,

1789, 1796, 1879, 1901, 2944Houben & Wittop's Koning's 2000 Jaar Gewichten in

de Nederland (review), 355Houben's:

2000 Years of Nested Cup-weights (review), 738"Burmese Bronze Weights" (article), 347–352Coin-weightmakers for coins from 24 countries

(review), 2333De oudste Muntgewichten uit de Nederlanden

1300-1600 (review), 2354"Diamond scale" (letter), 445"Earliest English Coin Weights" (article), 1561–

1562"English Colonial Scales" (article), 1818"English Colonial Scales Part 3" (article), 1879European Coin-weights for English Coins

(review), 66, 87"European Porcelain wts" (article), 385–388letter, 2108"Mediaeval beams", note, 1613Muntgewichten voor Munten van de

Nederlanden (review), 402"Scottish fleur de lys" (letter), 88Weighing of Money (review), 557

Houghten, Steven & Son, 2437, 2437Houghton, James, 2437

folding gold bal mkr, 2437Houghton, Stephen, folding gold bal mkr, 627, 2224Houghton, Stephen & Son, folding gold bal mkr, 673,

2437Houghton, Steven & Son:

dates, 2437Ormskirk, 2437

Houghton, Thomas: coin wt mkr, 503folding gold bal mkr, 231, 501–502, 673making folders for Arstall, William, 2002making folders for Bell, Hamlet, 1626

Houghton & Gunn, postal sc retailer, 512household, spring sc mkr, Maul, Philipp Jakob, 1630household bal:

pendulum, 608see also kitchen sc

household bread, 1052household sc retailer:

Army & Navy Stores, 1727Asprey, 1727Gamages, 1727Harrods, 1727Moorhouse Ltd, 1727

housekeepers sc, American, 1466How, James:

precision bal mkr, 1821scientific instrument mkr, 1821see also catalogue

"How Afghanistan Forged A Scale Collector" (article by James), 2795–2798

"How I Got Started": article by Gear, 1521–1524article by Goodwin, 1321–1323article by Holdaway, 1099–1100article by Lindeyer, 1555article by Park, 1285–1286article by Wright, 1975–1976

Howard, Charles: trainer of Howard, Edward, 2368wheelwright, 2368

Howard, E & Co: bicycle mkr, 2372–2373postal sc mkr, 2368watch mkr, 2372

Howard, Edward, 2367, 2643apprentice of Aaron, Willard Jr, 2368Deputy Sealer of W, M & Bal, 2369

inventor, 2368scale part mkr, 2367watchmaker, 2372working with Plympton, 2369, 2643

Howard, R, tin beam mkr, 1787Howard & Davis:

broadside (1852), 2367bullion sc mkr, 1212, 1216clock & watck-mkrs, 1216coin sc mkr, 2375half-roberval sc mkr, 2370Post Office sc mkr, 1216, 2368, 2370postal sc mkr, 2368, 2404sc mkr, 2367–2375sewing machine mkrs, 2375Standard wts, meas, & bal mkr, 2372–2373

directions for use, 2373Sturbridge, MA, 2371–2374

successors to Plympton, Henry, 2643"Howard & Davis" (article by Wright), 2367–2375Howarth & Ballard, American sc retailer, 2046Howe, F C, weigh scoop patentee, 492Howe, John Jr, 2756Howe chronology, 2756"Howe Revisited" (article by Katz), 2756Howe Scale Co:

addresses, 1527American sc mkr, 530, 900–901, 1071, 1526–

1527, 1701, 2756beam sc mkr, 2421–2422counter sc mkr, 1528dates, 529, 1526–1527druggists sc mkr, 2050early history, 2756founder, 2756grain sc mkr, 1071paper sc mkr, 1700patentee, 1527, 2756patentee Reynolds, W W, 2756person sc mkr, 2421–2422physicians' sc mkr, 2421–2422platform sc mkr, 1528, 2421–2422postal sc mkr, 1527, 1529postal steelyard, 1527, 2307roberval sc mkr, 530, 1528shop sc, 530, 901steelyard mkr, 1527–1528, 1701successor to Brandon Mfg Co, 2756trademark, 1528, 1530union sc mkr, 901see also catalogue

"Howe they altered" (article by Crawforth, D), 1528–1531

Howell & James: dates, 2990–2992encouraged designers of Art Nouveau style,

2991postal sc retailers, 663, 938, 2990–2993, 3005,

3021retailers for Dr Christopher Dresser, 2991retailers of S Mordan, 663, 938, 2990–2993Scottish saltire cross design, 2990–2992

suppliers to Queen Victoria, 2990–2992see also Mordan, Sampson

"Howell & James" (article by Andrew Crawforth), 2990–2993, 3021

"Howell & James Revisited" (article by Govier), 3021Hoyer see Spindler & Hoyerhucksters sc, def, 255Hudson, Robert:

apprentice of Williams, Thomas I, 1730dates, 1730recipient of Christ's Hospital grant, 1747

Hugershoff, Franz, German wts mkr, 1463Hughes, G T, postal sc retailer, 398Hughes, J:

baby bal, 516family bal, 516patentee, 516, 549pocket bal, 516

Hughes, J R, patentee, 549Hughes, R T, postal sc retailer, 398Hughes Baby Bal see Salter, Geo & CoHughes Family Bal see Salter, Geo & CoHughes Pocket Bal see Salter, Geo & CoHuguenot influences, 1849Hull, coin sc forgers, 1303Hull mark, 1928Hull museum collection of coin-wts, 1794Hulls see Bradford, Darby & HullsHulls, J & Bradford, W:

patentee, 276, 313, 394, 1309see also Bradford, Darby & Hulls

Hulls, Jonathan see Bradford, Darby & Hulls; Hulls & Bradford

Hulls & Bradford, patentee, 276, 313, 394, 1309Hultsch (author), 1997Human-form wts see weight, shape, human"Humans on Scales" (article by Crawforth, D), 1287–

1295humidometer, 3078Hund, G, postal sc mkr, 220hundred:

def, 1992, 2015long, 2018

hundreds, county divisions, 1924hundredweight:

London, 1990, 2017mediaeval, 2015Paris, 2018

Hungarian: Ducat sc see Ducat sczinc wts see weights, nationality

"Hungarian Rocker?" (article by Crawforth-Hitchins), 3040

Hunt, Basil: coin sc mkr, 1508coin wts mkr, 1062dates, 1508

Hunt, J, egg sc patentee, 376, 380–381Hunt, Thomas, 2466Hunt, William:

apprentice of Peck, John, 1730date, 1730

partner of Seaton, James, 1730succeeded by Hunt, William & Co, 1730

Hunt, William & Co: dates, 638, 1730shop sc mkr, 1730succeeded by Hunt & Co (Scales) Ltd, 1730successors of Hunt, William, 1730wts mkr, 638

Hunt & Co, bread, sc mkr, 1089Hunt & Co (Scales) Ltd:

bought by Vandome & Hart Ltd, 1730same address as Poupard, Thomas James, 1730shop sc mkr, 1730successors of Hunt, William & Co, 1730

Hunt & Seaton: date, 1730jewellers sc mkr, 1730

Huntar see HunterHuntar (author), 2072Hunter (author), 1705Hunter, Alexander, receiver of bullion at Scottish

Mint, 2071Hunter, J W, weigh scoop patentee, 492Hunter's Treatise of Weights Metrology & Measures of

Scotland (review), 189Hurd, A B, weigh scoop patentee, 492Hurd, Nathaniel, coin sc mkr, 2474Hurley, Jonathan:

apprentice of Ben, John, 1733dates, 1733master of Payne, Thomas, 1733

Hurter & Haas: dates, 1724precision bal mkr, 1724, 1745

Hutchinson, Jenny, biography, 2933Hutchinson's "Goat Milk Balance & Some Fishy

Work" (article), 2931–2933Hutchinson's Scale Co, 2192

British patentee, 2192Hux, Elizabeth I:

coin sc mkr, 208, 242, 1383, 1743dates, 1732mother of Hux, Thomas II, 242, 1732succeeded by Hux, Thomas II & Hux, Elizabeth

I, 1732successor of Hux, Thomas I, 1732widow of Hux, Thomas I, 242, 1732

Hux, Elizabeth II: dates, 1732successor of Hux, Thomas II, 1732, 1743widow of Hux, Thomas II, 1732wife of Lamb, Percivell, 1732

Hux, Thomas I: coin sc mkr, 242, 248dates, 1732father of Hux, Thomas II, 242husband of Hux, Elizabeth I, 242succeeded by Hux, Elizabeth I, 1732succeeded by Hux Elizabeth, I, 1732

Hux, Thomas II: coin sc mkr, 208, 242, 248, 1383dates, 1732

first husband of Lamb, Elizabeth, 1732husband of Hux, Elizabeth II, 1732master of Thompson, Daniel, 248, 1731partner of Hux, Elizabeth I, 1732son of Hux, Elizabeth I, 242son of Hux, Thomas I, 242succeeded by Hux, Elizabeth II, 1732succeeded by Lamb, Percivell, 1732

Hux, Thomas II & Elizabeth I: coin sc mkr, 208, 242, 248, 1383dates, 1732steelyard mkr, 208successors of Hux, Elizabeth I, 1732trade card, 208, 1383, 1397wt mkr, 208

Huyck,F C & Sons, advertising postal sc, 3026, 3029Hyda, egg sc mkr see Standard Egg Scales; Vancouver

Importing Cohydralic scales, 2739–2746

developement of, 2739hydraulic candlestick, patent, 1373, 2740–2741, 3100hydraulic sc:

for airplane weighing, 2745designs for postal, 255, 397, 426, 509–510, 678,

1231, 1373, 2740–2741, 3100for displacement, 2745Eldon, 2744German, 2746German patent list, 2745patentee

Allen, W D, 2744Armand, P, 426Bache, C R, 2744Baudissin, 2741Briais, Narcissé, 1373Bursill, 2740–2741Clum, 2741Connor, 2742Davis, 2744Denison, 2744Deschamps, J, 509–510Duckham, 2742Emery, 2742Ericsson, 2739Hines, 2742Hudson, 2742King, 2742Lohnstein, 2744Lund, William, 2740Medhurst, George, 2739Miller, Samuel, 2739Murray, T S, 679O'Neill, 2741Osler, Abraham Follet, 2740Robinson, 2740Roff, Hoffman & Lukey, 2742Rowland, 2741Squire, S, 2741Susse, M V, 1373Wiss, Robert, 2739

registeredLund, W, 1231

Lund W, 1231sheep, 148UK Board of Trade Notices for, 2746UK design registration list, 2743UK patent list, 2743US patent list, 2744see also hydrostatic sc

hydrometer: assessment, 2003mkr

Dicas, Anne, 2014Dicas, John, 2003Dicas, Mary, 2003Dicas Patent Hydrometer Manufactory,

2014Gamage, Benjamin, 2004Leupold, 2735Sikes, Bartholomew, 2003

hydrostatic sc, 2731–2735def, 255designer

Brander, G F, 605Brander G F, 605Clais, J S, 270, 276, 573, 597, 606–607,

610, 1073, 1724Lambert, J H, 603–604Mohr, 2733Walker, 1033, 2718, 2733Westphal, 2733

determines relative density, 2732determines specific gravity, 2732see also hydraulic sc

hydrostatic weighing, 362, 563, 573, 575, 604, 1494–1495, 2545, 2731, 2731–2735

in corrosive atmosphere, 2545discovery (Archimedes), 2731

"Hydrostatic Weighing" (article by Buchanan), 2731–2735

hydrostatic weighing unit, 2214hydrostatical sc, 256, 261, 268–269, 1033, 2363–2364

def, 255coin, 256, 261–262, 268, 270, 299–303, 1303,

1494–1495, 1684, 2731equal arm, 2732geologists, 1033mkr

Adams, George, 1304Anscheutz & Schlaff, 269, 597, 607, 1684Arstall, Widow & Son, 2012Becker, H L, 2729–2730, 2758Boyle, 2734Bradford, Darby & Hulls, 268, 1303Brander, G F, 573, 604–605Cass, J A, 576Culot, Gio, 2363–2364Ford, Richard, 1508Göttinger Präzisionswagen-Fabrik, 2734Gravesande, J s', 576H L Becker Fils & Co, 2734Hahn, P M, 2732Jackson, James, 268, 1494–1496Martin, Benjamin, 269, 1304, 1718

Mohr, 2733Nairne, Edward, 1724Proctor, Charles & Luke, 261, 268Ramsden, Jesse, 2734Troemner, Henry, 2734Westphal, K F O, 2733

moving load, 1033precision, 1724steelyard, 269–270use of, 2731

hydrostatical wts see Weights, purposehygiene, Herbert & Sons Ltd, 1200hygrometer, 574Hynes, M see Blacklock, C W & Hynes, M

II B, mark on wts, 93I B I see Broad, JohnI crowned, 23, 985

C-spring mkr, 1875mark on wts, 23, 985

I D L: American sc mkr, 1261postal sc mkr, 1261

I G. V P, C-spring mkr, 1875I H, mark on wts, 462I K see Kirk, JohnI K with 3 crowns see Kirch, JohannesI K with church see Kirch, JohannesI L:

C-spring mkr, 1875V-spring mkr, 1875

I L T M, C-spring mkr, 1875I of E, mark on wts, 69I of E crowned mark, 1929

see also Isle of ElyI P, steelyard mkr, 1379I R see weights, monarch, James I; weights, monarch,

James III R M BRI, on coin wts, 1014I R M BRIT, on coin wts, 1014I R M BRITAN, on coin wts, 1014I R MA BRIT, on coin wts, 1014I R MAG BRIT, on coin wts, 1014I S, 1390

mark on pans, 1390see also Sommers, Joseph I

I S W: mark on wts, 725wt mkr, 752, 753

I T design, platform sc, 695I T mark on wts, 1844I*C see Crosby, JamesIACOBVS see weights, denomination, uniteIacubus see weights, monarch, James I; weights,

monarch, James IIIBM, electronic computer of, 2216ice compartment in refrigerator, 2223ice sc:

mkrChatillon, John & Sons, 1595, 1597,

2220–2223

Gifford Wood, Co., 2220–2222spring, 1595, 1597, 2220–2223

ice scale, 2220–2223ichirin take see steelyardII S IX D:

on coin wts, 1014see also weights, denomination, quarter-angel

II S IX D ANGEL, on wts, 1355II S IX D IR M BRIT, on wts, 1355IIII S 4 D see weights, denomination, thistle crownIIII S 4 D1/2 see weights, denomination, thistle crownIliffe, William, master of Redhead, John, 1737Illfelder, Jos, postal sc retailer, 481, 484, 1253, 1361"Illustrated London News", 2244IM crowned mark, 2398Imhoff & Lang, C-spring mkr, 1875Imlay & Bicknell:

ccd mkr, 764trade card, 764

Imperial, standards, 616Imperial, 1642Imperial see roberval sc, invertedImperial & Royal Standardisation Committee of

Austria, 702Imperial Crown, mark on wts, 498Imperial Sc see inverted robervalImperial Standards, 2243

Canada dates, 2264see also Acts of Parliament, 1824; Standard

Imperial weighing machine mkr, Day & Millward, 1442

Imperial wg/m, Day & Millward, 1442Imperialised metric system, 1107–1112Imperium, béranger sc, 1647"Important Dearborn/Plympton Balance"(article by

Katz & Pugsley), 3037–3039importer, weights, 1488–1493"In Fair All's Love & War" (article by Knights), 1533–

1534IN HOC SIGNO VINCES 1747, 1065"In Search of Michigan Scale Makers" (letter from

Moss & Schmidt), 3034inch weights, def, 1017inclination bal:

article, 571–578, 601–609see also Pendulum sc

inclined weighing, 861, 1995–1997superseded, 1996, 2021

Incuse wts see weight, shapeindenture:

Beach, Thomas, 1501for inspector, 181for wts, 184

index, def, 256indexing, 145–148, 1753India:

equipment tested, 2077Letters to, 236weighing in, 2406weights

denominationchittack, 2406

maund, 2406rupees, 2406seer, 2406

material, iron, 2406weights denomination, tola, 2406

Indian: civilization, 2147scale, 2309–2310weight, 2149

Indian Ocean, 2311bismar, 1244gold sc, 249, 281, 625–626

"Indian Weights" (article by Boogaard), 2323–2325Indian wts, ruttee see weights, denomination, ruttee"Indication of Instability" (article by Knights), 1644–

1648, 2486indicator:

def, 256hydrostatic, 255for scales, patent, 2227–2228

indoor bal: inspectors, 116–117, 2337–2339knives on, 2337–2339pedal on, 2339relieving gear on, 2339sensitivity of, 2337–2339

"Indoor Beams" (article), 2337–2889industrial sc, Tacho, 959Infalible, Spanish ccd, 307Infallible Coin Scale Co, 2409

advertisement, 2409ccd

round weight for, 2410warranted by Gilfillan, 2409warranted by James, 2409

ccd mkr, 762, 2409trade card, 762, 964, 2410

infant weighing machines see Person scingenuity and perseverance, man's, 2216ink well, 1262, 1676, 1683Innocent XI, pope, 1603"Inspecting and Collecting" (article by Knights),

2882–2883inspection of sc, 22, 92, 162, 713–716, 851–855, 1091inspection of wts:

French, 600, 721Goldsmiths' Co, 968Maryland, 1136New Plymouth, 1136Virginia, 1136Wardmote Inquest (1808), 729, 1088

"Inspector Looks Back" (article by Holdaway), 711–716

inspectors: bringing court cases, 1088compulsory to appoint, 1924dealing with fraud, 1591–1597equipment, 115–120, 1139, 2267, 2448examination, 1980–1981, 2077fees, 1079indoor bal, 116–117, 1397, 1791, 2337–2339outdoor beam, 91, 117, 2338

pocket bal, 117, 794Vade Mecum, 47W & M, 8, 20, 37, 43, 92, 1004–1007, 1088work, 137, 410, 1035, 1158

inspectors nationality: American, 1136Arabic, 162British, 43, 1035, 1158French, 600, 721Irish, 20Japanese, 319

inspectors of weights, 43, 90, 731, 1036"Inspectors' Outdoor Beam Kit, 1910" (article), 2265–

2266inspectors sc:

designer, Kater, Henry, 2243–2252mkr

Avery, W & T, 115, 794, 2265–2267Avery, W & T Ltd, 115–120, 794, 2265–

2266Bate, Robert Brettell, 1791, 2081, 2243–

2252Beach, Thomas, 1508, 1553, 1575Cheshire, Thomas, 91, 1586, 2338Day & Millward, 1791DeGrave, Short, & Co., 2265–2267, 2337–

2338DeGrave, Short, & Fanner, 2263Oertling, 2260–2265Sommers & Son, 1397Swithin, John, 1733Vincent, R & I, 1733Watson, Robert, 1586, 1714

Inspectors W & M Handbook (1912), 1090Inspector's weights, 2448inspectors wt mkr, Garcia, 2448"Instructions to Make Coin Weights" (article), 2778integrity, 1431interlever, def, 256International Bureau of Weights & Measures, 2174International Business Machines, 2206International Exhibition of Scientific Instruments

London (1876), 643International Prototype Meter, 2175International Scale Co., 2206International Time Recording Co., 2206"Introduction to Coin Weights" (article by Mallis),

1602–1608Inventaire des Poids (review), 1386–1387"Inventing the Moneyweight Scale" (article by Smith),

2232–2238Inventory of Wts, CNAM catalogue, 1386–1387Inverness Mansion, home of Buckelew, John D, 3114inverted roberval sc, 129–136, 256–257, 355, 418–

419, 697, 731, 1073, 1193, 1197, 1442, 1451, 1642, 2468–2469, 2600–2601

def, 256, 257dates, 132, 1073marble pillars, 1453sack, 1460

inverted roberval sc mkr: Avery, 2469

Bourne & Smith, 136Brecknell, 2469Carnegie & Layton, 2469Day & Millward, 2469Herbert & Sons, 1723, 2469Rogers, 2469

inverted swan neck end: def, 172, 256see also beam end shapes

IONNES V D G PORT ET ALG REX, on coin wts, 1065

IONNES V PORT REX, on coin wts, 1065IOSEPHUS I D G PORT REX, on coin wts, 1065IR MAG BRIT, on wts, 1355I.R.BRI see James IIrish coin sc, steelyard (wrongly identified as Irish),

1833Irish sc mkr:

Archdall, Henry, 1756Archdall, William, 1756, 1758, 1823Bradford, Samuel, 1758Clarke, J & I, 1759Clayton, Dr Frederick, 1170–1171, 1759Craig, Michael, 1760Crosby, Daniel, 1749–1750, 1761, 1831Crosby, Daniel I, 1750, 1762–1765, 1831Crosby, Daniel II, 1750, 1760Crosby, James, 1764–1765, 1831D C see Crosby, DanielDavis, Johnstone, 1768G H, 1800Gatchell, Lamprey & Rendell Ltd, 1768Gatchell, Robert G & Sons, 1768Gatchell, Samuel, 1768–1769Gatchell, Samuel & Sons, 1777, 1798–1800Grubb, Thomas, 1800H J, 1802Hand, Ephraim, 1783, 1801Hanson, 1710, 1802Harrison, Charles, 1802Jackson, Henry, 1768, 1802–1804Jeffers, Robert, 1823Lort, John, 1823Maguire & Gatchell, 1823Maguire & Gatchell, Ltd, 1823Maiben, Joseph M & Co, 1821Moore, Lewis, 1827Newman, J, 1519–1520, 1828Pickering, 1830Pickering, David, 1764–1765, 1830–1831Pickering, James I, 1832Pickering, James II, 1831Pickering, William, 1755, 1841S D, 1104, 1767S S, 1841Simpson, W R, 1842Smallman, J L, 1842Spear, Richard, 1843T H, 1800Yeates, George & Son, 1844Yeates & Son, 1754, 1822, 1844–1845

Irish sc repairer, Newman, J, 1828

Irish sc retailer: Austin, 1758Avery, W & T Ltd, 1759Browne, 1759Clayton, F & J, 1760Clayton, F & Sons, 1760Lee, 1823Maiben, Joseph M & Co, 1826Mansfield, W, 1826Mason, Thomas, 1826Neill, Bros, 1827Neill, Robert, 1827Newman, J, 1519, 1828–1829Parker, William, 1829Robinson, James, 1841Robinson, James & Sons, 1841Spencer, J & Son, 1843

"Irish Scalemakers/Retailers" (article by Crawforth D), 1755–1773, 1777, 1798–1804, 1823–1832, 1841–1846

"Irish Steelyard" (response by Newman), 1878Irish style, 1750Irish wts, 1008Irish wts mkr:

Archdall, Henry, 462, 465, 1103–1104, 1755–1756

Archdall, William, 1103, 1757Barrington, John, 1758Cormick, Michael, 1760Crosby, Daniel, 1749–1750, 1762Crosby, Daniel I, 1762Crosby, Daniel II, 1760, 1830Crosby James, 1764Cuthbert & Paris, 1765–1767Gatchell, S & Sons, 501–502Gatchell, Samuel & Sons, 499, 502, 1755I T, 1844J P, 1829Kidder, Vincent, 1756–1757, 1767, 1823Locker, John, 1824Lord, Richard, 1825Moore, William, 1827Pickering, 1830Pickering, David, 1762Smart, Richard, 1842Spear, Richard, 1843T P, 1829Warren, James, 501–502, 1844

Irish wts retailer, Spencer, John, 1843Iron Age, 2719iron cleaning, 1239, 1265"Iron Weights in Britain" (article by Crawforth), 581–

588, 611–619, 633–639iron wts:

stamping, 21, 92, 581, 614–616see also weights, material

ironmongers, adjusting wts, 888–889"Is this Damping?" (article by Crawforth-Hitchins),

2192ISASC Convention 2005, 3110, 3113ISASC membership list, 2096ISASC's 25th Anniversary, 2618

Isidore (author), 1997Islamic, weights, 2149Isle of Ely, I of E crowned mark, 1929Islington, 1960Italian coin sc:

Turin, 2356chamfered corners, 2356serpentine front, 2356

"Italian Coin-scale" (article by Zavattoni), 1420–1422"Italian Diamond Scale" (article), 2622Italian sc:

bismar, 765coin, 1101, 1420–1422diamond, 1101turn-over steelyard, 1774–1776

Italian sc mkr: Crotti Co, 2027Damiani, Antonio, 1101Societa Cooperativa Bilanciai della

Campogalliano, 2027"Italian Trade Weights" (article), 2361Italian wts:

nesting, 1166systems, 1990, 1995, 2019, 2021

ivory beams see do'tchinIwata's "Ancient Peruvian Standards & Scales"

(article), 2903–2913Iwata's Japanese sc & wts (article), 319–326Izons & Co:

dates, 638wts, 638

JJ & J W see Whitehouse, Jabez & JohnJ B B, wt mkr, 829, 833J B crowned, C-spring mkr, 1875J B crowned mark, 1972J B G, V-spring mkr, 1875J G, 1, 421

postal sc, 481J G I, chick pea sc mkr, 421J H, wts mkr, 810"J H Becker, a Response" (article by Holtman), 2183J H S, Heath, John, 199J L B:

wt mkr, 85, 829, 834, 987wts mkr, 2056

J L B ONE OUNZES, on wts, 2056J M see Maul, JakobJ M A Z, postal sc mkr see Maul, JacobJ M R, C-spring mkr, 1875J P:

coin wts mkr, 1829see also Justice of the Peace

J W, on coin wts see Warren, JamesJ W J, on coin wts see Warren, JamesJ*P on wts, Pickering, James II, 1831Jaccard see Mermod, Jaccard & CoJaCeM:

egg sc retailer, 924smallholders sc retailers, 1726

Jackson, Andrew, US President, 2540

Jackson, Anne: coin sc mkr, 242dates, 1739successor of Jackson, John, 1739widow of Jackson, John, 242

Jackson, C see Pearce, L H & Jackson, CJackson, E, bread, sc mkr, 1089Jackson, E & Co:

dates, 1444pot plate, 1443trade sc mkr, 1444

Jackson, Frederick & Co Ltd: precision bal mkr, 1821scientific instrument mkr, 1821see also catalogue

Jackson, Henry: coin sc mkr, 1802, 1804dates, 1802H:J stamp, 1804succeeded by Gatchell, Samuel, 1768trade card, 1803–1804

Jackson, James: article by Crawforth, D, 1494–1496assay master of Birmingham, 1475, 1508coin sc mkr, 268, 1494–1496, 1508coin wts mkr, 1062dates, 1494, 1508hydrostatical sc mkr, 268, 1494–1496succeeded by Jackson, James & Evans, 1496trade card, 1495

Jackson, James & Evans: successors of Jackson, James, 1496toy-shop, 1496

Jackson, John: apprentice of Smelt, Samuel, 1739coin sc mkr, 242dates, 1739father of Jackson, Thomas, 242husband of Jackson, Anne, 242master of Pixley, Thomas, 1739succeeded by Jackson, Anne, 1739

Jackson, Richard: apprentice of Gowers, Weston, 1731dates, 1731

Jackson, William: date, 1725weighing machine mkr, 1725

Jackson, Wm see Matthews, JohnJacob's:

"John Wyatt & the weighing of Heavy Loads" (unpublished manuscript 1885), 728

John Wyatt Master Carpenter & Inventor (1885 manuscript), 728

Jacobus see James I; James II; weights, denomination, jacobus; weights, monarch, James I; weights, monarch, James II

jaeger waage, 1863see also mancur

jag'd-waage see jaeger waageJamaican Standards, 392James, Bill, biography, 2798James, John & Co:

crane weigher mkr, 1730dates, 1730succeeded by Hart, David, 1730, 1734

James, W H: British

patentee, 2300specific gravity sc, 2304

spring balbent lever, 2300description of, 2301–2302dial, 2300rack & pinion, 2301steel straps, 2301–2302

spring bal mkr, 2300James, William Henry, 2300James' "How Afghanistan Forged A Scale Collector"

(article), 2795–2798James I:

coinage, 461, 985square wts only, 1011wts see weights, monarch, James I

James II, coinage, 461, 914"James Jackson Jeweller's Initiative?" (article by

Crawforth, D), 1494–1496James Mfg Co:

egg sc mkr, 376, 378–379, 381, 415, 417, 919, 1281

trading as Reliable Mfg, 375, 380, 415, 417Jansz, van Keulen, Adriaen, coin sc mkr, 2516Japanese:

copper-workers sc, 324do'tchin, 55–60, 224, 926money-changers sc, 224, 324post office sc, 107sc mkr

Jin, 319–326Nakabori, 319–326Shuzui, 319–326

wt mkr, Goto, 326"Japanese Scale & Weights" (article by Iwata), 319–

326japanned, def, 256Jarres, R, C-spring mkr, 1875Jaspar & Taurines, crane weigher mkr, 1906Jeffers, Robert:

dates, 1823Irish sc mkr, 1823

Jefferson, Thomas, 2535advocater of decimal currency system, 2535master of O'Briant, Benjamin, 1734US President, 2536–2537

coin scales of, 2536–2537Jenemann (author), 610, 1613, 1864, 2239Jenemann, Hans, 2545Jenemann, Hans R, 2239

analytical chemist, 2239Jenemann's:

Die Waage des Chemikers (review), 189"Early History of Inclination bal" (article), 571–

578, 602–609"Precision Bal" (article), 493–494, 563–564,

589–590, 620, 642–643, 664–665, 700–

702, 718–720, 750–752, 790–792, 843–844, 872–873

"Projection Indicators" (article), 836–837Roberval, letter, 445"Substitution Weighing" (article), 873–874

Jenkinson, Charles, Earl of Liverpool, 496Jenks, Edmund:

coin sc mkr, 207dates, 1735, 1737–1738master of Evitt, John, 1738master of Redhead, John, 1737master of Thompson, John I, 1735succeeded by Jenks, Mrs, 1735

Jenks, Edmund, coin sc mkr, 207Jenks, Mrs:

succeeded by Neale, John, 1735successor of Jenks, Edmund, 1735

Jennfeldt, W, spring bal patentee, 1630–1631Jennings, Edward & Erwin, bow-front mkrs, 2558Jennings, Silas I:

apprentice of Roberts, Timothy, 243, 1731coin sc mkr, 243dates, 1731master of Jennings, Silas II, 1731

Jennings, Silas II: apprentice of Jennings, Silas I, 1731dates, 1731

Jevons (author), 1129Jevons, W S, economist, 1128Jewel, Tower, Board of Trade building, 2076–2083Jewell, Veteran Scales & Weights (1979) (review),

139, 189Jewell (author), 591jewellers bal:

cased, 154–155hand-held, 1457mkr

Fairbanks & Co, 107Hunt & Seaton, 1730Mordan, Sampson, 2987–2989W & T Avery Ltd, 1457

spring, 554jewellers wts see weights, denomination, TroyJibben, Robert, biography, 2299Jibben's:

"American Grain Testing Scales" (article), 2895–2899

"Jiffy-Way Egg Scale" (article), 2295–2299JiCVMAGZ:

brand, 28mark, def, 28

"Jiffy-Way Egg Scale" (article by Jibben), 2295–2299Jiffy Way Inc:

American sc mkr, 379, 1314, 2296egg sc

advertising for, 2297candler, 2295–2298

purpose of, 2297colors of, 2297distributors for, 2297platers for, 2297poises on, 2296–2297

successors to, 2297–2298egg sc mkr, 378–379, 1314

for Brower, 2297C H Hansen, President, 2296dates, 2297–2299for James Way, 2297for Montgomery Ward, 2297for Purina, 2297for Sears, 2297–2298for Vala, 2297

Jin: steelyard mkrs, 321see also Zenshiro

Jin-bakari, 325jockey sc, 60, 2803

def, 257jockey sc mkr, Avery, 60, 2803jockey wts see weights, purpose, rider"Joel F. Keeler, Epitome of US Industry" (article by

Peterson et al), 2703–2709joey see weights, denomination, Portuguese piece"Johann Langenberg Coin Scale" (article by Mönnig),

2866–2867corrections by Batz, 2942–2944

Johannes, coin circulated, 915Johannes wts, def, 40, 1061Johannis wts see weights, denomination, Portuguese

piece"John Gardner's Coin-Scale" (article by Bryden),

1303–1311John I of Portugal, coin wts, 883"John P. Gruber & Competitors" (article by Mahoney),

2551–2553Johnson:

assay master, 1471wts, 638

Johnson, Clapham & Morris Ltd, egg sc, 416–417Johnson, Dr, 2438Johnston, Thomas, engraver, 2474Joiners' Co:

guild, 248records, 248

Joksch, R, patentee, 678Jolly, C C Inc:

succeeded by Kuhl, 2296–2298successor to Zimmer, 2296–2298

Jones, Andrew, Dr, 2109Jones, Edward I:

apprentice of Anderson, James Andrew, 1738dates, 1738

Jones, Edward II, date, 1508Jones, Joseph, dates, 1723Jones, Nathaniel:

master of Spratt, R S, 1747master of Spratt R S, 1747

Jones, Robert: apprentice of Wilford, David I, 1734dates, 1734

Jones, Samuel P, witness for Harris, Sandy, 3115Jones, Thomas I:

precision bal mkr, 1724scientific instrument mkr, 1724

Jones, Thomas II: apprentice of Sawgood, John, 1735dates, 1724

Jones, Thomas P, patent attny for Fairbanks, 2349Jones, William & Samuel:

precision bal mkr, 1821scientific instrument mkr, 1821see also catalogue

Jones & Preston, American sc mkr, 508Jones of Binghamton:

American sc mkr, 1078, 2350–2351, 2688counter sc mkr, 1078Old Advert, 562person sc mkr, 562platform sc mkr, 2350–2351steelyard mkr, 1078, 2688

Jordan, John, 2466"Joseph Richardson Importer" (article by Newman),

1488–1493journal, useful:

The American Rifleman May 1957, advertisement, 3020

Acta Helvetica 3 1758, Theoria staterarum ex principiis mechanices by Lambert, 610

Alchemist 1952, History of Troy & Apoth wts by Skinner, 808

American Antiquarian Soc 1857, Diaries of John Hull Mintmaster & Treasurer of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, 749

American Journal of Cardiology 1960, Medical Use of Scales by Kisch, 808

American Journal of Pharmacy Jan. 1959, Early U.S. Pharmaceutical Catalogues by Griffenhagen & Romaine, 2187

American Numismatic Society Notes 1968, Five Hellenistic wts by Lang, 310

American Numismatic Society Notes 1986, Islamic Bronze Wts from Caesarea Maritima by Holland, 1339

American Philatelist November 2004, Postal Scales for Collectors, 3024–3030

Annals of Science vol.42 1985, Evidence from Trade Cards for the Scientific Inst Trade by Crawforth, 2541

Annals of Science vol.44 1987, Instrument Makers in London Guilds by Crawforth, 1070

Antiquaries Journal 1975, A tumbrel at the Ashmolean Museum by Mayhew, 1613

Antiquaries Journal 1985, Coin Balances in the Ashmolean Museum by MacGregor, 1613

Antique Collecting 1977, Collecting Letter & Parcel Scales by Stein, 408

Antique Collecting 1981, Candlesticks by Brass, 408

Antique Collecting n.d., Domestic Medicine Chests by Young, 808

Antique Dealer & Collectors' Guide 1977, Sampson Mordan & Co by Bannister, 950

Antique Finder 1977, Collecting Letter & Parcel

Scales by Stein, 580Antique Metalware Society Journal 1995, North-

Country Bushel Measures & their Use, 2927

Antique Trader 2000, 2511Archaelogical Journal 1982, Tumbrel or coin-

balance by Margeson, 1613Archaologisches Korrespondenzblatt 1977,

Zusammenklappbare Waagen des hohen Mittelalters by Steuer, 1613

Archeonumis1974 catalogue des deneraux by Lavagne,

18791976 catalogue des deneraux by Lavagne,

1796Architectural Digest 1982, Historic Houses,

George Bernard Shaw by Lambert, 182, 2163

Archiv der Physikalisch-TechnischenBundesanstalt, vol 1, 2273, 2279

Aschaffenburger Jahrbuch 1972, Schnellwaage aus Kaufurstlich Mainzischeim Besitz by Schneider, 435

ASTM Special Techanical Publication # 241, Some Historical Developments in Paper Testing by Willets & Marchetti, 3079

Athenian Agora 1964, Wts Measures & Tokens by Lang & Crosby, 310, 1339

Auguster Museumshefte 1983, Romische Waagen und Gewichte aus Augst und Kaiseraugst by Mutz, 1853

Aula 1970, De Nederlandse Munten by Gelder, 1897, 1901

Aviation Age late 1960s, 2504Bankers Magazine 1851, Cotton's sorting

machine by anon, 114Banking Almanac 1886, 3002Banking Almanac 1890, 3002Bath Journal Mar 28, 1831, 2419Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv Minn 1876,

2276, 2279Bayerisches Industrie und Gewerbeblatt 1876,

2276, 2279Belleten (Bulletin of Turkish Historical Soc)

1977, Ottoman Okka Wts by Pyle, 1025Bernard Shaw Collected Letters, 1911-1925, by

Lawrence in Time Magazine, July 5, 1985, 2163

Blatter fur Wurttembergische Kirchengeschichte 1980/81, Philipp Matthaus Hahn by Jenenmann, 610

Board of Trade Notices 1905, 808Board of Trade Report 1882, districts using old

marks by ?, 24British Archaelogical reports 1977, Organisation

& Work of the Scottish Mint 1358-1603 by Murray, 2072

British Numismatic Journal 1909-10, Coin Weights by Lawrence, 498, 881, 1607, 1796, 1846

British Numismatic Journal 1920-23, Notes on a

collection of money-scales & other coin-weighing appliances by Sheppard & Musham, 1794, 1796

British Numismatic Journal 1925-6, Notes on Collection of Money-sc by Crowther-Benyon, 1796

British Numismatic Journal 1931-33, Notes on some unusual money weights by Crowther-Benyon, 986, 1796

British Numismatic Journal 1934-7, A Fourteenth century coin-weight by Allen, 1562, 1796

British Numismatic Journal 1982, Computational Fractions of the Grain: Mites Droits Periods & Blanks by Grierson, 2072

British Numismatic Journal 1990, Coin-wts in England..up to 1588 by Biggs, 1796

Bulletin de la Societe Chimique de Paris 1891, Collot's projection by Collot, 836

Bulletin of School of Oriental & African Studies 1953, Extracts from Technical Manuel of Ayyubid Mint in Cairo; Manuscript of Ibn Ba'ra by Ehrenkreutz, 816

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 1959, Shekel Sign on Stone wts by Scott, 310

Burlington Magazine 1912, Notes on Pictures in the Royal Collections XXIII by Cust, 749

Burma Research Soc Records Rangoon, "various articles", 352

Camden Society (1846), Liber de Antiquis Legibus by Stapleton, 1998, 2024

Camden Society Miscellany 1929, Select Tracts & Table Books relating to English W & M, 1997, 2023

Centralblatt F. Elektrotechnik (1886), 2276, 2279

Centralblatt für das Deutsche Reich 1877, 2290, 2292

Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanae 1738, Disquisitio de bilancibus by Euler, 610

Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences 1875, Mendeleev, Prof D I by anon, 643, 836

Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences 1891, Collot's optical projection by ?, 836

Country Life May 11, 1951, Letter from S H Bourne, 2419

Country Life Sept 1974, A Canal -Age Relic on View by Wright, 2419

Das Fenster 1966, Die Munzwaage in der Geschichte de Geldes by Kroha, 1613

Deutscher Reichsanzeiger 1871, 1955, 2272, 2279

Deutscher Reichsanzeiger 1873, 2273, 2279Deutscher Reichsanzeiger 1876, 1955Deutscher Reichsanzeiger 1878, 2274, 2279Deutscher Reichsanzeiger 1879, 1955

Deutscher Reichsanzeiger 1880, 2274, 2279, 2290, 2292

Deutscher Reichsanzeiger 1882, 2274, 2279Deutscher Reichsanzeiger 1883, 2275, 2279Deutscher Reichsanzeiger 1884, 2275, 2279Deutscher Reichsanzeiger 1889, 2275, 2279Deutscher Reichsanzeiger 1902, 2275, 2279Deutscher Reichsanzeiger 1923, 2275, 2279Devon & Cornwall Notes & Queries, Marks on

Old Wts by Dent, 24Druggists' Circular & Chemical Gazette (vol 11,

Oct 1867), 3117Dye's Banknote Plate Delineator (1855),

Fairbanks advert, 992Eagle 1936, Weighing money in the Olden Days

by Turner, 1796Electronics Weekly (1979), Sheepstone Bridge

by ?, 148Electrotechnische Zeitschrift (1883-1884 &

1886-1889), 2276, 2279Engineering, An Illustrated Weekly Journal

(1887), 2276, 2279Equilibrium (1978-present), 2618Etymologiarum sive originum libri 1911, Bishop

of Seville by Isidore, 1997Fremdenmelderegister 1892, 2275, 2279Gazette de France 1765, Hanin's dial-faced

spring bal by ?, 1865Gentleman's Magazine 1748, Eayre's weighing-

machine by anon, 660Gentleman's Magazine 1774, Remarks on the

late Proclamation concerning Gold Coin by anon, 1083

Gewerbepolizei Spezialakten VIII 1888, 2277, 2279

Government Counterfeit Detector 1877, Dye's advert, 874

Government Counterfeit Detector 1879, Troemner advert, 1020

Hampshire Chronicle 1989, Major New Finds that rewrite the story of Winchester by ?, 1569

Hampshire Quarter Sessions Records 1835, Petty Sessional Divisions reorganised by anon, 1930

Handbook for Sealers 1910, Advice to W & M Inspectors by Gurley, 2223, 2965

Handbook of Manchester Chamber of Commerce 1913, Notes on Samples & Testing by anon, 1175

Handelsregister B (15013), 2277, 2279Hanovershen Magazin 1765, Bondeli's

weighbridge by ?, 721Harper's Weekly 1882, US Assay Office at New

York by anon, 531–534Harper's Weekly 1887, Redeeming Trade

Dollars by anon, 648–649Hertfordshire County Records 1844, Police

Committee recommending the its officers be used as W & M inspectors by anon, 1961

Illustrated London News 1878, weighing calico,

1124Incorporated Society of Inspectors of W & M,

Monthly Review Nov 1929, 2419Indian Antiquary, "articles", 352Inspector's Handbook 1911, systems for wts

marks by anon, 2032Inspector's Handbook 1939, tolerances for

apothecary wts by anon, 894Inspectors' Vade Mecum 1910, numbers

allocated to districts for wts stamping by anon, 24, 47

International Numismatica Orientalia, "articles", 352

Jaarboek voor Munt- & Penningkunde 1953, Over Munt-Gewichten en -Balensen by Borsumm-Buisman, 1879, 1901

Jaarboek voor Munt- & Penningkunde 1975, Over het wegen van munten by Houben, 1901

Journal Asiatique Jan 1873, Napoleon established mass of Egyptian dirhem by ?, 1025

Journal de la Société Américanistes 1921, Emploi de la Balance Romaine by Iwata, 2912

Journal of American Pharmaceutical Association 1956, Tools of the Apothecary by Griffenhagen, 808

Journal of Institute of Archaeology 1991, Inscribed Wts of the Kingdom of Judah, 2510

Journal of Royal Statistical Soc 1868, On the Condition of Metallic Currency of UK by Jevons, 1129

Journal of the Chemical Society 1853, 2119Journal of the Chemical Society

1893Transactions, Obituary, 2120Journal of the Siam Society, "articles", 352Journal of Turkish Studies 1978, Anatolian Ring

Wts by Pyle, 1025Journal of Writing Equipment Society 1980, S

Mordan & Co by Cooper, 950Journal of Writing Equipment Society n.d., S

Mordan & Co by Green, 950Journal Royal Agricultural Soc of England

1937, first egg poise by ?, 413La Nature 1887, Restoff's patent by anon, 1361Le Système Mètrique, 2441, 2484Le Système Mètrique 1985, C-spring bals by

Pommier, 1876Le Système Mètrique 1986, Hanin mancurs by

Pommier, 1867Le Système Mètrique 1992, C-spring bals by

Pommier, 1876Le Système Mètrique 1993

LeBoucher's spring bal by Crawforth, D, 1876

Sessler's mancur by Jenemann, 1864Lexikon 1898, Brockhaus Konversations by

anon, 278Libra, "occasional notes", 1959Libra vol 1

Old English Lead Wts by Stevenson, 636WR verification Marks by Homer, 24

Libra vol 4, Money Wts by Turner, 498Libra vol 5 & 6, The Office of Stamper of

Money-Weights by Dyer, 498, 1083, 1796

Libra vol 5-7, Assize of Bread by Stevenson, 1019, 1569

Libra vol 7, Guinea Wts by Stocks R, 1796Libra vol 9, Nineteenth Century sovereign wts

by Stocks R, 1129, 1796Mass und Gewicht 1988, Die Geschichte der

"patentiren Reitze'schen Munzprufer" by Lindner, 1955

Mass und Gewicht 1993, Baierisch Gemessen Gewogen und Geeicht by Schendler, 1871

Mass und Gewicht 1994, Koch's Paquet & Brief-Waage by Schmitz, 1923

Mechanics Magazine 1835, lever with spring bal by Coathupe, 1876

Mechanics Magazine 1840, Dampier's Geometric Balance by Dampier, 398

Mechanics Magazine 1847, several platform scales linked together, 2211

Mechanics Magazine after 1849, coins as wts by anon, 988

Medical History 1969, Drug Weighing in Britain 1700-1900 by Crellin & Scott, 87, 800, 808, 830

Meten & Wegen , Becker articles, 2183Meten & Wegen 1979, De Knipwaage by

Houben, 1897, 1901Meten & Wegen 1991, Bizondere aanwinsten

voor de Oudheidskamer by Bot, 1899Mineralogical Record July-Aug 1994, The

History & Apparatus of Blowpipe Analysis, 2627

Mitteilungen aus dem Germanischen Nationalmuseum 1918-19, Merkzeichen der Nürnberger Rotschmeide by Stengel, 1901

Monthly Review, "occasional notes", 24, 855, 1090, 1959

Monthly Review 1909, manorial rights by anon, 2036

Monthly Review 1931, Bradford marks by Speight, 1961

Monthly Review 1961, Standards of Scotland by Burrell, 1997

Monthly Review 1965, Cart Weighing Steelyards by anon, 728

National Asso of Watch & Clock Collectors"E Howard-The Man & The Co" (Oct

1962), 2375"The Watches of E Howard & Co" (Oct

1994), 2375National Geographic, Ads for E & T Fairbanks,

3064Northern Studies 1992, Scots Trone Weight:

Preliminary Observations on the origins of Scotland's Early Market Weights by

Simpson, 2072Numismatic Circular 1920-23, Money Sc & Wts

by Sheppard & Musham, 1796Numismatic Notes & Monographs (no 111),

Arabic glass wts by ?, 162Numismatist 1974, CCD devices of the US by

Mallis, 87Numismatist 1976, Notes on English Coin Wts

by Mallis, 986, 1607, 1796Numismatist 1978

Coin wts for Foreign Coins that were Current in Ireland by Mallis, 1607, 1796, 1846

English Coin wts for Portugese Coins Current in England by Mallis, 1066, 1607, 1796

Numismatist n.d.American Patent CCDs by Mallis, 786–

787Old Tenor by Mallis, 356–360

Observations sur la Physique 1773Description d'une nouvelle balance by

Magalhaens, 610Reponse sur la nouvelle balance by

Brequin, 610Opinia, Polish Consumer Journal 1969, mancurs

by ?, 435Parliamentary Papers 1835, A Return of all

Inspectors of W & M, 1930Parliamentary Papers 1870, Fourth Report, 1961Parliamentary Papers 1882, Report from Warden

of Standards, 1983Parliamentary Papers 1887, Report from Warden

of Standards, 1983Parliamentary Papers 1893, Municipal

Boroughs, 1983Penn Magazine of History & Biography 1905,

1907"Household Account Book, 1793-1797" by Washington, 2536, 2540

Petite Propos Culinaire 1984, Weighing in the Kitchen by Crawforth, 767–775

Pharmaceutical Journal 1859-60, Observations on Proposed Adjustment of W & M by Wilson, 808

Philatetic Bulletin 1950, Early Letter Weighing Devices of G B 1839-1899 by Wortley, 87

Philosophical Trans of Royal Soc 1683-84, Account of increase of Wt in oyl of vitriol exposed to air by Gould, 610

Philosophical Trans of Royal Soc 1742/3, Account of Proportions of English & French M & W, from the Standards of the Same by anon, 390, 1998

Philosophical Trans of Royal Soc 1744, standards by anon, 390

Philosophical Trans of Royal Soc 1765, Account of Balance of New Construction to be of use in Woollen Industry by Ludlam, 610

Philosophical Trans of Royal Soc 1798, 330, 390

Philosophical Trans of Royal Soc 1826, Kater's

experiments, 2082Philosophical Trans of Royal Soc 1856, Miller's

experiments, 394, 2082Plesse-Archiv (1982), Eine mittelalterische

Klappwaage vom Hang de Burg Pless by Steuer, 1613

Polizeimeldewesen (Be, Bl. 148 & 666), 2277, 2279

Popular Mechanics Feb 1968, 2504Popular Mechanics Jan 1917, 2914Popular Science Mar 1968, 2504Proc Institute of Civil Engineers 1892Weighing

Machines by Airy, 134Proc Newcomen Soc 1929, John Wyatt &

Weighing of Heavy Loads by Benton, 728

Proc Newcomen Soc 1941-2, Springs & Spring Balances by Benton, 545

Proc Royal Irish Academy 1916, Notes on Irish Money Wts by Westropp, 87, 1478, 1796

Proc Society of Antiquaries 1916-17, Box of Coin Wts in British Museum by Read, 1794, 1796

Qhaderni Ticinesi di Numismatica e Antichita Classiche 1981, Weight of the Gold Florin in the 15th century by Grierson, 1998

Quarterly Journal of the Chemical Society 1849On the relative expansions by Makins, 2120

Quarterly Journal of the Chemical Society 1853On an Improved Assay Balance by Makins, 2120

Quarterly Journal of the Chemical Society 1853On certain sources of loss of precious metals, by Makins, 2120

Quarterly,The, Journal of the British Asso of Paper Historians Jan. 2005 History of Paper Historians by Chamberlain, 3079

Railway Times Jan 15, 1910, 2419Records of the Colony of New Plymouth in New

England Court Orders 1855 edited by Shurtleff, 1140

Records of the Colony of New Plymouth in New England Laws 1861 edited by Pulsiver, 1140

Review Numismatique 1886, Deneraux by Rouyer, 1562

"Rittenhouse", Smithsonian Institution, 2239Sands Clays & Minerals 1936-9, Early

Technical Balances by Barclay, 610Saturday Evening Post, Ads for E & T

Fairbanks, 3064Scale Journal 1930, Development of Sc Design

through a Century by Bacon, 728Schweitzer Munzblatter 1971, Maitre Balanciers

de la Region Rhenane by Lavagne, 114Schweizer Munzblatter 1971, Maitres balanciers

de la region Rhenane by Lavagne, 114Science News Oct 28, 1967, 2504Scientific American, Ads for E & T Fairbanks,

3064Scientific American 1888, An Improved

Weighing Scale, 2385–2386Scientific American Dec 1967, 2404Scientific American Mar 14, 1868, 3117Scottish Historical Review 1977, W & M of

Scotland before the Union by Zupko, 2072

Selden Society 1955, Fleta II by Richardson & Sayles, 1997, 2023

Shaw's Corner, 1978, by National Trust, 3–4, 7, 2163

Staatsangehörigkeitsaufsicht B (38516), 2277, 2279

TAPPI Journal 1920-1930, 3079Textile Chemist & Colourist 1988, aniline dyes

by Travis, 1862The Engineer Feb 5, 1909, 2419The Thames & Severn Canal 1969, 2419Trans Connecticut Academy Arts & Sciences

1988, Nesting Wts Einsatzgewichte & Piles a Godet by Zak Danforth, 1434

Trans of Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian & Archaelogical Soc (1989), Bretherdale Wool Weight by Satchell, 1998

Trans of Historical Society of Ghana 1972, Studies in Akan Wts by Garrard, 2027

Trans of Newcomen Soc vol xxii 1941/2, Early History of the Spring Balance by Benton, 435

Trans of Pharmaceutical Journal 1859-60, Observations on Proposed Adjustment of W & M for New British Pharmacopoeia by Wilson, 808, 827, 830

Trans of Swindon Engineering Soc 1926, History of Evolution of Wg Mechanisms by Benton, 134

Trans of Yorkshire Numismatic Soc 1918, Money Scales & Wts by Sheppard, 1796

Treasure Hunting 1987, The Mediaeval Tumbrel or Coin Balance by Marshall, 1613

Trierer Zeitschrift 1985, Balances from Roman & Mediaeval period by Jenemann, 1613

Underwoods Counterfeit Reporter 1884, Becker & Sons advert, 904

Underwoods Counterfeit Reporter 1895, CCD advert, 904

Verhandlungen des Vereins zur Beforderung des Gewerbefleisses 1876, Bernstein report, 1948, 2272, 2279

Verhandlungen des Vereins zur Beforderung des Gewerbefleisses 1880, Minutes of 6/7, 2276, 2279

Vermont Life 1980, Legacy of Thaddeus Fairbanks by Morgan, 728

Verordnung, betreffend die Einführung der Reichmarkrechnung 1874, 2272, 2279

Versuche & Abhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Danzig 1 1747, Ausfuehrliche

Beschreibung einer neuen & vollkommeneren Art von Wagen by Kuhn, 610

Waagen & Dosieren 1980, Entwicklungsgeschichte der Neigungswaage by Jenemann, 610

Waegen & Dosieren 1980, Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Neigungswaage by Jenemann, 610

Whittaker's Almanac 1903, 16Worlds Paper Trade Review, The, 1912 & 1919,

A New Paper Scales, news item, 3079Wurttembergische Kirchengeschichte 1980/1, P

M Hahn by Jenemann, 610Zeitschrift für Elektrotechnik (1887), 2276,

2279Zeitschrift für Religions-und Geistesgeschichte,

1976, Aron Bernstein-ein liberaler Volksaufklarer Schriftsteller und Religionsreformer by Schoeps, 1954

see also museum catalogues"Journal of the Chemical Society" (1853), 2119

quote from, 2119–2120Journeyman sc mkrs, advert, 2552journeymen, 239–248, 1741Journeymen's Scale Co, 2292–2293

bankers scale, 2293Joy, John:

apprentice of Wilford, David, 1734coin sc mkr, 1727dates, 1734master of Gable, Thomas, 1727, 1734master of New, William, 1734master of Pallett, Tavenor, 1734, 1741succeeded by Gable, Thomas, 1734successor of Wilford, David, 1734

Joyce's: Assay Tons, letter, 331"Napier's Balance & the Mint" (article), 103–

105"Precision Balances" (article), 3–6"Weighing the World" (article), 327–331

"Julian H Becker" (article by Doniger), 2164–2165Jung, C (C-spring mkr), 435, 1875Juris, F (postal sc patentee), 705–706Juryman's Oath, 20, 22jurymen (London), 43Justice:

column, 1291figure of, 2216

Justice, painting by Reynolds, 741Justice:

pan, 1291shears, 1290symbolic, 739–749, 1199trade label, 1290–1291

Justice of the Peace, 22standards, 20

Justirt, brand, 27–28, 64

KK & M, C-spring mkr, 1875

K K crowned mark, 1959see also Kendal

K S T N, mark on wts, 164Kahlert Mfg Co:

American sc mkr, 1313egg sc mkr, 1313equal-arm with pre-loaded pan, 1313pendulum sc mkr, 1313steelyard mkr, 1313Universal Trade name, 1314

kaki sao bakari see steelyardKalkoff, P, 1874Kalthoff, P:

B trade mark, 1874C-spring mkr, 1875postal sc mkr, 1876

Kammerer, Carl: brother-in-law of Starke, Gustav, 873see also Starke & Kammerer

Kan, 319Kater, Capt see Kater, HenryKater, Henry, 2243–2248, 2251

biography, 2248construction of wooden beam, 2249–2250cooperated with Bate, R B, 1786–1787, 2248cooperated with Robinson, Thomas Charles,

1724designer of wooden beam, 2081

steel knives on, 2243, 2249–2250experimental scientific balance, 2245helped by Robinson, Thomas C., 2251sc for weighing bullion, 2243–2244sc for weighing standard bushel, 2080, 2245sc made by Bate, R B, 2080, 2243–2249, 2250–

2252sc used by Board of Trade, 2243–2248

rebuilt by Oertling, 2248scientist, 393wooden beam

construction of, 2249–2250designer of, 2081, 2243–2248, 2249–2250sensitivity of, 2249–2250stirrups on, 2249–2250variation of, 2249–2250

Katz, Jerry, biography, 2122Katz & Pugsley's "Important Dearborn/Plympton

Balance"(article)3037-3039Katz's:

"A Somewhat Amazing Revelation" (article), 2818

"An Early Howe? And How!" (article), 1526–1527

"Birds of a Feather" (article), 2556–2560"Buying Ice" (article), 2222–2223"Candlestick Postal Scale" (article), 2514"Dr. C H Fitch dates" (article), 2185"For Silver or Gold Dollars?" (article), 2245"Found in USA - A British rarity" (article),

2121–2122"Here's the Straight Scoop" (article), 2923–2924"Howe Revisited" (article), 2756"Oh Rube Goldberg, Where Are You Now?"

(article), 2823–2824"Old Advert" (article), 2168"Postal Rates in the Confederacy" (article), 2404"Small World, Wasn't It?" (article), 2628"What's My Line-Scale Collecting Adjuncts"

(article), 2854–2856Kaye, John, coin sc retailer, 282keeled, def, 257Keeler, H J, Scale Co, 2709Keeler, Hiram J, 2707

administrator for Keeler, Joel F, 2708Keeler, Joel F, 2703

advert, 2705, 2707biography, 2703–2709Cleveland city sealer, 2703Cleveland County Treasurer, 2703dates, 2703–2709owner Forest City Sc Works, 2703patent lever scales, 2705patentee, 2703–2709pendulum sc mkr, 2704Pittsburg, PA, 2705–2709platform sc, use of, 2703–2704platform sc mkr, 2703, 2707–2709poly-poise beam mkr, 2706scale manufaccturer, 2703–2709Secretary of Republican Party, 2704smelting ore sc mkr, 2706, 2708–2709

Keesing, Isaac, postal sc mkr, 2875–2876"Keesing Postal Scales" (article by Kok), 2875–2876Keller, G R, analytical bal mkr, 16Keller, S:

assay bal mkr, 154–155button bal in heavy glass case, 154

Keller Balance Mfg Co: button bal mkr, 157portable assay bal mkr, 157

Kelley's "Medieval Weights & Measures" (article), 776–783

Kelly's Universal Cambist (review), 188Kemper-Thomas Co, 2341Kendal mark, 1959Kenrick, Archibald & Sons:

dates, 638wts, 585–586, 638, 1261

Kent, Standards required, 1924Kenyan, wts see weights, nationality, KenyanKeppler, pfanzeder sc mkr, 2602Kern, G, assay wt mkr, 2530Kern, Gottlieb, cloth sc mkr, 1173Kern, Gottlieb & Sohn:

analytical wts mkr, 868apothecary sc mkr, 805chemical bal retailer, 1076German sc mkr, 804, 868, 1076, 1692Old Advert, 1076paper sc mkr, 1692pendulum sc retailer, 1076postal sc retailer, 1076

Kerrison, Samuel, wt mkr, 1043, 1564kesj, Chinese coinage, 56kettle, spring bal, 775

key, def, 116–117, 257Key, George:

apprentice of Neale, John, 244, 1729, 1740apprentice with Read, Samuel, 244coin sc mkr, 245dates, 1740from Northumberland, 1728

Keys, James: date, 1508sc mkr, 1508

keys crossed in shield mark, mark of Peterborough, 1929, 1978

Kidder, Vincent: assay master of Dublin, 1755coin wts mkr, 1773dates, 1823dies used by Archdall, William, 1757Irish wts mkr, 1756–1757, 1767, 1823master of Goldsmiths' Co of Dublin, 1755official wts mkr for Ireland, 1755, 1767succeeded by Archdall, William, 1823successor of Cuthbert & Paris, 1772, 1823

Kidderminster mark, 1959, 2033Kimber, John, sc mkr, 3090Kimpton, S C, patentee, 453Kind & Cie:

fish/dolphin trade-mark, 1876spring bal mkr, 1876

King, David, 2507master of Archdall, William, 1756

King, Jeroboam, 2510King, Solomon, 2510King, Thomas:

dates, 1732master of Fletcher, James, 1732partner of Astill, Susannah, 1732see also Astill & King

Kingdon (author), 187, 1896, 2023Kingdon's Strife of Scales in the City of London

(review), 187kings see weights, monarchKingsbury Mfg Co, postal sc mkr, 1261Kington, John:

apprentice of Nicholl, William Lewis, 1730, 1739

partner of Trowbridge, Charles, 1730trained with Trowbridge, Charles, 1730

Kington & Trowbridge: coin sc mkr, 1730dates, 1730successors of Nicholl, William Lewis, 1739see also Kington, John; Trowbridge, Charles

Kinmonth's Coin-freed Weighing Machines from 1884-1940 (review), 1705–1712

Kirby, Thomas: apprentice of Cattell, Robert, 1735dates, 1735

Kirch, Ioann see Kirch, JohannesKirch, Joann see Kirch, JohannesKirch, Johannes:

article by Moennig, 506–507coin sc mkr, 506

dates, 506trade card, 507wt mkr, 506

Kirchen, Joannes see Kirch, JohannesKirchen, Johannes see Kirch, JohannesKirk, Iohn see Kirk, JohnKirk, John:

apoth wt mkr, 829coin sc mkr, 208, 459, 462–463, 465, 467, 496coin wt mkr, 462–463, 560, 829, 883, 970, 1065,

1081–1086, 1765coin wts mkr, 208, 459–460, 462–467, 480, 496,

560, 663, 829, 883, 970, 1061–1066, 1081–1086, 1935

Old Advert, 480trade card, 1061trade token, 896, 1274

"Kirkoswold Weight of 1662" (article by Crawforth), 2925–2927

Kisch (author), 64, 87, 169, 278, 507, 610, 728, 749, 808, 954, 1435, 1567, 1569, 1607, 1613, 1707, 1897, 1901

Kisch's: Gewichte und Waagemacher im Alten Koln

(review), 186Scales & Weights (review), 87, 186, 610

Kitchen, Richard: platform sc mkr, 723weighbridge mkr, 725

kitchen sc, 1863accuracy, 3bismar, 765, 773candlestick, 1558, 3101digital read-out, 775equal arm, 768equal arm & pillar, 769flexure spring, 765, 1945, 1965–1966half roberval & spring, 877half roberval & steelyard, 514, 765, 771ladle, 1945, 1965–1966making, 333, 335no weights, 848pendulum, 572, 608, 765–766, 772, 1654, 1911platform, 514, 773roberval, 767, 769, 1046, 1195, 1321, 1462,

2074rocker, 765spring, 335, 355, 505, 517–518, 526, 528, 543,

545, 551, 753, 765, 770, 774–775, 877, 958, 981, 1248–1250, 1439, 1466, 3101

steelyard, 768, 773, 1463, 1807top pan, 355, 505, 517–518, 528, 676, 753, 765,

770, 877, 958, 1248, 1964, 2073Union, 514weighing kettle, 775weighing spoon, 773–774

see also ladlesee also mancur

kitchen sc (article), 765–775, 1247–1251kitchen sc mkr:

Avery, W & T, 768Braby, James, 772, 1725, 1911

British Duplex Seals Ltd, 1965Brown, L E, 3101Chatillon, John & Sons, 333–335, 1249, 1558–

1559Duplex Handy Scale, 1945Fairbanks & Co, 1807Hahn, Philipp Matthaus, 572, 608Harper, J & Co Ltd, 765, 1964Hartley, 773Herbert & Sons, 1195, 1729Hilton, 765, 772Hughes, 516Hushallsvag, 981Kitway, 772Krups, 505, 1462Landers, Frary & Clark, 676Marriott, Henry, 1883Maul, Philipp Jakob, 1654, 1656Pearl, 753Praktik Product, Scadle, 1945Prodevel Domestic Scale Co, 1046Roberts, 514Salter, 516–518, 528, 543, 545, 765, 770Salter, Geo & Co, 765, 770Salter, Geo & Co Ltd, 543–544, 544, 551Silvester see SalterTerraillon, 1985–1986Triner, 1248Turnbull, 877Ubrig, Emil, 517, 765, 958, 1889, 1909

kitchen sc nationality: American, 333–335, 514, 676, 877, 1247–1251,

1558–1559, 1807, 1945Austrian, 1945British, 516–518, 528, 543–545, 551, 765–775,

1046, 1195, 1725, 1729, 1883, 1945, 1964–1965

Czechoslovak, 544, 551, 753, 770French, 1985–1986German, 505, 517, 572, 608, 765, 958, 1439,

1462, 1654, 1889, 1909Italian, 765Swedish, 981, 1463

kitchen sc patentee: Duplex Handy Scale, 1945Harper, J & Co Ltd & Crowley, C, 765Hughes, J, 528Pieper, C, 517Salter, 543Silvester, 516Turnbull, 877Ubrig, E, 517

kitchen sc retailer, Maul, Philipp Jakob, 1656Kitchener, W, cookery writer, 1247Kitway, pendulum sc mkr, 772Klein, I, C-spring mkr, 1875Kleuser, W, C-spring mkr, 435, 1875Klippert, Vogt & Weiland, weigh scoop patentee, 492knife edge:

def, 170, 257agate, 3, 138bifurcated, 2228

continuous, 8, 115, 219, 311, 2338corundum, 3durability, 3face, 8–9fitting, 8four under plate, 2479French pattern, 1646hinges, 2345invention, 3027not continuous, 8pippin-steel, 138, 2335–2336reduction of wear, 3regulations, 115roberval systems, 1639–1640Sharkey, 138, 559steel, 3, 8, 2314, 2315, 2338–2339, 2377, 2420suspension, 2213tipped, 1996

Knight, E: American ccd patentee, 990, 2061pendulum sc mkr, 990postal sc patentee, 990

Knight, George: bank sc mkr, 1416registered design, 1416

Knight, George & Sons: coin sc retailer, 1415–1416scientific inst mkr, 1415

Knight, Richard & George: precision bal mkr, 1821scientific instrument mkr, 1821see also catalogue

Knights': "A Close Finnish" (article), 1240–1244"A Touch of Class" (article), 1456–1462"Comment on Union Sc" (article), 1838"Czechs and Balances" (article), 2320–2322"Domestic!" (article), 2073–2075"Fenland Weighing" (article), 2959–2963"In Fair All's Love & War" (article), 1533–1534"Indication of Instability" (article), 1644–1648"Inspecting and Collecting" (article), 2882–2883"Lincs with America" (article), 2220–2222"No Stone Unturned" (article), 2799–2803"Roberval the Movie" (article), 1637–1642"There are Deadweights at Bottom of My

Garden" (article), 1635–1636"Topweight, Face and Power" (article), 2949–

2951"Vive la Diffèrence" (article), 2438–2441"Wandering Weights" (article), 1341–1345

Knights, John, 2381biography, 2882–2883

knipwaage, 2447"Knipwaage" (article by Holtman), 1897–1901knipwage, 2400

see also knipwaageKnowles, K A & Son, successors of Knowles, R &

Son, 1733, 1742Knowles, R & Son:

succeeded by Knowles, K A & Son, 1733successors of Knowles, Robert Arthur, 1733

Knowles, Robert Arthur: apprentice of Smith, William, 1733, 1741succeeded by Knowles, R & Son, 1733

Knowles, T, yarn bal patentee, 1174, 1176Koch:

German sc mkr, 1917–1923pendulum sc mkr, 1917–1923

Koch, C Ernst: succeeded by Wagner & Co, 1921successor of Koch, Fuge & Wagner, 1921

Koch, Carl & Ferdinand, owners of Koch, Gebrûder, 1921

Koch, F, patentee, 2170Koch, Ferdinand:

husband of Koch, Lina, 1922manager of Gerke & Koch, 1922

Koch, Ferdinand & Carl, patentees, 1917–1923Koch, Fuge & Wagner, 1921

dates, 1921German sc mkr, 1921owned by Wagner, Ernst Karl, 1921succeeded by Koch, C Ernst, 1921succeeded by Wagner, C Ernst, 1921

Koch, Gebrûder: dates, 1921German sc mkr, 1917–1923owned by Koch, Carl & Ferdinand, 1921succeeded by Gerke & Koch, 1922

Koch, Lina, wife of Koch, Ferdinand, 1922Koch, Lina & Gerke Louis, owners of Gerke & Koch,

1922"Koch Parcel & Letter Scale" (article by Schmitz),

1917–1923Kohlbusch, Herman:

assay bal mkr, 2498bullion bal mkr, 1940roberval sc mkr, 1643see also catalogue

Kohler, Jacob, partner, Buoy, Brenner & Co, 2887Kohn, G, weigh scoop patentee, 492Kok's "Keesing Postal Scales" (article), 2875–2876Kolb, Tobias Martin, wts mkr, 1166Koritschoner, David, diamond bal mkr, 1724, 1791kosara bakari see SteelyardKosmo:

apothecary sc mkr, 799trade card, 799

Krampfund see weights, denomination, krampfund; weights, nationality, German

Krausse, K L, patentee, 624Kresky, egg sc mkr, 1276–1278, 1284Kroha (author), 1613Kronenberg, American ccd patentee, 763Kronenberg, E, ccd patentee, 763, 902kronenthaler, 142Krups, Adler-Roberval mkr, 2602Krups, Robert:

C-spring mkr, 1875ration sc mkr, 1872trade mark snake & arrow, 1872see also catalogue

Kruse, Abraham:

coin sc mkr, 29, 31, 63–64dates, 63trade card, 29

Kruse, Johann Melchior: coin sc mkr, 29, 31, 63–64dates, 63

Kruse, Melchior, trade card, 29Kuhl Inc.:

successor to Jolly Inc, 2296, 2298successor to Zimmer, 2296, 2298

Kuhlmann, Wilhelm H F: analytical bal mkr, 5long beam design, 5precision bal mkr, 790, 1827

Kuhn (author), 610Kuhn, Freres Saone, béranger mkr, 2440Kuhn, H, pendulum sc designer, 573, 602Kula, Witold (author), 2127–2128Kuppler's System, 2321Kurch, Johann see Kirch, JohannesKwikway, egg sc, 383–384kyat see weights, denomination

LL, one pound sterling see weights, denomination,

sovereignL & S:

candlestick sc mkr, 1669spring bal mkr, 1669

L B, C-spring mkr, 1875L B & flower, C-spring mkr, 1875L B crowned, 1865L B crowned (LeBoucher), 1865, 1875L B S in shield mark, 1929

see also St. AlbansL C C, London County Council, started, 1978L D C, mark on wts, 69L fleur de lys L, mark on wts, 1343L K, mark on wts, 94L L, mark on wts, 94, 1343L M, wts mkr, 586, 588, 637L N under V R crowned mark, 1957

see also Lancashire Lonsdale NorthL P see liespfundL P D, def, 825L R crowned, 1929

see also RiponLa Infalible, Spanish ccd, 307label for cloth, 926, 1142Labiche à Sourdeval:

C-spring mkr, 1875date, 1876

laboratory bal: mkr

Goodbrand, 1174Oertling, L, 1173Salter, Geo & Co Ltd, 554Sartorius, 2542–2547Starke & Kammerer, 872

spring, 553torsion, 1000unequal-arm, 872

yarn, 1173–1174Laborde, Denise Lucile, patentee, 1370, 1372Lacey, William, witness for Harris, Sandy, 3116Lacock's "The Canadian Equal Arm Letter Scale"

(article), 2816–2818lacquered box see box, lacqueredlacquered poise, 1572lacquering, 10, 1236–1237Ladd, Edward Wilds:

scientific instrument mkr, 1787working with Bate, Robert Brettell, 1787

Ladd & Oertling: accuracy, 2080bal retailed by Spencer, J & Son, 1843Ladd, William & Oertling, Ludwig, 2080refurbished sc by Bate, Robert Brettell, 2080sc for comparison of local standards, 2080scientific instrument mkr, 2080

ladder sc: def, 257, 258see also Postal sc

Ladell's, Goulding, Thomas, letter to editor, 1140ladle weighing mkr:

British Duplex Seals Ltd, 1945, 1965Praktik, Product Scadle, 1945, 1966

Lafargue, A, coin operated sc mkr, 2451–2452Lafargue, Alphonse, coin operated sc patentee, 2452Lake, W R, patent agent, 510Lamb, Elizabeth:

coin sc mkr, 208, 242date, 1732firstly wife of Hux, Thomas II, 1732secondly wife of Lamb, Percivell, 1732successor of Lamb, Percivell, 1732widow of Lamb, Percivell, 242, 1732

Lamb, Mary: dates, 1733sc mkr, 1733, 1743successor of Lamb, William, 1733, 1743

Lamb, Percivell: coin sc in shagreen boxes, 1780coin sc mkr, 242dates, 1732inventory, 1780second husband of Hux, Elizabeth II, 242, 1732second husband of Lamb, Elizabeth, 242, 1732succeeded by Lamb, Elizabeth, 1732successor of Hux, Thomas II, 1732wts, 638

Lamb, William: apprentice of Swithin, John, 1733coin sc mkr, 1733dates, 1733succeeded by Lamb, Mary, 1733successor of Swithin, John, 1733

Lambert (author), 610Lambert, Johann Heinrich, inventor, 573, 603–605laminated coinage, 266Lamoede see weights, denomination, lamoedeLamont, R., coin operated sc patentee, 2452Lamott see Granat & LamottLancashire, Blackburn, 1957

Lancashire gold bal see folding Gold balLancashire Lonsdale North, L N under V R crowned

mark, 1957Lancaster, F J, coin operated sc patentee, 2457Landale & Tod, 2250–2252

ironmongers, 2250–2252working with Bate, R B, 2250–2252

Landers, spring bal mkr, 1555Landers, Frary & Clark:

Columbia trade name, 676kitchen sc mkr, 676

Lane, H(?), rocker mkr, 2141–2142Lane, John:

apprentice of Neale, John, 244, 1729coin sc mkr, 244–245master of Gale, John, 244master of Read, Samuel, 244

Lang (author), 310Lang & Crosby (authors), 310, 1339Langer, G, weigh scoop patentee, 492Langhorn, R see Mordan & LanghornLangley, W:

date, 1727grain sc mkr, 1727scientific instrument mkr, 1727

Langley & Michaels Co see catalogueLangley De-Liar:

changes in, 2947colors, 2946fish scale, 2945–2948

models, 2945–2946patent, 2945sterling silver, 2945

nationalityEnglish, 2948German, 2948Russian, 2948

retailersLangley Corp, 2946Skoal, 2946Zebco, 2946

"Langley De-Liar" (article by Murrill), 2945–2948Lansen, C-spring mkr, 1875Larkin, James, MI sc mkr, 3034Larkin, N, 2471Larro see Advertising sclathe, county division, 1925lattice beam:

def, 254, 257–258on Makins' assay bal, 2120on Robinson's assay bal, 2120

Laue, discoverer of X-ray diffraction, 2627Laughlin, patentee, 411Launceston mark, 1960laurel see weights, denomination, laurelLavagne:

author, 42, 114, 494, 593, 1796, 1879obituary, 494

Lavagne & Rochesnard (authors), 494Lavagne's Balanciers Etalonneurs leurs Marques leurs

Poincons (review), 556L'Aventure du Metre (review), 1296–1297

Lavoisier: chemist, 2171husband of Pierrette-Paylze, 2171Inspector of gunpowder, 2171owner of Règnier V-spring scale, 2171

Lawrence, Charles: apprentice of Lawrence, John Peter, 1738brother of Lawrence, Edward, 1738dates, 1738recipient of Christ's Hospital grant, 1747son of Lawrence, John Peter, 1738

Lawrence, Edward: apprentice of Woodage, George Cave, 1738,

1741brother of Lawrence, Charles, 1738date, 1738educated at Christ's Hospital, 1741employed by DeGrave, Charles & Son, 1738son of Lawrence, John Peter, 1738successor of Lawrence, John Peter, 1738

Lawrence, John Peter: apprentice of Read, Samuel, 1736, 1738dates, 1738, 1741father of Lawrence, Charles, 1738father of Lawrence, Edward, 1738, 1741master of Anderson, James Andrew, 1738master of Lawrence, Charles, 1738partner of Schooling, James & Everitt, George,

1736succeeded by Lawrence, Edward, 1738

Lawrence, L A (author), 498, 881, 1796, 1846Laycock, Peter, biography, 2818Laycock's:

"Pelouze Bow-front Postal Scales" (article), 2877–2881

"Samuel Turner Senior Parcel Scale" (article), 2936–2940

"The Canadian Equal Arm Letter Scale" (article), 2816–2818

Layton, William: apprentice of Goodman, John, 1729, 1731dates, 1731father of Layton, William Thomas, 1735, 1741freedom not found, 1731

Layton, William Thomas: apprentice of Stanley, Nathaniel, 1735, 1741son of Layton, William, 1735

Lbluk, F, wts mkr, 1430–1435le Fran, André, French coin sc mkr, 2518–2519Le Termelier, A G T E, C-spring mkr, 1875Lead Midiaeval weight? (query by Crawforth), 2192lead plug, with stamp, 2220lead plugs, 9, 23, 44–45, 91, 1092, 1094lead seal see verificationlead weighing, mediaeval, 2016lead wts:

prohibition, 21, 43, 345stamping, 21

Leadbetter, Ross, biography, 2615leaf spring see flexure springLeake, George:

dates, 1739

at same address as Chisholme, James, 1739Leary, J I, weigh scoop patentee, 492least current weight, 1010, 1013, 3124

def, 1079see also blancke weights; without grains

leather cleaning, 1268leather-covered box see box, leather-coveredLeathersellers Co Guild, 1727LeBert, A, weigh scoop patentee, 492LeBoucher:

C-spring mkr, 1865, 1875L B crowned, 1865

LeBoucher, Eugene, C-spring mkr, 1875LeBoucher, Jnr, C-spring mkr, 1875LeBoucher, L B crowned, 1865LeBoucher, Manuel, C-spring mkr, 1875Leboucher, W, mancur mkr, 435LeBoucher & crescent, C-spring mkr, 1875Lebreton, Eugene, C-spring mkr, 1875Lebreton, Fils ainé à Sourdeval, C-spring mkr, 1875Lee, coin sc retailer, 1824Lee, Humphrey:

dates, 1736father of Lee, John, 1736master of Ogden, Samuel, 1736

Lee, John: apprentice of Neale, Henry, 1736son of Lee, Humphrey, 1736

Lee, Thomas: dates, 1731journeyman of Williams, Thomas I, 1731

Lee,Humphrey: dates, 1736father of Lee, John, 1736

Leeds mark, hanging fleece, 1972leg, def, 170, 257Leicester mark, potentilla, 616Lemercier, C-spring mkr, 1875Lench, Samuel & Son:

succeeded by Lench, Samuel II, 1742successors of Lench, Samuel I, 1742

Lench, Samuel I: dates, 1742succeeded by Lench, Samuel & Son, 1742

Lench, Samuel II: dates, 1742successor of Lench, Samuel & Son, 1742

Leni, C, British patentee, 1931Lenz, Christoph, nesting wts mkr, 2522Lenz, Johann Reichert, nesting wts mkr, 2522Leonardo da Vinci:

scale inventor, 2179–2181see also da Vinci, Leonardo

les 3 gr, mark on wts, 986Letermelier:

C-spring mkr, 1873French sc mkr, 1873

Letermelier, A G T E, C-spring mkr, 1875Letermelier, Andrè, C-spring mkr, 1875letter clip, def, 175, 220, 237letter folding, 1219–1220letter-opener & postal sc, 505, 1031

letter plate, def, 170letter sc, 2353

see also postal sc; Postal scLetter to the Editor, Diana Crawforth-Hitchins, 3076Leunig, F, paper sc retailer, 505, 602, 1692Leunig, F & Co:

paper sc mkr, 1692, 1697–1698, 1704–1705pendulum sc mkr, 505, 602, 1697–1698

Leupold, 2767Leupold, J:

author, 575–576, 578, 610, 1465Theatrum Staticum Universale (review), 575

Leuser, W H, spring bal mkr, 1986level-beam weighing, 2016levelling foot see Levelling screwlevelling screw, def, 254, 258lever, spring loaded, 263lever bal see Pendulum sclever lift:

cord, 1397inside pillar, 599, 1416raising upon 2 pins, 1413–1415, 1417–1419see also Key

lever ratio, def, 258Leveritt, William:

apprentice of Stiles, William, 1740apprentice of Vincent, Robert II, 1740dates, 1740

levers: compound, 2213simple, 2213

Levy, Levy, sc mkr, 1724Lewis (author), 610Lewis, William:

apprentice of Vincent, Robert II, 1729, 1733partner of Nicholl, William Lewis, 1733

Lewis & Nicholl: diamond sc mkr, 1733Lewis, William & Nicholl, William Lewis, 1733succeeded by Reynolds & Nicholl, 1733

Lewis County Historical Society, 3081Lewis gun tester, 543Leyborne, Richard:

dates, 1747recipient of Blacksmiths' Co grant, 1747

li coinage, 56li wts see weights, denomination, liliang wts see weights, denomination, liangLiberties, 1929

def, 1894Liberty, bow-front sc retailer, 981Liberty, St A, 1929

see also St. Albanslibra mercatoria, 1346

see also mercantile poundLibrary:

basic suggestionsby Crawforth, 87by Sturgess, 186–189by Willard, 2083–2084

lid, drilled for wts, 1353–1356Liebes-Waage, 2434

liespfund, 825"The Life of a Patentee" (article by Elizer), 2812light beam, applied to spring bal, 1933light coin:

circulation, 1127, 1304, 2068defacement, 264–268, 1079see also clipping; filed coin; plated coinage;

sweatingLight Coin Act see Acts of Parliament, 1773Light Gold Coin 57.83723, 1936, 1969light-up marquee, 2133, 2137Lilly, S T, registered design, 373–374Lincoln, wts mkr, 2075Lincoln mark (shield), 1928Lincoln Mfg, egg sc mkr, 414–415, 1276Lincolnshire:

Lindsey mark, 1981verification marks, 1343

"Lincs with America" (article by Knights), 2220–2222Lind, John:

coin sc mkr, 1732dates, 1732master of Clark, William, 1732master of Oxley, Henry, 1732master of Partridge, John, 1732master of Whitford, Samuel, 1732son of Lind, Joseph, 1732

Lind, Joseph: apprentice of Taylor, William I, 1732coin sc mkr, 454, 457dates, 458, 1732from Durham, 1728father of Lind, John, 1732

Linderman, Jan: trade card, 1606two shops, 1606weights mkr, 1606

Lindeyer & Crawforth's: "Chatillon Part 1" (article), 1556–1560"Chatillon Part 2" (article), 1591–1601

Lindeyer's: Chatillon & Son Inc, letter, 88"How I Got Started" (article), 1555

Lindner (author), 1955Lindner, Johannes, biography, 2292Lindner's:

"Alex Bernstein's Patent Coin Tester, Part 1" (article), 2272–2279

"Alex Bernstein's Patent Coin Tester, Part 2" (article), 2287–2292

"Bernstein's Apparatus for sorting Coins" (article), 1947–1955

"German CCDs-Ph J Maul" (article), 1614–1622"Reitze Coin-tester" (article), 1177–1181

Lingard, George: dates, 1508steelyard mkr, 1508, 1513

Lingke, Wilhelm, assay bal mkr, 2498link:

def, 174, 258see also Phanzeder sc; Roberval sc

Link, O Winston, photographer, 2221

lion agate sc, Day & Millward, 1442lion lift, 437lion mark see Goldsmiths' Co; Newcastle on Tyne,

Assay Officelion on barrel, mark on wts, 164lion passant guardant, mark on coin wts, 24, 1478lion rampant, mark on coin wts, 45, 1478Lipfert's "Avery Postal Steelyard" (article), 1514–

1518lippy, 1075Lisicaux, V-spring mkr, 1875Litchfeild, Richard, wts mkr, 883, 1043, 1564litre measure, grain, 51Little, George, agent for Fairbanks, E & T, 723–724Little, Henry, 2326–2329, 2329–2330, 2344

Fairbanks employee, 2326–2329Fairbanks platform sc mkr, 2326–2329

Little, Sampson, trade name see Abbey Mfg CoLittlejohn, Arthur:

ironmonger, 2006, 2014trade sc mkr, 2006

Littlejohn & Co: dates, 2014weighing machine mkr, 2014

Liverpool, Earl of, 496Livery Co:

of London, 248records

Armourers & Braziers, 248Blacksmiths, 248Founders, 20–21, 44, 462–463, 497–498,

581, 1043, 1081–1082, 1160Goldsmiths, 23–24, 43, 45, 498, 968,

1069, 1074, 1082Haberdashers, 248Joiners, 248Plumbers, 20–21, 44, 581Weavers, 248

llestraid, 1075load:

def, 1992telescopic arm, 1405

load cell, 2214–2215with strain guage, 2214–2215

load-hooks, two on one pendulum, 1405load-platforms, two, 1725load point, 2212load positions, two load pivots, 772, 1686, 1911load receiver, 2213–2214load sensor:

electronic, 2214as load controller, 2214using electromagnetic induction, 2215

load sensors, 2214loading, mechanical, 719loading box:

def, 171see also Balance Box

Local Standards, 90sc for comparing, 2080

"Local Verification Marks" (articles by Biggs), 1891–1896, 1924–1930, 1955–1961, 1977–1983,

2031–2037Locker, John:

dates, 1824Irish coin wts mkr, 1824master of Goldsmiths' Co of Dublin, 1755

Lockhart, James: coin sc retailer, 2069dates, 2070Scottish sc mkr?, 2068–2073trade card, 2069

Lockhaus & Gunther, C-spring mkr, 435, 1875locking gear:

def, 258see also Tumbler

locking slide, 631Lockner's:

"Beware of Fake Nesting Weights" (article translated by Schmidt), 251–253

Die Merkzeichen der Nürnberger Rotschmiede (review), 557

"Vorsicht bei Elefanten Zinn und Portugiesen" (article), 253

locust bean, 2447Loewenhaupt (author), 610Loftus, William Robert:

dates, 1727grain sc mkr, 1727scientific instrument mkr, 1727

Lollipop scale, 2496London, dagger in shield crowned mark, 1978London, Frederick Stephen:

apprentice of Nicholl, William Lewis, 1733dates, 1733succeeded by Dougall, R, 1733succeeded by Miles, William Henry, 1733, 1746

London bullion ounce, 1992London City mark, 2034London County Council, L C C, started, 1978London Dairy Supply Co Ltd, 83London Gazette, 1081, 1082London hundredweight, 1992, 2017–2019London LCC mark, 2034London load, 1992London mark, 2031, 2033London ounce, mediaeval, 1992, 2017London pattern, roberval, 853, 1644London Penny Post, 1222London Plate Glass Co, base mkr, 1787London pound:

mercantile, 1994–1995, 2017wool, 2019

"London Scale Makers" (article by Crawforth, D), 207–215, 239–248

London stone, 2800Long, Joseph:

dates, 1727grain sc mkr, 1727scientific instrument mkr, 1727, 1787working with Bate, Robert Brettell, 1787

Longton & Harrison: ironmonger, 2006, 2014trade sc mkr, 2006

Lonsdale, 1957Lonsdale., see also Lancashire Lonsdale Northloose wt steelyard:

def, 258see also steelyard, loose weight

loose wts see weights, purpose, proportionalLord, Henry, yarn bal retailer, 1726Lord, Horatio:

dates, 1173trade card, 1172yarn bal mkr, 1171–1173

Lord, Richard: assay master of Dublin, 1471–1472, 1755coin wts mkr, 1471, 1765, 1771, 1825dates, 1825holder of Irish Standards, 1771master of Goldsmiths' Co of Dublin, 1755official wts mkr for Ireland, 1755succeeded by Cuthbert & Paris, 1825

Lorento Apretino: Italy, 2352–2353

fresco, 2352–2353balance depicted, 2352–2353

Restaurant La Bilancia, 2352–2353scales, 2353

Loring, D, coin sc patentee, 2064Loring, D & Dearborn, Benjamin & West, U, coin sc

patentee, 2064Lort, John:

ccd mkr, 1825scientific instrument mkr, 1825

Loss, Johann: bal mkr, 2661brother-in-law of Deinert, Paulus, 542coin sc mkr, 542mastersign a cupping-glass, 542

lost wax process, 348loth, Russian units of weight, 1657lotus end:

def, 172see also beam end shapes, trumpet

lotus-ended beam, 2176Loughton, G, postal sc patentee, 1021louis d'or wts see weights, denominationLouis XIV of France, coin wts, 883, 917Louis XVIII of France, 888Lound's:

"Beams Repairs & Inspectors" (article), 7–9"Cased Weights" (letter), 418"Corrections & Clarifcation" (article), 2935"Repairing Sugar Scales" (article), 137–138

Lound's "Brass Beam Scales-To clean or not to Clean!" (article), 3036

Lovegrove & Flint, postal sc retailers, 938Low, Thomas see Lowe, ThomasLowe, Thomas:

dates, 1508spring bal mkr, 1508

Lowe, Thomas II: date, 1508spring bal mkr, 1508

Lowville, NY, home of Zenith egg scales, 3081, 3083

lozenge wts see weight, shapeLudlam (author), 610Ludlam, W:

inventor, 572–573, 605–606pendulum sc designer, 606, 1073yarn bal inventor, 572, 605–606

Luginbuhl, Ulrich: C-spring mkr, 1867, 1875U in crescent moon mastersign, 1867

Lumsden, Benjamin: coin sc mkr, 2070Scottish sc mkr, 2070trade card, 2070weighing in pennyweights, 2070

Lunar Society, 1120Lund, Iohn see Lund, JohnLund, John, coin sc mkr, 501–502, 1723Lund, William:

bismar mkr, 1231, 1233coin sc mkr, 1723date, 1723poise collecting postal scale, 2123poise lifting postal scale, 2123postal sc mkr, 1231, 1723registered design, 1231

Lundberg, G, patentee, 595Lushbough, Cliff, biography, 2503Lushbough's:

"Defiance Machine Works-Proportional Balance" (article), 2967–2971

"Rolamite Postal Scale" (article), 2499–2505Ly St A, 1929

see also St. Albans"Lyon Coin-Scale Makers 1673-1730" (article), 2519lyre spring bal mkr, Siebe, Augustus, 1888lyre springs, 1466

MM:

béranger mkr, 911mark on coin wts, 987

M & Co, 509, 512, 1257see also Marion & Co

M B: C-spring mkr, 1875date, 1876

M B Coin Scale Co, 2411ccd, 760

M F, C-spring mkr, 1875M F G, C-spring mkr, 1875M F I, C-spring mkr, 1875M in circle, trademark of Maul, Philipp Jakob, 1617M in star, trademark of Maul, Philipp Jakob, 1628,

1634M M & S Ltd see Myers, M & SonM of S mark, 1929M of S mark see StockportM S G, C-spring mkr, 1875M U B, def, 258M U B see box, MUBM W, mark on wts, 164M W crowned mark, 1960

see also Wakefield markMaag see patentee, French, Béranger, Joseph & MaagMaasstrone, US postal sc mkr, 3045Maatschappij Van Berkel see BerkelMacAlaster, Bicknel (Labasco Co.), chromium-plated

wt mkr, 2550Macclesfield mark, 1981MacGregor (author), 1613Machabey (author), 197Macito, 1656

see also Maul, Jacobmade-up box (MUB):

def, 258see also box, MUB

maes wt see weights, denominationMagalhaens (author), 610Magalhaens, J H de:

author, 573, 605–606, 610designer, 573trade sc mkr, 606

Magellan, J H, 2155, 2363Magic, egg sc, mkr, 1279Magic Dragon Ent, drug sc mkr, 2055Magna Carta, 1153magnetic bal:

designer, McEwen, 1826mkr

Mason, T, 1754Yeates & Son, 1754

retailer, Mason, Thomas, 1754magnetic damper, 2189–2191, 2591magnetic damping, 2545, 2591

see also Damper"Magnetic Damping" (article by Hitchins), 2190–2191magnetic sc:

def, 258, 260German, 2746postal, 260, 2746

magnifying lens, 889, 2132, 2137Maguire & Gatchell:

dates, 1826succeeded by Maguire & Gatchell, Ltd, 1826successors of Gatchell, Robert & Sons, 1768

Maguire & Gatchell, Ltd: dates, 1826successors of Maguire & Gatchell, 1826

Mahloy, C, patentee, 679Mahoney, Eugene P (bibliography), 2476Mahoney's:

"Colonial American W & M" (article), 1135–1140, 1855–1860

Hopken, query, 1554"John P. Gruber & Competitors" (article), 2551–

2553"Old Tenor-New Tenor-Again" (article), 2472–

2476"Stamping Coin-Weights" (article), 1470

Maiben, Joseph M & Co: dates, 1826precision bal mkr, 1821precision bal retailer, 1826scientific instrument mkr, 1821

see also catalogueMaiden Lane, 1745mail coach, 1222, 1228Mailway, postal sc, 505Maison Exupère of Paris:

assay bal mkr, 2497Aubry & George, successors, 2497

Maistros, Lucile Maurice, biography, 2807Maistros' "The Way We Were-The Way It Is" (article),

2804–2807Majorana, theory of, 2218"Making Scales" (article on Chatillon), 333–338, 447–

452Making Scales & Weights, from Diderot (1758), 468–

476Makins', Manual of Metallurgy, 2115, 2120Makins, G H:

assay balance, 2115–2121, 2152–2155assayer, 2115

to Anglo-Mexican Mint, 2115to Bank of England, 2115

biography, 2115–2121design for assay balance, 2115discussions with Oertling, Ludwig, 2118inventor of dental gold, 2115lattice beam, 1745, 2120, 2154production model assay balance, 2113–2121,

2152–2155agate and ivory arrestor, 2152agate bearings, 2155owned by Morris, Tony, 2113–2121,

2152–2155pan-hanger, 2152

prototype assay balance, 2113–2121, 2152–2155first made by Oertling, 2117–2119

scientific adviser to Bate, 2115Makins, George Hogarth, 2115malachite, on base, 1287Malay gold sc, 625–626Malayan sc, 249, 625Mallis':

"American Counterfeit Coin Detectors" article, 12–15

"American Patent ccds" article, 786–788, 818–820, 840–842, 875–876, 902–904, 930–932, 962–964, 990–992, 1018–1020

Counterfeit Coin Detecting Devices of the US (review), 87

Diamond sc (letter to editor), 1142European wts (letter), 88"Introduction to Coin Weights" (article), 1602–

1608"Old Tenor" (article), 356–360response to "English Colonial Scales" Part, 3,

1879–1880"Unpatented American Counterfeit Coin

Detectors" (article), 2059–2066Mallis, George A, 87, 356–360, 786–787, 986, 1066,

1607, 1796, 1846obituary, 2456

Malta see weights, denominationMalter's:

"Collecting Ancient Weights" (article), 308–310Mediaeval nesting wts (note), 1796–1797"My Bankers' Scale; A rarity by H Sutcliff &

Co." (article), 2679–2682Maltese sc & wts, 864–868Maltese wts mkr, Dragon, 865Manchester mark with O M, 1957, 1978, 1981, 2031Manchet, Jules Auxene, patentee, 1370, 1376manchet bread, 1052mancur, mkr, Salter, Geo & Co, 434, 438mancur bal:

def, 258, 260alternative names, 1863made illegal, 22stamped for trade use, 1873Wiedeman's bal, 1864see also C-spring

"Mancur balances" (article by Stevenson), 431–435"Mancurs" (article by Stein & Crawforth), 1863–1876manorial court, Slaithwaite, 1035Manors, def, 1895Mansfield, W, postal sc retailer, 1826Mantell, Samuel:

apprentice of Hart, Joseph II, 1736apprentice of Snart, John I, 1736dates, 1736

manual, U S Dept Agriculture's Egg Grading Manual (1977), 413

Manuel des Poids Monetaires by Dieudonne (review), 87, 186

Manufacturing Development Co, Gibson parcel sc sample mkr, 2917

map: Baltic Sea, 2380Barfoot & Wilkes 1792, 248Fenlands, 2959Hacienda de Desagravio, 2903Holwood 1792, 248northwestern South America, 2904Roques 1746, 248Stow's Wards & Liberties c 1600, 248

Maranville, H: American ccd mkr, 13–14, 761, 763, 903–904,

1029, 2060American ccd patentee, 761, 818–820, 1029,

2060ccd, 13–14, 763, 1029ccd patentee, 763, 818–820, 903coin steelyard mkr, 1029

marble: box, 1742column, 1453pillars, inverted roberval, 1453plates, American, 1442

Marc, E C, coin operated sc patentee, 2453, 2455Marc, Edmond Casimir, coin operated sc mkr, 2455Mardon, A H:

paper sc retailer, 1692, 1697–1698, 1704–1705paper seller, 1695pendulum sc retailer, 1697see also catalogue

Margeson (author), 1613

Mari I crowned, C-spring mkr, 1875Maria see weights, monarch, Mary of G BMarion, Auguste & Co., 2645–2646Marion & Co:

dates, 1723pendulum sc mkr, 512, 1257, 1406, 2956, 3032possibly M & Co, 133, 484, 509, 512, 2956postal sc, 133, 484, 1255, 1257, 1361, 2645–

2646, 2956, 3006, 3032retailer, 2645–2646, 2956

"Marion & Co. Parcel Scale" (article), 2956mark:

Bruges, 1991Cologne, 1990German coin, 1177Tower, 1990

Mark & Berg sc, 619articles by Moennig, 26–31, 61–65

Market & Fairs Clauses, 1847, 44market sc:

mkr, Fairbanks & Co, 109spring, 336steelyard, 332

markets: Clerk of the, 730Weigh Master, 730

marks on weights (article), 1004–1007Marlin, A à Joue:

butchers sc mkr, 758French sc mkr, 757–758successor of Marlin, Alexandre, 757variable beam steelyard, 758

Marlin, Alexandre: French sc mkr, 758succeeded by Marlin, A à Joue, 757

Marlow see Young, Son & MarlowMarriott, trade mark, 1885Marriott, Frederick, successor of Marriott & Crowe,

1884Marriott, Henry:

animal sc mkr, 1883butchers sc mkr, 1883crane sc mkr, 1903dates, 1465, 1725, 1882elliptical spring sc mkr, 1882kitchen sc mkr, 1883multiple elliptical spring sc mkr, 1884partner of Siebe, A, 1882person sc mkr, 1903sack sc mkr, 1883spring bal mkr, 66, 1465–1466, 1725, 1876,

1882stove mkr, 1725succeeded by Marriott & Crowe, 1884trade card, 1883warehouse sc mkr, 1883

Marriott, William Adolphus: partner of Pooley, Henry & Sons, 1885platform sc mkr, 1885spring bal mkr, 1885successor of Marriott & Crowe, 1885

Marriott & Crowe:

spring bal mkr, 1885succeeded by Marriot, T William Adolphus,

1885succeeded by Marriott, Frederick, 1884successors of Marriott, Henry, 1884

Marsh, Elizabeth: coin sc mkr, 242date, 1738master of Brock, Richard, 1738master of Court, Richard I, 242, 1738master of Evitt, John, 1738successor of Marsh, John, 1738widow of Marsh, John, 1738

Marsh, John: apprentice of Hewins, Richard, 1738dates, 1738husband of Marsh, Elizabeth, 1738succeeded by Marsh, Elizabeth, 1738

Marshall (author), 1613Marsh's Clip a Bright Guinea (review by Holroyd),

2446Marson, Lucio, biography, 2188Marson's:

"Finding a Latvian Steelyard" (article), 2377–2380

"More Reflections on Dr. Fitch" (article), 2185–2188

"Russian Nesting Weights 2" (article), 1426–1435

Marston, John: date, 1508sc mkr, 1508

Marston, N B, patentee, 669, 671Martin see Brady & MartinMartin, Benjamin:

author, 299–303, 1310, 1719coin sc mkr, 269, 310, 1300, 1718coin sc retailer, 1300dates, 303, 1724dot'chin, 1853, 2688hydrostatical sc mkr, 269, 1304, 1718Monied Man's Vade Mecum, 299–303, 1719precision bal mkr, 1821scientific instrument mkr, 1300, 1821steelyard mkr, 269, 299–303, 310, 1686, 1718–

1719, 2688see also catalogue

Martin, Benjamin (author), 299–303, 1310, 1719Martin, F H, weigh scoop patentee, 492Martin, H, pot plate, 1444Martin, Henry:

The Perfect trademark, 1444trade sc mkr, 1444

Martin, John: apprentice of Tadloo, Joseph, 1733dates, 1733

Martin, Sir Richard, Warden of the Mint, 984Martin, William, patentee, 2089, 2090Martin, William Hood:

apprentice of Moffett, James Thomas, 1739dates, 1739

martini, reversible bismar, 1030

Martini, M, coin operated sc patentee, 2452Martin's "Monied Man's Vade Mecum" (article), 299–

303Mary, Queen of Great Britain, 984Maryland W & M, 1136Marylebone mark, 1928Mascot egg grader see Prospectus Mfg CoMaskelyne, Rev Nevil, astronomer Royal, 327Mason see Standley, Belcher & MasonMason, John, Judge, patent commissioner, 2819Mason, Thomas:

dates, 1826magnetic bal retailer, 1754scientific instrument mkr, 1826

mass: British national standard for, 2219equivalence of inertial, 2219gravitation, 2219

mass stabilised pans, 233–234, 1231def, 259see also Schickert's principle

mass standards in ancient Peru, table of, 2913Massachusetts Bay Colony, 357–360, 1135–1140Masterman, John, exporter, 1489Masters see Starratt & Mastersmastersign, orb & cross, 1899material, pans, 1287, 1292Matos, Louis A:

American patentee, 3115–3118improvement to Harris, Sandy's patent, 3115–

3117Matthews, John:

apprentice of Court, Richard II, 1738apprentice of Court, Richard II, 1738apprentice of Sleigh, Richard, 1738–1739

Mattocks, 2438Mattocks, Charles Meares:

apprentice of Peck, John, 1731apprentice of Webb, Richard William, 1731dates, 1731succeeded by Mattocks & Son, 1731

Mattocks & Son: apothecary sc mkr, 1731date, 1731succeeded by Mattocks Automatic Scale Ltd,

1731successors of Mattocks, Charles Meares, 1731

Mattocks & Son Ltd, successors of Mattocks Automatic Scale Ltd, 1731

Mattocks Automatic Scale Ltd: counter sc mkr, 1731dates, 1731succeeded by Mattocks & Son Ltd, 1731successors of Mattocks & Son, 1731

Maul, 2450Maul, Jacob, 980

puck, 1656Maul, Jakob:

dates, 1656JM trademark, 1656pendulum sc mkr, 980postal sc, 980

trade name JMAZ, 979, 1656trade name Macito, 1656trade name Puck, 1656

Maul, Philipp Friedrich, manager of Maul, Philipp Jakob, 1659

Maul, Philipp Jakob: apothecary sc mkr, 1654article by Crawforth, D, 1627–1636, 1649–1661article by Lindner, 1614–1622asparagus sc mkr, 1655bilateral postal sc mkr, 361, 1627–1636catalogue analysed, 1909ccd for five-mark, 1618ccd mkr, 1614–1622, 2066ccd with clip-on poise, 1618ccd with hinged beam, 1618ccd with sliding poise for pfennigs lost, 1619–

1620ccd with spirit level, 1619–1620chemical bal mkr, 559, 1076chemical sc mkr, 559, 1076cigar sc mkr, 1659Columbus trade mark, 361, 1652comparison with Avery ccd, 1615counter sc mkr, 1655counting sc mkr, 1655dates, 1614egg sc, 383, 415, 1659established 1874, 1660Exactus trade name, 1660export agent, Albrecht & Richter, 1627export to England, 1627, 1653export to Russia, 1627Fertig, 1655–1656flexure spring bal, 1933graduations wide for small units & narrow for

large units, 1657–1658half roberval & poise mkr, 1649household spring sc retailer, 1630kitchen sc mkr, 1654kitchen sc retailer, 1656M in star, trademark date, 1634manager Maul, Philipp Friedrich, 1659paper & postal sc mkr, 1700paper sc mkr, 1614, 1654, 1692, 1698–1700parcel sc mkr, 1076, 1652, 1655patentee, 1620pendulum sc mkr, 360–361, 415, 559, 1076,

1409, 1627–1636, 1649–1666, 1698–1700

pendulum sc patentee, 1633, 1655, 1660pendulum sc three on one stand, 1660pendulum sc two on one stand, 1660pendulum sc with inkwells, 1683photographic sc mkr, 1654–1656Portax trade name, 1660postal & paper sc mkr, 1700postal bilateral pendulum, 361postal equal-arm, 1627, 1628postal flexure spring sc mkr, 1651postal pendulum, 1409, 1627–1634, 1649–1661postal roberval, 1627

precision inst mkr, 1614Rictus trade mark, 559, 1633rocker coin sc mkr, 3005spring bal mkr, 1630–1631spring sc retailer, 1630trademark M in circle, 1617trademark M in star, 1628trademark PH J M, 1627, 1661trademark Portax, 1660trademark Ur Maul, 1660waistcoat-pocket letter sc, 1933wall-mounted, 1657wts mkr, 1659yarn bal mkr, 1654see also catalogue

Maury, Matthew, 2535Maw, Son & Mawson, apothecary sc retailer, 1726Mawson see Maw, Son & Mawsonmax d'or see weights, denominationMaxwell, James Clerk, 2267Maxwell, W, weigh scoop patentee, 492Mayer, Johann Friedrich:

coin sc mkr, 436–437dates, 436

Mayhew (author), 1613mazak alloy, 1645McConnell, Dr. Anita, 2245McCraight, Charles:

succeeded by McCraight, Charles & Son, 1735successor of McCraight, Richard, 1735

McCraight, Charles & Son: succeeded by Hargrave & McCraight, 1735successor of McCraight, Charles, 1735

McCraight, John Charles: apprentice of Thompson, John I or II, 1735father of McCraight, Richard, 1735succeeded by McCraight, Richard, 1735

McCraight, Richard: apprentice of Wynn, John, 1735prolific wts mkr, 1735son of McCraight, John Charles, 1735succeeded by McCraight, Charles, 1735successor of McCraight, John Charles, 1735

McEwen, magnetic bal designer, 1826McGiehan, I S, patentee, 621McHart, John C, assignor, 2863McKenzie, Alexander:

dates, 1727grain sc mkr, 1727scientific instrument mkr, 1727

McKesson & Robbins, see also catalogueMcKiernan, B, weigh scoop patentee, 492McLean & Son, postal sc retailer, 428McNally, American ccd inventor, 2066, 2410McNally, J T, ccd, 15McNally, J T & Harrison, W H, American patentee,

962McNally & Harrison, ccd mkr, 15, 2059, 2209–2211Meade, Gerald E "Red", biography, 2432Meade, Red, 2423, 2432, 2436, 2462, 2476Meade's, Destruction of Sc (photo), 555measure:

combined with bismar, 823Imperial, 2562Imperial quart, 2280mkr

Pickering, James II, 1831Pratt, Josiah, 1137

measure combined with bismar, 823measure mkr:

Pickering, James II, 1831Pratt, Josiah, 1137

measures, 2251, 2266, 2279–2280, 2362–2364Measures Weights & Monies of All Nations by

Woolhouse (review), 188Mechi, postal sc retailers, 938Medhurst, George:

address next to Siebe, Augustus, 1886advert, 2600dates, 1735, 2600inventor of roberval sc, 134, 1547, 2600patent scales mkr, 2600patentee, 134, 2600succeeded by Medhurst, T F & F, 1735trade sc mkr, 134, 2600

Medhurst, T F & F: address next to Siebe, Augustus, 1886dates, 1735Medhurst, Thomas Figgins & Medhurst, Francis,

1735succeeded by Medhurst Bros & Co, 1735successors of Medhurst, George, 1735

Medhurst, Thomas: dates, 1735successors of Medhurst Bros & Co, 1735

Medhurst Bros & Co: dates, 1735at same address as Herbert, T & Sons, 1735succeeded by Medhurst, Thomas, 1735successors of Medhurst, T F & F, 1735

"Mediaeval Bronze Beam": article by Crawforth, D, 1609–1613article by Stevenson, 1566–1569

"Mediaeval Manuscript, 1300s", 2182Mediaeval Nesting Weights:

note by Malter, 1796–1797query by Holtman, 1751–1752

Mediaeval Nesting Weights (query by Holtman), 1751–1752

"Mediaeval Weights & Measures" (article by Kelley), 776–783

medicines, weighing for, 2050–2053Medwin, Thomas:

apprentice of Gore, Thomas Hunsdon, 1738apprentice of Williams, Thomas I, 1738dates, 1738

Meek, Gordon, collector, 2956Mees, A B, patentee, 651Mehler, Charles, American sc mkr, 3116Mehler & Dell, American sc mkr, 3116Mehlman's Weights & Scales (review), 163Melamed, Palestinian sc mkr, 910Mellard, wts mkr, 810Melliship & Harris, postal sc retailer, 512

Meloney Automatic Registering Milk scales, 2490ad for, 2490box for, 2489, 2491decal on, 2492mechanism of, 2492use of, 2491

Melot & Putzeys: baby sc mkr, 1293–1294Begian sc mkr, 1293–1294béranger mkr, 1293béranger sc mkr, 1293

Mendeléef see MendeleevMendeleev, Prof D I, 2078–2080, 2591, 2593–2597

dates, 643death, 2080inventor of Stollnreuther circular arrestment,

643, 2593Mendeléjew see MendeleevMendeleyeff see MendeleevMendeleyev see Mendeleevmercantile pound, 1346, 1990–1995Merchant's, advertising postal sc, 3028–3029Mercury:

finial, 1295poise, 1289

Merkzeichen der Nürnberger Rotschmiede by Lockner (review), 557

Merlin, Charles: patentee, 721platform sc mkr, 721roberval sc, 197roberval sc mkr, 2487

Merlin, John Joseph, 2451, 2487Belgian sc mkr, 694, 887, 1685, 1724, 1760,

2451from Belgium, 1724centesimal sc mkr, 887coin sc mkr, 1685, 1724, 1760dates, 1724person sc mkr, 1720, 1724platform sc mkr, 694, 2451steelyard mkr, 1685steelyard with micrometer, 1685watch mkr, 1724

Mermod, Jaccard & Co: American sc retailer, 1668pendulum sc retailer, 1668

Mersey Docks & Harbour Board, inspecting wts, 44Mery, M L, weigh scoop patentee, 492"Mesmerised by Sartorius" (article by Allgeier et al),

2542–2547Messmer, H E, paper sc retailer, 1692, 1697–1698metal:

relative density, 2732table of, 2732

Metal Spec Mfg Co: American sc mkr, 1933–1935flexure spring sc mkr, 1933–1935

Metcalf (author), 6, 134, 169Methuen Treaty, 915, 1060, 1067methylated spirits, def, 1272metric system for G B, Gregory Isaac, 1108

metric wts legalised, 614, 633metrication in UK, 1074Metro:

succeeded by Taylor, 3011–3012successor to Hanson Scales, 3010–3011

Metro Scales, selling to Wal-mart, 3011Mettez & Cie, 2435Mettler, E, precision bal mkr, 702metze, German grain measure, 51Mexico, Irish name for reale, 1848Meyer & Co, 2628Meyers, M & Son:

pen nib mkr, 2854–2855postal sc mkr, 2855

Meyers & Co: American ccd mkr, 764, 2061ccd mkr, 764Meyer, Frederick & Troemner, Henry, 2061,

2628succeeded by Troemner, Henry, 2061, 2628

Meymott, Clement I: coin sc mkr, 242, 247, 808dates, 1737master of Everitt, George, 1737master of Rubidge, James, 1737second husband of Read, Mercy, 242, 1737succeeded by Meymott, Mercy, 1737

Meymott, Mercy: coin sc mkr, 242, 247, 808dates, 808, 1737"Late Read", 1745partner of Porter, John, 1737succeeded by Meymott & Porter, 1737successor of Meymott, Clement, 1737widow of Meymott, Clement, 242widow of Read, Joseph, 242

Meymott, Samuel: apothecary sc mkr, 1737dates, 1737successor of Meymott & Son, 1737

Meymott & Porter: coin sc mkr, 1737dates, 1737Meymott, Mercy & Porter, John, 1737succeeded by Meymott & Son, 1737successors of Meymott, Mercy, 1737

Meymott & Son: dates, 1737Meymott, Clement II & Meymott, Samuel, 1737succeeded by Meymott, Samuel, 1737successors of Meymott & Porter, 1737

MG C, C-spring mkr, 1875Michael & Son, beam sc mkr, 2314"Michael's Favourites" (article by Crawforth), 1413–

1420Michalet, E M & Dupas, H G, patentee, 1370, 1905Michell, Rev J, mathematician, 327Michigan Automatic Weighing Mach Co, MI sc mkr,

3034Michigan sc mkr, 3034

Barnes Scale Co, 3034Caille Bros Co, 3034

Caille Brothers Co, 3034Caille Co, 3034Detroit Automatic Scale Co

Detroit, 3034Elkhart, IN, 3034

Detroit Computing Scale Co, 3034Detroit Scale Mfg Co, 3034Dutton, J B Mfg Co, 3034Grand Rapids Brass Works, 3034Grand Rapids Veneer Works, 3034Larkin, James, 3034Michigan Automatic Weighing Machine Co,

3034Standard Computing Scale Co, 3034Stimpson, W F & Co, 3034Stimpson, W F Co, 3034

Detroit, 3034Stimpson Scale & Mfg Co

Milan, 3034Northville, 3034

StimpsonComputing Scale Co, 3034micro bal:

def, 3, 6, 752beam length, 5mkr

Becker's Sons, 843Oertling, 5

see also Precision balmicrometer sc, 14, 217, 360–361, 758, 2685, 2687

mkrComputing Scale Co, 217Dodge Sc Co, 361, 505, 2685Merlin, John Joseph, 1685

nationalityAmerican, 217, 361, 505, 2685British, 1685German, 758

steelyard, 1373, 2685microscope, Starke & Kammerer, 872Middle Tenor, U S coinage, 358Middlesex mark, 1978

seaxes, three, 1926Three Seaxes, 1926

Middleton, James, wt mkr, 638Migel:

Pedrocoin scale

description of, 2995weights of, 2995

coin scale mkr, 2995lantern sight-hole shears mkr, 2995–2996

Mikrowa: precision bal mkr, 408, 409substitution bal mkr, 409

"Milanese Coin Scale-Boxes in 19th C" (article by Zavattoni), 2357–2361

Miles, author, 162Miles':

Contributions to Arabic Metrology (review), 188Early Arabic Glass Weights & Stamps (review),

188Miles, William Henry:

apprentice of Peck, John, 1733at same address as Booth & Simmons, 1733succeeded by Booth & Simmons, 1747succeeded by Miles & Co, 1733successor of Hiatt, Sarah, 1733, 1746successor of London, Frederick Stephen, 1733,

1746Miles & Co:

at same address as Allchin, Henry & Co Ltd, 1733

at same address as Walker, Driver & Warmisham, 1733

successors of Miles, William Henry, 1733milk, specific gravity of, 2489milk recorder sc mkr, Salter, Geo & Co Ltd, 543–544milk sc, 2353, 2489–2492

def, 259goat

spring, 2931–2933Gascoigne, George, 2931–2933mkr, Precision Engineering Co,

2931–2933nationality, British, 2931–2933

retailer, Purina, 1039spring, 543–544, 1039, 1595, 1599, 2931–2933steelyard, 1029variable beam, 1029

milk sc mkr: Chatillon, John & Sons, 88, 1595, 1599Dairymans Supply Co, 223–224, 2489–2492Prutscher, A, 1029Salters, Geo & Co Ltd, 543

mill press, striking coins, 461milled edge on coins, method of faking, 264Miller, Prof, restoration of pound, 2080Miller, W H, minerologist, 391Millward, John:

dates, 638wts, 638

miners companion sc, 154Minoans, scale beam ends, 2144Mint:

Boise City, 531Bordeaux, 862Cairo, 815Carson, 531Charlotte, 531Denver, 531Frankfurt, 104Guyenne, 863Helena, 531Indian, 104Italian, 1100New Orleans, 531New York, 531Paris, 1623Philadelphia, 531Royal see Royal MintSan Francisco, 531, 1216Scottish, 2071Stuttgart, 104U S, 761

see also Assay office, Mintmint sc mkr, Troemner, Henry, 1020mint wts:

mediaeval, 1990mkr, Oertling, Ludwig, 1038

Miquelard & Avranches, C-spring mkr, 1875mirliton see weights, denomination, mirlitonMister, J W, witness for Harris, Sandy, 3115mithqal see weights, denomination, mithqalMittelstenscheid, Iohann Caspar see Mittelstenscheid,

Johann CasparMittelstenscheid, Johann Caspar:

apprentice of Braselman, Johann Petrus, 62coin sc mkr, 27, 31, 61–64dates, 63father of Mittelstenscheid, Peter Caspar, 62master of Mittelstenscheid, Peter Caspar, 62succeeded by Mittelstenscheid, Peter Caspar, 62trade card, 27

Mittelstenscheid, Peter Caspar: apprentice of Mittelstenscheid, Johann Caspar,

62brass founder, 62coin sc mkr, 28, 62–63dates, 63retained company name of Mittelstenscheid,

Johann Caspar, 62son of Mittelstenscheid, Johann Caspar, 62successor of Mittelstenscheid, Johann Caspar, 62

"MLS-Steelmar or bisyard" (article by Crawforth), 1026–1035

mo see weights, denominationmocha-ware see beer measure"Model of Daniels' Patent 199,356 Platform Scale"

(article by Crawforth-Hitchins), 2821–2822"Model of Usher's Compensating Poise for Scale

Beams" (article by Crawforth-Hitchins & Berning), 2822

Model Regulation Period, British, 2221Model Regulations see Board of Trademodern weighing systems., 2216moeda, Portuguese coin, 1062Moffett, Elizabeth:

coin sc mkr, 242, 248dates, 1734master of Blackburn, John I, 1585master of Heard, Thomas I, 1739master of White, William, 1739mother of Moffett, James Thomas, 242, 1583partner of Blackburn, John, 1734partner of Moffett, James Thomas, 1734succeeded by Moffett & Blackburn, 1734successor of Moffett, James Thomas, 1734trade card, 1584widow of Moffett, James, 242, 1583

Moffett, James: apprentice of Swithin, John, 1583, 1734coin sc mkr, 242, 248, 592dates, 1734husband of Moffett, Elizabeth, 242, 1583master of Blackburn, John I, 1585master of Moffett, James Thomas, 1583

master of Vandome, Richard, 1585succeeded by Moffett & Son, 1734in two Guilds, 1583

Moffett, James Thomas: apprentice of Moffett. James, 1583coin sc mkr, 242, 248, 1581–1585dates, 1734master of Fletcher, Samuel, 1739master of Hodgetts, Samuel, 1739master of Martin, William Hood, 1739master of Pugh, William I (line omitted), 1733partner of Moffett, Elizabeth, 1734sc mkr, 3089sight-hole shears

lantern, 1581round, 1583

son of Moffett, Elizabeth, 242, 1583son of Moffett, James, 242, 1583steelyard mkr, 1583succeeded by Moffett, Elizabeth, 1734successor of Moffett & Son, 1734successor of Sangster, James, 1735trade card, 1583–1585in two Guilds, 1584weights mkr, 1583

Moffett, Thomas, is this Moffett, James Thomas?, 1584

Moffett & Blackburn: coin sc mkr, 248dates, 1585, 1734Moffett, Elizabeth & Blackburn, John, 1734succeeded by Blackburn, John, 1734successors of Moffett, Elizabeth, 1734trade card, 1584

Moffett & Son: coin sc mkr, 1584dates, 1734Moffett, Elizabeth & Moffett, James Thomas,

1734succeeded by Moffett, James Thomas, 1734successors of Moffett, James, 1734trade card, 1585

moidor see weights, denomination, moidoremoidore:

acceptance, 2068coin circulated in GB, 915

moidore wts see weights, denominationmoisture content:

laws on, 218sc

def, 259, 260see also Percentage sc

moisture scale, for paper, 3078moisture tester:

butter, 809mkr, Nichols, A S Co, 809spring, 543timber, 809yarn, 1150

Mokko see Pointermomme see weights, denominationmonarchs' marks:

def, 20crowned C, 20, 985crowned E II R, 21crowned ER, 985crowned G, 856crowned H, 21crowned H R, 20, 985crowned I, 985, 987crowned V R, 20see also weights, monarch

Monchicourt, Desire Valentine, patentee, 1370, 1399Monconys, B de:

author, 610scientist, 574, 575

mondwaage, 1863see also c-spring; mancur

monetary pound, 1990monetiform wts see weight, shape, monetiformMoney changer, Japanese print, 324money-changers sc, 1497–1498, 1549–1552

Japanese, 224mkr, Nakabori, 326

money operated sc see Coin operated scMoney Order Office, 1224money sc see coin scMoney Scales & Weights by Sheppard & Musham

(review), 87, 186Moneyweight:

scale, 216–217, 2199–2208beams on, 2200–2201bearings on, 2200Computing Scale Co. mkr, 2199–2208conversion table on, 2205dates, 2199guarantee & instructions for, 2199–2201how to use, 2201–2203instructions for, 2201parts identification, 2202patent for, 2201platform

computing, 2199counter, 2199–2208price computing, 2199price-indicating, 2199, 2232

poises for, 2200price computing, 2199rider poise for, 2201scoop use on, 2199–2208size, 2199swivel base on, 2204tare on, 2201tare poise for, 2201

Moneyweight Scale Co., 2206–2207letter head, 2207selling organization, 2206see also Dayton Moneyweight Scale Co.

"Monied Man's Vade Mecum", Martin, Benjamin, 299–303, 1719

"Monied Man's Vade Mecum" (article on Martin), 299–303

Mönnig, Carl, biography, 2867Mönnig's:

Indian Ocean Sc, letter, 281"Johann Langenberg Coin Scale" (article),

2866–2867correction by Batz, 2942–2944

"Money Scales of Berg & Mark" (article), 26–31, 61–65

"Russian Nesting Weights" (article), 27Mooij, J, Instrumenten, Wetenschap en Samenleving

(1988), Thesis, 2184Moon's "Bussey Questions" (article), 2087–2090Moore, Joseph:

apprentice of Phillips, Walter, 1785apprentice of Picard, John, 1785

Moore, Lewis: dates, 1827Irish sc mkr, 1827

Moore, William I: apprentice of Saunders, Robert, 1734dates, 1734

Moore, William II: dates, 1827Irish coin wts mkr, 1827

Moore & Thompson, weigh scoop patentee, 492Moore Talking Scale Co., 2459Moorhouse Ltd, household sc retailer, 1726Mordan, Augustus, 3023, 3076Mordan, F, 3023, 3076

stonewear ink bottle, 3023, 3076Mordan, Francis, 3076

pen & pencil mkr, 3076Mordan, Francis & Co, 3076

pen & pencil mkr, 3076Mordan, Sampson & Co, 3076

A frame on, 2991, 3021, 3046book on, 961boxed gold wts, 2987–2989cased wts, 424ccd mkr, 1684champleve base on, 3021coin & postal sc, 130–133, 272, 353, 1233construction characteristics, 941, 2988Crimea commemoration sc, 816dates, 935, 941, 1723equal arm balance, 2985–2989equal arm balance mkr, 2985–2989extended pan legs on, 2991, 3021gold scale, sight-hole shears on, 2988–2989gold scale mkr, 2985–2989gold wts, 2987–2989half-roberval & hanging pan, 255

registered design, 133jeweller's gold scale mkr, 2987, 2987–2989Old Advert, 937parcel sc mkr, 133, 938, 942partners' scale mkr, 3041–3042, 3055, 3080porcelain base, 1454porcelain plaques, 1454postal sc mkr, 125, 131, 353, 663, 681–691, 708,

821, 933–950, 993, 1231, 1287, 1292, 1481–1483, 1683, 2057, 2282, 2589, 2643–2644, 2957–2958, 2985–2986, 3019, 3021, 3031, 3041–3042, 3046–

3055, 3069–3070protective pads on, 3021roberval retailed by Austin, 1758roberval sc mkr, 131, 663, 681–691, 933–950,

1231, 1667–1668, 1680, 1683, 2057, 2957–2958, 2986, 3019, 3021

roberval with box-base, 3049, 3080roberval with encased stays, 1481–1482, 3049,

3080rocker mkr, 1684S M silver hallmark, 1678shelf-edge sc mkr, 237silver mechanism, 2281–2282sovereign wts, 1936, 2987–2988spring bal, 1233, 1684steelyard mkr, 652, 1677, 3069–3070tortoise-shell base, 2281–2282Wedgwood plaques, 1454weight, knobbed, 3049, 3080weight characteristics, 3022–3023, 3046–3055weight denomination

1/2 oz, 3049, 3050, 30541/4 oz, 3050, 30541 oz, 3049, 3052, 30541/P, 3048, 3051, 30532 lbs, 30512 oz, 3046, 3049, 3052, 30542/P, 3048, 3051, 30533/P, 30484 lbs, 30464 oz, 3049, 30524/P, 3048, 3051–30534 tola, 30475 lb, 30466 oz, 3046, 30528 oz, 30528 oz D/3, 30548/P, 3048, 3051, 30538 tola, 30478P, 30488P 4 oz, 305410 oz, 3046, 305210 sovereign oz/2 dwt/11 1/4, 305412 oz, 305216/P, 305120 sovereign oz/5 dwt/2 1/2, 3054F, 3048–3049, 3051, 3053F/P, 3050FP, 3050grammes, 3049oz, 1, 3049–3050oz/2 4/P D/1 1/2, 3054oz-1, 3047, 3049oz 1/2, 3049–3050oz-1/2 1P, 3047oz 1/2F, 3049oz 1/3, 3048–3050oz 1/4, 3049–3050oz-1/4 F, 3047oz-1 1/2 3P, 3047oz-1 2P, 3047oz 2/3, 3048–3050

oz-4, 3047, 3052oz-6, 3052oz-8, 3052oz-10, 3052oz-12, 3046, 3052oz-16, 3052

weight finishes, 3046weight placement, 3046weight rule exceptions, 3055weight rules, 3055weight sizes, 3022–3023weight storage, 3046weight types, 3022–3023weight with folding box, 3053weight with storage compartment below, 3051weight with storage drawer below, 3053Zulu wars commemorative, 1233

Mordan, Sampson I, 3076Mordan, Sampson II, 3023Mordan & Langhorn, patentee, 652Mordan jeweller's scale:

lever on, 2988sight-hole shears on, 2988support hanger on, 2988

Mordan retailer: Howell & James, 2990–2993, 3021Waterlow & Sons, 2998–3006

More, Ken, egg sc retailer, 920"More Flexure Springs" (article by Crawforth, D),

1902–1910, 1931–1935, 1964–1966, 1984–1986

"More 'Irish' (Netherlands) Steelyards" (article by Holtman), 1897–1900

"More Mordan Weights" (article by a Crawforth), 3046–3055

"More Mordan Weights 1" (article by Robinson), 3080"More Mordan Weights 2" (article by Rangeley), 3080"More Nesting Weights" (article), 2529, 2531, 2532"More oil-damping" (article by Crawforth-Hitchins),

2167"More oil-damping" (article by Morris), 2166"More on Union Scales", response by Newall, 1877"More on Weighing Silver Coins" (article), 2401–

2402"More Reflections on Dr. Fitch" (article by Marson),

2185–2188"More Saddled Steelyards" (article by Crawforth-

Hitchins), 2381–2387"More Solder Scales" (article by Crawforth), 2550"More Solder Weighing" (article by Rangeley), 2549Morehead, J H, weigh scoop patentee, 492Morgan (author), 728Morgan, Charles:

dates, 1732sc & wts mkr, 1732succeeded by Morgan, Charles & Sons, 1732successor of Morgan, Joseph Walter?, 1732

Morgan, Charles & Sons: sc mkr, 1732successors of Morgan, Charles, 1732

Morgan, Joseph Walter: apprentice of Burchfield, Thomas, 1732

dates, 1732sc & wts mkr, 1732succeeded by Morgan, Charles?, 1732

Morris see Whitehead, Morris & CoMorris, Tony, biography, 2166Morris' "More oil-damping" (article), 2166Morrison-Low's "George Arstall" (article), 2003–2014Morse see Fairbanks, Morse & CoMorse, Charles H, 3065Morton, Thomas, sc mkr, advert, 2552Morton & Bremner, spring bal mkr, 1555Morvan, wts mkr, 638Morvan, G & B, bread, sc mkr, 1089Moses' Cough Drops, produced by Hoadley, 2099Mosley, Oswald, 1957

Lord of Manor of Manchester, 1957see also Manchester mark with O M

Moss see Dutton & MossMoss & Schmidt's "In Search of Michigan Scale

Makers" (letter), 3034Mothe, J & Cie, coin operated sc importer, 2454–2455motor, 1213Moul, H E, patentee, 679mould, inspectors, 120moulded seal see verificationMount Tacoma Mfg Co, 381–382

egg sc mkr, 1312steelyard mkr, 1312see also A B F

Mountford: coin sc mkr, 1476, 1508dates, 1508

Mountford, Henry, 1508see also Mountford, Humphrey

Mountford, Humphrey: coin sc mkr, 1508dates, 1508sc mkr, 1508wts mkr, 1508

Mountford, I, coin sc mkr, 1508Mountford, William:

coin sc mkr, 1476, 1508coin wts mkr, 1476

mouse, def, 259movable load point scales, 2911moving load:

hydrostatical sc, 1033sc, 2715–2718

def, 1026–1035, 1032coin, 236, 990, 1034, 1310–1311, 2716–

2718ease of use, 1369egg, 1034, 2716–2717fixed poise, 2716geologists, 1033, 2718hydrostatic, 576, 1033, 2715inventor, Walker, 1033mkr

Berrian Mfg Co, 1034, 2718Bradford Darby & Hulls, 1310, 1311Cass, J A, 576, 2715Greaves & Son, 236, 1032

Harris, William & Co, 1034Harrison, 1034Poupard, William, 621Richtmann, C, 990, 2718

nationalityAmerican, 2716, 2718English, 2716–2718French, 2716German, 2716Greco-Turkish, 2717

patent, 650patentee

Monchicourt, D V, 1399Poupard, William, 2717Richtmann, C, 990, 2717–2718Saltinstall-Taylor T & H, 650, 2716Suffield, S W, 2718Thompson, J A, 2718

patmoving load, sc, postal, 621, 990, 1032, 1399, 2716–2717

postal, 621, 990, 1032, 1399, 2716–2717postal & coin, 2718rocker, 1034, 2717shelf-edge, 1032, 2716specific gravity, 2718yarn, 1175

Moy, Thomas, weighing machine mkr, 1725Mr Peanut see person scmulti-beam, unequal arm, 217multi-beam rocker, 227, 381, 383, 413multi-beam steelyard, 224, 232, 2199–2209multi-beamed scale, 2199–2209Municipal boroughs, 1982Municipal Corporations, 1926Muntgewichten Voor Munten Van de Nederlanden by

Houben (review), 402Murcott, Theophilus:

anglers sc mkr, 1726dates, 1726

Murdoch, James: coin operated sc mkr, 2451coin operated sc patentee, 2451

Murray (author), 2072Murray, T S, patentee, 678Murrill, Howard, biography, 2948Murrill's "Langley De-Liar" (article), 2945–2948museum:

Aberdeen Museum, Hooper postal bismar, 1720Alexandria Masonic Memorial, Fairfax Co

Standards, 1860American Numismatic Society, carob seeds, 162Art Institute of Chicago, Peruvian weights,

2903–2904Aschaffenburg Schlossmuseum, Sessler's spring

bal, 429–430, 1864Balingen Bizerba Zollernschloss, varied, 50Basel Schweizerisches Pharmacie-historisches

Museum, Berg coin sc, 64Belfast Ulster Museum

Hand coin sc, 1801Irish coins, 1778

Birmingham Avery Historical Museum

3 elliptical springs, 1885apothecary wts, 832arrow sc, 869Avery catalogue c1835, 1580coin weights, glass, 2151elliptical spring bal, 1869Indian rati seeds, 2447knipwaage, 2447Newman catalogue n.d., 1828ornate postal steelyard, 1225Pooley catalogue c1851, 1664Salter mancur, 434Siebe lyre-spring bal, 1466, 1888small steelyard, 1379

Birmingham Museum of Science & Industry, 2597

Bordeaux Customs Museum, great beam, 858Bradford Bolling Hall, Merlin person sc, 1720Braunschweig Physikalisch-Technische

Bundesanstalt, Bunge's assay bal, 792Broadway Snowshill Manor

Braby spring bal, 1915coin sc, 1590coin wts, 1938

Bruges Gruuthuse Museum, early mediaeval wts, 1993, 2019

Cambridge Harvard University, Dearborn's gold bal, 1189, 1211–1216

Cambridge UK Whipple MuseumCrosby coin sc, 1761Gardner coin sc, 1305–1306Pickering coin sc, 1831Robinson precision bal, 1215

Castle MuseumYork

England, 2142Lane rocker, 2142

Cesaria Maritima Sdot-Yam Kibbutz, Talent of St Mary, 1332–1339

Chicago Field Museum of Natural History, Roman bismar, 823

Co Durham Beamish Museum, Troy wts, 1937Co Roscommon Strokestown Park House, early

steelyard, 1847donating to, 971, 1037Dresden-Zwinger Staatl Math-Physic Salon,

Hahn's triple load-position pendulum sc, 609

Edinburgh National Museum of ScotlandAdie's grain sc, 1717Avery's paper sc, 1694Braby pendulum sc, 1914Lockhart's coin sc, 2068–2069Lumsden's coin sc, 2070mediaeval lead wt, 1993Napier's bullion bal, 105

Edinburgh Royal Museum of Scotland see museum, Edinburgh National Museum of Scotland

Fairbanks Museum of Natural History, 2804, 3066–3067

Giessen Mettler Instrumente GmbH museum

chainomatic, 620precision bals, 1468

Glasgow Burrell Collection, early wts, 1151Göteborg Museum, Peruvian scales & weights,

2908Greenock McClean Museum, Crichton precision

bal, 1720Hampton VA Old Jail, Casella person sc, 1716Hanchett-Bartlett Homestead, Gaston scales,

2979Henry Ford Museum, John Adams' coin scale,

2536Historical Museum of New York, hand held sc

by Freeman, 3015–3016Huddersfield Tolson Museum, coin sc, 1720Hull Museum, coin sc & wts, 1794Kolnisches Stadtmuseum, Kirch's coin sc, 50, 64Liverpool Museum, Arstall's nesting wts, 2011London British Museum

Breugel's print Elck or Everyman, 737coin wt, 987–988Crowther-Benyon's coin-wts, 1794Roman equal-arm sc with poise, 564

London Greenwich National Maritime Museum, Project Simon, 1967

London Harmer's stamp auctioneers, Hooper bimar postal sc, 2

London Science Museum1588 Standards, 1348Adams' steelyard, 1852Anscheutz & Schlaff pendulum bal, 1850–

1851Brown coin sc, 1416Chinese dot'chin, 1853elliptical spring bal, 1869hydrostatic steelyard, 270Kater wood-beam bal, 2081mediaeval lead wt, 1989Sisson precision bal, 1853Wiedeman's spring bal, 1864

Malta Armoury Palace, cannon weighing steelyard, 868

Malta Museum Folklorico, bullion bal, 866Maynooth St Patrick's College, Paul precision

bal, 1754Metropolitan Museum, New York, 3015–3016Musée de la Monnaie, 2516Musée National des Techniques, 2171

Paris, 2361British coin wt standards, 811–813,

855–857C-spring special, 1869Hanin person sc, 1867

Peson à ressort, 2171Museo Amano, Peruvian scales & weights,

2903–2907Museo de las Ferias in Medina del Campo, 2997Museum of London Archaelogical Service, 2109Naples National Museum, Roman bismar, 823National Gallery of Art, 2819National Museum of American History, 3115–

3116

Division of Medicine & Science Collections, 3115–3116, 3118

Old Sturbridge Village Museum, English CFS for reales, 1779

Oslo Museum, knipwage, 1900Oxford Ashmolean Museum, coin wts, 1794Oxford Museum of History of Science

C-spring special, 1870Chinese do'tchin, 2390Chinese steelyard, 2390full catalogue of Great Exhibition 1851,

1664, 1886Martin steelyards, 303, 2390Martin's dot'chin, 1718–1719, 2390painting Measurers, 1983Roman steelyard, 1819, 2390Rowley steelyard, 2390Russian bismar, 2390steelyard, 2388–2390

Oxford Pitt-Rivers Museum, Netherlands knipwage, 1831, 1900

Paris Bibliotheque Nationale, coin wts, 1794Paris C N A M see museum, Musée National des

TechniquesParis Conservatoire National des Arts & Metiers

see museum, Musée National des Techniques

Patent Model Museum, 2819Quincy-Squire Museum, Earlville, NY, Zenith

egg scale, 3056Richmond VA, kitchen sc, 848Rouen Musee Le Secq des Tournelles, C-spring

special, 1869Royal Museum of Scotland, 2152Sartorius Museum, 2542–2547Schwelm Stadtisches Heimatmuseum, Berg coin

sc, 63–64Science Museum, London, Italian diamond sc,

2622Sheffield, dental alloy sc, 2056Smithsonian Institution, 2819Spalding Gentlemans' Society Museum, coin sc,

1720Sturbridge Museum, coin sc, 1779, 1880–1881Tel-Aviv Kadman Numismatic Museum, Roman

steelyard, 168Triers Museum, Roman steelyards, 50Unna Hellweg Museum, Maul rocker, 1617Valetta Museum of Fine Arts, wts of Knights of

St John, 867Warsaw Museum, mancurs, 433Washington Smithsonian Institution, patent

model, 1113–1114Wenterthur Museum, 2472–2473Whitby Museum, ring wts with windmills, 1116Winchester Museums, mediaeval beam, 1566–

1569Worthing Museum, coin sc, 1720Wurttemberg Landesmuseum, Hahn's kitchen sc,

608museum catalogues:

Augst Museum, Romische Waagen und

Gewichte aus Augst und Kaiseraugst by Mutz (1983), 1853

Bibliotheque Nationale, coin wts by Dieudonne, 87, 498, 879, 881, 1562, 1607, 1796, 1879

British MuseumArabic Glass Wts by Lane-Poole (1891),

162English Copper Tin & Bronze Coins by

Peck (1970), 1015Money from Cowrie Shells to Credit

Cards by Gibbs (1986), 1785Conservatoire National des Arts & Metiers,

Inventaire des Poids by Pommier (1990), 1386–1387, 1789, 1998

Germanischen Nationalmuseum, Merkzeichen der Nürnberger Rotschmeide by Stengel (1918-19), 1901

Glenbow Museum Calgary, Akan Wts by Garrard, 2027

Musee d'Art et Histoire de Geneve (1964), Poids Byzantine by Barkay, 310

Musee National des Techniques, Inventaire des Poids by Pommier (1990), 1386–1387, 1789, 1998

Museo Arqelogico Nacional Madrid, Catalogo de los Ponderales Monetarios by Llopis (1934), 1796, 1879

Museo della Bilancia a Campogallianohistory of company owners, 2027–2028sc & wts, 2027–2028

Museum fur Volkekunde Berlin, Goldgewichte aus Ghana by Menzell, 2027

Museum Haarretz Tel Aviv, Roman Steelyard by Eran (1969), 169

Museum of History of Science Florence, Antique Instruments by Cantu & Settle, 610

Museum of History of Science Oxford, Measuring, 1983

Science Museum LondonChemical bals by Stock, 87George III collection by Morton & Wess,

1849–1854W & M, 816

Taft Museum Cincinnati, Vintage Penny Weighing-machines by ?, 717

University College London, Glass Stamps & Wts by Petrie (1926), 162

Westfalisches Landesmuseum Munster, Catalogue Messen und Wiegen, 64

Whipple Museum Cambridge UK, bals & wts by Brown, 593

Yale University Streeter Collection, nesting wts by Zak Danforth, 1434

mushroom wts see weight, shapeMusschenhroek, P van (author), 576Mussell's Earliest U K Postal? (article), 2Mutz (author), 1853"My Bankers' Scale; A rarity by H Sutcliff & Co."

(article by Malter), 2679–2682"My Magic Scale" (article by Foster), 2833–2834

"My Mysterious Scale" (article by Wiley), 2227–2230Myers, Elmer, Defiance Machine Wks worker, 2969Myers, Hubert A., 2461Myers, M & Son:

egg sc, 382–383postal sc, 132–133

Myers & Co, postal sc mkr, 1261"Mysterous Hoadley Scale, The" (article by Wehman),

2097–2100"Mystery Scale" (article by Wehman), 2582–2584

NN B see Briais, NarcisséN B B mark, 69, 1960

see also New BuckenhamN crowned, 1977

mark on wts, 164see also Nottinghamshire

N D C, mark on wts, 69Nadal, J, patentee, 511Nahmer, A von der:

German sc mkr, 1725office in London, 1725

nail, def, 2018Nairne, Edward:

dates, 1724hydrostatical bal mkr, 1724scientific instrument mkr, 1724

Nakabori, sc mkr, 326naksara bakari see steelyardNapier, D & Son:

succeeded by Napier, James Murdoch, 105successor of Napier, David, 103

Napier, David: coin operated sc mkr, 2451coin sc mkr, 1299father of Napier, James Murdoch, 103partner with Napier, James Murdoch, 103printing machinery mkr, 103succeeded by Napier, D & Son, 103worked with Cotton, William (1), 103

Napier, J M: coin operated sc mkr, 2452coin operated sc patentee, 2451–2452

Napier, James Murdoch: bullion bal designer, 104bullion bal mkr, 105partner with Napier, David, 103son of Napier, David, 103succeeded by Napier, Motague Stanley, 105successor of Napier, D & Son, 105

Napier, John: comparisons of coinage, 2071inventor of logarithms, 2071

Napier, Motague Stanley, successor of Napier, James Murdoch, 105

"Napiers Balance & the Mint" (article by Joyce), 103–105

"Napoleon Du Brul's Patents" (article), 2615–2616Napoleonic wars, 915, 1083, 1226NASA, 2501Nason, Stephen, 2465

Nathan, Alex, 2273, 2290partner of Bernstein, Alex, 2273pawnbroker, 2273successor to Bernstein, Alex, 2274

national see French patternNational Aeronautics & Space Administration see

NASANational Automatic Weighing Machine Co., 2457National Bureau of Standards:

US, 2175, 2259, 2965establishment of, 2259see also NBS

National Computing Scale Co, 3012National Conference on Weights & Meas:

establishment of, 2259see also NCWM

National Houseware Manufacturers Association see NHMA

National Maritime Museum, 1967National Museum of American History, Smithsonian

Institute, 2267National Poultry Equipment Co, 2833–2834

candler, 1316Shadolite, 1316–1317, 2833–2834succeed by Barlar Industries, 2834succeed by Cal-Mar Industries, 2834

National Prototype Meter, 2175National Weighing Machine Co Inc, 2428nationality, postal sc, 2, 11, 16, 19, 36, 40, 101, 125,

131–133, 136, 146, 175, 198–199, 224, 232, 236–237, 255, 258, 275–276, 341, 345, 353, 361, 366, 381, 399, 401, 403–409, 428, 437, 453, 456, 479, 482–484, 512–513, 518–528, 530, 537–538

Natl Poultry Equipt Co, egg sc mkr, 1279, 1284NBS, National Bureau of Standards, 2259, 2965NCWM, 2259Neale, Henry:

coin sc mkr, 207, 1353, 1356, 1381, 1783, 2226, 3017, 3019

dates, 1381, 3019employer of Smelt, Samuel, 1738H N mkrs mark in pans, 1381master of Lee, John, 1736trade card, 1381, 1801, 3017

Neale, John: coin sc mkr, 207–208, 244, 1377, 1382dates, 1737master of 4 apprentices at once, 1729master of Gale, William, 244, 1729, 1737master of Hawkins, William, 244, 1729, 1740master of Key, George, 244, 1729, 1740master of Lane, John, 244, 1729master of Read, Samuel, 244, 1729master of Sleigh, Richard I, 244, 1729, 1737master of Stiles, William, 244, 1729, 1740master of Thompson, John, 244, 1729, 1735steelyard mkr, 208successor of Jenks, Mrs, 1735trade card, 208, 1382wt mkr, 208

Neale, Samuel:

address, 2226apprentice of Sherman, Henry, 248coin sc mkr, 207, 248, 1355–1356, 1377diamond scale, design features of, 2225–2226master of Hart, Joseph I, 248, 1735master of Pollard, Thomas, 1734master of Thompson, Jeremiah, 1734–1735S N mark in pans, 1356S N mark on beam, 1377trade card, 1801

Nedden, B & Co, paper sc mkr, 1692, 1698Nederlanse Gewichten by Zevenboom & Wittop-

Koning (review), 87Needle's:

"Fairbanks & Co" (article), 75–77, 106–110Six ounce wts, letter, 88

Negretti & Zambra: precision bal mkr, 1822scientific instrument mkr, 1822see also catalogue

Neill, Robert: folding gold bal retailer, 1827selling charts of Bate, Robert Brettell, 1787

Nemetz, Viennese bal mkr, 2593, 2595Nemetz, Guiseppe:

precision bal mkr, 1822scientific instrument mkr, 1822see also catalogue

Nernst, Walter H, precision sc designer, 750Nesbit, yarn bal mkr, 1103Nesbitt, John:

agent for Sutcliff, 2682pot plate, 1455proprietor for Sutcliff, 2682trade card, 1176trade sc mkr, 1455yarn sc instructions, 1790yarn sc retailer, 1173

Nest wts see weight, shape, flat"Nesting Weights" (query by Holtman), 1751–1752Nesting Weights by Houben (review), 738Nesting Weights Einsatzgewichte & Piles à Godet by

Zak Danforth (review), 1165–1167nesting wts:

def, 260Austrian, 2529British, 2532fake, 251–253, 2520fake (article by Schmidt), 251–258fake analysed, 1322French, 1166Italian, 2362, 2586mkr

Brabant, 2531Braunschweig, 2531Fleischmann, Erasmus, 2522, 2586Fleischmann, Johann Erasmus, 2522Laurence, John, 2532Lenz, Christoph, 2522, 2586Lenz, Johann Reichert, 2522

Nürnberg, 2173, 2520–2524, 2586adjusted for Venice, 2522, 2586

Doges of Venice, 2522–2523San Marco Lion mark, 2522–2523

Roman, 2521series, 17see also weight, shape

net wt, law, 1182Netherlands:

bimetallism, 1898coinage reforms 1659, 1898current coins, 1898

Netherlands sc: apothecary, 477coin, 849, 1606, 1833grain, 80mkr

Becker, 478Becker, Christopher, 477, 702Becker's Sons, 477, 837, 843, 1002Berkel G m b H, 959Dorsman, Paulus, 850Fijn-mechanische Industrie Becker's Sons

N V, 844Hollandische Optiek Fabriek (system

Hensoldt) N V, 844Linderman, Jan, 1606Maatschappij Van Berkel's Patent N V,

959paper, 1704postal, 477precision, 702, 843precision bal air-damped, 702retailer, Embden, S van, 1872

Netherlands wts mkr, Haagse Balensen en Gewichtenfabriek, 1264

Netherton's Fairfax County W & M 1744 (article), 1859–1860

nett wt, def, 260neuer schild louis d'or see weights, denominationNeusts, Jacobus:

Antwerp, 1792coin sc mkr, 1792

New, William, 2129apprentice of Joy, John, 1734dates, 1734partner of Freeman, Samuel III, 1734sc mkr to Office of Customs, 1734succeeded by New & Co, 1734successors of Freeman & New, 1734

New & Co: dates, 1734succeeded by Vandome & Co, 1734successor of New, William, 1734

New Bremen, NY, location of Zenith egg sc, 3082New Buckenham mark, 69, 1960New Plymouth W & M, 1136New Standard 1774:

coinage, 1068, 1081–1082see also Acts of Parliament

New Tenor, U S coinage, 358New Woodstock, NY, location of Zenith egg scale,

3082New York Assay Office (article), 531–534

New York Journeyman's Society, 2293New York Journeymen Scalemakers Co., 2293"New York Scalemakers 1836-1877" (article by

Beare), 2293–2294Newall's:

apothecary Weights, letter, 893–894"Golden Scales, c.1090 B.C." (article), 2550"More on Union Scales" (response), 1877"Reaction to Comment, 1922" (article), 2515"Reaction to Weighing in the 14th C" (article),

2067"Reaction to Weighing in the 14th C" (article

reply), 2107"Repairing Saddled Steelyards" (article), 2504"Response on Robervals" (article), 2672"The Grocer" (article), 2468–2471

Newark Scale Works, 3095trip sc mkr, 3095

Newcastle on Tyne: assay office, lion mark on wts, 45, 497, 500mark, 1928

Newman, Eric, biography, 2765Newman, Eric P, 2456Newman, J:

bought by Avery, W & T Ltd, 1519butchers sc repairer, 1828chemists sc mkr, 1519counter sc mkr, 1519dates, 1519Irish sc mkr, 1519–1520postal sc retailer, 1519pot plate, 1519retailer of S & P postal steelyard, 1519, 1829roberval sc mkr, 1829sc mkr, 1519sc repairer, 1519shop sc mkr, 1829steelyard mkr, 1519succeeded by Avery, W & T Ltd, 1758weigh-bridge mkr, 1519weighing machine mkr, 1519wts mkr, 1519see also catalogue

Newman, John: scientific instrument mkr, 1822see also catalogue

Newman, Samuel: apprentice of Thompson, John I (line to II

wrongly drawn), 1735father of Newman, Thomas Porter, 1735

Newman, Thomas, sc mkr, 3090Newman, Thomas Porter:

apprentice of Reynolds, Joseph (line omitted), 1735

son of Newman, Samuel, 1735Newman's:

Caleb Ray, letter, 817Coins & Letters, letter, 848"Joseph Richardson Importer" (article), 1488–

1493Response to Irish Steelyard, 1878"Unknown CCD" (article), 2759–2765

newsletter reprints: Colker, 190–191Schmidt, 251–253Vorley, 160–162Wormser, 221–224

newspaper, useful: Berliner Boersenzeitung 1876, Bernstein sorting

machine, 1947Deutscher Reichsanzeiger & Koniglich

Preussischer Staatsanzeiger 1876, Bernstein, Advert, 1947

Edinburgh Advertiser 1773, light coin, 267Elkhart Truth Apr 28, 1914, 2140Elkhart Truth June, 1914, 2140Elkhart Truth Sept 18, 1914, 2140Faulkner's Dublin Journal n.d., ccd, 277Glasgow Courier 1792, Gardner advert, 1309Glasgow Journal 1773

Gardner advert, 1304, 1310Gardner instruction book advert, 1305

Glasgow Mercury 1779, Gardner advert, 1309Gores' General Advertiser 1809, Arstall adverts,

2006Konigliche privilegirte Berlinische Zeitung

1876, Bernstein sorting machine, 1947Leeds Intelligencer 1769, light coin, 265Leeds Mercury 1776

counterfeit guineas, 270light coin, 268, 270

Liverpool Courier 1809Arstall, Warning, 2004ironmongers reactions to Arstall, 2006Wright, Reaction to Arstall, 2007

Liverpool General Advertiser 1776, Henry's coin sc advert, 271, 282

London Chronicle 1773light coin, 267shoemkr had shoes stolen while weighing,

15London Evening Post 1747, Kirk's advert, 480London Gazette 1774, Whitehurst's

announcement, 1082London Gazette 1821, Lighter sovereigns, 1125London Gazette 1843, Exchange of old money-

wts for new, 1127Neues Berliner Intelligenz-Blatt 1786, improved

method of weighing grain, 51New York Times June 1, 1869, 3117Newcastle Chronicle 1777, counterfeit guineas,

266Norddeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung 1876, report

on Bernstein sorting machine, 1947Rheinische Heraldik 1934, Berg sc mkr, 64Urwaehlerzeitung Organ fur Jedermann aus dem

Volke 1849, Bernstein's views, 1948Volks-Zeitung (1853), Bernstein's paper, 1948Volks-Zeitung (1884), Bernstein in Berlin, 1948,

1955Vossische Zeitung (1884), Bernstein's death,

1955Newton, Isaac:

checking relative value of gold & silver coin,

1040–1046, 1060Master of the Mint, 463, 914, 1040–1046, 1060scientist, 327

Newton, William: apprentice of Overing, Thomas, 1735–1736,

1786apprentice of Phillips, Elizabeth, 1735–1736,

1786on Bartholomew Lane, 3018–3019master of Holt, James (omitted in error), 1735–

1736master of Sangster, John II, 1735partner in Newton, Willian & Co, 1736trade card, 3018

Newton, William & Co: on Bartholomew Lane, 3018–3019coin sc mkr, 1736dates, 1736, 3018–3019

Newtonian period, coinage, 1040NHMA, 2973, 2975

formed by Hansen, Stan L, 2973Hansen, Stan L, president, 2973

ni rin tame see steelyardnib:

def, 260spring, 236

Nicholl, William Lewis: apprentice of Woodage, George Cave, 1738coin sc mkr, 1730dates, 1730employed by DeGrave, Mary, 1738, 1745master of Kington, John, 1730master of London, Frederick Stephen, 1733master of Tadloo, Thomas, 1733master of Trowbridge, Charles, 1730master of Webb, Richard William, 1733master of Wedderburn, Jabez I (line omitted),

1730partner of Fowler, John, 1735partner of Fowler, William Cave, 1733partner of Lewis, William, 1733partner of Reynolds, Joseph, 1733succeeded by Kington & Trowbridge, 1739successor of Rubidge, Charlotte, 1737

Nicholl, William Lewis & Co: apothecary sc mkr, 1733succeeded by Nicholl & Fowler, 1733successors of Reynolds & Nicholl, 1733

Nicholl & Fowler: bank sc mkr, 1733dates, 1733Nicholl, William Lewis & Fowler, William

Cave, 1733at same address as Tadloo, Alfred, 1733succeeded by Doyle & Son, 1733successors of Nicholl, William Lewis & Co,

1733wt mkr, 1448

Nichols, A S Co: American sc retailer, 809timber moisture sc retailer, 809

Nicholson (author), 1090

Nicholson's Report of Secretary of Treasury on Construction & Distribution of W & M (review), 189

nickel-plating, 113, 1205, 1236Nicklin, Edward:

coin sc mkr, 1508date, 1508

nine shilling wt see Weights, denomination, MoidoreNitecki (author), 2027Nitecki's Equal Measure for Kings & Commoners

Gold Weights of Akan (review), 594"No Stone Unturned" (article by Knights), 2799–2803noailles see weights, denomination, noaillesnoble:

coin, 913see also weights, denomination, noble

Noël's: Not Glass Wts, letter, 306"Response on Régnier" (article), 2231"Scales & Weights" (article), 629–632

nonautomatic-indicating equal-arm counter sc, 2258Nordenskiöld, Erland, researcher, 2903, 2907–2909Nordenskiöld, Erland (author), 2903, 2907–2909Normans:

bismar, 1326poises, 1328weighing practices, 1326, 1328

North Bros Mfg Co: family sc mkr, 2855–2856Yankee screw driver, mkr, 2855

Northfield, Thomas Stephen: apprentice of Reynolds, Joseph, 1739son of Northfield, William, 1739

Northfield, William: dates, 1739father of Northfield, Thomas Stephen, 1739

Northumberland mark, 1981Norvell-Shapleigh Hardware Co see Norvell-Shipleigh

Hardware CoNorvell-Shipleigh Hardware Co:

candy scale mkr, 2101see also catalogue

Norwich, inspectors stamping wts, 1893Norwich mark, 1928, 1981Nosal, Leonard, biography, 2140Nosal's "Angldile Computing Scales, Part 1" (article),

2131–2140nose end, def, 260nose-guard, 1091–1092nose iron see Saddle"Not Shekels but Ounces" (article by Zavattoni), 2182notch, def, 260Notes & Queries:

1, "Phillips, Edw Boxed Scale" (Mindel & Crawforth), 16

2, "Scale by Greaves, Edward" (Brass & Crawforth), 16

3, "Scale by Keller" (Gerling & Crawforth), 164

"Nesting Weights" (reply from Monnig), 42

"Nesting Weights" (Schmidt), 17

5, "W & M Document 1497" (Crawforth & Crawforth), 17

6, "Coin Weights Found" (Lincoln Archaeological Trust), 40

7, "Alderman Balance" (uit den Boogard), 408, "American Scale?" (Crawforth & Mallis), 40–

419, "Scale Marked D.V." (Willard & Crawforth),

41–4210, "German Scale" (Crawforth), 4211, "Jokey Scale/Person Scale" (Ellis), 6012, "Incomplete Scale" (Schmidt), 6013, "Weights marked P & F" (Gelder), 6014, "Scottish Fleur-De-Lys" (Houben &

Crawforth), 8815, "Chatillon & Son" (Lindeyer & Crawforth),

8816, "Six Ounce Weights" (Needle & Crawforth),

8917, "European Coin" (Mallis), 88–8918, "Banker's Scale" (Archivist, Lloyds Bank

Ltd & Crawforth), 8919, "Johan Wilhelm Herbertz" (Mönnig), 11220, "Wooden Postal Scale" (Vorley &

Crawforth), 11221, "Young & Son Person Scale" (Crawforth),

11322, "Photographic Scales" (Jackson &

Crawforth), 11323, "Six Ounce Weights(reply to N & Q 16)"

(Rix & Crawforth), 14224, "Crontal (reply to N & Q 17)" (Nentwich &

Rix), 14225, "Fairbanks Prescription Scale" (Lindeyer),

14326, "American Manufacturers" (Eaches), 14327, "Earthenware Weights" (Members, Doniger

& Crawforth), 143–14428, "Scale with Pins" (Denford), 14429, "Oertling of London" (Thürkôw &

Crawforth), 15930, "Unusual Weight" (Smith), 15931, "Guinea Scales" (Chandler & Crawforth),

16032, "Weight for the Noble" (Mallis &

Crawforth), 21633, "Computing Scale Co (reply to N & Q 26)"

(Carley), 216–21734, "Fairbanks Scale (reply to N & Q 28)"

(Carley & Hall), 218–21935, "Treatment for Rust" (Daneman &

Crawforth), 21936, "Mystery Scale" (Hall), 21937, "Glass Weights" (Lindeyer), 24938, "Indian Ocean Scales" (Denford &

Crawforth), 24939, "Forty Percent Weight" (Schmitz), 25040, "Diamond Scales" (Chitty & Crawforth),

25041, "Art Nouveau Postal Scale" (Crawforth),

25042, "Assay Tons" (Gerling), 280

43, "Treating Rust (reply to N & Q 35)" (Wage), 280

44, "F. E. Becker & Co" (Herre & Crawforth), 280–281

45, "Indian Ocean Scales" (Mönnig), 28146, "Not Glass Weights (reply to N & Q 37)"

(Noël), 30647, "Weights marked "T"" (Rix & GPO), 30648, "Assay Tons (reply to N & Q 42)" (Joyce &

Rix), 331–33249, "French Postal Scale" (uit den Boogard), 33250, "William B. Preston" (Lindeyer), 33251, "Postal Weights" (Denford, Thursby, Gelder

& Crawforth), 353–35452, "Herbert & Sons Ltd" (Herre & Crawforth),

35453, "Bryan Corcoran Ltd" (uit den Boogard &

Crawforth), 35454, "Weight with Crown & Shield (reply to N &

Q 39)" (Houben), 35455, "Thomas Gable" (uit den Boogaard &

Crawforth), 38856, "S.T.S." (Matthews & Crawforth), 38857, "Diamond Scales (reply to N & Q 40)"

(Houben), 44558, "Roberval" (Jenemann), 44559, "Spanish Scale-German Scale" (Burgauer),

44560, "John Sheldon" (uit den Boogaard &

Crawforth), 44661, "Rare Rocker by Harrison" (Visser), 44662, "N.B. & S.G.D.G. (reply to N & Q 49)"

(Gacon), 44663, "Mystery Scale" (Bogaerts), 48064, "William B. Preston (reply to N & Q 50)"

(Lindeyer), 50865, "Rare Folder by Thos. Williams" (Visser &

Crawforth), 50866, "Scandinavian Steelyard" (Cohn), 53567, "Pot Weight" (Visser & Crawforth), 53568, "Butter Scale" (Pommier & Crawforth), 59169, "Vandome, Titford & Co" (Middleton &

Crawforth), 59270, "Pourin" (Katz & Crawforth), 592–59371, "Weighing Medal" (Batz), 64072, "Holes & Marks on Weights" (Dörr &

Crawforth), 640–64173, "AE Wage" (Schmitz), 64174, "Letter Scale Marked S.O." (Holdaway &

Crawforth), 70375, "Counterfeit Coin Detector" (Vorley &

Crawforth), 716–71776, "Specific Gravity Balance" (Piggott &

Crawforth), 755–75777

"AE Wage(reply to N & Q 73)" (Wage), 757

"AE Wage (reply to N & Q 73)" (Wage), 703

78, "Mercy Meymott" (Mallis & Crawforth), 808

79, "Curious Instrument" (Jenemann &

Crawforth), 80980, "Moisture Balance Maker" (Cohn Jr), 809–

81081, "Iron Weights by Mellard" (Binks &

Crawforth), 81082, "W Chambers Day" (Mahoney &

Crawforth), 81083, "Bartlett of Bristol" (Mahoney &

Crawforth), 82484, "Grain Scale" (Cattle & Crawforth), 824–

82585, "Jocket Weight" (Rix & Crawforth), 82586, "Red Beans" (Crawforth & Lieber), 92587, "Salter Albion" (Smith & Crawforth), 92588, "Chinese Do'tchin" (Stevenson &

Crawforth), 92689, "Bronze Mystery" (Doerr), 92690, "Weights for Light Gold Coin" (Batz &

Crawforth), 926–92791, "Fractional Avoir Weights" (Batz), 92792, "Loose Weight Steelyard" (Holdaway), 95593, "Inch Weights" (Crawforth), 95594, "First US Postal Scale" (Wright & Carley),

101795, "Inch Weights" (Visser), 101796, "Prodevel Weights" (Stevenson &

Crawforth), 1046–104797, "First US Postal Scale" (Ifshin &

Crawforth), 104798, "Tola, Anna & Ratti" (Stevenson & Bryant),

1102–110399, "Yarn Balance by Casartelli" (Weiss &

Crawforth), 1103100, "William Archdall" (Mahoney &

Crawforth), 1103–1104101, "Thomas Goulding" (Ladell & Crawforth),

1140102, "Silver Prover" (Batz & Crawforth), 1141103, "Salter Letter Balance in Grams" (Doerr),

1142104

"Bronze Mystery Solved" (Doerr), 1142"Bronze Mystery Solved (reply to N & Q

89)" (Doerr), 1142105, "Diamond Scale" (Mallis & Crawforth),

1142106, "Weight for Munitions" (Holland), 1272107, "David Napier, Pewterer" (Bradbury &

Crawforth), 1299108, "Martin Guinea Scale" (Mallis &

Crawforth), 1299–1300109, "Shakespear's Wood?" (Zavittoni &

Crawforth), 1323–1326110, "Lead Weights from Ship-wreck"

(Woodward & Crawforth), 1331111, "Catherwood Rocker" (Zavattoni &

Crawforth), 1341112, "Nesting Weights" (uit den Boogaard),

1358113, "Newman Iron Pillar Scale" (Schoenly &

Crawforth), 1519–1521114

"Comstock's Counter Steelyard (reply to N & Q 114)" (Berning), 2412–2414

"Shop Scale Patented June 19, 1883" (Comstock), 1537

115, "Hopken Weights" (Mahoney), 1554116, "Stove by Dearborn by Scale Mkr?"

(Gorringe & Crawforth-Hitchins), 1554117, "Beach Steelyard" (Stevenson), 1565118, "Folding Scales, Bronze Equal-arm Bal &

Tumbrel" (Houben), 1613119, "Troemner's Bevringer French Counter

Scales" (Cohn & Crawforth-Hitchins), 1643

120, "Rectangular Lead Weight" (Rix & Crawforth-Hitchins), 1688

121, "Knobbed Weights from Canada" (Rix), 1688–1689

122, "Flat, Square, Conical Weight from London" (Rix & Crawforth-Hitchins), 1689

123, "Paper Test Weights" (Rix & Crawforth-Hitchins), 1689–1691

124, "Equal-arm Paper Test Scale" (Park & Crawforth-Hitchins), 1691–1692

125, "History of Herbert & Sons Ltd" (Herbert & Crawforth-Hitchins), 1722

126, "Midiaeval Nesting Weights" (Malter, Holtman, Biggs & Crawforth-Hitchins), 1796–1797

127, "First Use of Aniline Dye" (Crawforth-Hitchins & Beare), 1862

128"Soverign folders & William Tongue"

(Camilleri, Withers, Crawforth-Hitchins & Rangeley), 1941–1944

"White Copper-alloy; Paktong" (Binns), 1972

129, "Nesting weights" (Crawforth, A), 1972130, "Hamshaw Tea Scale" (Denford &

Crawforth-Hitchins), 2110131, "Information on Lead" (Oliver), 2111–2112132, "Mediaeval Weight" (Crawforth, A), 2192133, "Weights from Price Computing Scale"

(Carter & Crawforth-Hitchins), 2208–2209

134, "Coin or Bullion Wts?" (Pomper), 2224135, "DeGrave Folding Coin Bal Instructions"

(Pomper & Schoen), 2224136, "Samuel Neale diamond Bal" (Collins &

Crawforth-Hitchins), 2225–2226137, "English Coin Sc, Damaged Label" (Slaets

& Crawforth-Hitchins), 2253–2256138, "Fairbanks Postal Sc with Revolving

Beam" (Crawford & Crawforth-Hitchins), 2256–2258

140, "Scale purchased in UK" (Bessey), 2334–2336

141"Italian Apothecary Weights" (Jones &

Crawforth-Hitchins), 2351"Reply Denari Weights" (Zavattoni), 2387

142

"Fairbanks Infallible Coin Scale" (Crawford & Crawforth-Hitchins), 2409–2411

"Knipwaage" (Crawforth, A), 2400"Knipwaages" (Green), 2447

143"Chrome Plating on Weights & Assay Ton

Weights" (Simpson & Crawforth-Hitchins), 2530

"Response on Chrome Plated Weights" (Rangeley), 2550

144"More Solder Scales" (Crawforth, A),

2550"Oval Japanned box, Beam by Pratt"

(Attwood & Crawforth-Hitchins), 2442

145, "Jockey Scale?" (Brass & Crawforth-Hitchins), 2588

146, "Bendall's Book; Byzantine Weights" (Holland), 2628

147, "What Kind of Poise" (Barnet & Cima), 2835–2837

148, "Cased Kopsch Scale" (Williams), 2994149, "Tiny Ca& Perry Postal" (Reeve &

Crawforth-Hitchins), 3030150, "Who Has a Handy Postal Scale"

(Schmidt), 3045Notes on Irish Money Weights & Foreign Coin

Current in Ireland by Westropp (review), 87Nottingham mark, 1928Nottinghamshire, N crowned mark, 1977Nottinghamshire mark, 1981Novobeam trade name, Hilton, 772Nowicz, Ian, scale technician, 2788numbering each sc made consecutively, 1300, 1323–

1326, 1418numerical wts see weight, shape"Numismatica Wendt Auktion Catalogues" (review),

87Nuremberg see NürnbergNuremberg end, 228, 255

def, 172–173Nuremberg sc, 541Nuremberg swan neck end, def, 172–173Nuremberg wts see weight, shape, nesting; weights,

nationality, NürnbergNürnberg:

wt mkrs see weights, nationality, Nürnbergsee also Nuremberg

Nürnberg nesting weights, 2173, 2520–2524

OO crowned, 600–601

see also Exupere, LO L B, V-spring mkr, 1875O M under V R I crowned, 1957

see also Manchester markO R C, Orange River Colony, 443O S Y, mark on wts, 94O S Y crowned mark, 1977

see also Oswestry

Oakes Mfg Co, egg sc retailer, 1314Oakes Mfg Co Inc:

American sc mkr, 383–384, 1313egg sc mkr, 383–384, 1313steelyard mkr, 383–384, 1313

oats, method of weighing in grain sc, 989obliteration stamp, def, 260O'Briant, Benjamin:

apprentice of Jefferson, Thomas, 1734apprentice of Wornell, John, 1734

ockes see weights, denomination, okkaocque see weights, denomination, okkaoctagonal wts see weight, shapeOertling:

assay wt mkr, 2530bullion bal

description of, 2788–2790mkr, 2788–2791size of, 2788

history, 2788Oertling, Henry:

manager of Oertling, Ludwig, 1817son of Oertling, Ludwig, 1817

Oertling, Henry, father-in-law of Dunbar, Malcolm, 1817

Oertling, L Ltd: bal retailed by Robinson, James & Sons, 1841bought by Avery, W & T Ltd, 1724dates, 1738, 1817, 2789integrated with DeGrave, Short & Co Ltd, 1817,

2790long beams, 5, 1790managed by Dunbar, Malcolm & Nalder

Francis, 1817micro bal mkr, 5model 1, 1789nickel/chromium beam, 5owned by Avery, W & T Ltd, 159, 2790precision bal mkr, 5scholars bal mkr, 1826short beam design, 5succeeded by Avery, W & T Ltd, 1738, 1817,

2790successors of Webb, William A Ltd, 1738

Oertling, Ludwig, 2260accuracy, 2080analytical bal mkr, 4–5, 159, 2655, 2659assay bal mkr, 5, 2498company history, 1817discussions with Makins, 2118father of Oertling, Henry, 1817Kater scale rebuilder, 2248long beam design, 5managed by Oertling, Henry, 1817Mint wts mkr, 1038physical bal mkr, 2594–2595portable bal mkr, 2264

for testers, 2264portable inspector's balance mkr, 2260precision bal mkr, 1822rider wt first manipulated from outside case, 564sc for comparison of local standards, 2080

accuracy, 2080scale in Standards Office, 2260

boxed, 2260Canadian supplier, 2260

scientific instrument mkr, 1724vacuum bal mkr, 2080weight testing bal mkr, 2260–2261working with Bate, Robert Brettell, 1787yarn bal mkr, 1173see also catalogue

"Oertling Verified Unequally?" (article by Buchanan), 2260–2265

Office of Customs' sc mkr, New, William, 1734Office of W & M of Bavaria, 642Office of Weigher & Stamper of Money wts, 496, 498,

1068mark, 498

Ogden, John: apprentice of Ogden, Samuel, 1736apprentice of Oven, Henry, 1736

Ogden, Samuel: apprentice of Lee, Humphrey, 1736Christ's Hospital scholar, 1747dates, 1736master of Ogden, John, 1736

Ogier, William: apprentice of Pallett, Thomas I, 1736partner of Gardner, 1736

Ogier & Gardner: dates, 1736Ogier, William & Gardner, 1736

O'Groats, John, 2448"Oh Rube Goldberg, Where Are You Now?" (article

by Katz), 2823–2824Ohaus:

counterfeit detector, 2775–2777gun-loading scales, 2188–2189precision balance, 2188–2189

directions for use of, 2189knurled knob on, 2188–2189magnetic damping on, 2189patents for, 2189

"Ohaus: Dr. Fitch's Descendent?" (article by Young), 2188–2190

"Ohaus Numiscales" (article by Doniger), 2775–2777Ohaus Scale Corp, 2775, 3094–3095

coin sc mkr, 2775prescription sc mkr, 2055, 2188–2190trip sc mkr, 2775, 3094–3095

ohsara-bakari see steelyardoil bath see Damperoil-damping:

Bosch, use of, 2166Griffin & Tatlock Ltd, use of, 2167in market scales, 2166Sauter, use of, 2166Suprema, use of, 2166

oil measuring, 1188oke see weights, denomination, okkaO'Keefe (author), 435, 2037okka see weights, denomination, okka"Okka Weights in Ottoman Palestine" (article by

Holland), 1023–1025Old Advert:

1828, Dearborn's patent bal, 23761841, Fairbanks, 2194Allender, John, 13, 760, 895Angldile, 180, 2140Becker & Sons, 995Bourne & Smith, 136Bullock, W & Co, 644Burchfield, 35Chatillon, John & Sons, 754Dakin Manufacturing Co, 1944Davis, A B & Co, 785Dye, John S, 874Eltex, 932Fairbanks, 86, 177, 182, 184, 736, 989Fairbanks, Brown & Co, 182Fairbanks, Morse & Co, 182, 184Fairbanks & Co, 182, 992Fairbanks & Ewing, 182Fairbanks & Hutchinson, 182Fairbanks' Infallible Scale Co, 759Greaves, John & Son, 238Harper, John & Co Ltd, 1965Henry, S, 282Hooper, 19Infallible Coin Scale Co, 762, 964Jones of Binghamton, 562Kern, Gottlieb & Sohn, 1076Kirk, J, 480Mordan, Sampson & Co, 937Morton, 33Pooley & Son, 702, 728Roberts, 514Salter, G & Co, 436, 536Sears, Roebuck & Co, 1877Sheldon, John, 1682Simpson, R, 736Springer Torsion Balance Co, 671, 999Swart, 514Troemner, Henry, 811, 1020, 1643Union Sc, 1877Warren & Co, 152Wilson, I, 760

"Old Advert" (article by Katz), 2168Old Bailey, London Criminal Court, 3085–3091Old English Bronze Wool Weights by Dent (review),

187OLD GUINs, on coin wts see New StandardOld Palace Yard, 2247old prints:

Australian Gold miner, 176British ammunition sc, 1124East African cloth sc (1878), 1124German 16th Century sc, 277German 17th Century wt mkr, 304German assay sc (1556), 665German sc mkr, 234German weighmaster, 305Japanese do'tchin in use, 59Japanese money changer, 324Japanese shuzui bakari, 325

Japanese steelyard mkr, 324Shop with Fairbanks sc, 106Shunsho, 59

"Old Tenor" (article by Mallis), 356–360"Old Tenor-New Tenor-Again" (article by Mahoney),

2472–2476Oliver, B J:

author, 2115–2120biography, 2121

Oliver, Barry, biography, 2547Oliver's:

"G H Makins and the Assay Balance" (article), 2115–2121

"G H Makins and the Assay Balance Part 2" (article), 2152–2155

"Rare Oertling Bullion Balance" (article), 2788–2791

Reaction to Review, letter to editor, 1817Ollivant, coin sc retailer, 282ONE OUNZES J L B, on wts, 2056One-third oz wt see weights, denomination, one-third

ozO'Neil, weigh scoop patentee, 492, 666–667O'Neil, J K, patentee, 671onza see weights, denominationopen box end:

def, 172see also beam end shapes

open double hole end: def, 172see also beam end shapes

opium sc see do'tchinoptical projection:

design, 844sc

mkrBecker's Sons, 837, 843–844Bunge, Paul, 837Collot, A Jnr, 836Sartorius, Erich, 837Vertex Indutries Inc, 1000

oqqa see weights, denomination, okkaOrkney, verification marks, 1344–1345"Orlando W. Bedell & the Zenith Egg Grading Scale:

Part 1" (article by Amsbaugh), 3056–3059Part 2" (article by Amsbaugh), 3081–3084Part 3" (article by Amsbaugh), 3118–3123

ormolu (article), 1580Orr, P & Sons:

bismar mkr, 1999postal sc mkr, 1999

Ortyz, H, adjuster, 1818, 1880oscillation, 5, 589, 701

aperiodic, 701Oslo Museum, knipwaage, 1900Osterlich Ltd:

bank sc mkr, 1105counting sc mkr, 1105date, 1106

ostrich feather sc, mkr, Salter, Geo & Co, 518Oswestry, O S Y crowned mark, 1977ottlie pound, 1990

Otto, H J Mfg Co: American sc mkr, 1315egg sc mkr, 1315

ounce: Cologne, 1991, 2107Paris, 1991Tower, 1990, 2107

ounce symbol, def, 1297outdoor bal:

inspectors, 116–117see also inspectors sc

oval japanned box: cleaning, 1267coin sc, 178, 1502–1503see also box

oval japanned boxed: coin sc, index, 197coin sc (article), 178

oval wts see weight, shapeovale veerbalans, 1863

see also C-spring; mancurOven, Henry:

apprentice of Phillips, Walter, 1736, 1785coin sc mkr, 1736dates, 1736master of Bate, Richard, 1736master of Ogden, John, 1736master of Phythian, Dod, 1736successor of Snart, John I, 1736

Ovendon, James: apothecary sc mkr, 1731apprentice of Payne, Benjamin Matthew, 1731dates, 1731successor of Payne & Ovendon, 1732

over & under sc, def, 260, 341, 1200overhead check see StayOvering, Thomas:

apprentice of Snart, John, 211on Bartholomew Lane, 3017, 3019diamond sc mkr, 211–212, 247–248, 3017, 3019master of Hart, Benjamin, 248master of Newton, William, 1735–1736successor of Phillips, Elizabeth, 1736trade card, 247, 3017

overland, 16Owen, coin wts mkr, 1062, 1065, 1508Owen (author), 87, 134, 169, 1809, 1815, 2036Owen, Gibbs:

bal mkr, 2656dates, 1508steelyard mkr, 1508

Owen, Hannah, date, 1508Owen's:

"Saddled Steelyards, 1922"(article), 2504Treatise on Weighing Machines (review), 87

Owens, T D, weigh scoop patentee, 492Oxford University, 20, 1928–1929, 1960

mark, 20Oxfordshire (Oxon), 1926oxidisation, gilding, 1580Oxley, Henry:

apprentice of Lind, John, 1732

bal mkr, 2657coin sc mkr, 1728dates, 1731master of Bassingham, Samuel, 1731from Somerset, 1728succeeded by Skinner, William, 1732, 2066

Oxon (Oxfordshire), 1926Ozias, patentee, 2204Ozias, O O, American patentee, 217Ozias & Canby, 2205

see also Computing Scale Co.

PP:

def, 61on coin wts see weights, denomination, pistolemark on grain sc, 825mark on wts, 60–61, 251, 353

P see postages; weights, denomination, pennyweightsP, Rogers, inverted roberval sc mkr, 2469P B mark, Pitney-Bowes, 1986P C see Parliamentary CopyP D & ostrich, mark of Deinert, Paulus, 542P F:

V-spring mkr, 1875see also weights, denomination, pistole

P H L, def, 825"P Poncia Rocker" (article by Chellingworth), 2777P Q R, C-spring mkr, 1875P S:

engraved on wts, 811see also Parliamentary Standard wts

P S & W, Peck, Stow & Wilcox, 1808P St & Co, postal sc mkr, 663, 1071, 1225P W T 5.8 see weights, denomination, guineaPacific Poultry Appliance Co, egg sc mkr, 1277package sc see parcel scPaddington, 1960Paddock, Huxham, 3060Paige, Brooke, 3071–3073, 3074Paige's "The Fairbanks Brothers & their Scale Works"

(article), 3060–3068pain demaine bread, 1052pain dominicus bread, 1052paint cleaning, 1265painted beam see beam, gilded; beam, paintedpainted roberval, 1071Painter, W, ccd patentee, 820paintings:

Bermejo, 745Braithwait, 740Breugel, 737Brown, J G, 1301Carraci 1583, 1774–1776Christus, 3015De Hooch, 749Ghirlandaio, 746Reymerswaele, 744Reynolds, 741Vermeer, 742

paktong, 1944, 1972Paktong, Binns' N & Q 128, 1972

Palestinian mkr, Melamed, 910Palestinian wts (article), 1332–1339Pallett, Elizabeth, coin sc mkr, 1192Pallett, Elizabeth Mary:

coin sc mkr, 1192dates, 1736employed Herbert, Thomas, 1736mother of Pallett, Thomas II, 1736succeeded by Pallett & Son, 1736successor of Pallett, Richard, 1736widow of Pallett, Richard, 1736

Pallett, John: dates, 1736successor of Pallett, Joseph, 1736

Pallett, Joseph: dates, 1736succeeded by Pallett, John, 1736

Pallett, Richard: apothecary sc mkr, 1736dates, 1736father of Pallett, Thomas II, 1736husband of Pallett, Elizabeth Mary, 1736master of Evans, Thomas, 1736master of Greenhill, Benjamin Mills, 1736partner of Pallett, Thomas I, 1736son of Pallett, Thomas I, 1736succeeded by Pallett, Elizabeth Mary, 1736successor of Pallett, Thomas & Son, 1736

Pallett, Tavenor: apprentice of Joy, John, 1734, 1741father of Pallett, Thomas, 1734

Pallett, Thomas & Son, 1736dates, 1736Pallett, Thomas & Pallett, Richard, 1736succeeded by Pallett, Richard, 1736successors of Pallett, Thomas I, 1736

Pallett, Thomas I: apprentice of Gable, Thomas, 1736dates, 1736father of Pallett, Richard, 1736master of Grout, John, 1736master of Ogier, William, 1736master of Smith, Thomas, 1736partner of Pallett, Richard, 1736son of Pallett, Tavenor, 1734, 1741succeeded by Pallett, Thomas & Son, 1736

Pallett, Thomas II: coin sc mkr, 1192dates, 1192possibly succeeded by Greatrex & Pallett, 1736son of Pallett, Elizabeth Mary, 1736son of Pallett, Richard, 1736successor of Pallett & Son, 1736

Pallett & Son: coin sc mkr, 1192Pallett, Mary & Pallett, Thomas II, 1736succeeded by Pallett, Thomas II, 1736successors of Pallett, Elizabeth Mary, 1736

palm kernel sc: mkr, Salter, Geo & Co Ltd, 544spring, 544

Palmer, A H, witness for Harris, Sandy, 3116

Palmer, Joseph: apprentice of Gore, Thomas Hunsden, 1738date, 1738succeeded by Hill, Robert, 1738

pan: def, 196, 283initialled, 1749

pan arrestors, 2114, 2152–2153pan stops, 3–6, 2152–2153pans:

relative prices, 804taring glass pans, 1423two load platforms, 1725

pans material, 801aluminium, 1654bakelite, 804bronze, 249, 281celluloid, 1654, 2050coiled wire, 1276copper, 1502–1503, 1507, 1638earthenware, 1291, 1447, 1452, 1743, 1746glass, 804–806, 1423, 1654horn, 801, 805, 2050marble, 1437mother of pearl, 801, 804, 2050nickel-plated brass, 801pewter, 1638plastic, 804silver, 804silvered brass, 1352tortoiseshell, 2050transfer-printed, 1291

pans shape: channel-shaped, 284, 869clip with screws, 1704coil, 1276curled, 285, 1654, 1690, 1693, 1699–1700double clip, 1655holed, 256removable, 476, 599scoop, 801shovel-shaped, 1105swivelling, 1092various designs, 548

paper: computing scale, 3079fingerprint of, 3077properties of, 3077sheet per reem, 3077sheet size

Demy, 3077Royal, 3077

universality of testing, 3077paper & postal sc, mkr, Maul, Philipp Jakob, 1700paper money:

American, 358British, 495, 1083

paper names, 1695paper sc:

def, 283–285British, 1692–1694, 1702–1703computing, 3079

counter, 1692digital, 3079equal-arm, 1690–1694, 3079humidometer, 3078–3079method of use, 1690, 3077mkr

Albert, Thwing, 3077–3078Albert, Thwing & Co, 3078Amthor, 3078Amthor Testing Instrument Co Inc, 3079Avery, W & T, 1692–1694, 1702–1703Avery, W & T Ltd, 1517, 1692, 1702Brown & Sharpe Mfg Co, 1702Buffalo Scale Co, 1696, 1700Casartelli, J, 1692Chatillon, John & Sons, 1704–1705DeGrave & Co, 1691–1692, 1697, 1703Exupere, L, 1690Fairbanks, Morse & Co, 1692, 1702Fairbanks & Co, 1692, 1696, 1701Howe Scale Co, 1700Kern, G & Sohn, 1692Leunig, F & Co, 1692, 1697–1698, 1704–

1705, 3078Maul, Philipp Jakob, 1614, 1654, 1692,

1698–1700Nedden, B & Co, 1692, 1698Salter, Geo & Co, 1692, 1704Schember, C & Sohne, 1698–1699Schopper, Louis, 602, 1654, 1692, 1697–

1698Sindall, 1692, 3077–3078Sindall & Bacon, 3078Troemner, Henry, 1701Vandome, 592Vandome, Titfords & Co Ltd, 1692, 1703–

1704Vandome & Hart Ltd, 1690, 1692, 1704

moisture, 3078–3079nationality

American, 1692, 1696, 1700–1702, 1705British, 592, 1517, 1690–1692, 1697–

1698, 1702–1705, 3077–3079French, 1690, 1692German, 602, 1614, 1654, 1692, 1697–

1700pendulum, 285, 505, 602, 1654, 1692, 1697–

1700, 1704, 3077quadrant, 3077, 3079retailer

Hartner, G, 1697–1699Leunig, F, 505, 602, 1692, 3078Mardon, A H, 1692, 1697–1698, 1704–

1705Messmer, H E, 1692, 1697–1698Sindall & Bacon, 3078

spring, 1692, 1704–1705steelyard, 1517, 1691–1692, 1700–1703

"Paper Scales" (article by Crawforth-Hitchins), 3077–3079

paper tax, 1695paper weight/letter scales, 2340

"Papergoods" (article by Sturgess), 179–189parcel post, 1036, 1257, 1259, 2307Parcel Post Service:

British, 2307rates after, 2307rates before, 2307revision of, 2307scales for, 2307

parcel sc: bismar on pillar, 2936–2940candlestick, 623, 1261computing, 2914–2918double pendulum, 317–318, 1076, 1652half-roberval & hanging pan, 133, 940, 1256half-roberval & spring, 623, 1261half-roberval & steelyard, 537, 1028, 1256,

1258, 1260, 1460mkr

Alderman, T W, 40American Machine Co, 983Avery, W & T Ltd, 1260, 1262, 1460Bartlett, C H, 537, 1028, 1256E W, 897, 1258, 1907Fairbanks, 109, 1106Fairbanks & Co, 1106Gibbs & Co, 753Heller's, Balduin, Söehne, 317–318Kenrick, Alexander & Sons, 1261Kern, Gottlieb & Sohn, 1076Koch, 1917–1923M & Co, 512, 1257Marion & Co, 1257Maul, Philipp Jakob, 1076, 1652, 1655Mordan, Sampson & Co, 133, 940, 942,

1254–1256Parnall & Sons, 1258, 1456Parnell, 199Ratcliff, Edmund, 1486Salter, Geo, 455, 513, 528, 1123, 1452Salter, Geo & Co, 1123, 2073Turner, Samuel Senior, 2936–2940Ubrig, E, 623, 1261Ubrig, E & Co, 1439

nationalityAmerican, 109, 982–983, 1106British, 133, 199, 455, 512–513, 528, 537,

753, 897, 940, 1028, 1256–1258, 1452, 1460, 1486, 2073

German, 317–318, 623, 1076, 1261, 1652, 1655, 1917–1923

German for export, 317–318, 1261, 1439patentee

Bartlett, C H, 1256Gibson, Donald, 2914–2918Hiscock, W, 1257Lundberg, 596

pendulum, 1076, 1652, 1917–1923pendulum with buffer, 512, 1257registered, Parnall & Sons, 1258retailer

Alderman, T W & Co, 40Waterlow & Sons, 1486

roberval, 1254, 1261roberval & hanging pan, 1256roberval with central pillar, 1261roberval with encased stays, 1486single pendulum, 199, 512, 753spring, 897, 1123, 1258, 1452spring & platform, 1439steelyard & platform, 109, 1106, 1655top-pan spring, 455, 513, 528, 1261, 2073weight-depositing, 982–983see also postal sc

Paris, Henry, partner of Cuthbert, John, 1765Paris Exhibition, 1867 catalogue, 10Paris grains, 1989, 1991Paris hundredweight, 2018Paris mark, 1991Paris ounce, 1991–1992Paris pound:

heavy goods, 1991, 1994merchants, 1991, 1994–1995

Parishes, def, 1895Parker see England, Parker & Sommers; Thomas &

ParkerParker, C C & S B:

patent, 510postal sc mkr, 510

Parker, Robert, 2446Parker, Thomas, wts mkr, 1017Parker, William:

auncel retailer, 1829coin sc retailer, 1829dates, 1829steelyard retailer, 1829successor of Stone, Richard, 1829

Parkes, William see Amos, John & Parkes, WilliamParkins & Gotto, postal sc retailer, 512, 3006Park's "How I Got Started" (article), 1285–1286Parliament burned, 1154Parliamentary Copy wts, 812Parliamentary Standard wts, 812Parnall, egg sc mkr, 415Parnall see catalogueParnall, H & Sons:

retailer of earthenware wts, 143wt mkr, 83, 143, 386, 415

Parnall & Sons: cheesemongers sc mkr, 1456grocers sc mkr, 1452, 1456parcel sc mkr, 1258, 1456pork curers sc mkr, 1456portable beam sc, 1456pot plate, 1452stand sc mkr, 1454tea dealers sc mkr, 1456trade sc mkr, 1452, 1454wholesalers beam sc, 1456

Parnall & Sons Ltd, 83, 143bread, sc mkr, 1089counter sc mkr, 1645dates, 1447pot plate, 1447steelyard mkr, 1458

trade sc mkr, 1447weight mkr, 386, 732see also catalogue

Parnell: anglers sc mkr, 199parcel sc mkr, 199postal sc mkr, 199, 428, 1253shop sc mkr, 3031

Parnell, W H, American ccd patentee, 1019Parry, Walter, bread, sc mkr, 1089Parsons, Sir Charles, 2691Partridge, John:

apprentice of Lind, John, 1732apprentice of Vincent, Robert II, 1729coin sc mkr, 1729partner of Astill, Susannah, 1732sc mkr, 3086–3087successor of Astill & Partridge, 1732

Pascal, Dominique, French sc mkr, 1422Paschal, Thomas, Colonial American inspector of coin

wts, 1470Passer, Henry:

apprentice of Vincent, Robert II, 1732dates, 1732father of Passer, James, 1736wrongly connected with Williams, Thomas,

1732Passer, James:

apprentice of Schooling, James, 1736son of Passer, Henry, 1736

patent: agate beam, 1442beam end, 111béranger sc, 1664bilateral pendulum see patent, pendulum

bilateralbismar flat rule with notches, 704bismar in pen, 276, 704–706, 931, 992bismar on feed-fork, 669bismar on stand, 568bismar walking-stick, 298, 680bismar with letter-cord, 427–428bismar with letter-opener, 1408bismar with multiple pivots, 400, 454, 680bow-front, 1259candlestick, 1373candlestick hydraulic, 1373candlestick with cord & wheel, 1373candlestick with tapering helical spring, 1375ccd list, 276coin-bender, 621, 841coin-operated pendulum sc, 1629coin-ringing, 841compound bal, 661cord & weight, 1373counter platform sc, 2621–2622

with multiple poises, 2621–2622dates, 396decimal sc, 887–888egg, 376–377, 389, 415, 1659egg tester, 416equal-arm precision bal, 1020

equal-arm with arrestment, 263, 271equal-arm with captive wt, 380–381equal-arm with poise, 1400equal-arm with sliding hammers, 103equal-arm with steelyard, 692, 698Fairbanks list, 110first patent for bread, sc, 1088flexure spring, 1376, 1401, 1904–1907, 1931,

1964gauge, 276graduations wide for small units & narrow for

large units, 1657–1658half roberval & pendulum, 379, 484half roberval & spring, 651, 981, 1404half roberval & spring scoop, 490half roberval & steelyard, 232, 537, 539, 930,

1028, 1260, 1403–1404, 1677half roberval & telescopic steelyard, 482, 1021half roberval & weight lifter, 133, 383, 399, 483,

538–539, 566, 595, 1223hydraulic, 425–426, 510, 679, 963, 1373hydraulic candlestick, 1373hydrostatic steelyard, 268–269, 276ladle, 1945mass stabilised pan, 427moving load, 454, 650moving load clip pulling out of pen, 454moving load for coin & steelyard for letters, 400moving load for gold & moving poise for silver,

990moving load inside pen, 1399moving load with 3 fulcrums & slots for coins,

875moving load with coin platters, 13, 78, 276, 621,

786moving load with coin slots, 14, 275–276, 307,

621, 762–763, 840, 875, 962–964, 1018moving load with coin slots for rolls of coins,

1019moving load with egg-holes, 379moving load with folding beams, 764, 2061moving load with letter slots, 276moving load with spirit-level & graduations,

1619moving load with U-slot, 566pendulous chart, 1655pendulum & cam, 483pendulum & cord, 427pendulum bilateral, 360–361, 1260, 1629–1634pendulum bilateral heavy-duty, 1633pendulum bilateral with central hanging pan,

1629–1630pendulum bilateral with coin-in-slot, 1630pendulum bilateral with counter-rotating

graduations & pointer, 317–318, 1629pendulum comma-shaped, 199, 428, 455–456,

707, 990pendulum sc coin-operated, 1629pendulum sc first patent, 269–270, 597–598pendulum single & telescopic load arm, 483,

1405pendulum single hand-held, 484, 1361–1362,

1376, 1402, 1405, 1409pendulum single hydrostatic, 269, 1684pendulum single in lbs per bushel, 80pendulum single with 2 double pointers, 677–

678pendulum single with brake, 1408pendulum single with buffer, 512, 1410–1412pendulum single with cam for hanging poise,

483pendulum single with circular dial, 399, 426,

1223, 1362, 1405, 1410–1412, 1649pendulum single with circular dial & 2 load-

positions, 1405pendulum single with circular dial & fluid level,

427pendulum single with curved board behind

graduated arc, 1409pendulum single with damper, 415pendulum single with elbow, 559, 1657–1658pendulum single with fancy pillar, 1372pendulum single with hanging poise, 1375pendulum single with hydraulic ring, 425–426pendulum single with loose poise, 707pendulum single with multiple graduations,

510–511, 622, 677–678, 990pendulum single with offset pointer, 510–511pendulum single with pin-stops, 652pendulum single with self-correcting pivot, 1655pendulum single with sliding poise, 1650pendulum single with tape-measure, 540pendulum single with telescopic arm, 1405pendulum single with tiny ball holding pointer

in position, 1255, 1361, 1406, 1410–1412

pendulum single with turn-over poise, 1650pendulum single with two graduations, 559,

1657–1658, 1917–1923pendulum single with two load-positions, 540pendulum single with two pointers, 455–456,

1408–1409pendulum single with vertical slot for pointer,

484pendulums single two on one stand, 1660–1661pendulums two singles tied together, 1917–1923platform as part of lever-system, 722platform centesimal sc, 886–887platform decimal sc, 227, 887, 1664platform sc, for wagon weighing, 2821–2822platform sc on balls & inclined plane, 549platform sc with 2 poises, 1664platform sc with adjustment screw, 723, 727platform sc with compound levers, 1664platform sc with dial-face, 549platform sc with flexure springs, 549platform sc with loose-wt steelyard, 1636platform sc with pan & wts, 698platform sc with pendulum, 698platform sc with relieving & locking

mechanism, 549platform sc with spring, 698platform sc with steelyard, 698, 2821–2822pointer revolving 5 times, 1630

poise, 416, 2609–2610poise on disc, 1405poise on elbowed arm, 1658poise sliding, 1650poise turn-over, 1650poise with rotating dial, 2609–2610postal see "Patent Postals"pot plate, 1463printing scales, 2216punched out folded steel, 2045roberval, 717, 2600–2601roberval wt-lifting, 538–539, 566rocker multi-beam, 274rocker multiple, 269, 411, 413, 763, 787, 820,

842, 902, 930, 1019rocker with 2 sets feet, 763, 931rocker with 3 bob-ups, 379rocker with add-on poises, 381, 389rocker with rotating poise, 904rocker with turn-over poise & loose poises, 379scale-plates, 1445scoop, 488, 492, 2429semi-self indicating, 715sliding beam, 454spring see half-roberval & springspring & dial-face, 425spring & dial-face with linkage-legs, 491spring & dial-face with side-hanger, 547spring & quadrant, 623spring & tape-measure, 538, 547spring & tipped pan, 528spring & two half-roberval linkages, 455, 528spring & unequal arm beam, 425spring & wt-indication, 515spring 1 light & 2 strong, 517spring bow-front, 622, 1259, 1407spring C-spring, 1867spring candlestick, 404spring candlestick & desk-set, 481spring Chatillon list, 88spring compressed inside handle, 489spring compression candlestick, 1373spring cone-shaped candlestick, 1375spring curved plates, 1931spring dial & hanging scoop, 488spring dial & slide, 521spring elliptical, 1905spring flexure with bow additions, 1376spring flexure with coin hanger, 962spring flexure with platform, 549spring flexure with top-pan, 517spring fork inverted to use, 667–668spring fork with exposed spring, 669–670spring fork with spring & dial-face, 670spring in pen, 565, 568, 650spring ladle, 1945spring pointer revolving 5 times, 1630spring Salter list, 549spring scoop & quadrant-chart, 487spring spiral, 1405spring tension candestick, 1373spring top-pan dial-face & half-roberval linkage

at 90 degrees, 1262spring tubular & scoop, 491spring with folding handle, 509–510spring with foot-plates on pillar, 554spring with multiple graduations, 567spring with quadrant-dial, 525spring with reverse dial & mirror, 554spring with scissor-grab, 667steelyard accelerating, 624, 678steelyard folding, 2038–2049steelyard for letters & moving load for coins,

400steelyard graduated in A B C & cylindrical card

with moisture loss, 384steelyard hydrostatical, 268steelyard in desk set, 453steelyard inside handle, 490steelyard patents by Fairbanks, 110steelyard with 3 loose poises, 389steelyard with 4 sets graduations, 1147steelyard with brake, 1092steelyard with cover over knife-edges, 539–540steelyard with detachable beam, 1039steelyard with double beam, 14, 537, 1028steelyard with extending beam, 13, 482, 763,

818, 820steelyard with mass-stabilised pan, 427, 903steelyard with micrometer, 505, 1373steelyard with moving poise for silver & moving

load for gold, 990steelyard with platform, 1664steelyard with poise each side of fulcrum, 143steelyard with poise moving round an arc, 841steelyard with raised diameter-checker, 931steelyard with rotating beam, 652steelyard with rotating poise, 14, 903, 2060steelyard with swivelling pan, 1092steelyard with turn-over beam, 509–511steelyard with turn-over poise, 1091steelyard with two poises, 1374steelyard within 4 legged-frame, 819swan neck end, 1442top pan spring, 455torsion, 998, 2610unequal arm beam, 379, 400, 566–567, 661, 708,

921unequal arm beam with coins as poises, 991US, photo, 2818walking-stick steelyard, 298weighbridge, 655–661, 692–699, 723–724,

2211–2212weighbridge with bearings in oil-boxes, 692weighbridge with fusee cam & hanging poise,

692weighing machine for locomotives, 1664weighing scoops list, 492weight-depositing, 982weight-lifting, 383, 399, 410, 483, 538–539,

566, 596patent model, 2736–2738, 2819–2820, 2821–2822

Daniels, William, patentee, 2821–2822Fairbanks & Co, 1114

history of, 2736–2738, 2819Howes Scale, 2736–2738museum, 2819–2820Reynolds, W W, patentee, 2736–2738Usher, John H, patentee, 2822

Patent Office, US, 2819"Patent Postals" (article by Crawforth), 398–400, 425–

428, 453–456, 481–484, 509–512, 537–540, 565–568, 595–596, 621–624, 650–652, 677–680, 704–708

Patent system: British, def, 396–397French, 1367–1376

patentee: American

Allender, J, 13, 78–79, 788, 960American Machine Co, 982Amet, Edward, 2430Atwater, J B, 963Bachmann, E, 964Baker, A J & Simonton, J W, 903Baldwin, Leroy W, 2431Bartlett, L, 492Becker, Christian, 1002Bensinger, J M, 492Bernstein, Aaron David, 1950Berquist, P J, 492Berrian, 754Blackhart, J W, 667, 671Bragin, L, 875, 1018Carter, Charles D, 2609–2610Chandler, E C, 671Chapman, M E, 382Chatillon, 88, 650, 1463Chatillon, John & Sons, 1557, 1594–1596Clark, M, 963Clay, A B, 671Clupka, D J, 492Computing Scale Co, 216Conway, George, 2613, 2614Corbin, 2230Crofford, C B, 491, 492Culmer, J W, 217, 217Culmer, Woodruff, 2205Cummings, D, 2061Daniels, William, 2821–2822Davenport, 2424Davidson, W H, 489, 492Davies, W G, 492Dearborn, Benjamin, 2064, 2639–2640Dearborn, Benjamin & West, U & Loring,

D, 2064Deland, P, 492Dodge Scale Co, 505Doherty, P, 874, 876Douglas, N S, 492Du Brul, Napoleon, 2615–2616Dunn, 2230Ellis, T T, 492Emanuel, B D, 492, 2230Ernst, H, 492Eschemann, W & Co, 958

Fairbanks, 143, 1017Fairbanks, E & T, 110, 550, 723–724,

1017, 2344Fairbanks, Henry, 110, 724Fairbanks, Thaddeus, 110, 143, 396, 426–

427, 723, 1169, 3061Fairbanks, Thaddeus & Horace, 110Fairbanks, Thaddeus & Paddock, H, 110Farnum, William, 2412–2414, 2823–2824Felix, L, 671Field, S A, 930Finch, F E, 1019first read American Patent Models, 1113–

1115Fitch, Dr Calvin H, 1039, 2039–2048Fox, H H, 492Fries, Alfred, 2612–2613Gaston, Augustine, J, 2979–2983Gibson, Donald, 2914–2918Gilfillan, E N, 2878–2879Granat & Lamott, 492Haas, W W, 991Hansen, Marius, 2952–2955, 2972–2973Hanssen, Stan, 2974–2977Harris, Sandy, 3110–3112, 3115–3116Harris, William F, 2227–2228, 2230Heaney, D, 670–671Heizer, E L & A I, 492Herper, F J, 819Hibbard, 2639Himottu, A, 49, 492Hoag, G, 14, 930, 932Hoover, Clem, 2230Hopkins, Isaac Stiles, 2812Howe, F C, 489, 491, 492Howe Scale Co, 1527Hunter, J W, 492Hurd, A B, 492Jiffy-way, 378Keeler, J F, 2688, 2703Kent, William, 2612–2613Klippert Vogt & Weiland, 492Knight, E, 990, 2061Kohn, G, 492Kopp, Reinhold A, 3095Kronenberg, E, 763, 902Lamott see Granat & LamottLanger, G, 492Laurence, 2825Leary, J I, 492LeBert, C A, 492Leuders, E, 931Mandolf, H I & Morrow, J R, 2945–2946Maranville, H, 13–14, 818–820, 903, 2060Marston, N B, 669, 671Martin, F H, 492Matos, Louis A, 3116–3118Maul, Philipp Jakob, 361Maxwell, W, 490, 492McKiernan, B, 492McNally, J T & Harrison W H, 15, 962,

2410

Mery, M L, 489, 492Michalis, Clarence, 2612–2614Moore & Thompson, 492Morehead, J H, 492O'Neil, J K, 488, 492, 666, 671Owens, T D Jnr, 492Ozias, A N, 2206Ozias, O O, 217, 2204–2206Paddock, H see patentee, American,

Fairbanks, Thaddeus & Paddock, H

Painter, W, 820Peck, 2639Phinney, W H, 2210, 2638Pitrat, 2205Pitrat, Julius E, 2199–2208, 2232–2238Porter, T I, 1018Powell, E E, 379–380, 1280Preston, William B, 508Purnell, E E, 2061Purnelle, E, 990Reynolds, W W, 2736–2738, 2756Rice, W H, 902Richardson, G L, 669, 671Richtmann, C, 990, 2061Riess, R W, 275, 992Roberts, C H, 490, 492Roberts, D L, 514Robinson, H G, 13, 1020, 2061Roeder, Frederick A & Springer, Alfred,

997, 2610–2615Rogers, S A, 2064Ross, Thomas, 2756Sachse, Herman Paul, 3093–3094Saddler, M D, 1020Sanderson, W H, 2205, 3012Schmolz, W, 1020Scott, M, 671Shaler, Ruben, 2647–2649Shipman, 487, 490Smith, A U, 2205Smith, Gideon B, 13, 787Smith & Wells, 962Snow, J H, 492Sprague, Carleton W, 2501Squyer, Oscar, 1905Stevens, F M, 670–671Stevens, Frederick M, 3095Stewart, G A, 671Stewart, J B, 667, 671Stiebel, H G Jnr, 492Street, E, 931Strong, Francis M, 2756Sutton, J W, 875, 904Swank, A L, 492Taylor, D O, 492Thompson see Moore & ThompsonThompson, A M & M D, 2342Thompson, J A, 14, 761, 840, 876, 931Triner, 651Turnbull, 877, 981Vogt see Klippert, Vogt & Weiland

Weaver, Henry M., 2511, 2512–2513Weiland see Klippert, Vogt & WeilandWest, A A, 492White, O C, 382, 389Wiarda, J, 875Willis, H M, 2407–2408Zimmer, B, 2295Zwiesler, L, 492

American, 361, 1633–1634, 1655, 1657–1658British

Albracht, M F see Horn & Albracht; patentee, British, Horn & Albracht

Andrew, J, 276Armaud, P, 426Automatic Scale Co, 715Avery, W & T, 726, 805Avery & Timson, 677–678Bache, E W see Bache, E W; Salter, Geo

& Co LtdBailey, W H see Wilson, R & Bailey, W HBanks, J see Weerasinghe, B E & Banks, JBeckman, O, 624Béranger & Cie, 1664, 2602Bergman & Slack, 1932Bernstein, Aaron David, 1950Berry, Miles, agent, 724, 2349Betjemann, G W, provisional, 456Bevis & Clayton, 1933Blacklock & Hynes, 565–566, 622Bonneville, H A, agent, 455Boult, A J, 595Bourne, T, 2216Bradford see Hulls & BradfordBramall & Brookes-King, 453British Duplex Seals Ltd, 1965Brocklebank, T A, 483Brookes, agent, 539Brookhouse, R, 416Brown, Alfred, 2932–2933Brown, Isaac, 1414Brussaut, P A, 2601Burrows, P F M, 650Butes, E, provisional, 454Chappell, J, 596Chatillon, 88Clais, J S, 269–270, 276, 573, 597, 606–

607, 1724Clark see Gilmore & ClarkClark, W, agent, 454Clarke & Spinks, 276Cook, M G, 539, 622Cope & Cope Ltd, 415Cotton, W, 103Dampier, E, 398–399, 1223Davis, G, 269, 274, 276, 717Day, William Chambers, 1636, 2216Day & Millward, 1442DeGrave, 2331Deschamps, J, 509, 510Deyerlein, Johann Georg, agent, 888Dowling, Edward, 1445Downing, J S, 511

Duplex Handy Scale, 1945Edgell, James, 661Elfick, 2331Evans, T, 2210Everitt, P, 518, 549, 2216, 2423–2426Exact Weight Scale Co, 704–705Fairbanks, E & T, 723, 2344, 2349Fairbanks, F, 396, 509, 511Fanner, 2331Fidler, M & J see Watkins & FidlerFoley, J S see patentee, British, Salter, G

& Foley, J SFord, Richard, 1508Freeman, M, 399, 400Gilfillan, E N, 622–623Gilmore & Clark, 538Golaz, J, 622Greenbury, J, 565Haddan, H J, agent, 539–540Hall, N R, 147, 198, 428, 2209Hall, R F, 549Hamilton, G, 425–426Hancock, A, 595Harper, John & Co Ltd & Crowley, C,

765, 1964Harrison see McNally & HarrisonHass, Jacob, 2216Hatch, G C, 481Hedicke, M, agent, 81Heller's, Balduin Söehne, 318Henry, S, 263, 271, 276, 282Herbert, G, 549Herbert & Sons, 1725Hiscock, W, 483–484, 509, 511, 1255,

1257Hooper, H, 2, 19Horn & Albracht, 510, 622Hotson, J H, 705Hughes, J see patentee, British, Salter, T B

& Hughes, JHughes, J R, 549Hughes, John, 516, 549Hulls & Bradford, 268, 276, 313, 394,

1309Hunt, J, 380Hutchinson's Scale Co, 2192Hynes, M see patentee, British, Blacklock

& HynesJackson, C see Pearce, L H & Jackson, CJames, W H, 2300Jiffy-Way, 378Joksch, R, 678Juris, F, 705, 706Krausse, K L, 624Lake, W R, agent, 510Langhorn see Mordan & LanghornLaughlin, 411Laughton, G, 482, 1021Leni, C, 1931Lundberg, G, 595Mackenzie, J, 484Mahloy, 679

McGiehan, I S, 621–622Mees, A B, 651Merlin, Charles, 721Mordan & Langhorn, 652Moul, H E, 679Murray, T S, 678Nadal, J, 511Paddock, H, 110Parker see Thomas & ParkerParker, C C & S B, 510Pauly, Jean Samuel, 1902–1903Peijus, A H, 377, 384Peppe, G T, 427Pieper, C, 517Pooley, Henry, 727, 2212Poupard, Frederick A & Co, 1330Poupard, Thomas James, 1330Poupard, William, 1330Quintenz, A, 227, 722Ragg, A E, 481, 538, 540, 753, 1253, 1361Ratcliff, J & E, 1227Reiss, R W, 275–276, 992Roebuck, John, 692Rolle, 888Rowe, A G, 707Rueprecht, A, 718Ruhland, R, 678Rulke, C, 708Rys, V, 679Salmon, Robert, 692Salter, G & Foley, J S, 549Salter, Geo & Co Ltd, 549, 1984Salter, Geo & Co Ltd & Bache, E W, 549Salter, Geo & Co Ltd & Hughes, J, 549Salter, Geo & Co Ltd & Wyatt, F, 549Salter, George I, 515, 549, 1508Salter, George II, 516, 549Salter, T B, 545, 549Salter, T B & Hughes, J, 549Saltinstall-Taylor, T & H, 650Sartorius, Erich, 836Savoure, J P, 276, 400Schneckenberger, E, 704–705Schopper, L, 80Schwilgué, J-B, 888Sharkey, P H, 111, 312Siebe, Augustus, 66, 1882, 1886, 1902Silvester, John, 515, 549Silvester, Thomas, 515, 549Slotosch, M, 298, 680Smith, A, 427–428Smith, F H, 566Snell, S, 567, 568Spinks see Clarke & SpinksStarratt & Masters, 666Staudenmaier, C, 396, 652Suffield, S W, 566–568, 1030, 2937–2939Sydney, S, 276Thiele, F A, 825Thomas, Geo & Co Ltd, 1103Thomas & Parker, 376–377Timson, W see patentee, British, Avery &

TimsonTozer, W, 537, 549Treff, K, 307Triner, J M, 651Ubrig, Emil, 517, 623Ward, T H, 1931Watkins & Fidler, 565–566Watson, R, 539–540Webster, J, 425, 547, 549Wedderburn, 275–276, 621–622Weekes, T, 2216Weerasinghe & Banks, 704Weintraud & Co Ges, 707Wertheim, P, 705, 706Whitmore, William, 692, 1508Wight, 396, 481Willis, 398–399, 1223, 2600Winfield, Robert Walter, 404Wyatt, John, 2211–2212Wyatt F see patentee, British, Salter, Geo

& Co Ltd & Wyatt, FCanadian, Maul, Philipp Jakob, 361French

Albinet, Jean & Audouin, Jean, 1370, 1408

Armand, P, 426Audouin, Jean see patentee, French,

Albinet, Jean & Audouin, JeanBéranger, Joseph & Maag, 1664, 2602Bergman & Slack, 1932Bernstein, Aaron David, 1950Briais, N E, 446, 1370, 1375, 1403–1404,

1535, 1904Briais, Victor, 1370, 1403Burdet see Thiebaud, A & BurdetDupas see Michalet, E M & Dupas, H GFauvel, Louis Alexandre, 1370, 1375Fayard, Jean Joseph, 888Frey, Gustave, 1370, 1400Gilfillan, Essington Nuell, 1370, 1407Gnutchel, M, 1370, 1409Guerin, Rene, 1370, 1374Hall, Nathaniel Richard, 1370, 1402Hanin, 1867Laborde, Denise Lucile, 1370, 1372Maag see Béranger & MaagManchet, Jules Auxene, 1370, 1376Merlin, Charles, 721Michalet, E M & Dupas, H G, 1370, 1401,

1907Monchicourt, Desire Valentine, 1370,

1399Quintenz, F A, 721Read, Robert Hamilton, 1370, 1408Restorf, G, 1370, 1406Ruhland, M, 1370, 1409Schwilgue, J-B, 888Susse, Michel Victor, 1370, 1373Telesnitsky, Vsevolod, 1370, 1410Thiebaud, A & Burdet, 1370, 1401Valette fils, 1370, 1374Weber, Jules Henri, 1370, 1405

GermanAutomat, 1631–1632Béranger, Joseph, 2602Bernstein, Aaron David, 1179, 1950Bernstein, Alex, 66, 1950Bernstein, Alex & Co, 842Hahn, George, 1629–1630Hartner, G, 1707Heller's, Balduin Söehne, 317Keppeler, J A, 2322Koch, Ferdinand & Carl, 1917–1923Maul, Philipp Jakob, 1620–1621, 1633–

1634, 1655, 1657–1658, 1660Pfanzeder, Georg, 2602Pfitzer Bros, 2602Quintenz, F A, 722, 887Reitze, August, 1177–1181, 2275Rueprecht, 718Sartorius, Erich, 836Staub, 1073, 1790

Netherlands, Case, Cesar, 1879Prussian

Bernstein, Aaron, 1179Reitze, August, 1179

Spanish, Treff, Kelman, 307Swiss, Gros, Henri, 387

"Patently Interesting (N R Hall)" (article by Crawforth), 198–199

patents: analysis, 1368German Law of (1877), 2278US Commissioner of, 2819use for research, 2890

Patents Office: American, 1113–1115, 2096, 2819

dates, 1113Paterson, Carol, biography, 2709patina, 251, 1209, 1232, 1238patination, black, 1205Pattison, William, sc mkr, 3089Paul, Moses:

apprentice of Rubidge, James, 1737dates, 1737possibly succeeded by Paul, Thomas (line

wrongly drawn), 1737Paul, Robert W:

precision bal mkr, 1822retailer of magnetic bal, 1754scientific instrument mkr, 1822see also catalogue

Paul, Thomas: dates, 1737possible successor of Paul, Moses (line wrongly

drawn), 1737Pauly, Jean Samuel, patentee, 1902–1903, 2089Paupier, L:

C-spring mkr, 1873tension tester mkr, 1873

pawl see Nibpawson see Vandome, Titfords & PawsonPayne, Benjamin Matthew:

apprentice of Astill, William, 1726, 1737, 1740

branch in Birmingham, 1726, 1740coin sc mkr, 80, 2402, 2445dates, 1727grain sc mkr, 80, 1727master of Ovenden, James, 1731master of Phillips, Samuel, 1731, 1737master of Saunders, Charles, 1737master of Saunders, Edward, 1737master of Shenston, James Templar, 1737master of Walker, Edward, 1737partner of Astill, Susannah, 1732partner of Ovendon, James, 1732succeeded by Payne, George, 1740succeeded by Payne, John, 1740succeeded by Payne & Ovendon, 1732successors of Astill & Payne, 1732

Payne, George: in Birmingham, 1740dates, 1740successor of Payne, Benjamin Matthew, 1740

Payne, John: in Birmingham, 1740dates, 1740successor of Payne, Benjamin Matthew, 1740

Payne, Thomas: apprentice of Hurley, Jonathan, 1733apprentice of John, Fish, 1733

Payne & Ovendon: apothecary sc mkr, 1732dates, 1732Payne, Benjamin Matthew & Ovendon, James,

1732succeeded by Ovendon, James, 1732succeeded by Shenstone, James, 1732successors of Payne, Benjamin Matthew, 1732

Peacock, William, sc mkr, 3090Peacock's "Response to Bate" (article), 2333peanut sc, spring, 544Pearce see postal sc, retailer, Barnicott & PearcePearce, George:

connected with Pearce, Samuel?, 1731in Mile End, 1742partner of Fletcher, Mrs S, 1731see also Fletcher & Pearce

Pearce, L H & Jackson, C, patentee, 567–568Pearce, Samuel:

in Bethnal Green, 1742connected with Pearce, George?, 1731dates, 1731sc mkr, 1731

Pearl, kitchen sc, 546pears three mark (Worcester), 1928Peck, John:

apprentice of Smith, William, 1730, 1733dates, 1730master of Hunt, William, 1730master of Mattocks, Charles Meares, 1731master of Miles, William Henry, 1733succeeded by Webb & Skinner, 1730, 1746

Peck, Stow & Wilcox: American sc mkr, 1555, 1808, 2412P S & W, 1808

spring bal mkr, 1555steelyard mkr, 1808

peck loaf, 1058peck measure, American, 1137, 1139peck scoop, 1461, 1546Pee Co, mark on wts, 94peget, 1075Pegolotti, Francesco, 2217–2219

14th C merchant, 1987–1996, 2016–2024, 2217–2219

author of Practica della Mercatura, 1987–1996, 2219

work of, 2107Peirson, Thomas, wt mkr, 1043Pell, Thomas:

apprentice of Pollard, Thomas, 1730dates, 1730master of Plivey, William, 1730

Pelouze, 371, 623American sc mkr, 1259, 1261, 1555, 1671–1674bow-front postal, 1259, 1672Countess trade mark, 1672Crescent trade mark, 371, 1672Duchess trade mark, 1672postal sc mkr, 623, 1259, 1261Princess trade name, 1671registered design, 1673–1674spring bal mkr, 623, 1259, 1555, 1671–1673,

2000spring bal patentee, 1671–1673spring exposed, 2000Tiffany mechanism mkr, 2634see also catalogue

"Pelouze Bow-front Postal Scales" (article by Laycock), 2877–2881

Pelouze Scale & Mfg Co, 2000"Pelouze Straight Spring Balance" (article by Stein T),

2000pen & postal sc, spring, 552, 650, 1682pen sc, 513, 552, 565, 568, 596, 624pencil/pen sc see Postal scpencil sc, postal, 446, 454, 1262–1263, 1399pendant, def, 283pendulous chart, patent, 1655pendulous pointer see Pointerpendulous sc:

pendulum, 1676, 2771see also béranger sc

pendulum & half-roberval see half-roberval & pendulum

pendulum sc, 132–133, 199, 1264, 2192, 2767–2774, 2845–2846

def, 283, 571with added poise, 2772–2773apothecary, 1654, 2769asparagus, 1655bilateral, 283, 317, 361, 753, 1260, 1629–1630,

1632–1634, 2773–2774brake, 1408butchers, 559butter, 2192with cam & cord, 2772

chemical, 559cloth, 1168coin, 199, 269, 541, 576, 597, 607, 990, 1684,

1850–1851, 2769coin-operated, 1629Columbus, 1652–1653counter, 1318with damper, 2770, 2772dates, 1073designer

Braby, James, 1911–1914Brander, G F, 573, 605Brequin, Col de, 608Clais, J S, 573, 1073, 2767Clais, Johann Sebastian, 1073, 2767da Vinci, Leonardo, 572, 2767de Vinci, L, 572Hahn, Philipp Matthaus, 572, 1073, 2767Kuhn, H, 573Lambert, J H, 573, 2767Ludlam, W, 572, 1073Magalhaens, J H, 573Rowse, 573Staub, 1073

double, 959, 1629–1634, 1651–1653, 1659parcel, 317–318, 1076, 1652

double ducat, 541double fulcrum, 2845–2846, 2861–2865ease of use, 1368egg, 373, 379, 381, 383, 415, 417, 921–924,

1313–1316, 2769, 2771encased, 1174, 1404engraved, 1220fan, 229first used in England, 1913fixed chart, 1650fixed graduated arc, 2771fixed pointer design, 1627, 2770–2771French, 1361–1362, 1676, 2770–2771geometric, 1223gilt, 1220grain, 80, 753half roberval, 622hinged poise, 1076history, 2767–2769Hungarian ducat, 228, 541kitchen, 572, 608, 765–766, 772, 1654, 1911mkr

A E, 641Anscheutz & Co see Anscheutz & SchlaffAnscheutz & Schlaff, 269, 597, 1850–

1851, 2767Arc Scale Co, 2845–2846, 2861–2865Automat, 1260Avery, W & T, 677, 959, 2769Avery, W & T Ltd, 1318Blechemballage-fabrik, 2772–2773Braby, James, 772, 1911Brander, G F, 573Briais, Narcissé, 1253, 1404, 1406, 1649–

1650, 1676, 2769, 2771–2772Brower Mfg Co, 922, 924

C H S Industries Inc, 417Casartelli, 1168Christofle, 219–220, 1676Cooke, J, 199Cope & Cope Ltd, 415, 921Dampier, 399, 1913Deinert, P, 541Eschemann, W & Co, 958F L & Co, 285Gibbs & Co, 753Gorham, 1077, 1668, 1687Hall, Nathaniel, 198–199, 707, 1253,

1403, 1913Hartner, 381Heath, J, 199Heeley, J & Sons, 199, 456Heller's, B & Sohne, 317–318Hilton, 772Horn & Albracht, 511Houghton & Gunn, 512Hund, G, 220, 2770J H S see Heath, JohnJiffy-Way, 379JMAZ see Maul, JacobKahlert Mfg Co, 1313Kern, 2770Kitway, 772Knight, E, 990Koch, 1917–1923Leopold, J, 578Leunig, F & Co, 505, 602, 1697–1698M & Co see Marion & CoM in star see Maul, Philipp JakobMarion & Co, 512, 1257, 1406, 2769Maul, Jacob, 980Maul, Philipp Jakob, 360–361, 415, 559,

1076, 1409, 1627–1636, 1649–1666, 1698–1700, 2771–2773

Melliship & Harris, 512Parkins & Gotto, 512Parnall, 415Parnell, 199, 428, 1253Place, F, 572Pradel, 50, 220, 2770Prospectus Mfg Co, 922Ratcliff, J & E, 133Reliable Automatic Dial, 379Riddle, Gabriel, 1913Rouse, 573, 605Schember, C & Sohne, 1699Schopper, Louis, 80, 602, 753, 1174,

1697–1698Specialty Mfg Co, 415Starke & Kammerer, 872Tacho, 959Testut, 1913, 2770–2771Thorne-Foster, 2770Toledo, 224, 2769–2770Turner, S Sen, 373, 381Weintraub & Co, 2773Weintraud & Co Ges, 707Zenith, 379, 415

modifications, 2774moisture content, 260moving graduations & pointer, 2774with moving load, 2767–2768, 2773with multi-pivot point for poise, 2772–2773with multiple fulcrums, 2773nationality

American, 224, 379, 415, 417, 772, 922, 922–924, 1077, 1313, 1668, 1687

French, 1252–1253, 1401, 1404German, 1627–1636Swiss, 562

paper, 285, 505, 602, 1654, 1692, 1697–1700, 1704, 2769

parcel, 199, 512, 753, 1076, 1652, 1917–1923patent, 80, 199, 269, 379, 399, 415, 426–428,

455–456, 484, 510–512, 540, 559, 597, 622, 652, 678–679, 1223, 1361, 1401

patenteeAlbinson, J H & Cocker, H H, 1176Anscheutz & Schlaff, 2767, 2770Automat, 1631–1632Batt, 2773–2774Bodmer, R, 1176Braby, T, 2768Briais, N, 2769, 2771–2772British Research Association & Barker, S

G & Hedges, J J, 1176Clais, J S, 268, 270, 276, 573, 597, 2767Cope & Cope Ltd, 415Dampier, E, 399Everitt, 2774Fauvel, L A, 1375Foley, J S, 549Golaz, J, 622Gotlieb, Kern & Sohn, 2769–2770Gould, Chester, 2767Guérin, 2768Guérin, R, 1374Hahn, George, 1629–1630Hall, Nathaniel, 199, 428, 707, 991, 1403,

2768Hedicke, M, 80Hiscock, W, 509, 512, 1255Horn & Albracht, 510–511, 2768James, W H, 2768Knight, E, 990Laborde, D L, 1372MacKenzie, J, 484Maul, Philipp Jakob, 1633, 2771–2773McGiehan, I S, 621–622Peppe, G T, 427Ragg, A E, 484, 538, 540, 753, 1253,

1361, 1410–1412, 2769Restorf, 1410–1412, 2772Riddle, Gabriel, 2768Rowe, A G, 707Saladin, L J B, 1176Salter, G, 549Smyth, 2771Staudenmaier, C, 396, 652Thiebaud, A & Burdet, 1401

Tomkins, M H, 1176Watkins, 2774Winnlaw, 2767–2768Witherell, 2773, 2845–2846, 2861–2865

patents see patent, pendulumpendulous, 1655, 1676, 2771–2772person, 2769, 2774photographic, 1654, 1656, 2769with pillar or casing, 2768–2770plastic, 1264postal, 50, 132–133, 199, 220, 317, 368, 399,

428, 456, 511–512, 562, 571, 652, 677, 707, 753, 871, 958, 980, 990, 1077, 1220–1225, 1253–1257, 1264–1265, 1289, 1292, 1361–1362, 1374–1376, 1385, 1403–1412, 1627–1636, 1649–1668, 1676, 1681, 1683, 1687, 2768–2774

precision, 872rack & pinion, 1649ration book sc, 224rectangular, 1409registered design, 1220reproduction, 144retailer

Asprey, 1676Black, Starr & Frost, 1668Hartner, G, 1698–1700Illfelder, Jos, 1253Kern, Gottlieb & Sohn, 1076Mardon, A H, 1697Marion, A, 1255Mermod, Jaccard & Co, 1668Perry & Co, 1253

revolving pointer, 1649silver, 1385sliding poise, 1650telescopic arm, 1405three load pivots, 609, 1914tin-plate, 1256torsion balance, 2772trade, 641, 2769turn-over poise, 1650two load pivots, 753, 772, 1911two pointers, 1405, 1408–1409yarn, 572, 605, 1073, 1174, 1309, 1654, 2769

pendulum sc (article), 198–199, 571–578, 602–609pendulum sc & steelyard, 559pendulum sc with inkwells, Maul, Philipp Jakob, 1683Penkethman's Artachthos, 1053Penn Scale Mfg Co Inc, trip sc, 647pennies:

called esterlins, 1561English, 1561

penny, English Sterling, 1988penny post, 2, 1224–1233, 3099Penny Postal Services, 1226pennyweights see weights, denomination"Pennyweights and Grains", 2476"Pennywise, Not Pound Foolish part 1, 1884-1900"

(article by Willard), 2423–2433"Pennywise, Not Pound Foolish part 2, 1887-1920"

(article by Willard), 2457–2463Peppe, G T, patentee, 427Pepperers' Guild Co, 1994, 2019

see also Grocers' Copercentage sc, def, 283percentage sc see moisture content, scPerfad see PerfasPerfas:

instructions, 1569–1571steelyard mkr, 647, 1525

Perfect, trademark see Martin, HenryPerfection:

egg sc mkr see Pacific Poultry Appliance Cosee also Triner

periodicals, list of useful, 2094perit, 1075Perkin, William Henry, inventor of aniline dye, 1862Perkins, Goodwin & Co, American sc retailer, 1697Perkins, J, American ccd patentee, 2064perpetration of fraud, inspectors, 1591–1597Perry, W G & Son, grocers sc retailer, 559Perry & Co:

bismar mkr, 1359–1360, 3006postal sc retailer, 428, 481–482, 1253, 1792,

3030Perry's Story of Standards (review), 187person sc:

def, 221, 224–225, 283, 2240–2241accuracy, 3baby, 185, 335, 338, 516, 526, 562, 1294bathroom, 177, 543, 554club, 18, 1439, 1709coin operated, 518, 717, 980, 1706–1712destruction, 555infant, 516jockey, 18, 60, 547, 2588mkr

Alexanderwerk, 2169–2170, 2240–2242Avery, W & T, 60, 224Avery, W & T Ltd, 1706British Automatic Co, retailers, 518Burchfield, Thomas & Son, 1732Caille Brothers, 2459Carnegie & Layton Ltd, 1707Casella, L, 1716Catenot, 2451Chatillon, John & Sons, 335, 338, 450Chicago Recording Co., 2430–2431Chicago Recording Scale Co., 2459Clawson Machine Co., 2459Columbus, 2425–2426Davis, A B & Co, 785Day & Millward Ltd, 1707, 1709De Vilbiss Scale Co., 2460Fairbanks, 177, 676Fairbanks, Morse & Co, 184Fairbanks & Co, 177, 676, 2423–2426Fey, 2460Haas, Jacob B, 694–695Hamilton Scale Co, 1711–1712Hanin fils, 1867, 2451Hanson, 1710

Hartner, G, 1707Howe, 2424Hughes see Salter, Geo & CoJennings, 2462Jones of Binghamton, 562Marriott, Henry, 1903, 2588Melot & Putzeys, 1294Merlin, John Joseph, 694, 1720, 1724,

2451Mettez & Cie, 2435Mills, 2459Moore Talking Scale Co., 2459National Automatic Weighing Machine

Co., 2457National Novelty Co., 2431Pacific Scale Works, 2461Public Scale, 2430, 2461Reimann, 2454–2456Rosenfield Manufacturing Co., 2458Salter, Geo & Co, 536, 547, 925, 1708,

2354, 2424, 2588Salter, Geo & Co Ltd, 516, 518, 526, 543,

547, 554, 1984, 2588Siebe, Augustus, 1886, 2451Toledo Scale Co., 2459–2460Ubrig, E & Co, 1439, 1706, 2455–2456US Machine & Invention Co., 2426–2427US Machine & Inventions Co., 2453Watling, 2459–2460, 2462Weeks, Thomas, 694, 2425–2426Young & Son, 18, 113, 2588

Mr. Peanut, 1711–1712patents, 518, 543private use, 18, 113, 177, 224, 547, 1439, 1983spring, 333–338, 516, 518, 526, 547, 554, 925,

1439, 1984steelyard, 15, 18, 562, 695, 2461, 2463unequal-arm, 694see also book, useful, American Weigh

"Person Scales into Bay", 2476"Person weights, c. 1880" (article), 2463Peru:

Hacienda de Desagravio, 2903Irish name for reale, 1848

Peruvian, bone beam, 2150Peruvian scales, 2903–2911

seitivity of, 2909Peruvian weight sites:

location of, 2904map of, 2904

pesetas, Spanish coinage, 307peso, Spanish colonial coinage, 307peson à resort (mancur), 1863Peson à ressort, 2171

gunpowder scale, 2171mancur, 1863use of, 2171V-spring scale, 2171

Petaluma Electric Incubator Co, 379, 415egg sc mkr, 414–415, 1275–1276, 1284Standard trade name, 414

Peterborough, 1961

keys crossed in shield mark, 1929, 1978Peterson et al's "Joel F. Keeler, Epitome of US

Industry" (article), 2703–2709Petrie (author), 162, 310Petrie, Flinders, 2143petrol measuring, 1188Petty Sessions, 1925pewter wts see weights, materialpewterer, coin sc, mkr, 1299Pewterers' Co, inspectors mark, 45Pfanzeder, Georg, 2602

Pfanzeder patentee, 2602Pfanzeder sc mkr, 2602

Pfanzeder sc see Phanzeder scPfanzeder sc mkr:

Keppler, 2602Kopp & Haberland, 2606Pfanzeder, Georg, 2602Pfitzer Bros, 2602Schember, 2602Schember, C & Sohne, 2606

Pfitzer Bros: Pfanzeder patentee, 2602Pfanzeder sc mkr, 2602

Pfitzer sc see Phanzeder scPH J M, trade mark of Maul, Philipp Jakob, 1661Phanzeder sc, 2320–2321, 2602

def, 284with Albigensean links, 2321inverted, 2322

pharmaceutical sc see apothecary scpharmacy sc see apothecary scPhidelphia Scale Works, Riehle Bros, sc mkr, 2887Philadelphia, Assay Office, 1470Philadelphia Exposition, 1876, 2964Philip of Spain, 2443

coin wts, 1014Philippus Rex see weights, monarch, Philip of SpainPHILIPPUS REX HISPANIARUM, on coin wts, 1014Phillips, coin wts mkr, 1081–1086, 1474Phillips, Edward:

apprentice of Brind, William, 248, 1737coin sc mkr, 16, 247–248, 1938dates, 1737trade card, 247

Phillips, Elizabeth: coin sc mkr, 242dates, 1736long period as sc mkr, 1744master of Newton, William, 1735–1736, 1786succeeded by Overing, Thomas, 1736successor of Phillips, Walter, 1736widow of Phillips, Walter, 1736, 1785

Phillips, Mrs E: date, 1731succeeded by Figgins, John Burgess, 1731successor of Phillips, Samuel, 1731wife of Phillips, Samuel, 1731

Phillips, Samuel: apprentice of Fage, William II, 1731apprentice of Payne, Benjamin, 1731dates, 1731, 1737

husband of Phillips, Mrs E, 1731succeeded by Phillips, Mrs E, 1731successor of Hiatt, Benjamin, 1746successor of Hiatt, Mary A, 1739, 1746

Phillips, Walter: apprentice of Ben, John, 1736on Bartholomew Lane, 3019biography of, 1785–1786coin sc mkr, 1736, 1783, 1818, 3018dates, 1736husband of Phillips, Elizabeth, 1736master of Moore, Joseph, 1785master of Oven, Henry, 1735shagreen case earliest?, 1818succeeded by Phillips, Elizabeth, 1736trade card, 1783, 3018

Phillips, William, coin sc mkr, 242Phillipson & Golder, postal sc retailers, 938Phitzer Brothers, 2321Phoenician:

standard, 2148weight, shekel, 2143

"Photograph Coin Weights" (article by Crawforth), 967–971

"Photograph Scales & Weights" (article by Crawforth), 363–372, 534

photographers sc, mkr, Fairbanks & Co, 1918photographic sc, 113, 799, 1028

mkrEnsign, 807Maul, Philipp Jakob, 1654, 1656

pendulum, 1654, 1656Phythian, Dod:

apprentice of Hoe, Robert, 1736apprentice of Oven, Henry, 1736dates, 1736

piastre Spanish, used in China, 56Picard, Ann, coin sc mkr, 213–214, 1069, 1388Picard, John:

apprentice of Snart, John, 210, 1735article by Crawforth, 1067–1070coin sc mkr, 210–212, 1396first husband of Gardner, Ann, 214foreman Brooksby, Thomas I, 213mad in Bedlam, 1785master of Ball, William, 1736master of Brooksby, Thomas I, 212, 1735master of Moore, Joseph, 1785master of Sangster, James, 212, 1735master of Sangster, William, 212, 1735master of Sommers, Joseph I, 212, 1388, 1735succeeded by Brooksby, Thomas I, 1735trade card, 210training, 1388

Pickering, nesting wts mkr, 1830Pickering, David:

associated with S S?, 1841coin sc mkr, 1764–1765, 1830D P mark on wts, 1830at same address as Pickering, William, 1841sc mkr to Bank of Ireland, 1755, 1830successor of Crosby, James, 1765, 1831

trade card, 1830Pickering, James I, trade card, 1832Pickering, James II:

coin sc mkr, 1831dates, 1831J*P on wts, 1831measures mkr, 1831sc mkr to Bank of Ireland, 1831shop sign crown & sc, 1831sight-hole shears, 1831successor of Pickering, William, 1831wts mkr, 1831

Pickering, William: dates, 1841at same address as Pickering, David, 1841sc mkr to Bank of Ireland, 1755succeeded by Pickering, James II, 1831

Pidgeon, John: apprentice of Read, Joseph, 1736dates, 1736

Piejus, A H, egg sc patentee, 377, 384Pieper, C, patentee, 517pierced pointers, 22, 62Pierrette-Paylze, Marie-Anne. wife of Lavoisier, 2171pietra dura, 940, 944pig in basin, trademark, Hetherington, R D D, 1447pig weighing sc:

mkrAvery-Salter, 543Salter, Geo & Co Ltd, 544

spring, 543, 978Piggott, John, apothecary sc retailer, 1726Pike & Ellerman, shop sc retailers, 1726Pile de Charlemagne, 2516Pile étalon de France, 2516pillar see columnPillois, coin sc mkr, 593pincers, hydrostatical, 261pinion see rack & pinionpint measure see beer measurepippin steel, 137

def, 138, 284pistol, on wts see weights, denomination, pistolepistole:

coinage, 310, 914see also weights, denomination, pistole

piston: def, 230to damp, 230

Pitney-Bowes: American sc mkr, 1986P B mark, 1986postal sc mkr, 1986

Pitrat, Julius E: biography, 2232, 2238computing scale patent

compound levers for, 2237–2238description of, 2233–2238poises for, 2232–2238tare poise for, 2237–2238

counter scale patentcorrection of, 2271

description of, 2233–2234used with platform scale, 2234

use of, 2234platform steelyard scale, 2235

beam of, 2236detachable mechanism for, 2236slide-rule type, 2235–2236with tare-poise, 2235–2236

and weaving technology, 2271Pitrat, patent bought by Ozias & Canby, 2205Pitrat, patent sold to Computing Scale Co., 2232Pitrat, patent sold to Hull, 2205Pitrat, patentee, 2205, 2232Pitt-Rivers Museum Oxford, coin steelyard, 1833,

1897, 1900pivot:

10 pivots on bismar, 400def, 284buttons, 1031cam & cord, 1631cone, 1633cord, 55–59, 175, 428, 1030feet, 16, 236–237, 763, 848, 1031, 1231finger, 1031flexible band, 192fold in brass-sheet, 754moving feet, 16, 236, 1032not vertical, 1996shelf-edge, 1031

Pixii, N C: precision bal mkr, 1822scientific instrument mkr, 1822see also catalogue

Pixii, pere & fils: French sc mkr, 1822precision bal mkr, 1822scientific instrument mkr, 1822see also catalogue

Pixley, Thomas, sc mkr, 3088Pixley, Thomas I:

apprentice of Jackson, John, 1739dates, 1737father of Pixley, Thomas II, 1737Old Bailey trial of, 3085sc mkr, 3085, 3087

Pixley, Thomas II: apprentice of Wade, Thomas, 1737coin sc mkr, 1737dates, 1737master of Everitt, George, 1737son of Pixley, Thomas I, 1737

Place (author), 610Place, F, pendulum bal, 572planchet scale, 3124Planner, H G & Co, tea sc retailer, 1726plant - form wts see weight, shapePlantation weighing sc, 2863plaster of paris, 39plastic cleaning, 1269plastic letter scale, Rolamite, 2477–2478, 2499–2505Plat, John, wt mkr, 1043plate:

def, 284, 289–290china, 1743

plate fulcrum see flexure pivotplate mkr:

Copeland, 1455Wedgwood, 1454

plate piece, Irish name for reale, 1848plated coinage, fakes, 266plates, 548platform & spring, 925platform & steelyard sc, shop, 736, 758, 1106, 1437–

1438platform sc, 2599, 2600

A A design, 657, 660, 722, 724def, 194, 284accuracy, 3, 1592animal, 653, 1022article, 655–661, 692–699, 721–727balance ball, 2246barge, 655, 661, 698–699, 2415bob-up, 693British, 3076Caledonian, 692, 698cart, 76, 86, 655–661, 692–699, 702, 721–728cattle, 1664centesimal, 886–888coal truck, 32, 76, 86, 221coke, 728compound lever, 656–661, 2211–2213

self-indicating, 2213pendulum, circular reading face,

2212compound lever & steelyard, 2212contractors, 697counter, 86, 217, 692, 698, 1195cylindrical poise, 2246decimal, 227description of, 2245dormant, 1457, 3071–3074drop-lever on, 2348–2349earliest, 657, 2211earliest self-indicating, 692English, 3076F T design, 695Fairbanks, 3076with fixed & sliding counterpoise, 2212fulcrum on, 2345, 2347–2348Gerald's patent, 2168, 2191graduated weights, 2246hemp, 2284hinges on, 2345, 2347I T design, 695, 698inventor

Bondeli, Johann Emanuel, 721Fairbanks, Thaddeus, 2284–2286, 2344–

2349Trotter, John, 696

knife edges on, 2345, 2348lever system, 2245levers of, 2245, 2345–2347, 2348levers on, 2211, 2284load point, 2212

market, 109mkr

Avery, W & T, 32, 653, 726, 1636, 2212Avery, W & T Ltd, 32, 1185, 1457Béranger & Cie, 1664Bondeli, Johann Emanuel, 721Bourne, Thomas, 696Bourne & Smith, 696, 698–699Brown, Lennox & Co, 655, 661, 698–699Cadwick, 659Chatillon, 333Chatillon, John & Sons, 333, 1592Computing sc, Co, 216–217Davis, A B & Co, 785Day, William Chambers, 696Day & Millward, 1636Eayre, Joseph, 659–660Edgell, James, 661Fairbanks, 76, 78, 86, 106, 109, 177Fairbanks, E & T, 676, 723, 736, 898,

2344–2349Fairbanks & Co, 75–78, 86, 106, 109, 177,

992Fairbanks Thaddeus, 723, 2212, 2283–

2286, 2344–2349Farr, Chester N., 2293Ford & Co, 696Fowler, Albert, 2293Gerald, Asahel, 2293Gerald & Farr, 2293Haas, Jacob B, 694–695Herbert & Sons, 1195, 1726Howe Scale Co, 900–901, 1528–1529Jones of Binghamton, 562Kitchen, Richard, 723–725Marriott, William Adolphus, 1885Merlin, Charles, 721Merlin, John Joseph, 694, 887, 2451Pooley, Henry, 724Pooley & Son, 702, 728Preston, William B, 508Quintenz, Friedrich Alois, 72, 227, 721,

885–888Quintenz & Rolle, 721Rolle & Schwilgue, 721, 885–888Salter, Geo & Co, 536, 547Sanctorius, 887Schwilgue, Jean-Baptiste, 888Shilton, William, 725Simpson, R, 726, 736Societe Alsacienne de Constructions

Mecanique, 888Troemner, Henry, 811Weeks, Thomas, 694Whitmore, William, 692Wyatt, John, 655, 657, 659, 693, 2211–

2212Yeoman, Joseph, 660

Omnicells, 2212package, 109, 1106patentee

Avery, W & T, 726

Edgell, Joseph, 661Fairbanks, E & T, 723, 736Fayard, Jean Joseph, 888Merlin, Charles, 721Pooley, Henry, 727Quintenz, Friedrich Alois, 722, 887Roebuck, John, 692Rolle, 888Salmon, Robert, 692Schwilgue, 888Simpson, R, 726Whitmore, William, 692

patents, 110, 692, 2344–2349with pendulous rings, 2348person, 18, 177, 676, 694, 925pivots, 2286, 2348portable, 106, 1592power point, 2212principles of, 77proportional weights, 2349railway, 86, 724, 736ratio-beam, 2212rockers on, 2345–2347self-computing, 2213self-indicating, 692, 2212

with compound lever, pendulum, circular reading face, 2212

semi-self-indicating, 692, 2213with pendulum resistance and sliding

counterpoise, 2213spring, 450, 516, 536, 547, 549, 1439steelyard, 78, 562, 653, 661, 692–699, 721–728,

1636with steelyard beam, 2348steelyard invention, 725with steelyard rod, 2348testing, 714triangular leverage, 888U U design, 723–724U V design, 693, 724V V design, 657, 693, 698–699waggon, 655–656, 721, 886warehouse, 86, 106, 109, 547, 1185weighbeam modification, 2246weighing machine, 736wheelbarrow, 78wheels, 736Y V design, 695, 724

platform sc (article), 655–661, 692–699, 721–728platform steelyard, 2355pliers, inspectors, 120Plivey, William:

apprentice of Pell, Thomas, 1730dates, 1730

plug see Stamping plugplumb-line, 1213Plumbers' Co:

Guild, 20–21, 581inspection by, 21, 44, 1331, 1349, 1563,

1892inspectors' mark, 21

Plumly, George:

American sc mkr, 1490coin sc mkr, 1490

Plymouth USA W & M, 1856Plympton, H, 1211, 2369

gold bal mkr, 1211–1216gold Standards bal mkr, 1211, 2643influenced by Dearborn, Benjamin, 2643successor to Dearborn, 2369working with Davis, 2643working with Howard, 2369, 2643

Plympton, Henry: bullion balance mkr, 3037–3039dates, 3037–3038successor of Dearborn, Benjamin, 3038

plywood measure see dry measurePMI Food equipment group, successor to Computing

Scale Co., 2208pneumatic pump, 719PO Weight Testing, 1856, 2456pocket bal:

Hughes, 516inspectors, 116–117see also Spring bal

pocket steelyard: def, 195, 285, 515, 1246see also Spring bal

pocket weighbridge, 543see also weighbridge

pocket weighbridge mkr, Salter, Geo & Co Ltd, 543Poggendorf, J C:

dates, 791designer, 791

poids monétaires, 2416poids monétaires de circulation, 2416poids monétaires étalon, 2416pointer:

def, 285accuracy, 5bifurcated, 1865decorative hole, 22, 62, 208, 210, 244, 632design theory, 5downward, 631, 642, 1189, 1211flat, 22, 62hinged, 1686lack of, 1644–1648metal, 5Mokko, 326with motor, 1189, 1213oscillation, 4pendulous, 198, 219–220, 1040, 1372, 1655pierced, 22, 62, 476, 632, 849, 1040, 1352,

1357, 1380, 1783pivotted, 1902screwed in, 1539, 1546tare, 1599triangular, 625–626two, 1257wedged in, 1573

pointer sc see pendulum scpoise:

def, 284, 1026American ball & rod, 1314

Anatolian, 2838–2839armorial bearings, 1328ball & rod, 1232, 1294–1295baskets of grapes, 1288British, 2686buffer, 1411bunch of grapes, 1225, 1273Byzantine, 2686cased, 1328ccd for five-mark, 1618chamfered, 2381cherub, 1225, 1287collecting principle, 2121, 2123compensating, for sc beam, 2822dial, 1027–1028on disc, 1405do'tchin, 56elbowed arm, patent, 1658five-mark ccd adjuster, 1618five turns, 672–675half-moidore, 1625hexagonal, 1536, 1677Italian, 1774–1776lacquered, 1572lid of box, 1691lift-up principle, 2121lifting principle, 2121, 2123mass cast on, 1573Mercury, 1289micrometer, 14, 217, 361, 505, 758, 1373, 1685painted, 768parrot in ring, 1291pear shaped, 2686putto, 1287rack & pinion, 1027–1028red leaded, 1573rolling pin, 1223Roman, 168, 1289, 2686sliding, 1027, 1650sliding on ccd, 2063slotted, 1811steel, 2381stored vertically, 1538third guinea for folding gold bal, 1624three on one side of fulcrum, 1281tubular, 1028, 1220

def, 1029turn-over, 1279–1281, 1650turn type, def, 1027twenty gram, 1649two; one on each side of fulcrum, 73, 143, 270,

537, 645, 805, 1028, 1169, 1256, 1374, 1422, 1517–1518, 1716, 2052

two; one on each side of turn-over, 1593two interchangable, 1701two on decimal sc, 1664two on one side of fulcrum, 14, 78, 109, 144,

218, 227, 232, 268, 676, 727, 809, 1028, 1256, 1281, 1306, 1528, 1537–1538, 1556, 1701

U shaped, 1029units marked, 1837

wheat-sheaf, 399within a poise, 771

Police Force, formed, 1955–1956police officers, verifying, 1160Polish wts:

imported from Russia, 278–279see also weights, nationality

Pollard, Thomas: apprentice of Freeman, Samuel I, 1734apprentice of Neale, Samuel, 1734dates, 1730master of Pell, Thomas, 1730from Worcester, 1728

polygon wts see weight, shapePomer's "Coin or Bullion Weights" (query), 2224Pommier (author), 1867, 1876, 2171–2172, 2516–

2517, 2553–2555Pommier, Aimé, 2486

biography, 2172Pommier & Simcock's "Edme Régnier" (article),

2171–2172Pommier's:

"Apothecary Balance" (article), 599–601Inventaire des Poids & Mesures (review), 1623L'Aventure du Metre (review), 1296–1297Les Collections Monétaires (review), 2516–

2517, 2553–2555"Old Iron Beams" (article), 858–863"Photos of wts in Musee National des

Techniques", 811–813, 855–857"Response from A Pommier" (article), 2548

Pondera Medicinalia, by Vangroenwege & Geldof (review), 1297–1299

Pontefract mark, 1959Poole (author), 2036Pooley, Henry:

engineering & foundry business, 724platform sc mkr, 724, 728platform sc patentee, 727railway contract, 724

Pooley, Henry & Co Ltd: dates, 824succeeded by Avery, W & T Ltd, 1732successors of Bartlett & Son Ltd, 824, 1732successors of Pooley, Henry & Son, 1732

Pooley, Henry & Son: competition with Béranger & Cie, 1664dates, 1732elliptical spring bal mkr, 1885mfg Dayton Royal Computing sc, 1093office in London, 1725old advert, 702, 728platform sc mkr, 702, 728spring bal mkr, 1885succeeded by Pooley, Henry & Co Ltd, 1732union sc mkr?, 1836see also catalogue

Pooley, Henry & Son Ltd: bread, sc mkr, 1089coal sc mkr, 854counter sc mkr, 1645dates, 1443

pot plate, 1443trade sc mkr, 1443weighing machine mkr, 1443

Pooley, Henry & Sons: coin operated sc mkr, 2493partner of Marriott, William Adolphus, 1885

Pooley & Son Ltd, see also catalogue"Pop it in the Post" (article by Crawforth D), 1219–

1233, 1252–1264Poppenberg, Caspar:

coin sc mkr, 63date, 63

Poppenberg, Caspar Diedrich, coin sc, 31, 63Poppenberg, D P & C D & P C:

coin sc mkr, 31, 63date, 63Diedrich Peter & Caspar Deidrich & Peter

Caspar, 63Poppenberg, Diedrich Peter:

coin sc mkr, 31, 63date, 63

Poppenberg, Diedrich Peter & Peter Caspar: coin sc mkr, 63date, 63German sc mkr, 63

Poppenberg, Gebrûder (brothers): coin sc mkr, 31, 63, 64date, 63

Poppenberg, Gebrûder Died. Pet, German sc mkr, 31Poppenberg, Johann Peter:

coin sc mkr, 31, 62–64dates, 63

Poppenberg, Peter Caspar, coin sc mkr, 31, 63–64porcelain base, Mordan, Sampson & Co, 1454"Porcelain China or Pot" (article by Crawforth, D),

1443–1455porcelain fittings, 712, 939porcelain plaques, Mordan, Sampson & Co, 1454"Porcelain Weights" (article by Houben), 385–388pork curers sc mkr, Parnall & Sons, 1456portable beam sc, mkr, Parnall & Sons, 1456Portax trade name, Maul, Philipp Jakob, 1660portcullis, mark on wts, 122Porter, John:

apprentice of Read, Joseph, 1736apprentice of Read, Mercy, 1736dates, 1736partner of Meymott, Mercy, 1736

Porter, T I: American ccd patentee, 1018ccd patentee, 1018

Portuguese coinage, 915, 1060–1066, 1306fakes, 265–266

Portuguese nesting wts, 251Portuguese piece, fakes, 268Portuguese piece coin sc, 627–629, 672–676, 915Portuguese piece wts see weights, denominationPortuguese trade, 1060, 2068

see also Methuen TreatyPorzellen Fabrik Langenthal, trade wts, 386pose, inspectors, 733Post Office:

American, 78, 107, 992, 1216, 1643, 3024–3025, 3028

British, 1036, 3025–3026Canadian, 3028Japanese, 107penny post, 2, 1226–1233reform, 1229sc

mkrAvery, W & T, 1036Fairbanks, E & T & Co, 107Fairbanks & Co, 78, 107, 992Howard & Davis, 1216, 2368, 2370–

2371, 2404Salter, George & Co Ltd, 1036,

3024Troemner, Henry, 1643

see also postal scPost Office Act, British 1710, 3025Post Office Act 1839, 1230Post Office Act 1961, 1036Post Office Weights & Scales, letter from Rangeley,

1036Post Office Wts see weights, purpose, GPO; weights,

purpose, postalPostage, British, 580, 1219–1233postage rates, Canadian, 2816postages:

def, 684dates, 1486, 3099–3109

postal & coin sc: ccd, 754, 848roberval, 275spring, 1682steelyard, 930, 1681

postal & egg sc: half-roberval & spring top-pan, 924pendulum, 381roberval, 415, 1263spring, 552

postal & paper sc, mkr, Maul, Philipp Jakob, 1700postal franks, 302, 303postal patents, analysis, 397"Postal Patents" (articles by Crawforth), 395–400,

425–428, 453–456, 481–484, 509–512, 537–540, 565–568, 595–596, 621–624, 650–652, 677–680, 704–708

postal rates: American, 3024, 3045British, 2, 1219–1233, 2087, 3070, 3099–3109

colonial, 1230foreign, 1230parcel, 2088

Canadian, 2816excess, 2816–2817letter, 2816parcel, 2816

Confederate, 2404French, 1363–1366

"Postal Rates in the Confederacy" (article by Katz), 2404

postal reform 1837, 1229

postal rule, 704postal rule & bismar, 1031postal sc:

accelerating, 2857–2860accuracy, 3advertising, 2341, 3026, 3028, 3029Art Deco, 1243, 1262–1263Art Nouveau, 125ball & rod, 1220, 1232, 1294–1295, 1320, 2533–

2534ball-point pen, 147bell-mounted, 406bismar, 3099bismar & letter-opener, 1031, 1264bismar & rule, 1031bismar def, 175bismar flat brass, 1359–1360bismar hand-held, 479bismar in leather case, 944, 2701–2702bismar Mauchline-ware, 428bismar on pillar, 2, 568, 1030, 1220, 2371,

2929–2930, 2936–2940bismar shelf-edge, 944, 1031, 1231, 2701–2702bismar with five cords, 428bismar with four sets feet, 16bismar with two sets feet, 236bismar wooden, 428bismardef, 175bow-front see postal sc, half roberval & spring

bow-frontcandlestick see spring bal, candlestickccd & letter weigher, 848, 964coin & letter

ccd, 754, 848roberval, 275spring, 1682steelyard, 930, 1681

combination, 3029commemorative, 816, 1233commercial, 3027compendium, 397, 679, 1233, 1682computing, 2914–2918concealed-stay see roberval sc, encased stayscorporate-owned, 3027dating, 3028desk set, 519, 1676, 1683double pendulum, 3029egg & letter, 381, 924, 1263

half-roberval & spring top-pan, 924pendulum, 381roberval, 415, 1263spring, 552

equal arm balance, 3027equal arm on floriate stand, 344equal arm on pillar, 41, 687, 944, 947, 1232,

1368, 1482, 1485, 1627–1628, 1686equal arm preloaded, 1220, 1232, 1294–1295,

1320equal arm with ladders, 258escritoire see compendiumgo-no-go, 2, 505, 1220, 1232, 1294–1295, 1320,

1649

half roberval, 2370half roberval & fixed poise, 1649half roberval & hanging pan, 133, 255, 940, 942,

1256half roberval & pendulum, 133, 395, 484, 622,

663, 678, 1649half roberval & spring, 133, 395, 437, 456, 479,

513, 525, 528, 623, 896, 1049, 1261–1262, 1669–1670

half roberval & spring bow-front, 133, 371, 437, 513, 527, 551, 623, 897, 1259, 1262–1263, 1407, 1792, 2855, 2877–2881

half roberval & spring silver, 1049half roberval & spring silver bow-front, 437,

1671–1675half roberval & spring top-pan, 455–456, 479,

513, 518, 525, 528, 551, 651, 676, 924, 981, 1262, 1679, 1792

airmail, 981on desk set, 519silver, 1679

half roberval & spring with tapered back, 1674–1675

half roberval & steelyard, 133, 232, 341, 395, 482, 509, 511, 624, 652, 678, 942, 1021, 1028, 1217, 1227, 1254–1258, 1260, 1460, 1527, 1529, 1536, 1556, 1677, 1986

half roberval & wt lifting beam, 133, 395, 399, 1071, 1223, 1469

hydraulic, 255, 397, 426, 509–510, 678, 1231, 1373, 3100

inclination, 3029with ink wells, 2365–2366ivory candlestick, 408, 1223ladder, 222, 258, 353letter tray, 2817magnetic, 260mass stabilised pan, 397, 1231material

aluminium, 2340–2343brass, 2365–2366, 2533–2534, 2929–2930brass black-patinated, 1232–1233, 2534chrome enamelled, 1263gilt, 1220glass, 403, 407ivory, 408, 1223nickel, 1558plastic, 479, 1031, 1263–1264, 2340–2343silver, 1049, 1077, 1385, 1407, 1471,

1667–1687steel, 3027steel enamelled, 1264wooden, 428

mechanical, 3024–3030mkr

Airway, 437American Machine Co, 982–983Apollo Studios, 2634Automat, 1260Avery, W & T, 677, 1217, 1262, 1514–

1518

Avery, W & T Ltd, 821, 1457, 1460, 1517'ball-&-rod' mkr, 1220, 1232, 1294–1295,

1320Bartlett, C H, 1256, 1258Bartlett, C H & Co, 232, 537Behrens & Co, 3045Berrian Mfg Co, 848Bex, 479Bourne & Smith, 132, 136Bradford, Samuel, 1758Briais, Narcissé, 147, 332, 446, 479, 481,

1252–1253, 1535–1536, 1651, 1677–1679

Chatillon, John & Sons, 405, 407, 1556, 1558

Christofle, 198, 219–220, 1676Columbus see Maul, Philipp JakobCooke, J & Sons, 147, 199, 428Crescent see PelouzeCriterion see Setton & Durward (below)D V, 41, 1368Day & Millward, 1516Degrave, Short & Fanner, 353, 2813–

2814, 2857–2860Degrave & Co, 258, 2813–2814Eschemann, W & Co, 958Exact Weight Scale Co, 704Fairbanks & Co, 78, 108–109, 405, 427,

1017, 1106, 2256–2258, 2370G R & Co see RiddleGibbs & Co, 753Gorham, 1049, 1077, 1668–1671, 1675,

1687, 1999, 2634Gotto see Parkins & GottoGreaves, 16, 147, 236Greaves, Edward, 16, 147, 235–237Greaves, John & Son, 16, 235–237Gunn see Houghton & GunnGurney Sc Co, 2813–2814Hall, N R, 198–199, 455–456Harris see Melliship & HarrisHauser, 147Heath, John, 199Heeley, James & Sons, 199, 428, 455–456Heintz, 2634Heller's, Balduin Söehne, 317Holtzapffel & Co, 399Horn & Albracht, 511Houghton & Gunn, 512Howard & Davis, 2370–2371, 2404Howe Scale Co, 1527, 1529Hughes, J G, 398–399Hughes, R T, 398–399Hund, G, 220I D L, 1261Illfelder, Jos, 481, 484, 1253, 1361J G, 481Jennings Bros, 2634JHS see Heath, JohnJMAZ see Maul, JacobKalthoff, P, 1876Keesing, Isaac, 2875–2876

Kemper-Thomas Co, 2341Kingsbury Man Co, 1261Landers, Frary & Clark, 676Lund, W, 1231Lund, William, 1231, 1723M & Co, 133, 509, 512Maasstrone Mfg Co, 3045Mailway, 505Marion & Co, 133, 484, 1255, 1257, 1361Maul, Jacob, 980Maul, Philipp Jakob, 361, 1409, 1627–

1636, 1651McLean & Son, 427–428Mordan, Sampson & Co, 60, 131, 133,

237, 255, 353, 652, 663, 681–691, 708, 816, 933–950, 1231, 1233, 1254, 1287, 1292, 1481–1483, 1667–1668, 1680, 1683, 2057

Myers & Co, 1261, 2855N B see Briais, NarcisséOrr, P & Sons, 1999P St & Co, 663, 1071, 1225Parker, 510Parnell, 199, 428, 1253–1254Pearce & Jackson, 568Pelouze, 623, 1259, 1261, 2877–2881,

3027Pitney-Bowes, 1986Pitney Bowes, 3028Poupard, W & Co, 1329–1330Poupard, Wm, 621Pradel, 50, 220Presto, 213Pritchard & Andrews Co, 2813–2814Ratcliff, Joseph & Edmund, 133, 147, 224,

399, 403, 405, 686, 690, 1223, 1227, 1469, 1479–1488, 2854, 3102–3103, 3106–3108

Riddle, Gabriel & Co, 101, 112, 935, 1220, 1723

Riddle, Gilbert & Co see postal sc, mkr, Riddle, Gabriel & Co

Rodgers, J & Sons, 237Rooke, W I E, 408, 1223S & P, 1519–1520S T S see Turner, Samuel SeniorSalter, G & Co, 147, 455–456, 513, 519,

523, 538, 547, 551–552, 703, 706, 1036, 1123, 1141, 1253, 1256, 1259, 1262, 1452, 3024, 3028

Salter, Geo & Co Ltd, 1259, 1263, 3024, 3028

Setton & Durward, 125, 133, 250, 623, 1259, 1261

Sheldon, John, 446, 1233, 1682, 1723Silvester, R & Co, 2, 19, 147, 1220Simcox, Pemberton & Sons, 1520Simcox & Pemberton, 1520Smith, A, 427–428Smith, T J & J, 482Stephenson, Howard & Davis, 2365–2366,

2369–2371

Strange, J W, 2371Tacho-Schnellwaagen-Fabrik G M B H,

889–890Thompson Engineering & Mfg Co, 2341,

3027Thompson Tool and Mfg Co, 2341Townshend & Co, 146, 366Triner, J M, 479, 651, 1261–1262, 2872Triner Scale & Mfg, 3028Turner, S Snr, 133, 380–381, 388, 481–

482, 568, 663, 691, 755, 821, 943, 1021, 1030, 1254, 1263, 2929–2930, 2936–2940

Ubrig, E, 623Ubrig, E & Co, 1439Vandome, R, 2857–2858Vandome, Titfords & Powson, 2857–2860Weintraud & Co, Ges, 707Wharton, T & Sons, 401–402, 405, 3108–

3109Wilcox Silver Plate Co, 1665–1666, 1679Winfield, R W, 839, 1223, 1976, 2371,

3099–3107, 3109Winfield, R W & Son, 10–12, 403–405,

3099–3107, 3109Wright, H B, 529–530, 1029, 1220, 1232,

1291, 1293moving load, 236, 454, 621, 650, 848, 990,

1032, 1399nationality, 2, 11, 16, 19, 36, 40, 101, 125, 131–

133, 136, 146, 175, 198–199, 224, 232, 236–237, 255, 258, 275–276, 341, 345, 353, 361, 366, 381, 399, 401, 403–409, 428, 437, 453, 456, 479, 482–484, 512–513, 518–528, 530, 537–538

American, 14, 78, 109, 190, 231, 371, 405, 427, 479, 505, 511, 623, 651, 676, 704, 930, 958, 981–983, 1031, 1049, 1071, 1077, 1106, 1385, 1527–1531, 1556–1559, 1594, 1601, 1665–1666, 1668–1675, 1681, 1687, 1933–1935, 1986, 2340–2343, 2365–2366, 2367–2375, 2914–2918, 3026–3027

Austrian, 1260, 3025British, 2, 11, 16, 19, 36, 40, 101, 125,

131–133, 136, 146, 175, 198–199, 224, 232, 236–237, 255, 258, 275–276, 341, 345, 353, 361, 366, 381, 399, 401, 403–409, 428, 437, 453, 456, 479, 482–484, 512–513, 518–528, 530, 537–538, 540, 547, 551–552, 568, 621–623, 663, 677, 683, 686–691, 703, 753, 810, 816, 821, 839, 897, 924, 933, 935–947, 957, 980, 993, 1021, 1028–1032, 1071, 1123, 1217–1233, 1245, 1252–1265, 1273, 1287–1288, 1291–1295, 1320, 1329, 1359–1361, 1407, 1410–1412, 1457, 1460, 1469, 1479–1488, 1514–1518, 1520–1521, 1667–1669, 1673–

1674, 1678–1680, 1682–1683, 1907–1908, 2057–2058, 2533–2534, 2857–2860, 2936–2940, 3024, 3097–3109

Canadian, 2813–2814, 2816–2818, 3024, 3028

Danish, 1031, 1264Dutch, 2876–2877French, 41, 50, 147, 220, 332, 446, 479,

1252–1253, 1361–1362, 1368, 1375, 1403–1404, 1406, 1535–1537, 1676–1677, 1679, 1686

German, 260, 317–318, 361, 368, 511, 559, 571, 623, 652, 663, 707, 753, 889–890, 980, 1076, 1264, 1289, 1440, 1627–1634, 1650–1661, 1683, 1917–1923, 1933, 3025

novelty, 3029paper weight, 2340parcel see parcel scpatent see "Patent Postals"patentee

Albracht see Horn & AlbrachtArmand, P, 426Avery & Timson, 678Bachmann, E, 964Bailey see postal sc, patentee, Wilson &

BaileyBanks see Weerasinghe, B E & Banks, JBartlett, C H, 537Beckman, O, 624Betjemann, G W, 456Blacklock, C W & Hynes, M, 565, 622Boult, A J, 595Briais, N E, 446, 1375, 1535, 1904Briais, Victor, 1370, 1403–1404, 1536Brocklebank, T A, 483Brookes, 539Burrows, P F M, 650Butes, E, 454Chapell, G, 595Columbus see Maul, Philipp JakobCook, 539, 622Dampier, C E, 398, 399, 1223Depierris, H A, 454, 455Deschamps, J, 509, 510Downing, J S, 511Elliston, 2757–2758Exact Weight Scale Co, 704–705Fairbanks, F, 509, 511Fairbanks, T, 396, 426–427Fidler, M & J see Watkins & FidlerFreeman, M, 399–400Gibson, Donald, 2914–2918Gilfillan, E N, 622–623, 1671–1672Gilmore & Clark, 538Golaz, J, 622Greenbury, J, 565Haddan, 539Hall, N R, 198–199, 428, 455–456, 707,

1253–1254Hamilton, G, 425–426

Hancock, A, 595Hatch, G C, 481Heller's, Balduin Söehne, 317Hiscock, W, 483–484, 509, 511Hoag, G, 14–15Horn & Albracht, 510–511, 622Hotson, J H, 705Hynes see Blacklock, C W & Hynes, MJackson, C see Pearce, L H & Jackson, CJoksch, R, 678Juris, F, 705–706Kimpton, S C, 453Knight, E, 990Krausse, K L, 624Loughton, G, 482, 1021, 1254Lundberg, G, 595MacKenzie, J, 484Mahloy, C, 679Maul, Philipp Jakob, 360–361McGiehan, I S, 621–622Mees, A B, 651Mordan & Langhorn, 652Moul, H E, 679Murray, T S, 678Nadal, J, 511Parker, C & S B, 510Pearce, L H & Jackson, C, 567–568Peppe, G T, 427Perry & Co, 1360Purnelle, E C, 990Ragg, A E, 481, 538, 753Restorf, M G, 1361, 1370, 1410–1412Rowe, A G, 707Ruhland, R, 678Rulke, C, 708Rys, V, 680Saltinstall-Taylor, T & H, 650Savoure, J P, 400Schneckenberger, E, 704–705Silvester, John, 455, 1259, 1262Slotosch, M, 680Smith, A, 427–428Smith, F H, 566Snell, S, 567–568Staudenmaier, C, 396, 652STS see Turner, Samuel SeniorSuffield, S W, 566–568, 1030, 2929–2930Tozer, W, 537–538Triner, J M, 651Turner, S Sen, 1254Ubrig, E, 622–623Vandenbergh, E T, 454Watkins, J C & Fidler, M & J, 565–566Weaver, H M, 2511–2513, 2585–2586Webster, J, 425Wedderburn, J, 621–622Weerasinghe & Banks, 704Weintraud & Co Ges, 707Wertheim, P, 705–706Wight, 396, 481Willis, R, 398–399, 1223, 1469Wilson & Bailey, 456

Winfield, R W, 11, 404–405pen, 147, 446, 513, 552, 565, 568, 596, 624,

1233, 1682pencil, 446, 454, 1262–1263, 1399pendulum

comma-shaped, 199, 220, 428, 1253–1254, 1265, 1676, 1681

hand-held, 50, 199, 220, 484, 753, 1253, 1264, 1292, 1361, 1385, 1404, 1650, 1668–1669, 1676, 3099

pendulum & half-roberval see half roberval & pendulum

pendulum bilateral, 317, 361, 753, 1076, 1260, 1632–1634, 1652–1653

pendulum bilateral with counter-rotation, 317pendulum enamelled with Flora, 958pendulum enamelled with girl at typewriter,

1256pendulum engraved, 1220pendulum gilt, 1220pendulum held by eagle, 1254pendulum on desk-set, 1683pendulum on marble base, 980pendulum pendulous, 479, 1655–1656, 1676pendulum platform, 1917–1923pendulum silver, 1077, 1676, 1687pendulum single, 368, 562, 1627, 1650–1651,

1655–1656, 2757–2758, 3029pendulum skeleton clock, 1255, 1411pendulum spelter, 2511–2513, 2585–2586pendulum two singles on one pillar, 1660–1661pendulum with added poise, 707pendulum with bear base, 663pendulum with Britannia, 1292pendulum with buffer, 512, 1257, 1411pendulum with caryatids, 663, 1071, 1225, 1289pendulum with circular beam, 399, 1223, 1649pendulum with coil stamp dispenser, 3026pendulum with damper, 677pendulum with deer's hoof base, 663pendulum with elbow, 1657–1658pendulum with hanging pan, 2875–2876pendulum with narrow graduations & wide

graduations, 1657pendulum with offset pointer, 511pendulum with ram's horn base, 980pendulum with sliding pointer, 484pendulum with sphinx, 1289pendulum with tiny ball, 133, 484, 512, 1255,

1361, 1410–1412pendulum with top pan, 2876pendulum with turn-over poise, 571, 1650pendulum with two half-roberval links, 513pendulum with two load positions, 753platform, 109, 1106, 1439, 1655post office, 19, 23, 78, 562, 685, 687, 1048with postal chart, 2341quadrant, 3029registered design, 993, 1220retailer

Alderman, T W & Co, 40Army & Navy Stores, 1673

Asprey, 1676Austin, 409, 530Barnicott & Pearce, 938Briggs, 938Brown & Co, 938Browne, 1759Deir & Co, 938Elliston, 2757–2758Farthing, John, 1231Field, 938Forgie, 938Hall & Co, 938Halstaff & Hannaford, 938Howell & James, 663, 938Kern, Gottlieb & Sohn, 1076Lovegrove & Flint, 938Mansfield, W, 1826McLean & Sons, 427Mechi, 938Melliship & Harris, 512, 938Mordan, Sampson & Co, 237Newman, J, 1519Parkins & Gotto, 512, 938Partridge & Cooper, 938Partridge & Cozens, 938Perry & Co, 428, 481–482, 1359–1360Phillipson & Golder, 938Radford & Waddington, 132Rodgers, J & Sons, 237Rodrigues, 938Simpson & Co, 938Smythson, 938Steinfeldt & Blasberg, 1439Thornhill, 1231, 1233Tiffany, 1261Trussel, 933Ubrig, E & Co, 1438–1440Vickery, C, 1407Waller, 938Waterlow & Sons, 1480, 1486, 2998–3006Westfield & Co, 938Whitehead, Morris & Co, 938Wilson & Gill, 938Windle & Blyth, 755Woodruffs Beehive Bazaar, 361

revolving beam, 2256–2258roberval A-frames, 949roberval accelerating, 2857–2860roberval Art-Deco, 1245roberval Art Nouveau, 125, 250roberval commemorating Crimean war, 817,

1233roberval commemorating Zulu wars, 1233roberval engraved, 690, 817, 821, 935–936roberval "even bal", 109roberval for airmail, 437, 524roberval for egg & letter, 415, 1263roberval French-style, 1252, 1679roberval German style, 1627roberval inverted & pointer with lens, 889roberval on marble base, 1667, 1678, 1680, 2057roberval on mother-of pearl base, 663

roberval on silver base, 821roberval on tortoiseshell base, 1680roberval parcel, 1254roberval parts, def, 170roberval with alabaster base, 683roberval with bottle-shaped wts, 691roberval with central pillar, 36, 1252, 1261,

1263roberval with cut-work base, 409, 530, 688, 940roberval with enamelled plates, 933roberval with encased stays, 690, 947, 1227,

1479–1488wts for, 949

roberval with inlaid marble base, 940, 2057roberval with leather base, 939roberval with leather case, 131, 686, 939, 942,

1231roberval with Limoges base, 939roberval with ornate brass base, 146, 366, 936,

940, 980, 993, 1683roberval with oval brass base, 681, 933, 936,

939–940, 944roberval with oval silver base, 1668roberval with oval wood base, 689roberval with picture-frame plate, 947, 1287roberval with pottery base, 939roberval with Wedgwood plaques, 939, 1292roberval wts, 530, 688–689, 755, 936, 1254rocker, 397, 505, 621–622, 704, 1329, 3099rolling pin, 2854rule, 704Schickert's Principle, 2365–2366, 2370shelf edge, 236, 595, 1231silver, 1049, 1077, 1385, 1407, 1667–1687silver-plated, 1665–1666sliding beam, 454with spirit-level, 1257spring & half roberval see half roberval & springspring & quadrant, 513, 519, 551, 623spring-balance with rates, 2210spring C-spring, 896–897, 1258, 1907spring candlestick, 11, 78, 224, 361, 401, 403–

408, 623, 686, 839, 1223, 1287, 1375, 1535, 1558, 1669, 1792, 2058, 3026, 3030, 3097–3109

dates, 1073spring candlestick (article by Brass), 403–408spring candlestick glass, 403, 839spring candlestick in desk set, 401spring candlestick ivory, 408spring candlestick of nickel, 1558spring candlestick of tin, 1792spring candlestick of wood, 1535spring candlestick registered 1907, 1669spring candlestick silver, 1669spring candlestick with bell, 224, 406spring candlestick with stone base, 361, 2058spring compression, 224, 395, 403–408, 1223,

1373, 1535, 3097–3109spring cone-shaped, 1535spring flexure, 231, 1376, 1651, 1933–1935spring in ball-point pen, 147

spring made of ram's horn, 190spring "pen", 513, 552, 568, 704, 1263, 1682,

1684spring ship's pulley, 1674spring straight-face, 513, 521, 523, 551–552,

703, 1259, 1440, 1594spring tension, 509–510, 1123, 1373spring top-pan, 513, 519, 525, 551, 623spring tubular, 40spring tubular with tape-measure, 538, 547steelyard, 2370, 3099steelyard & half roberval see half roberval &

steelyardsteelyard counter, 1655–1656steelyard folding down into leather case, 942steelyard in leather case, 942steelyard on pillar, 453, 1232, 1403steelyard on pillar boy lamp-lighter, 1294, 1320steelyard on pillar Justice, 1291steelyard on pillar kneeling boy, 530, 1293steelyard on pillar milk-maid, 1273steelyard on pillar postman, 1295steelyard on pillar satyr, 1288steelyard on pillar standing boy, 1293steelyard silver-plated, 1665steelyard with cherub poise, 957, 1225, 1287steelyard with covered bearings, 540steelyard with curved pillar, 1457, 1514–1518,

1520steelyard with extending beam, 530, 1021, 1220steelyard with floriate support, 686, 944, 1028,

1227, 1287–1288, 1665steelyard with grape poise, 1225, 1273steelyard with loose wts, 1217steelyard with tubular beam, 530, 1021, 1029,

1220, 1254steelyard with turn-over beam, 511steelyard with two beams, 232, 537, 930, 1028,

1256, 1258, 1260, 1529steelyard with wooden beam, 101style

Art Deco, 1243, 1262–1263Art Nouveau, 125neo-gothic, 1558ornate, 345, 980, 993, 1687

tape measure, 538, 540, 547tin enamelled, 958, 1256tola, 16, 237top pan see postal sc, half roberval & spring top-

pantravellers, 131, 686, 939, 942, 1231, 1233tubular beam, 1020, 1029, 1220, 1254, 1293unequal arm beam, 397, 3029unequal arm beams on ladder, 258walking stick, 298weight-depositing, 982–983weight lifter, 397, 538–539, 565, 1071, 1223,

1469weight-lifting see postal sc, half roberval & wt

lifting beamwooden, 101, 1535

postal sc, 2353, 2757–2758

see also parcel scpostal sc & ccd, 848, 964postal sc & letter-opener, 505, 1031postal sc & rule, 1031postal sc & stamp-box, 821, 1682postal sc A frames, 708postal scales:

modern, 2449–2450American, 2449–2450British, 2449–2450German, 2449–2450USA, 2449–2450

"Postal Scales for Collectors" (article by Shaman), 3024–3030

postal system: American, 1017British, 2, 817, 1219–1233French, 1367–1376see also British, postal system; French, postal

system; U S postal systemPostal Union with France, 353, 682, 856Postal Units, 61, 353postal wts see weights, purpose, postalpot, dial, 1452pot plate, 1455

American, 1463Anderson Brothers, 1448Avery, W & T Ltd, 1448Banfield, S, 1443Chatillon, John & Sons, 1463Day & Millward, 1441Hetherington, R D D, 1447Jackson, E & Co, 1443–1444Martin, H, 1444Nesbitt, John, 1455Newman, J, 1519Parnall & Sons, 1452Parnall & Sons Ltd, 1447patent, 1463Pooley, Henry & Son Ltd, 1443Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society Ltd,

1443Siddons, Joseph & Jesse, 1450Siddons, Joseph & Jesse Ltd, 1450Smith & Stevenson, 1447Stirling, Alexander, 1447Sutcliffe, H & Co, 1455White, Bros & Co, 1445White, John & Son, 1445Wiseman, A, 1455

pot wts see Weights, material, earthenwarepotato, weighing, 2960–2961potato beam sc, 2470potato measuring, spring bal, 1599"Potato Scales" (article by Crawforth-Hitchins), 2963Potter, J D:

scientific instrument mkr, 1787working with Bate, Robert Brettell, 1787

Potter, John, at same address as Gore, Thomas Hunsden, 1737

"Pottery" (article by Crawforth-Hitchins), 1443–1455pottle see Winchester measure

pouf bread, 1052Poultriquip Line, egg sc see Reliable Mfg CoPoultriquip Ltd, egg sc retailer, 1281, 1284poultry sc, def, 285, 288pound:

def, 1992equivalences, 1995external trade, 1994goods, 2107grosso of Florence, 1990internal trade, 1994mediaeval English goods, 1989monetary, 2107Paris heavy goods, 1991Scottish, 1990sottile of Florence, 1990, 2219spice, 2019wool, 2107–2108see also weights, denomination, avoirdupois;

weights, denomination, TroyPoupard, Abraham:

apprentice of Everitt, George, 1737dates, 1737master of Ferry, James, 1737

Poupard, Charles: dates, 1737at same address as Baylis, George Henry, 1737sc mkr, 1330

Poupard, Edward Edwin: apothecary sc mkr, 799dates, 1737sc mkr, 1330succeeded by Poupard, Edward II, 1737trade card, 799

Poupard, Edward II: apothecary sc mkr, 1330successor of Poupard, Edward Edwin, 1737

Poupard, Frederick A & Co: dates, 1737patentee, 1330sc mkr, 1330

Poupard, Mrs Sophia Sarah: dates, 1736sc mkr, 1330

Poupard, Thomas James: coal sc mkr, 1737dates, 1737patentee, 1330same address as Hunt & Co (Scales) Ltd, 1730sc mkr, 1330succeeded by Vandome & Hart, 1737

Poupard, W & Co: postal sc mkr, 1329–1330rocker mkr, 1329

Poupard, William: dates, 1736patentee, 1330postal sc mkr, 621registered design, 1330sc mkr, 1330

Poupard, William & Sons, sc mkr, 1331Pourin:

coin sc mkr, 592dates, 593

Poussett, Philip: apprentice of Sommers, Joseph I, 211, 1389,

1735coin sc mkr, 211, 1389dates, 1735

powder sc, def, 284, 380powder scale, 3020

with Chain-O-Matic feature, 3020with dash pot, 3020

Powell, E E, egg sc patentee, 379–380, 1280power see proportional weighingpower point, 2212Poyntell, William:

coin scale supplier, 2536importer of coin scales, 2535

Pradel: French sc mkr, 50, 220postal sc, 50, 220

Prague, 2320Praktik, Product, Scadle, Austrian sc mkr, 1945, 1966Praktik, Product, Scadle, salmonella cradle, 1966Pratt, beam mkr, 2442Pratt, Bud, see also Pratt, N L; ZenithPratt, Josiah, measure mkr, 1137, 1856, 2442Pratt, N L, Zenith egg scale mkr, 3059, 3120–3123"Pre 1700 England" (article by Crawforth D), 1326–

1328, 1346–1356pre-balancing, def, 719pre-loaded pan, 541, 1231pre-packing sc, 1200–1201precision bal:

def, 285air-damped, 702, 843–844analytical, 843aperiodic, 700Arleri, 2363assay, 664bank, 1020, 1212chain bal, 192–193, 493chainomatic, 620, 1002chemical, 3, 6classification, 3designer, Serrin V, 620diamond, 493French 1751, 472hydrostatic, 1215inclination, 577, 590, 872long beam, 563, 642micro-balance, 3, 750–753, 790–792mkr

Abrahams, A & Co, 1821Accum, Frederick, 1821Adams, George II, 1821Arzberger, Friedrich, 701Aston & Mander Ltd, 1821Baird & Tatlock Glasgow, 1791, 1821Baird & Tatlock London, 1821Becker, C, 702Becker, Christian Inc, 1002Becker, Christopher, 620

Becker, Christopher A, 620Becker, F E & Co, 1821Becker & Sons, 995, 1002Becker's Sons, 837, 843Bel, August & Co, 1821Bertin, E, 1791Brady & Martin, 1821Braun-Knecht-Heinmann Co, 1821Breithaupt, 1821Bunge, Paul, 5, 549, 589–590, 590, 664,

700, 719, 792, 837, 1468, 1821Cary, William, 1821Casartelli, Joseph, 1821Casella, L P, 1821Collet, Freres, 1821Collot, A, 702Collot, A Junior, 836–837Cook, Troughton & Simms, 1791Crichton, 1720, 1791Crichton, James, 1720, 1791Dancer, J B, 1821Deleuil, 2363Dollond, George, 1821Doyle & Son, 1791Dring & Fage, 1821Elliott, William & Sons, 1821Elliott Bros, 1821Fijn-mechanische Industrie Becker's Sons

N V, 844Fontaine, G, 1821Gallenkamp, A & Co, 1821Galonde, 629George, W & J, 1821George & Becker Ltd, 5, 281Gravesande, W J's, 57Griffin, J J & Sons Ltd, 1821Griffin, John J & Co, 1821Griffin, John J & Sons, 1821Griffin, John Joseph, 1821Griffin, Richard & Co, 1821Gurley, W & L E, 1821Haigis, 493Harris, P & Co (1913) Ltd, 1821Harris, Philip & Co, 1821Harris, Philip & Co Ltd, 1821Hollandische Optiek Fabriek (system

Hensoldt) N V, 844How, James, 1821Hurter & Haas, 1724, 1745Jackson, Frederick & Co Ltd, 1821Jones, Thomas I, 1724Jones, William & Samuel, 1821Knight, Richard & George, 1821Kuhlmann, Wilhelm H F, 790, 1827Maiben, Joseph M & Co, 1821Martin, Benjamin, 1821Mettler, E, 702Mikrowa, 408–409N V Hollandsche Optiek Fabriek (System

Hensoldt), 844Negretti & Zambra, 1822Nemetz, Guiseppe, 1822

Nernst, Walter H, 750Newman, John, 1822Oertling, L Ltd, 5Oertling, Ludwig, 159, 564, 1822Paul, Robert W, 1822Pixii, N C, 1822Pixii, pere & fils, 1822Pye, W G & Co, 1822Queen, James W & Co, 1822Ramsden, Jesse, 1720Reeves, W & Co, 1822Reynolds & Branson, 1822Reynolds & Branson Ltd, 1822Rhone-Poulenc, 620Robinson, T C, 590, 1212, 1215, 1822,

2655–2656Rueprecht, 563Rueprecht, A & Son, 563, 718, 718–720Sartorius, Erich, 836Sartorius, F, 643, 701Sauter, A, 5, 791Simmonds Precision N V, 844Sisson, Jeremiah, 1853Spindler & Hoyer, 750–753Standley, Belcher & Mason, 1822Steinheil, A, 791Steinheil, A von, 564, 791Stollnreuther, Carl, 642Stuckrath, Paul, 720Townson & Mercer, 1822Townson & Mercer Ltd, 1822Troughton & Simms, 1822Watkins & Hill, 1822Wooley, James Sons & Co, 1822Wooley, James Sons & Co Ltd, 1726,

1822Wright, Alexander & Co, 1822Yeates & Son, 1822Zimmerman, A & M, 1822

optical projection, 836–837, 843–844patentee

Hahn, George, 1629Rueprecht, A, 718

pendulum, 571, 872, 1629pneumatic pump, 719pre-weighing, 719price relationship, 6retailer

Brady & Martin, 1726Maiben, Joseph M & Co, 1826Robinson, James & Sons, 1841Spencer, J & Son, 1843

rider wts, 563ring wts, 718, 720semi-micro, 3short beam, 700substitution, 409torsion, 750–753ultra-micro, 790ultra-semi-micro, 3W & M, 115, 117yarn bal, 1173

precision balance, 2239see also analytical balance

"Precision Balance" (article by Jenemann), 493–494, 563–564, 589–590, 620, 642–643, 664–665, 700–702, 718–720, 750–752, 790–792, 843–844, 872–873

Precision Engineering Co: mkr

goat milk bal, 2931–2933Waymaster sc, 2931–2933

Prefect test wt, 292preloaded beam:

def, 285chick pea sc, 420–421coin sc, 271egg sc, 340, 379, 383, 413, 417ladder sc, 222, 258, 353moisture content, 259postal sc, 236, 258, 353, 399ration book sc, 224yarn bal, 340see also ccd; rocker

preloaded pan, 353coin rocker, 235Hungarian ducat sc, 228, 541

Premier Scale Co Ltd, bread, sc mkr, 1087prescription sc, 143, 191, 1000, 1028, 1039, 2055

def, 285, 287designer, Fitch, Dr Calvin H, 191, 2029mkr

Fairbanks, 73, 78, 143, 1028, 1169Fairbanks & Co, 73, 78, 107–108Ohaus Scale Corp, 2055

nationality, American, 73, 78, 143, 287, 1028, 1169

patent, 1039rocker, 2040steelyard, 1039, 2038–2049, 2055

"Presidential Coin Scales" (article by Batz), 2535–2541

Presto, postal sc, 213Presto see Metal Spec Mfg CoPreston see Jones & PrestonPreston, Edward:

sc retailer, 1726tool retailer, 1726

Preston, William B: butchers steelyard mkr, 508counter sc mkr, 508dates, 508platform sc mkr, 508steelyard mkr, 332, 508

Preston, William B & Son, 508partners Preston, William B & Preston, John A,

508Preston & Reynolds, coin sc retailer, 282Price, Henley, 3031Price, Richard:

apprentice of Chancellor, Thomas, 1730apprentice of Snart, Charles, 1730dates, 1730

Price, Thomas, T P-P T mark, 560

price computing scale, see also computing scaleprice computing semi-automatic, 974, 1093price indicating sc, 2131–2140, 2210, 2227–2230

horizontal mounted fan chart, 2227–2230Price Thomas, wts, 560priced bread, 1058, 1087prices:

brass, 1542equal-arm, 1539–1548spring bal, 1542

pricing scales, see also computing scalePrickett, James:

apprentice of Court, Richard I, 1738apprentice of Smelt, Samuel, 1738dates, 1738

Priest & Howard, weigh scoop patentee, 2429Priestley, Joseph, Lunar Society, 1120Princess see PelouzePrior to 1772, on coin wts, 1085prize, Bunge, Paul, 1468Probiergewichte see weights, purposeproceedings of Old Bailey, 3085–3091Proceedings of the American Metrological Society

(review), 189Proclamation:

1522-25, 9531526, 9531556, 984, 10791587, 21, 914, 984, 9861604, 9851611, 985, 9861619, 9851620, 9851632, 10101633, 10121644, 10131651, 10131663, 4591680, 1471, 14731696, 10421701, 10421709, 18231717, 461, 10601725, 18241737, 1824–18251774, 496, 1068, 1079–1086, 20101776, 496, 1079–1086, 13091817, 11251821, 1125–11261843, 1127on Guineas, 496

Proctor, Charles & Luke: coin sc, 261, 267coin wts, 466, 1062dates, 262trade card, 261

Proctor's: Weights & Measures Administration (review),

906Weights & Measures in Victoria (review), 906

Prodeval, wt mkr, 767, 1046Prodeval Domestic Scale Co:

dates, 1047kitchen sc mkr, 1046

Progress of the World, book extracts, 333–338projection:

autocollimation, 790–792Becker's Sons system, 837, 843Collot's system, 837optical, 836Sartorius' patent, 836

"Projection Indicators" (article by Jenemann), 836–837

projection reading, 3–6proportion sc, mkr, Defiance Machine Works, 2967–

2971proportional weighing, 658, 2967–2971proportional wts:

def, 878see also weights, purpose

Prospectus Mfg Co: American sc mkr, 922, 1314–1315egg sc mkr, 383, 922, 1314–1315

Protector see Avery Scale Coprovenance, 1345provision dealers sc, mkr, Herbert & Sons, 1724, 1743Prussian, ccd, 1177Prussian patentee see patentee, PrussianPrutscher, A:

milk sc mkr, 1029variable poise steelyard mkr, 1029

public weigh-beams, 730, 1567public weighbridge, 2355Puck (Maul, Jacob), 1656Pugh, William I:

apprentice of Moffett, James Thomas (line omitted), 1733

father of Pugh, William II, 1733Pugh, William II:

apprentice of Fletcher, Samuel, 1733son of Pugh, William I, 1733

Pugsley, Larry, biography, 3039pull out top spring bal, def, 195Pulsiver (author), 1140punch, inspectors, 116, 120punishment for counterfeiting, 266Purina:

American sc retailer, 1039, 1314egg sc retailer, 1314milk sc retailer, 1039

Purnell, E E, American ccd patentee, 2061Purnelle, E C:

American ccd mkr, 990American postal sc mkr, 990

push down top spring bal, def, 195putto:

on candlestick, 1287on column, 1287on pans, 1287

Putzeys see Melot & Putzeyspwt see weights, denomination, pennyweightsPye, W G & Co:

precision bal mkr, 1822scientific instrument mkr, 1822

see also cataloguePyle (author), 1025Pyne's "Wardmote Inquest" (article), 729

Qquadrant, on ducat sc, 228quadrant & cord, egg sc, 924quadrant balance, quick weighing, 2184quadrant sc, def, 285, 286quadrant sc see Pendulum scquadrant spring bal see Spring bal, quadrantquart measure, 1138, 1187quarter-angel see weights, denomination, angelquarter-dollar:

post-1853, 2063pre-1853, 2063

quarter-guinea, dates, 1061quarter-laurel see weights, denomination, laurelquarter pound wts, justified, 1993quartern loaf, 1058quartern wts see weights, denomination, quarternquartinho, Portuguese coin, 1062quartz beam, 750–753Queen, James W & Co:

American sc mkr, 1822precision bal mkr, 1822see also catalogue

Queen & Co: American sc mkr, 1822scientific instrument mkr, 1822see also catalogue

Queen Mary of England, 2443Queen St, 1745Queen's Hospital, wts for, 43Querue, C-spring mkr, 1875quintal see weights, denomination, metricQuintenz, Friedrich Alois:

AA design, 724centesimal sc mkr, 888dates, 885decimal sc mkr, 227, 721–722, 885–888inventor of decimal sc, 721patentee, 722, 887weighbridge mkr, 721

Quintenz sc see decimal sc

RR A, def, 286R B Bate of the Poultry, McConnell (1993) (review),

1786R C, C-spring mkr, 1875R E with 5 wheatsheaves (Reading), 1959R L CO, Oxford University mark, 20R S:

C-spring mkr, 1875mancur mkr, 435mark on coin wts see Smart, Richardsee also French sc, mkr, Régnier, à Samur

R S A (Republic of South Africa), 443R T:

steelyard mkr, 1847

see also Tucker, RichardR V, C-spring mkr, 1875R W:

coin sc mkr, 22, 1352–1353mark in pans, 1352

R W in heart, mkrs mark, 1352R W R crowned, 24R*A, coin sc mkr, 1550–1551rack & pinion:

def, 195, 286on pendulum, 1649on spring scale, 2097

Radford & Waddington: counter sc mkr, 132inverted roberval sc mkr, 132postal sc retailer, 132roberval sc mkr, 132

radial arrestment: used by Becker, 2593, 2598used by Becker's Sons, 2607used by Bosch, 2593used by Bunge, 2593used by Göttinger Präzisionswagen Fabrik,

25943used by GPW, 2593used by Hartner, 2593used by Kern, 2593used by Oertling, 2594–2595used by Sartorius, 2596, 2598, 2607

radial arrestment see circular arrestmentraff, 1075Ragg, A E, patentee, 538, 540, 753, 1253, 1361, 1410–

1412railway sc:

mkrDavis, A B & Co, 785Fairbanks & Co, 86, 992

rampant lion mark, 2391Ramsden, Jesse:

agate bearings, 1745coin sc mkr, 675dates, 1724double beam cone, 1720, 1745folding gold bal mkr, 675precision bal mkr, 1720scientific instrument mkr, 1724

Randall, Charles Henry: apprentice of Trowbridge, Charles, 1739apprentice of Wenborn, Robert, 1739dates, 1739succeeded by Randall & Co, 1739

Randall & Co: dates, 1739successor of Randall, Charles Henry, 1739

Randolph, N V & Co: American sc mkr, 1039, 2038manufacturer of Fitch, Dr Calvin H sc, 2038

Rangeley, Albert, 3033Rangeley's:

"Bartlett Pairs Postscript" (article by Rangeley), 2940–2941

Cawood Wistow & Otley, response, 1971

"Denison Lent" (article), 1531–1532letter to editor, 1036, 1038, 1159Light Coin Act, response, 1970"More Solder Weighing" (article), 2549"Response, Town Weighbridge" (article), 2355"Response on Chromium-plated Weights"

(article), 2550"Response on W & M Kit" (article), 2331"Scales Sales & Scrap" (article), 973–979"Windmill Weights" (article), 1116–1120

Rangeley's "More Mordan Weights 2" (article), 3080rape, county division, 1925"Rare folders" (article by Crawforth), 200"Rare Oertling Bullion Balance" (article by Oliver),

2788–2791"Rare Wilkinson balance" (article by Boogaard), 627–

629ratchet, curved, with cog, 2098Ratcliff, Edmund:

candlestick sc mkr, 403, 3102–3103, 3106–3108dates, 1484, 3107making for Waterlow & Sons, 1486–1487parcel sc mkr, 1486roberval with encased-stays, 1486–1487

Ratcliff, I & C: coin wts mkr, 884sovereign wts, 1127–1132

Ratcliff, J & E: paper clip mkr, 2854sc mkr, 2854, 3032, 3102–3103, 3106–3108

Ratcliff, Joseph & Edmund: candlestick postal, 224, 405–407, 686, 1223,

1792, 3102–3103, 3106–3108dates, 1484, 3107manufacturing style, 1484–1485patentees, 1487postal sc mkr, 133, 147, 224, 399, 403–405, 686,

690, 1223, 1227, 1469, 2124, 3070, 3102–3103, 3106–3108

roberval sc mkr, 147, 1227, 1479–1481robervals with encased stays, 1479–1488rolling pin sc, 133, 399, 1223rolling pin sc retailed by Browne, 1759steelyard, 1227, 3070wts mkr, 1479–1488

Ratcliff retailer, Waterlow & Sons, 2999–3000rati seeds, 2447ratio see Lever ratio; proportional weighingration book sc, 223–224ration sc, mkr, Krups, Robert, 1872rationswaage (mancur), 1863ratl see weights, denomination, ratlRavene, Jacob Sohne & Co, retailer of Bernstein, Alex

& Co sc, 1954Rawlins, Thomas, engraver, 1013Rawson, Ladies of Manor of Bradford, 1957Ray, Caleb, American coin sc mkr, 817Raybay, Nicolas, French coin sc mkr, 2518–2519,

2548re-gilding, gilding, 138"Reaction to Comment, 1922"(article by Newall),

2515

"Reaction to Weighing in the 14th C" (article by Newall), 2067

Read (author), 1794, 1796Read, Frederick Stanley:

assizer, 2076–2082employed by Troughton & Simms, 2076mechanic, 2076–2082supervisor of W & M Standards Dept Board of

Trade, 2076–2082Read, Joseph:

apprentice of Read, Samuel, 246, 1729brother of Read, Samuel, 1729coin sc mkr, 183, 242, 246–247, 808, 2540first husband of Meymott, Mercy, 242first husband of Read, Mercy, 1736master of Pidgeon, John, 1736master of Porter, John, 1736master of Schooling, James, 1736master of Sewell, George, 1734, 2540succeeded by Read, Mercy, 1736

Read, Mercy, 247coin sc mkr, 247dates, 1736master of Porter, John, 1736master of Schooling, James, 1736successor of Read, Joseph, 1736widow of Read, Joseph, 1736

Read, Robert Hamilton, patentee, 1370Read, Samuel:

apprentice of Hart, Benjamin, 244, 1737apprentice of Lane, John, 244, 1737apprentice of Neale, John, 244, 1729, 1737apprentice with Gale, William, 244apprentice with Key, George, 244apprentice with Stiles, William, 244brother of Read, Joseph, 1729coin sc mkr, 207–208, 244–248, 556, 1729employer of Brind, William, 1745innovator, 1720lantern sight-hole shears mkr, 1586master of 12 apprentices at once, 1729master of Badcock, William Geagle, 246, 1729,

1738master of Brind, William, 246, 1729, 1737master of Cattell, Robert, 1735master of Clarke, Richard, 1729, 1738master of DeGrave, Charles, 1737master of DeGrave, Charles I, 246, 1729, 1737master of Gale, John, 1737master of Gale, William, 246, 1729master of Holt, James, 246, 1729, 1735, 1738master of Lawrence, John Peter, 1736, 1738master of Read, Joseph, 246, 1729master of Sangster, John, 246, 1729master of Sangster, John II, 1735master of Vaughton, Christopher, 246, 1729,

1737partner of DeGrave, Charles, 246Standards wts mkr, 1491trade card, 247from Worcester, 1728

Read & DeGrave:

Read, Samuel & DeGrave, Charles I, 1737–1738succeeded by DeGrave, Charles I, 1737–1738

reading edge, def, 286Reading mark, 1959readout, 2214Read's "Grandfather's Standards" (article), 2076–2082,

2248Ready, Andrew, engraver, 1305reales, 307, 1778–1785

nicknames, 1880ream:

def, 1690varieties, 1696

Rebenstein, alias of Bernstein, Aaron David, 1948receiver of City customs, Sommers, Charles I, 1398Recht Abgezogen, def, 286recoinage, British, 2442recoinage 1773, 496Recoinage Act see Acts of Parliament, 1774rectangular wts see weight, shapeRedco Supply Co., 2450Redeeming Trade Dollars (article), 648–649Redhead, John:

apprentice of Claridge, Richard, 1737apprentice of Iliffe, William, 1737apprentice of Jenks, Edmund, 1737apprentice of Redhead, William, 1737

Redhead, William, apprentice of Redhead, John, 1737Reeve & Hitchin's Notes & Queries, 149, 3030Reeves, Thomas:

apprentice of Wornell, John, 1734coin sc mkr, 1734dates, 1734

Reeves, W & Co: precision bal mkr, 1822scientific instrument mkr, 1822see also catalogue

"Reflections on Dr Fitch" (article by Willard), 2050–2053

Reform, C-spring mkr, 1875registered design:

def, 1218Acme, 293, 957Avery, W & T, 829, 833–834, 1217, 1726Blews, W & Sons, 1086Brown, Isaac, 1413–1415Cotton, William, 1787Crane Foundry Co, 617, 638Day, William Chambers, 829Day & Millward, 1442, 1642designer unknown, 437, 980, 993Duplex Handy Scale, 1945Fairbanks, London, 1647Fawcet & Butterworth, 272–273Greaves, John & Son, 238Green, David, 1788Griffin & Tatlock Ltd, 479Herbert & Sons, 1197, 1723, 1743Knight, George, 1416Lilly, S T, 373, 381Lund, W, 1231Mordan, S & Co, 133, 255

Parnall & Sons, 1258Pelouze, 1673period, 1218Poupard, William, 1330Riddle, Gabriel, 1220S T S see Turner, Samuel SeniorSalter, Geo & Co, 286, 438, 547, 829, 833–834,

1217, 1726Setton & Durward, 124, 250Sheldon, J, 446, 1682Silvester & Co, 2, 19, 1220Townshend & Co, 146–147, 993Turner, Samuel Snr, 373, 414–415Winfield, R W, 11, 396, 404–407, 838–839,

3099, 3102, 3105Wright, H B, 529, 1029, 1220, 1293

registered design system, 1218registration mark, 617, 636Régnier, à Paris, C-spring mkr, 1875, 2171Régnier, à Samur, C-spring mkr, 1875, 2171Régnier, Edme, 2171–2172

author, 2171curator for Museum of Artillery, 2171death, 2171–2172French sc mkr, 1869, 2231gunsmith, 2171inspector, 2171mechanical engineer, 2171patentee, 2171powder prover, 2231

cylinder container on, 2231Régnier, response on (article by Noël), 2171–2172regs for counter wg/m 1889, 1459regs for iron wts, 614regs for scale beams 1889, 1459, 1835regs for spring bals 1889, 1459regs for steelyards 1889, 1459Regulating wts see Acts of Parliament, 1774regulations:

steelyard, 1423–1425see also Board of Trade Regs

Reichsgold coin, 2272Reichsmark, 2272Reimann, George, coin operated sc patentee, 2454–

2456Reiss, C, béranger mkr, 2441Reiss, R W, patentee, 275–276Reitze, August:

coin sorting machine mkr, 1177–1181German sc mkr, 1177–1181, 1954, 2275

"Reitze Coin-tester" (article by Lindner), 1177–1181relating accuracy & precision, 2268Reliable Mfg Co:

candler, 1316egg sc mkr, 417, 1278, 1281, 1284, 1312–1314rocker mkr, 381, 1313steelyard mkr, 417, 1278, 1281, 1284, 1312–

1313see also James Mfg Co

relieving gear, 2239def, 286–287

"Remarkable Moneyweight Scale" (article by Smith),

2199–2208"Remembering the Worst" (article by Sait), 2238renaissance trumpet end, def, 172–173Renaud fils, French sc mkr, 80Renauld fils, grain sc, 82Renaut, N, C-spring mkr, 1875Renes, hygrometer, 574Renevick, Prof J, 1002repairer, 8

Croome, Thomas, 207repairing:

annual contracts, 1394"Beams Repairs & Inspectors" (article by

Lound), 7–9equal arm sc, 8, 137–138

"Repairing Saddled Steelyards" (article by Newall), 2504

"Repairing Sugar Scales" (article by Lound), 137–138repetitive weighing sc, 1200"Replacing Cords on English money sc" (article by

Crawforth), 928report, useful:

1st on Condition of Exchequer 1870, 2265, 23192nd on Condition of Exchequer 1870, 22652nd Report of the Standards Comm, 2261, 22643rd on condition of Exchequer 1870, 22654th on Condition of Exchequer 1870, 22654th Report of Boston Record Comm 1885,

Dorchester Town Records, 11404th Report of the Standard Comm 1870, 1090,

22625th Report of the Standards Comm 1871, 109010th Annual Report Warden of Standards 1876,

226413th Report of Boston Record Comm 1885,

Records of Boston Selectmen 1716-1736, 1140

Caldecott's Reports, 1776-1785, 2336Report from the Select Comm W & M act of

1835, 2333Report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the

Construction & Distribution of W & M (review), 189

reproduction: nesting weights, 2710scales, 2710wool weight molds, 2710wool weights, 2710

reproductions, 36, 38–39, 144, 251–253, 683–691, 2710

identifying, 2710requirements for approval, 2259research sources, 2091–2096resistance to motion, 2190

in a magnetic field, 2190resistant, def, 286resolution, def, 752resort en lame (mancur), 1863"Response, Town Weighbridge" (article by Rangeley),

2355"Response from A Pommier" (article by Pommier),

2548

"Response on Anderson Scale" (article by Gluck), 2258–2259

"Response on Chromium-plated Weights" (article by Rangeley), 2550

"Response on GPO Weights" (article by Foster), 2333"Response on Mordan" (article by Robinson), 3022–

3023"Response on Régnier" (article by Noël), 2231"Response on Robervals" (article by Newall), 2672"Response on W & M Kit" (article by Rangeley), 2331"Response to Bate" (article by Douglas), 2279–2280"Response to Bate" (article by Peacock), 2333"Response to Ruttees" (article by Holland), 2447"Restoration Workshop" (article by Wells), 1318–

1319Restorf, M G, postal sc patentee, 1361, 1370, 1410–

1412"Restorf Variations" (article by Stimpson), 1410–1412Reuleaux, Professor, 2272

Director of Königl, Gewerbe-akademie, 2272Revenue collectors, 1079–1080reversible bismar, martini, 1030reversible steelyards see steelyard, turn-overreview responce, Pommier's Poids Monétaires II,

Poids pour monnaies non françaises (article by Batz), 2721–2726

reviews see book reviewsReymerswaele's painting, Banker and his Wife, 744Reynolds, John, 1011–1015

officer of the Mint, 1011–1015Reynolds, Joseph:

apprentice of Vincent, Robert II, 1729, 1733coin sc mkr, 1729dates, 1733master of Newman, Thomas Porter (line

omitted), 1735master of Northfield, Thomas Stephen, 1739master of Stanley, Nathaniel, 1735, 1739partner of Nicholl, William Lewis, 1733succeeded by Reynolds & Nicholl, 1733

Reynolds & Branson: precision bal mkr, 1822scientific instrument mkr, 1822see also catalogue

Reynolds & Branson Ltd: precision bal mkr, 1822scientific instrument mkr, 1822see also catalogue

Reynolds & Nicholl: coin sc mkr, 1733dates, 1733Reynolds, Joseph & Nicholl, William Lewis,

1735succeeded by Nicholl, William Lewis & Co,

1733successor of Reynolds, Joseph, 1733successors of Lewis & Nicholl, 1733

Reynold's painting, Justice, 741"Reynold's Patent Model" (article by Wesner), 2736–

2738Rhone-Poulenc, chainomatic precision bal mkr, 620ribbon see band

Richardson, G L, patentee, 669, 671Richardson, Jacob:

apprentice of Smith, William, 1733dates, 1733

Richardson, Joseph: American wt importer, 1488–1493importer, 1488–1493trade card, 1490, 2474

Richardson & Sayles (author), 1997, 2023Richtmann, C:

American ccd patentee, 990, 2061American postal sc patentee, 990coin sc patentee, 990moving load sc patentee, 990

Rictus: operation, 1658trade name for Maul, Philipp Jakob, 559trademark of Maul, Philipp Jakob, 1633

Riddle, Gabriel: address, 2123dates, 1723pendulum sc mkr, 1913postal sc mkr, 101, 112, 935, 1220, 1723, 2123,

2302Riddle, Gilbert see Riddle, Gabrielrider bar, 154, 157, 479, 589

def, 287dates, 563–564

rider-equipped balance, 2909–2911rider poise, 2201rider wt:

def, 287history, 563–564manipulation from outside case, 564see also weights, purpose

Ridgard, Joseph: adjusting sc & wts by year, 22apprentice of Vincent, Robert II, 1729, 1733coin sc mkr, 22dates, 22, 1733, 1737master of Wheatley, John, 1737

Riehle Bros, sc mkr, 2887Riess, R W:

American patentee, 992ccd patentee, 992

Riga, Latvia, 2377Rimmer, J S, sc mkr, 2014Rimmer, Richard:

ironmonger, 2006, 2014trade sc mkr, 2006

rin see Weights, denominationring & hole end:

def, 172–173, 287see also beam end shapes

ring wts see weight, shapeRipon, inspectors stamping wts, 1893Ripon mark, 1929

Wakeman's horn, 1972Rittenhouse, 3096Riviere, C-spring mkr, 1875Rix's:

Assay tons, letter, 332

jockey wt, letter, 825Robbins, E, wts, 638Robert, D L:

butter sc mkr, 514, 1878dairy sc, 514

Robert, Jean, coin weight mkr, 2517Roberts':

"Fraud" (article), 1182–1188Handbook of Weights & Measures (review), 87

Roberts (author), 24, 87, 802, 808, 1090, 1983Roberts, C H, weigh scoop patentee, 492Roberts, Richard, on Bartholomew Lane, 3019Roberts, Richard I, father of Roberts, Timothy, 243Roberts, Richard II:

apprentice of Roberts, Timothy, 243coin sc mkr, 243, 3019master of Harrison, Thomas, 1731partner of Roberts, Timothy, 1731son of Roberts, Timothy, 1731successor of Roberts, Timothy & Son, 1731

Roberts, Samuel, sc beam filer, 1726Roberts, Timothy:

apprentice of Taylor, William I, 243on Bartholomew Lane, 3019coin sc mkr, 243–244dates, 1735, 3019father of Roberts, Richard II, 1731master of Jennings, Silas I, 243, 1731master of Roberts, Richard II, 243, 1731master of Sangster, John, 243, 1735master of Whitemarsh, William, 1732master of Wood, John, 243, 1732partner of Roberts, Richard II, 1731son of Roberts, Richard I, 243steelyard mkr, 244succeeded by Roberts, Timothy & Son, 1731trade card, 244trade sc mkr, 244wt mkr, 244

Roberts, Timothy & Son: on Bartholomew Lane, 3019dates, 1731diamond sc mkr, 1731Roberts, Timothy & Roberts, Richard II, 1731successors of Roberts, Timothy, 1731

"Roberval" (article by Crawforth), 127–134Roberval, Gilles Person de:

dates, 197inventor, 127, 197, 1638

Roberval, Gilles Personne de, 2599, 3027–3028, 3092article by Crawforth, 127–134dates, 197inventor, 127, 197, 1638

roberval, two load positions, 1725roberval & micrometer, 217roberval sc:

def, 127, 197, 287–288, 445, 2180, 3092accelerating, 1646, 2602

def, 1647adjustable, 1664adjustment, 1664apothecary, 793–794

arresting lock, 2605Art Deco style, 1245Art Nouveau, 125article by Knights, 1644–1648bullion, 1939butchers, 1193chemical, 1101coal, 35, 131, 133, 1196coin, 275confectioners, 131counter, 106, 109, 128, 131, 136, 217, 287–289,

611, 647, 711, 1183, 1195, 1451, 1637–1638, 1647–1648, 1655, 2181, 2213, 2311

dates, 2601with drawer, 1245druggists, 78egg, 131, 379, 415, 924enamelled, 933encased-stay counter, 1645, 2479–2488encased-stay postal, 947, 1227, 1479–1489encased stays

parcel, 1486parcel sc, 1486

encased stays (article), 1479–1488explanation of inverted system, 1642explanation of principle, 1639–1642French, 197, 1252, 1679, 2481French pattern, 131, 1645, 2602

def, 1645, 1741German design, 1628half see half-robervalhanging pan, parcel, 1256Imperial, 1648invention, 132–133, 197inventor Medhurst, 134, 1547inverted, 129, 131, 256–257, 418, 697, 731,

1193, 1197, 1442, 1451, 1642, 1743dates, 1197

kitchen, 767, 769, 1046, 1195, 1321, 1462, 2074knife edge systems, 1639–1640linkage, 2213, 2599–2600London pattern, 853, 1637–1638, 2602–2603

def, 1644mkr

Airway, 437Austin, retailer, 530Avery, W & T, 731, 793, 821, 1460,

1636–1638, 1644–1648, 2604, 2672

Avery, W & T Ltd, 131, 133, 611, 731, 853, 1453–1454, 1645–1647

Baillet, 2487Barmer Waagenfabrik, 2605Béranger, Joseph, 1664, 2487Birchfield, 35Boué, 2487Bourne, Thomas, 697, 1724Bourne & Smith, 136Briais, Narcissé, 1252, 1679Calais & Chairgrasse, 2487Castinel & Bonnet, 2487

Chatillon, John & Sons, 452, 1556, 1591–1593

Davignon, 2487Day & Millward, 711, 802, 1442, 1451,

1636, 1642, 1725, 2605Denison, Samuel & Son Co Ltd, 1183Expere, 2605Fabrique Strasbourgeoise de Constructions

Mécaniques, 2487Fairbanks, E & T & Co, 78, 106, 109Fairbanks of London, 1647Godet, 2487Hall, J & Son, 1648Herbert & Sons, 1193–1198, 1723–1725,

1728–1729, 1743, 2604Hoffman, 2487Howe, 530Howe Scale Co, 1528Kohlbusch, Herman, 1643Merlin, 197Mordan, Sampson & Co, 131–133, 663,

681–691, 933–950, 1231, 1254, 1667–1668, 1680, 1683, 2057, 2589–2590

Newman, J, 1829Parnall & Sons Ltd, 1645Penn Scale Mfg Co, 647Pooley, Henry & Son Ltd, 1645Ratcliff, E, 1487Ratcliff, J & E, 147, 1227, 1479–1481,

3102–3103, 3106–3108Roche, 2487S T S see Turner, Samuel SeniorSchnellwaagen-Fabrik G M B H, 889–892Setton & Durward, 125Steinfeldt & Blasberg, 1641Testut, 2487Townshend & Co, 146Troemner, Henry, 1101, 1643, 2605Turner, Samuel Senior, 41, 415, 663, 821,

943, 3030Walker, A & Co Ltd, 709Westphal, 2601White, J & Sons, 1445Wimmerlin, 2487, 2601

modified, 2258parcel, 1261patentee, Brussaut, 2601photographic, 113postal, 36, 109, 125, 131–133, 250, 415, 530,

663, 681–691, 821, 933–950, 993, 1227, 1245, 1252, 1627–1628, 2085, 2258, 2589–2590, 3030

postal & coin, 275principles, 127–129, 170retailer

Army & Navy Stores, 1667Maul, Philipp Jakob, 1655Wilson & Gill, 1667

shop, 530, 611, 647, 709, 711, 769, 890, 995, 2479–2488

silver, 663, 821, 1667–1668, 1680, 1683

single beam, 1247, 1252, 1261, 1645, 1741static enigma, 2180style

Art Deco, 1243, 1262–1263, 1462Art Nouveau, 125neo-gothic, 1558

tea, 1556, 2672three-stay, 1645trade, 452, 530, 1442travellers, 942, 946two load positions, 1725verification in France, 197vibrating, 1183, 2672wheelbarrow, 35wooden, 1724

roberval sc, 2180, 2216, 2229–2230, 2322, 2438, 2589–2590, 2599–2600, 2672, 3099

see also torsion bal"Roberval the Movie" (article by Knights), 1637–1642Roberval's Static Enigma, 2599–2600"Robervals with Encased Stays" (article by Crawforth,

D), 1479–1488Robidoux, Joseph, 2293

scale mkr, 2293Robinson, Daniel:

coin sc mkr, 627, 1827folding gold bal mkr, 627, 1827

Robinson, H G, American ccd patentee, 13, 1020, 2061

Robinson, James: apothecary sc retailer, 1841dates, 1841scientific instrument mkr, 1841succeeded by Robinson, James & Sons, 1841

Robinson, James & Sons: dates, 1841precision bal retailer, 1841successors of Robinson, James, 1841

Robinson, Jonathan: dates, 1508steelyard mkr, 1508

Robinson, Michael, biography, 2860, 3023Robinson, T C, 2249

bal mkr, 2655–2656Robinson, Thomas Charles:

compass mkr, 1713cooperated with Kater, 1724date, 1724, 1745lattice beam, 1745, 2120precision bal mkr, 590, 1212, 1215, 1745scientific instrument mkr, 1787, 1822working with Bate, Robert Brettell, 1787see also catalogue

Robinson & Co: dates, 1508steelyard mkr, 1508, 1513

Robinson & Knights' "Bartlett Pairs" (article), 2919–2922

Robinson's: "Accelerating Postals" (article), 2857–2860Postal Scales & Weights, letter, 755

Robinson's "More Mordan Weights 1" (article), 3080

Robinson's "Response on Mordan" (article), 3022–3023

Robson's "From Bevin Boy to Scale Collector" (article), 3031–3033

Roche, roberval sc mkr, 2487Roche, L, béranger mkr, 2441Rochester Scale Works, 2980rocker:

def, 287bank, 991coin, 11–15, 78, 235–238, 269, 272–274, 365,

621, 754, 947–949, 990, 1177–1181, 1340–1341, 1684, 2059–2066, 2569

cruciform, 2569coin & letter, 2060dentist, 227, 2056egg sc, 379–384, 414–417, 922–924, 1276–

1279, 1283mkr

ABC Co, 1279Allender, 13Amalgamated Dental Company Ltd, 2056Bourn, 272Bramall & Brookes-King, 413Catherwood, 1340–1341Cattle, B, 272–273Davis, G, 269, 274Fairbanks & Co, 15Fairbanks Infallible sc Co, 15Fitch, Dr Calvin H, 2040Frost Poultry Fences, 1279Greaves, Ed, 235Greaves, J & Son, 235Harris & Co, 274Harrison, 273, 287, 365Hart, H W Mfg Co, 1283James Mfg Co, 381–382Lincoln Mfg, 414–415, 1276Mailway, 505Maranville, Harvey, 13, 2060McNally, J T, 15McNally & Harrison, 15Mordan, Sampson & Co, 272, 1684Mount Tacoma Mfg Co, 381–382Oakes Mfg, 383–384Petaluma Electric Incubator Co, 415, 1276Poupard, W & Co, 1329–1330Reliable Mfg Co, 381, 1313Savoure, J P, 275Standard Egg sc Co, 379Tabberer, William, 1725Thompson, J A, 14–15Treff, K, 307White Mfg Co, 381–382, 389Winfield, R W, 12

nationalityAmerican, 13–15, 78, 191, 370, 379–383,

389, 415–417, 505, 759–764, 786, 818–820, 840, 875–876, 904, 922–924, 1018, 1034, 1276–1283, 1312–1313, 2059–2066

British, 12, 227, 235, 238, 269, 272–276,

287, 365, 379, 383, 413, 417, 446, 622, 924, 947–949, 1034, 1123, 1180, 1329, 1340, 1561, 1616, 1748, 2065

Canadian, 1034French, 445German, 445, 1177–1181, 1614–1621Spanish, 307Turkish, 190–191, 2569

platform scale, 2345postal, 397, 505, 621–622, 704, 1329–1330prescription, 2040wooden, 416, 417, 2345

rocking-horse steelyard, def, 285, 288Rockingham, Lord, report on counterfeiting, 265Rococo, 2438rod links, def, 174, 288Rodgers, J & Sons, retailer, 237Rodrigues, postal sc retailers, 938Roebuck, John, patentee, 692, 698Roeder, Frederick A, American patentee, 997, 2603,

2610Roeder, Frederick A & Springer, Alfred, patentees,

997, 2610Roeder, Prof Frederick A & Springer, Dr Alfred,

inventor of torsion bal principle, 2052, 2610Roettier, John, die mkr, 461Rogers, Benjamin, dates, 1508Rogers, P, inverted roberval sc mkr, 2469Rogers, Peter & Co:

apothecary wt mkr, 829dates, 638wts, 638–639, 834–835

Rogers, S A, coin sc patentee, 2064Rogers & Sons, 16Rolamite:

adjustment knob on, 2500assembler Goodwill, 2502Data-Link mkr, 2500description of, 2499dial colors on, 2500dial on, 2500inventor, Wilkes, 2501–2502letter scale, 2477–2478, 2499–2505patent

Austrian, 2501German, 2501

patent for, 2499, 2501patentee, 2501postal rates on, 2499researcher

Gladow, 2502Hanson, 2502

rollers on, 2499"Rolamite Postal Scale" (article by Lushbough), 2499–

2505"The Role of the Patent Model Museum" (article by

Wesner), 2819–2820Rollamite, Technical Research Library, developer of,

2500Rollé, Frederic:

partner of Schwilgué, Jean-Baptiste, 721

patentee, 888see also Quintenz

"Rollé, Frederic" (article by Haeberle), 885–888Rollé & Schwilgué:

dates, 888partners in Strasburg-Grafenstadt Engine Co,

888partners Rollé, Frederic & Schwilgué, Jean-

Baptiste, 721platform sc mkr, 721roberval sc mkr, 2487trade sc mkr, 887

romaine a cadran (mancur), 1863"Roman, coin scale" (article by Holland), 814–816Roman:

poise, 168, 1289sc

bismar, 823–824, 2145bronze, 2145decorative counterpoise on, 2145

coin, 814–816equal arm beam, 564, 2176, 3027equal arm with rider-poise, 2145equal arm with rider wt, 564hinged beam, 1567rider wt invention, 564steelyard, 168–169, 1819, 2216

poise, 2145steelyard with gauge, 579turn-over steelyard, 2144

bronze, 2144use in Herculanium, 2144use in Pompeii, 2144

weighing practices, 1326sc (article), 508–509steelyard

def, 284, 288see also turn-over steelyard

stone weight, 2148"Roman Bismar" (article by Carley), 823–824"Roman coin scale" (article by Holland), 814–816Roman sc:

bismar, 823–824coin, 814–816equal arm with rider wt, 564hinged beam, 1567rider wt invention, 564steelyard, 168–169, 1819steelyard with gauge, 579weighing practices, 1326

Roman sc (article), 508–509Roman steelyard:

def, 284, 288see also turn-over steelyard

"Roman Steelyard" (article by Eran), 168–169reply by Holtman, 1853–1854

"Roman Steelyard?" (article by Simcock), 1819Romano-British wts, 1074romme wts see weights, denomination, rommeRooke, W I E, 408, 1223, 3104

signed candlestick sc, 3104Rosal, Tomas:

Spanish sc mkr, 1605trade card, 1605

rose crowned, stamp on box, 1353rose-noble see weights, denomination, rose noblerose-ryal see weights, denomination, rose-ryalrosenbel see weights, denominationRosenfield, William W., 2758

coin operated sc patentee, 2458, 2460Rosenfield Manufacturing Co., 2458Ross, Thomas, US patentee, 2756Rostworowski, Maria, researcher, 2908rotoli see weight systems, rotoli; weights,

denomination, rotolirotolo see weight systems, rotoli; weights,

denomination, rotolirottel see weight systems, rotoli; weights,

denomination, rotoliRouelle, G F, French chemist, 631Round, John & Son Ltd, silversmith, 821, 3022round tapering wts see weight, shape, round taperedRousch, Edwin, Fairbanks VP, 2804Rouse:

pendulum sc mkr, 573, 605yarn sc mkr, 573, 605

Rouse, George, sc mkr, 3090Rouyer (author), 1564roving sc:

article by Crawforth, 1143–1150, 1168–1176steelyard, 1169

Rowe, A G, postal sc patentee, 707Rowley, John:

dates, 1724scientific instrument mkr, 1718, 1724steelyard mkr, 1718

Royal: American sc mkr, 924egg sc mkr, 924, 1276

Royal Computing Spring Weighing Instrument, 2209Royal Exchange, 1745, 3016Royal Mint, 2446

coin wts, 24, 884, 919, 984, 1413Coinage Act 1889, 927crown mark, 24, 1604Freeman sc-mkr to, 391making wts 1421, 951Master of, 103–104, 914, 951, 984Napier's bal, 103–105nesting wts, 1038not controlling wt of coins, 1901Office of Weigher & Stamper of Money Wts,

496, 1081, 1565mark, 498

recoinage started 1773, 1080Records, 105sc mkr to, 810selling sc & wts, 985solicitor's circular 1769, 495stamping by, 23, 166, 464, 967, 1126, 1603–

1604, 1750, 1935, 1938Standards 1758, 391Standards 1774, 965supplying wts 1821, 915

supplying wts 1842, 915supplying wts 1843, 915Tower of London, 502Tryers wts, 1038under-provision of coin, 2068Warden, 984weight of coins, 881see also weights, mkr, Royal Mint

Royal Mint , on coin weights, 1821, 1413Royal Mint Weights (letter from Rangeley), 1038Royal Mint, 23, 43, 103–105, 166, 459, 810, 927, 966,

984, 1042, 1063, 1068, 1079, 1081, 1125–1132, 1416

on coin weights, 1130–1132Royal Museum of Scotland, 2152Royal Society, comparisons of wts, 1991Royston see EltexRubidge, Charlotte:

dates, 1737succeeded by Nicholl, William Lewis, 1737successor of Rubidge, James, 1737widow of Rubidge, James, 1737

Rubidge, James: apprentice of Meymott, Clement I, 1737coin sc mkr, 1737dates, 1737husband of Rubidge, Charlotte, 1737master of Paul, Moses, 1737succeeded by Rubidge, Charlotte, 1737

Rüeprecht, A & Son: dates, 720, 2593, 2595partners Rüeprecht, Albert I & Albert II, 720precision bal mkr, 563, 718–720successor of Rüeprecht, Albert I, 720

Rüeprecht, Albert I: father of Rüeprecht, Albert II, 720precision bal mkr, 720succeeded by Rüeprecht, A & Son, 720

Rüeprecht, Albert II: father of Rüeprecht, Alfred, 720owner of Rüeprecht, A & Son, 720son of Rüeprecht, Albert I, 720

Rüeprecht, Alfred: owner of Rüeprecht, A & Son, 720son of Rüeprecht, Albert II, 720

Ruhland, R: British patentee, 678French patentee, 1370

rule & postal sc, 1031Rulke, C, postal sc patentee, 708Rüprecht, Vinnese bal mkr, 2593, 2662Rüprecht, A & Son see RüeprechtRus, William:

coin wt mkr, 951Master of Mint, 951

Russell, Edward, assignor, 2862Russian, civilization, 2148Russian grain sc, 80"Russian Nesting Weights 2" (article by Marson),

1426–1435"Russian Nesting Weights for Poland" (article by

Monnig), 278–279

Russian porcelain wts see weights, nationalityRussian W & M, checked in Britain, 2077–2082rust treatment, 219, 280, 633, 1209, 1239Rutland mark, 2031rutte wts see weights, denomination, rutteryal:

coin, 913see also weights, denomination, ryal

ryder see weights, denominationryo, 319Rys, V, patentee, 679

SS, mark on wts, 251S & D, spring bal mkr see Setton & DurwardS & P:

postal steelyard, 1519–1520Simcox & Pemberton, 1519–1520

S A C, mark on wts, 121S A R, South African Railways, 443S A Y W, mark on wts, 122S C, mark on wts, 121S-C mark (Somerset), 1956S D:

coin sc mkr, 1104, 1767dates?, 1767

S G see specific gravityS G D G, def, 332, 446S Garcia Ltd, 2448S hook, def, 313S loop, def, 314S M:

on dry measures, 1160hall-mark on silver (Mordan, Sampson & Co),

1678S M & Co see Mordan, Sampson & CoS M G R, silver mark, 935S N mark in pans (Neale, Samuel), 1356S N mark on beam (Neale, Samuel), 1377S O & crown, mark on wts, Stationary Office, 703S P & Sons, Simcox Pemberton & Sons, 1519S S, wts mkr, 1830S S mark (South Shields), 1960S S mark on wts, 1841S T R, weights mkr?, 1426–1427S T S see Turner, Samuel SeniorS V:

on wts, 1043see also weights, denomination, crown

S Y, mark on wts, 121S*G on wts, 1832

Gatchell, Samuel, 1769sack sc, 134, 136

inverted roberval, 1460mkr

Avery, W & T, 1460Marriott, Henry, 1883

roberval, 136saddle, def, 175, 311, 315"Saddled Steelyards, 1922"(article by Owen), 2504Saddler, M D:

ccd patentee, 1020

coin-operated machine, 1020SAFAA, coin operated sc mkr, 2495Saffron, Walden mark, 20saffron lacquer, 1236Saint George, Michael and John the Baptist, 748Saint Michael:

Bermejo's painting, 745Chirlandaio's painting, 746

Sait, Charles, biography, 2238, 2622Sait's:

"Diamond Scales" (article), 2619–2622"Diamond Scales" Part 2 (article), 2650–2654"Diamond Scales" Part 3 (article), 2691–2695"Remembering the Worst" (article), 2238

Sait's "Depressed Tourist Turns Expert" (article), 3015–3016

Sala, Giacomo, 2387successor of Bozzo, 2387

Saladin, L J B, yarn bal patentee, 1176sales see "Scales, Sales & Scrap"Salford mark, 1960, 2031Salmon, Robert, weighbridge patentee, 692Salop (Shropshire), 121Salop South mark, 1980Salt steelyard, 2403–2404

blade on, 2404with glass scoop, 2403–2404hook on loose poise, 2404

"Salt Steelyard" (article by Cohn), 2403–2404Salter:

Berlin factory, 517, 1438earthenware wts, 83egg sc, 381–382, 414, 417grain sc mkr, 518, 524, 1451internationally approved by Weights &

Measures Dept, 2130retailed by Krups, 2130scales made for Avery, 2130spring bal mkr, 288, 383, 417, 431, 438, 470,

703, 765, 1259, 2130, 2610use of Staffordshire knot, 2130see also catalogue

Salter, Geo & Co: advertising sc, 1256article by Crawforth, 515–529, 543–544, 2163Autoway, 513, 546, 551bank sc mkr, 518bicycle sc mkr, 518bow front sc, 513, 527bread, sc mkr, 523, 1089, 1093Bussey patentee Peckham, London on face,

2087, 2130C-spring mkr, 1873–1875circular bal see Salter, Geo & Co, dial face sccircular sc see Salter, Geo & Co, dial & slidedate of Knot trade mark, 517, 2130design registration, 286, 547, 829, 833–834,

1217, 1726dial & slide, 521, 536, 2087, 2088–2089dial face sc, 515, 523, 525, 1073, 2087dynanometer, 536flat face sc, 1141, 1876

G P O sc, 513, 1036, 1123grain sc mkr, 518, 2849instant read-out, 1914kitchen sc mkr, 765, 770knot dates, 1259Ltd Co dates, 543making for Avery, 523making for France, 1141mancur mkr, 434, 438Old Advert, 438, 536ostrich feather sc mkr, 518paper sc mkr, 1692, 1704parcel sc mkr, 1123patents, 286, 515, 549pen, 513person sc mkr, 536, 536, 547, 925, 1708, 2444plastic faced sc, 521postal sc mkr, 147, 455–456, 513, 519, 523, 538,

547, 551–552, 703, 706, 1036, 1123, 1141, 1253, 1256, 1259, 1262, 1452, 3024, 3028

pressure gauges, 536quadrant sc, 286, 288, 515, 525rack & pinion, 2130silk sc mkr, 518spring bal, 2087–2089, 2130, 2856, 3024, 3026

wholesale with Avery, W & T Ltd on face, 523

straight face spring bal, 315, 513, 521, 1259tension tester mkr, 224–225top pan sc, 513, 515, 525, 528, 536, 770, 1908trade sc mkr, 1440tubular sc, 521, 527, 2088typewriter, 543, 1256wholesalers, 1439, 1726wts, 519

Salter, Geo & Co Ltd: bathroom sc mkr, 543, 554bought Abbey Man Co dates, 544cocoa bean sc mkr, 544coffee sc mkr, 544cotton sc mkr, 544crane weigher mkr, 543–544dates, 543egg sc mkr, 381, 383, 417, 543ground nut sc mkr, 544kitchen sc mkr, 544milk recorder sc mkr, 543–544palm kernel sc mkr, 544patentee see patentee, British, Salterpig weighing sc mkr, 544pocket weigh-bridge, 543postal sc mkr, 1259, 1263properties in Berlin, 1438shell weighing sc mkr, 543sportsman sc mkr, 545standing weighing machine with dial, 2130sugar cane sc mkr, 544tea sc mkr, 544tension tester mkr, 543, 552testers, 543tobacco leaf sc mkr, 544

Salter, Geo Co: fireplace jack mkr, 2856spring sc mkr, 2856

Salter, George, patentee, 515, 2088Salter, George I:

dates, 1508patentee, 1508spring bal mkr, 1508

Salter, John, spring bal mkr, 515Salter, Richard:

dates, 1508spring bal mkr, 413, 515, 1508

Salter, T B, patentee, 549Salter, William:

dates, 1508spring bal mkr, 515, 1508, 1542

Salter & Co see Salter, Geo & CoSalter-Abbey, 545, 554"Salter in Berlin" (article by Beek), 1438–1440Salter Industrial Measurements Ltd, spring sc mkr,

1438Salter retailer, Waterlow & Sons, 3001, 3004Salter silver checker, sold by Waterlow, 3004Salter the Story of a Family Firm by Bache (review),

187Saltersches Haus, 1440Saltinstall-Taylor T & H, patentee, 650Samon, V-spring mkr, 1875"Samuel Turner Senior Parcel Scale" (article by

Laycock), 2936–2940Sanctorius, centesimal sc mkr, 887sand-blasting see verificationSanders:

author, 87, 135, 749, 1090, 1569, 1707, 1882, 2083

Short Histoy of Weighing (review), 87, 435Sanders, Thomas:

scientific instrument mkr, 1787working with Bate, Robert Brettell, 1787

Sanderson, W H, patentee, 3012Sandia National Laboratory, 2501Sandland, sc mkr, 3089"Sandy Harris, Scale Inventor"(article by Beyreis),

3110–3112Sangster, earthenware wts, 83Sangster, Elizabeth:

1768-1785 (date omitted), 1735coin sc mkr, 242mother of Sangster, Thomas, 242partner of Sangster, John II, 242, 1735widow of Sangster, William, 242

Sangster, Elizabeth & John: coin sc mkr, 9date, 9trade card, 9

Sangster, Henry: apprentice of Sangster, William, 1742employed by Sangster, William?, 1742

Sangster, J W & Co, successor of Sangster, John William, 1735

Sangster, James: apprentice of Picard, John, 212

coin sc mkr, 208, 212–214, 1069dates, 1735steelyard mkr, 214succeeded by Moffett, James Thomas, 1735trade card, 214wt mkr, 214

Sangster, John I: apprentice of Read, Samuel, 246, 1729apprentice of Roberts, Timothy, 243, 1735coin sc mkr, 242, 246dates, 1735father of Sangster, John II, 1735

Sangster, John II: apprentice of Newton, William, 1735apprentice of Read, Samuel, 1735partner of Sangster, Elizabeth, 242son of Sangster, John I, 1735

Sangster, John III: coin sc mkr, 1735dates, 1735father of Sangster, Robert, 1735moved to Portsea, 1735same address as Sangster, John William, 1735

Sangster, John William: dates, 1735same address as Sangster, John III, 1735succeeded by Sangster, J W & Co, 1735

Sangster, Joseph, worked in Southampton, 1735Sangster, Robert:

apprentice of DeGrave, Edward Abraham, 1735dates, 1735son of Sangster, John III, 1735worked in Landport, 1735

Sangster, Thomas: coin sc mkr, 242son of Sangster, Elizabeth, 242son of Sangster, William, 242

Sangster, William: apprentice of Brooksby, Thomas I, 213apprentice of Picard, John, 212coin sc mkr, 212–214, 242, 1069dates, 1735employer of Sangster, Henry?, 1742father of Sangster, Thomas, 242husband of Sangster, Elizabeth, 242master of Sangster, Henry, 1742

sao, sao-Bakari beams, 321sara bakari see steelyardSargent & Co:

American sc mkr, 1555spring bal mkr, 1555

Sartorius, Erich: dates, 836optical projection sc mkr, 837patentee, 836son of Sartorius, Florenz, 836

Sartorius, Florenz: dates, 836father of Sartorius, Erich, 836long beam design, 5precision bal mkr, 643, 701, 836semi-micro bal mkr, 5, 35, 37

Vacua mkr, 2591–2592, 2593–2597Sartorius, Florenz, 2593"Sartorius Again" (article by Holland), 2591–2592Sartorius-Werke, 2542

balance, 2542–2547, 2591–2592, 2593–2597, 2598, 2607, 2659, 2662

analytical bal mkr, 2607circular arrestment, 2607magnetic damping on, 2591pneumatic damping on, 2591Selecta, 2591–2592, 2597single-centre radial arrestment, 2597, 2607two-centre radial arrestment, inventor,

Mendeleyeff, 2591–2597, 2598Vacua, two-centre radial arrestment,

2591–2592, 2593–2597weighing in vacuum, 2591

sash, glass protection, 1599Satchell (author), 1998Saunders, Charles:

apprentice of Payne, Benjamin Matthew, 1737son of Saunders, Thomas, 1737

Saunders, Edward: apprentice of Payne, Benjamin Matthew, 1737dates, 1737

Saunders, James, sc mkr, 3089Saunders, Robert:

dates, 1734master of Grove, Christopher I, 1734master of Moore, William, 1734

Saunders, Thomas: dates, 1737father of Saunders, Charles, 1737sc beam forger, 1726

Sauter, August: apothecary sc mkr, 806long beam design, 5precision bal mkr, 5, 791

Savage, Alfred & Co: dates, 1732grocers sc retailer, 1726possibly successors of Savage, Joseph, 1732tea sc mkr, 1732

Savage, Joseph: apprentice of Dutton, James, 1732date, 1732possibly succeeded by Savage, Alfred & Co,

1732Save-all see Brower Mfg CoSavoure, J P, patentee, 275–276, 400Sawgood, John:

apprentice of Blackman, Solomon, 1735dates, 1735employed by DeGrave & Son, 1745master of Fowler, John, 1735master of Jones, Thomas II, 1735master of Wiggington, James, 1735partner of DeGrave, Charles, 1735partner of DeGrave, Mary, 1737

Saxon, Joseph, American designer, 102Saxon wts, 1074scabbard, do'tchin, 57

scale: automatic, 2214at Buchenwald Concentration Camp, 2238coin-operated

American, 1710–1712, 2392, 2423–2424pendulum, 1629, 2433person, 717, 2392, 2423–2433, 2433–2435

with height measuring, 2427ticket dispensing, 2427, 2458weight lifting, 2427

person sc see American Weigh; person scas component, 2214dairy, 2489–2492def, , 2571digital, 3024double beam, 2232–2233Dutch, 2183electronic, 2214–2215gem, 2785–2786grain, 3013–3014ice, 2220–2223indicator, 2227–2228knife edge principle, 2180marked for assembly, 2884–2886mystery

Fairbanks, 2582–2583with folding box, 2582–2583

Howe, 2582–2583with collapsible bucket, 2583–2584

nationalityAfghan, 2785–2786Egyptian, 3025Indian, 2309–2310

nonautomatic-indicating equal-arm counter, 2258

powder, 3020price computing, 2199–2209price-indicating, 2232–2238with printed readout, 2214seed, 3013–3014self-balancing, 2179self-computing, 2213self-indicating, 2179spring

with circular read out, 2181elliptical, 2181mancur, 2181sector, 2181Stebe, 2181

spring balance, 2181as system, 2214top pans, 2599–2600trip, 2230

scale beam-ends, 2572–2574scale cataloguing, 2571, 2574scale classification, 2571scale history, 2571–2572scale house:

British, 2336steelyard in, 2336

"Scale Hunting in Sri Lanka" (article by Wilson), 2311–2319

"Scale in Question": article by Crawforth, 53–55article by D Crawforth, 36–37

scale makers on Bartholomew Lane, Bayley, Michael, 3018–3019

scale makers on Bartholomew Lane, Franting , William & Co, 3019

scale makers on Bartholomew Lane, Freeman, Samuel, 3019

scale makers on Bartholomew Lane, Neale , Henry, 3017, 3019

scale makers on Bartholomew Lane, Newton , William, 3019

scale makers on Bartholomew Lane, Newton , William & Co, 3019

scale makers on Bartholomew Lane, Overing, Thomas, 3019

scale makers on Bartholomew Lane, Phillips, Walter, 3019

scale makers on Bartholomew Lane, Roberts , Timothy, 3019

scale makers on Bartholomew Lane, Roberts, Richard, 3019

scale makers on Bartholomew Lane, Roberts, Timothy & Son, 3019

"Scale Making in London" (article by D Crawforth), 207–215, 239–248

scale mkr: American

Borg, Eriksons, 2952Continental, Hutchinson, 2952Counselor, Brierley, 2952Detecto, Jacob, 2952Fairbanks, 2952Hanson, 2952

AT Co., 2227–2230British, Salter, 2240, 2952French, Terraillon, 2952German, Krups, 2952Westa, 2952

scale mkrs shop, 469scale mkrs tools, 471scale nationality, 2571scale plates, 84Scale Queen, 2340–2343

advertisers on, 2340–2342bowling version, 2343dates, 2341–2342leather covered, 2342makers, 2341marketing area for, 2342

scale retailer, Preston, Edward, 1726scale technicalities, 2572scale vocabulary, 2571scale weights, 2575scales:

def, 311ball, 2221cleaning, 3035–3036contracting, 2221counter, 2221ice, 2220–2223

mechanical advances in, 2213union, 2221

Scales, A Collector's Guide (review), 2392"Scales, Sales & Scrap" (article by Rangeley), 973–

979Scales & Balances by Graham (review), 355Scales & Weights by Kisch (review), 87, 186"Scales as Symbols" (article by Danforth), 739–749"Scales of the Gold Rush" (article by Doniger), 151–

158Scarratt's "Folders how wide?" (article), 2437Schall, Daniel & Co., 2458scheffel, German measure for grain, 51Scheins, Samuel:

dates, 1738successor of Shury, Samuel I, 1738

Schember, C & Sohne: Austrian sc mkr, 1698paper sc mkr, 1698–1699pendulum sc mkr, 1699see also catalogue

Schendler (author), 1871Scheurer, William, biography, 2151Scheurer's "The Science of Weighing Yesterday:

Part 1" (article), 2143–2155Part 2" (article), 2173–2182Part 3" (article), 2211–2216

Schickert's principle, 11–12, 78, 233–234, 427, 903, 1231, 1276–1277, 1281, 1413–1415, 1973, 2060, 2258, 2365–2366, 2370, 2603–2604

sold by Kohlbusch, Herman, 2606used by Automatic Scale Co Ltd., 2604, 2606used by Fairbanks, 2604used by I Brown, 2604used by Lund, 2604used by M Mark, 2604used by Maranville, 2604used by Schickert, 2604used by Stephenson, Howard & Davis, 2604used by White mfg. Co., 2604used on Kresky egg scale, 2604see also Mass Stabilised Pan

schild louis d'or see weights, denominationSchlaff see Anscheutz & SchlaffSchlesinger, M:

German sc mkr, 1179–1181, 1180trade card, 1180

Schmidt, Johannes, mancur mkr, 434Schmidt, Peter Ludwig:

C-spring mkr, 1875mancur mkr, 431, 434–435

Schmidt, Utz, biography, 2492Schmidt's:

"Beware of Fake Nesting Wts" (article), 251–253

"Early Recording Milk Scale" (article), 2489–2492

"Egyptian & Roman Scales" (lecture), 578–579"Grain Scales" (article), 51–53

Schmidt's Notes & Queries 150, "Who has a Handy Postal Scale?", 3045

Schmitz's, "Koch Parcel & Letter Scale" (article),

1917–1923Schmolz, W, bank sc patentee, 1020Schneckenberger, E, postal sc patentee, 704–705Schneekloth, H A, coin operated sc patentee, 2457Schneider (author), 435schnellwaage, 1246Schnellwaagenfabrik G M B H, 844–847

see also Tacho-Schnellwaagenfabrik G M B HSchoenly's, Newman repairing, letter, 1519Schoeps (author), 1954scholars bal mkr, Oertling, L Ltd, 1826Schooling, James:

apprentice of Read, Joseph, 1736apprentice of Read, Mercy, 1736coin sc mkr, 1736dates, 1736father of Schooling, James II, 1736master of Passer, James, 1736master of Townsend, John II, 1736partner of Schooling, James II, 1736succeeded by Schooling & Son, 1736

Schooling, James II: partner of Schooling, James, 1736son of Schooling, James, 1736

Schooling & Co: dates, 1736Schooling, James & Lawrence, John P &

Everitt, George, 1736successors of Schooling & Son, 1736

Schooling & Son: dates, 1736succeeded by Schooling & Co, 1736successors of Schooling, James, 1736

Schopper, Louis: German sc mkr, 80, 602, 753, 1174, 1692grain sc mkr, 80, 753paper sc mkr, 602, 1654, 1692, 1697–1698pendulum sc mkr, 80, 602, 753, 1174, 1697–

1698Schroder, Hermann, agent for Fairbanks, E & T, 724Schultze, Gustav F.W., 2459Schut, Ludwig, owner of Wagner & Co, 1921Schwandermann's More American Scales, letter, 1008Schwermann's Danish Grain Scale, letter, 825Schwilgué, Jean-Baptiste, 885–888

article by Haeberle, 885–888dates, 887decimal sc mkr, 721, 885–888inspector of W & M, 887partner of Rollé, Frederic, 721patentee, 888scientific instrument mkr, 887see also Rollé & Schwilgué

Science Museum, London, 2114–2115, 2244, 2248science of weighing, 2143, 2146, 2216

history of, 2216revolutionized, 2143, 2146

"The Science of Weighing Yesterday: Part 1" (article by Scheurer), 2143–2155, 2182Part 2" (article by Scheurer), 2173–2182Part 3" (article by Scheurer), 2211–2216

scientific instrument:

def, 2267mkr

Abrahams, A & Co, 1821Accum, Frederick, 1821Adams, George II, 1821Anderton & Calley, 1508Arstall, George, 2003, 2013Aston & Manders Ltd, 1821Baird & Tatlock Glasgow, 1821Baird & Tatlock London, 1821Becker, Christopher, 1000Berge, Matthew, 1787Blattner, Jacob, 1976Bleuler, John, 1727Brander, G F, 604Braun-Knecht-Heimann, 1821Breithaupt, 1821Brown, James, 1304Bunge, Paul, 1821Buss, Thomas Odempsey, 1727Cary, William, 1821Casartelli, Joseph, 1821Casella, L, 1821Casella, L P, 1821Collet, Freres, 1821Cooke, Troughton & Simms, 1791Corcoran, Bryan I, 1727Corless, 1787Cuff, John, 1850Dancer, J B, 1821Dell, William Rawbonn & Son, 1727Dicas, John, 2013Dicas, Mary, 2013Dicas & Arstall, 2014Dixey, Charles Wastell, 1727Dollond, George, 1821Dring & Fage, 1787, 1821Elliott, William & Sons, 1821Elliott Bros, 1821Field, John, 1787Fontaine, G, 1821Fraser, William, 1821Gallenkamp, A & Co, 1821Gamage, Benjamin, 2004Gardner, John, 1303–1311George, W & J, 1821Gniser, 51Graham, George, 1724Griffin, J J & Sons Ltd, 1821Griffin, John J & Co, 1821Griffin, John J & Sons, 1821Griffin, John Joseph, 1821Griffin, Richard & Co, 1821Griffiths, A, 1727Grubb, Thomas, 1800Gurley, W & L E, 1821Hanin, Guillaume Emmanuel, 1867Harris, P & Co (1913) Ltd, 1821Harris, Philip & Co, 1821Harris, Philip & Co Ltd, 1821Harrison, Charles, 1802Hicks, Joseph I, 1727

Holtzapffel & Co, 1787How, James, 1821Jackson, Frederick & Co Ltd, 1821Jones, Thomas I, 1724Jones, William & Samuel, 1821Knight, George & Sons, 1415Knight, Richard & George, 1821Ladd, E W, 1787Ladd & Oertling, 2080Langley, W, 1727Loftus, William Robert, 1727Long, Joseph, 1727, 1787Lort, John, 1825Maiben, Joseph M & Co, 1821Martin, Benjamin, 1300, 1821Mason, Thomas, 1826McKenzie, Alexander, 1727Nairne, Edward, 1724Negretti & Zambra, 1822Nemetz, Guiseppe, 1822Newman, John, 1822Oertling, Ludwig, 1724, 1822Paul, Robert W, 1822Pixii, N C, 1822Pixii, père & fils, 1822Potter, J D, 1787Pye, W G & Co, 1822Queen, James W & Co, 1822Queen & Co, 1822Ramsden, Jesse, 1724Reeves, W & Co, 1822Reynolds & Branson, 1822Reynolds & Branson Ltd, 1822Robinson, James, 1841Robinson, Thomas Charles, 1787, 1822Rowley, John, 1718, 1724Sanders, Thomas, 1787Schwilgué, Jean-Baptiste, 887Sikes, Bartholomew, 1787Simms, William, 1787Sisson, Jeremiah, 1853Snart, John II, 1730Snart, Neriah, 1730Spear, Richard, 1843Spencer, J & Son, 1843Spencer, John, 1843Spindler & Hoyer, 752Standley, Belcher & Mason, 1822Starke & Kammerer, 873Townson & Mercer, 1822Townson & Mercer Ltd, 1822Troughton, Edward, 1787Troughton & Simms, 1822Watkins & Hill, 1822Whitford, Samuel, 1732Wright, Alexander & Co, 1822Yeates & Son, 1822Zimmerman, A & M, 1822

retailerBrady & Martin, 1726, 1821Wooley, James Sons & Co, 1822Wooley, James Sons & Co Ltd, 1726,

1822Scientific Instrument Makers 1550-1851, 1967–1968scientific measurement, accuracy in, 2146scoop:

def, 196, 229, 311coal, 312confectioners, 130–131flour, 1728gold, 149–150, 154–155hammered, 1578photographic, 1028powder, 284pressed, 1578splitting, 1578weighing, American, 487–491, 2922–2924

scoop scales see weigh scoopscore, def, 1992Scott (author), 310Scott, M, patentee, 671Scottish:

Assize of David, 2018, 2020coin sc, 2068–2073grain sc, 1309Mediaeval trading, 1987, 1990metrology, 1987–1988pound, 1990trade sc, 1443weighing in drops, 2068–2073yarn bal, 1309

Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society Ltd: pot plate, 1443trade sc mkr, 1443

Scottish Mint, 2071Scottish rider wts, dates, 564Scottish sc:

mkrBaird & Tatlock, 1821Booth, G, 1720Brown, James, 1304Gardner, John, 1303–1311, 2070Griffin, Richard & Co, 1821Griffin & Tatlock Ltd, 479Hislop, 1198Lockhart, James?, 2068–2073Lumsden, Benjamin, 2070Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society

Ltd, 1443White, J & Son, 1071

scratch-blue see beer measurescrew plate, 1513screw removal, 1271scruple, def, 1297scruple wts see weights, denominationseal see verification marksealer of measures:

iron, 1139oath, 1137

sealers see inspectorsSears, Roebuck & Co, see also catalogueSeated Liberty, half-dollar, 2063Seaton, James, partner of Hunt, William, 1730seaxes, three (Middlesex), 1926

second new tenor see new tenorsector spring bal see V spring balSeeger, Ann, Deputy Curator NMAH, 3115–3117Seers:

C-spring mkr, 1875mancur mkr, 435

seizure, London, 43self-computing scale, 2213self indicating sc, 711, 715, 845, 2213

def, 229, 311computing, 890, 2213

weight & price, 2213counter, 2213drum-type, 2213fan-type, 2213

first, 692fraud, 1184mkr

Schnellwaagen-Fabrik G M B H, 845–847Walker, A & Co Ltd, 709

over and under, 845shop, 709, 1791

semi-automatic: price-computing, 974sc, butchers, 974

semi-automatic sc, 2470semi-micro bal:

def, 3mkr

Sartorius, 5Sartorius, Florenz, 5, 35, 37

see also Precision balsemi-roberval see half robervalsemi-self indicating sc, 711, 734

def, 311, 312butchers, 715, 973fraud, 1184mkr

Automatic Scale Co, 715Avery, W & T, 973–974Berkel Auto Scale Co, 2159Brecknell, Chas W Ltd, 2159British Scale Co Ltd, 2159Day & Milward Ltd, 2159Elliott Bros (London) Ltd, 2159Ferrell, A S & Co, 2159Gardner & Sons, 2159Herbert & Sons Ltd, 2159Hobart Manufacturing Co Ltd, 2159Leicester Scale Co Ltd, 2159Mattocks Automatic Scales Ltd, 2159Recsi, of Liege, Belgium, 2159Rogers, P & Loach Ltd, 2159Schnellwaagen-Fabrik G M B H, 845Siddons, J & J Ltd, 2159Vendome, Titford & Co Ltd, 2159Webb, W A Ltd, 2159

shop, 8, 715, 845semi-self indicating scales, mkr listing, 2159sensibility see sensitivitysensitivity:

def, 67, 312, 713

Class A, 1593Class B, 1593Class C, 1593contemporary 1978, 9counter sc, 9, 714intentional reduction, 719microbalances, 752steelyard, 67, 1424

sensors & readout, 2211Serrin, V, inventor, 620Sessler, Georg:

dates, 431mancur mkr, 431

Sessler, J G: C-spring mkr, 1864, 1875dates, 1876mancur mkr, 429–431, 1864

set-square & compasses, C-spring mkr, 1875"Sets of Weights" (article by Crawforth), 731–735Setton & Durward:

half-roberval & spring bow-front, 623postal sc mkr, 250, 623, 1259, 1261roberval Art Nouveau style, 125, 250spring bal mkr, 623, 1259

Setton & Durwood see Setton & Durwardseverin see weights, denomination"Seville Scale & the Circulation of Coin Weights"

(article by Zavattoni), 2995–2997Sewell, coin sc mkr, 2540Sewell, George:

apprentice of Read, Joseph, 1734, 2540apprentice of Sommers, Charles, 1734, 2540apprentice of Wornell, John, 1734, 2540coin sc mkr, 582dates, 1727master of Grove, Thomas, 1734master of Young, John I, 1734, 2540member of Skinners Co, 1727partner of Bate, Richard II, 1736, 2540partner of Young, John I, 1734, 2540sc mkr, 3088succeeded by Sewell & Young, 1734, 2540

Sewell & Young: coin sc mkr, 1734, 2450dates, 1734Sewell, George & Young, John I, 1734, 2540succeeded by Young, John I, 1734, 2540successors of Sewell, George, 1734

sextant mark (Sunderland), 1959Seymour, Charles F, American ccd mkr, 2063s'Gravesande see Gravesandesh see weights, denomination, shillingshackle, def, 284, 312shackle end, def, 172–173shackle end beam, 73, 80Shadolite see National Poultry Equipment CoShaffer, George W, Sealer, 3115–3116shagreen:

def, 312, 1394problems, 1394

shagreen box see box, shagreenshagreen case earliest?, Phillips, Walter, 1818

shagreen cleaning, 1269Shakespeare Birthplace Trust, 2464"Shakespear's Wood" (article by Sharp), 1323–1326Shaler, Ruben, family sc patentee, 2647–2649Shaler's family sc, 2647–2649"Shaler's Spring Balance" (article by Berning), 2647–

2649Shaman, Tony, biography, 3030Shaman's "Postal Scales for Collectors" (article),

3024–3030Shannon, Gerry & John, biography, 2627Shannon, John & Geraldine (authors), 2497–2498,

2793Shannon, Shannon & Burchard's "Blowpipe-Set

Balances" (article), 2623–2627Sharkey, P H:

dates, 1745patentee, 111, 312, 1745, 2315

sharkey end: def, 172, 312see also beam end shapes

sharkskin see ShagreenSharp, Thomas:

biography, 2464–2466clock & watchmkr, 2466coin sc box, 2464–2465

carved by Cooper, 2466–2467coin sc description, 2464coin sc mkr, 1323–1326, 2464–2468coin sc owners, 2466gunsmith, 2466silversmith, 2466suceeded by Sharp, John, 2467

"Sharp Practice" (article by Bearman), 2464–2468Sharples, G:

apothecary sc mkr, 802bullion bal mkr, 802of Preston, trade mark G S P in chain links, 802trade card, 802

Shaw, George Bernard: box of weights of, 2161–2162Houghton & Gunn retailer of, roberval postal sc,

2161–2162pocket spring balance of, 2162postal scales of, 2160–2163Salter letter scale of, 2161Salter parcel post balance of, 2162Samuel Turner Senior mkr of, roberval postal sc,

2161–2162scales of, 2160–2163

"Shaw's Scales and Weights" (article by Weiss), 2160–2163

shears, 169def, 9, 313extra-long, 1749Justice, 1290repair, 9sight-hole, 91, 311, 473, 1395, 1452, 1497,

1510, 1581, 1586–1590, 1714–1715, 1749, 1784, 1831, 2338

earliest English, 1784sheep sc, 148

sheet wts see weight, shapeshekel see weights, denomination, half-shekel;

weights, denomination, shekelSheldon, Frederick, steelyard mkr, 1027Sheldon, John:

advert 1854, 1682coin sc mkr, 1723dates, 446, 1723escritoire with sc, 1682postal pens, 446, 1233, 1682, 1999postal sc mkr, 1682, 1723spring sc mkr, 1682steelyard mkr, 1027successor of Sheldon & Smith, 446

Sheldon & Smith, succeeded by Sheldon, John, 446shelf edge sc:

def, 313bismar, 1031, 1231, 1233coin, 268–269, 1233letter, 236

shelf-edge sc, mkr, Mordan, Sampson & Co, 237shelf edge sc:

moving load, 1032postal, 595, 650, 1032, 1231, 1233

shell weigher, 543shell weighing sc, mkr, Salter, Geo & Co Ltd, 543Shenston, James Templar:

apprentice of Payne, Benjamin Matthew, 1737coin sc mkr, 988dates, 1737partner of Gore, Thomas Hunsden, 1737pot wts mkr, 1450successor of Gore & Shenston, 1737successor of Payne & Ovendon, 1732

Sheppard (author), 1796Sheppard, Blue, miner, 2793Sheppard & Musham, index, 197Sheppard & Musham (authors), 12, 15, 87, 169, 178,

277, 360, 498, 675, 816, 881, 1041, 1478, 1607, 1794, 1796, 1846, 1848, 2072

Sheppard & Musham's Money Scales & Weights (review), 87, 186, 360

Sherman, Henry: coin sc mkr, 242, 246, 248, 1355dates, 1734–1735husband of Sherman, Sarah, 242, 1734master of Neale, Samuel, 248, 1734

Sherman, Sarah: dates, 1734widow of Sherman, Henry, 242, 1734

shield mark (Lincoln), 1928shield with pellets, mark on wts, 69shilling see weights, denomination, shillingShilton, William, platform sc mkr, 725shop sc:

béranger, 289, 485, 530, 697, 784, 811, 2479–2488

computing, 890decimal, 227, 722, 887equal arm pillar, 7, 137, 256, 559, 712, 769, 824even balance trip, 994fan, 229, 709, 715

half roberval & spring, 180, 981inverted roberval, 131, 136, 257, 697, 731, 890,

1743medicine, 477micrometer steelyard, 360–361mkr

Allchin, Henry, 1733Angldile, 140AT Co., 2227–2230Automatic Scale Co, 715Avery, W & T, 731, 974, 1838Avery, W & T Ltd, 7, 289, 1839Bartlett, 824Bartlett, John & Son, 1732Becker & Sons, 477, 995Béranger & Cie, 784, 2479–2488Bourne, Thomas, 697Bourne & Smith, 132, 136, 419Buckelew & Waterman, 3110–3118Chatillon, 333–338, 447–452, 1556–1560,

1591–1601Computing sc, Co, 216–217Cooperative Wholesale Society, 712Day & Millward, 711Day & Millward Ltd, 958Detroit Automatic Scale Co, 3034Dodge Mfg Co, 360–361Fairbanks & Co, 46, 78, 106, 109, 992,

994, 1839Hart, David & Co, 1734Herbert & Sons, 1723–1748Hoe, Robert, 1736Howe Scale Co, 529–530, 901Hunt, William & Co, 1730Hunt & Co (Scales) Ltd, 1730Marlin, A, 758Newman, J, 1829Penn Scale Mfg Co, 647Perry, W G & Son, 559Quintenz, A, 722Salter, Geo & Co, 547Schnellwaagen-Fabrik G M B H, 845–

847, 889–892Simpson, R, 736Springer Torsion Balance Co, 671Steinfield & Blasberg, 529Stillwell, Edward & Sons (wrongly called

Stillwell Ed II), 1732Stimpson, W F Co, 3034Stimpson Computing Scale Co, 3034Terazzi, Hisar, 446, 485Troemner, Henry, 811Walker, A & Co Ltd, 709Wedderburn, Frederick, 1730White, J & Son, 1071Young & Son, 800

nationalityAmerican, 46, 78, 106, 109, 140, 216–217,

333–338, 360–361, 447–452, 477, 529–530, 647, 811, 901–904, 995, 1556–1560, 1591–1601, 1839

French, 647, 758, 784, 1525, 1569–1571,

2479–2488German, 529, 722, 845–847, 889–892Japanese, 321Turkish, 446, 485

numbers in, 713optical projection, 889phanzeder sc, 284platform & steelyard, 736, 758retailers

Hetherington, R D D, 1447Pike & Ellerman, 1726Smith & Stevenson, 1447Stirling, Alexander, 1447

roberval, 46, 78, 136, 217, 530, 647, 709, 711, 769, 994, 1071, 2479–2488, 2515

self indicating, 709, 890semi self indicating, 311, 715, 974spring, 447–452, 547, 549, 647steelyard, 320–321, 360–361torsion, 671trip, 647two beam steelyard, 217union, 1839–1840vibrating, 289, 290

shop sign: angel & Kings arms, 207angel & sc, 247, 1382, 1783, 3017–3019angel & star, 207–208, 1382bird in ring, 247crown & sc, 1761, 1763, 1830–1832falcon & sc, 1782golden borole (ball), 207hammer & crown, 207, 1291, 1377hand & sc, 205, 207, 210, 215, 244, 676, 1391–

1396, 1501, 3018–3019heart & sc, 210justice & sc, 207, 1581–1585, 1769, 1798, 2066,

3017, 3019King's Arms, 1381, 1801porrige pot, 1383–1384sun & sc, 1040, 1380three cocks, 208, 1383

shop signs, prohibited in London, 1398Shorey, Ebenezer:

apprentice of Bassingham, Robert, 1731dates, 1731related to Shorey, Ebenezer George?, 1731

Shorey, Ebenezer G, successor of Wiggington, James & Thomas, 1735

Shorey, Ebenezer George: dates, 1731related to Shorey, Ebenezer?, 1731related to Shorey, Henry Charles?, 1731related to Shorey, W?, 1731

Shorey, Henry Charles: dates, 1731related to Shorey, Ebenezer George?, 1731related to Shorey, W?, 1731

Shorey, W: date, 1731related to Shorey, Ebenezer George?, 1731

Shorey W, related to Shorey, Henry Charles?, 1731

Short see DeGrave, Short & FannerShort, Samuel R, partner of DeGrave, Edward

Abraham & Fanner, William, 1737Short, Samuel Robinson, 2263Short History of Weighing by Sanders (review), 87short weight, banned, 2034short wt, law, 1182Showcase, 360, 408, 437, 479, 505, 529–530, 558–

559, 647, 676, 753, 784, 811–813, 856–857, 896–897, 957–958, 979–981, 1039, 1071, 1101, 1123, 1462–1464, 1667–1687, 2037, 2056, 2163, 2390, 2444, 2559–2560, 2643–2644, 2815, 2872, 2899, 2922, 2951, 3012, 3019, 3091, 3124

Shreiner, Isaac, hardware store owner, 2889Shropshire (Salop), 121Shuckburgh, George, scientist, 393Shunsho's Hundred Poems, print of do'tchin in use

1775, 59Shury, Richard:

dates, 1738succeeded by Shury, Samuel III, 1738successor of Shury, Samuel II, 1738

Shury, Samuel I: apprentice of DeGrave, Charles I, 1738dates, 1738father of Shury, Samuel II, 1738master of Shury, Samuel II, 1738succeeded by Scheins, Samuel, 1738succeeded by Shury, Samuel II, 1738

Shury, Samuel II: apprentice of Shury, Samuel I, 1738dates, 1738son of Shury, Samuel I, 1738succeeded by Shury, Richard, 1738successor of Shury, Samuel I, 1738

Shury, Samuel III: dates, 1738successor of Shury, Richard, 1738

Shuzui, steelyard mkr, 321, 325Siamese wts see weights, nationality, ThaiSiddons, 2438

wts, 545, 585Siddons, J & J:

bread sc mkr, 1089shop sc, 1184see also catalogue

Siddons, Joseph & Jesse, pot plate, 1450Siddons, Joseph & Jesse Ltd:

dates, 638pot plate, 1450trade sc mkr, 1450wts, 638

side beam (U S A ) see Tare barSiebe, Augustus, 2451

address next to Medhurst, George, 1886address next to Medhurst, T F & F, 1886dates, 1886elliptical spring mkr, 1886exhibited at 1851 Exhibition, 1886fishing sc mkr, 1726founded Siebe, Gormon & Co, 1888

inventor, 1902lyre spring bal mkr, 1888partner of Marriott, Henry, 1882patentee, 66, 1882, 1886–1887, 1902person sc mkr, 1886spring bal mkr, 1466, 1886–1888, 2300spring bal patentee, 66, 1466, 2300

Siebe, Gormon & Co, founded by Siebe, Augustus, 1888

Siebe & Marriott: elliptical spring sc mkr, 1861Siebe, Augustus & Marriott, Henry, 1882

"Siebe & Marriott" (article by Crawforth, D), 1882–1888

siege money, 2401sight-hole:

def, 91, 193, 313indicator, 91, 549, 977, 1097, 1189shears, 1395, 1452, 1510

lantern, 1581, 2995–2997mkr, Watson, Robert, 1586, 1714round, 1583, 1714tear-drop, 1587

"Sight-hole Shears" (article by Crawforth, D), 1586–1590

SIGILL COMIT VIGORN & 3 pears (Worcestershire), 1977

Sikes, Bartholomew: hydrometer inventor, 2003hydrometer mkr, 2003scientific instrument mkr, 1787working with Bate, Robert Brettell, 1787

Silk, Edward & Co: dates, 638wts, 617, 638

silk cleaning, 1270silk cords, 205, 206silk sc:

mkrSalter, 514Salter, Geo & Co, 518

spring, 518siller wecht, 2071silver braid balls, 205–206, 247silver coins, 2401silver half dollars, 754silver prover, 1140silver sc, postal, 1049, 1077, 1667–1668Silver Showcase (article), 1667–1687Silvester, J, patentee, 455–456, 515–516, 524–525,

549, 1253, 1262Silvester, Richard & Co:

dates, 2made medallion for Hooper, H, 2

Silvester, Thomas, patentee, 515, 549Silvester & Co:

bismar mkr, 1220postal sc mkr, 2, 19, 1220

Silvester's Patent see Salter, Geo & CoSimcock, Tony:

author, 2172biography, 2172

Simcock's: "Roman Steelyard?" (article), 1819"William Ball of Bister" (article), 2388–2390

Simcox, Pemberton & Sons: date, 1519postal sc mkr, 1520S P & Sons, 1519steelyard mkr, 1520

Simcox & Pemberton: dates, 1520postal sc mkr, 1520postal steelyard, 1520S & P, 1519–1520steelyard mkr, 1520

Simmonds Precision, buyer of Becker's Sons, 2184Simmonds Precision N V:

precision bal mkr, 844successors of Fijn-mechanische Industrie

Becker's Sons N V, 844Simmons, ccd mkr, 621Simms, William:

scientific instrument mkr, 1787working with Bate, Robert Brettell, 1787

simnel bread, 1052"Simple wts for Coins" (article by Crawforth), 166–

167Simpson, , Mary, artist, 3072–3073Simpson (author), 2072Simpson, Allen, biography, 2110Simpson, Dr. Allan, 2444Simpson, Dr. Allen, biography, 2072Simpson, R:

date, 736platform sc of Fairbanks design, 726trade card, 736weigh-bridge mkr, 736

Simpson, W R: butchers sc mkr, 1842dates, 1842

Simpson & Connor's: "Fourteenth-Century Wts Systems: A Response"

(article), 2107–2110"Weighing in the Early 14th Century, Part 1"

(article), 1987–1998"Weighing in the Early 14th Century, Part 2"

(article), 2015–2024Simpson's "Coins weighed by the Drop" (article),

2068–2072Sims, J G:

Angldile plant manager, 2138Angldile sales agent, 2138

Sindall: English paper scientist, 3077paper sc mkr, 1692, 3077

single-lever machine, def, 312–313single-lever scoop sc, 976Sisson, Jeremiah:

precision bal mkr, 1853scientific instrument mkr, 1853

six ounce wt, 88, 142size see inspectionSkinner (author), 808

Skinner, George, apprentice of Williams, Edward, 1731

Skinner, Henry: apprentice of Smith, Thomas, 1736partner of Webb ?, 1736

Skinner, William: apprentice of Vincent, Robert II, 1729, 2066apprentice of Williams, Thomas I, 1732, 2066coin sc mkr, 1729dates, 1732steelyard mkr, 2066successor of Oxley, Henry, 1732, 2066trade card, 2066

Skinners' Co: guild, 1389, 1395, 1727member Sommers, Joseph II, 1742

Slack see Bergman & SlackSleigh, George:

apprentice of Sleigh, Richard I, 1742employed by Sleigh, Richard I?, 1742

Sleigh, Richard I: apprentice of Neale, John, 244, 1729coin sc mkr, 242, 245dates, 1737employer of Sleigh, George?, 1742father of Sleigh, Richard II, 1737master of 8 apprentices, 1743master of Clark, Edward, 1739master of Sleigh, George, 1742

Sleigh, Richard II: late freedom, 1742son of Sleigh, Richard I, 1737

slide: def, 311, 313coin, 235, 313

sliding beam steelyard, def, 314–315sliding poise, pendulum sc, 1650sliding saddle, 236, 311slot gauge, 272–277

steelyard, 1027Slotosch, M, patentee, 298, 680slotted wts:

def, 314see also Weight, shape

slow, def, 314"Slow Discovery" (article by Wilson), 2520–2524,

2586"Small World, Wasn't It?" (article by Katz), 2628Smallholder see Elt, George H LtdSmallman, J L, Irish sc mkr, 1842Smart, Richard:

assay master of Cork, 1472–1473coin wts mkr, 1472–1473, 1771, 1842dates, 1842official wts mkr for Ireland, 1755, 1842R.S mark, 1473, 1771

Smeaton, John: engineer & inventor, 1118Lunar Society associate, 1120

Smelt, Elizabeth: dates, 1739successor of Smelt, John, 1739

widow of Smelt, John, 1739Smelt, John:

dates, 1739husband of Smelt, Elizabeth, 1739son of Smelt, Samuel, 1739succeeded by Smelt, Elizabeth, 1739

Smelt, Samuel: apprentice of Harris, John, 1738apprentice of Wright, Edward (omitted in error),

1738dates, 1738employed by Neale, Henry (omitted in error),

1738father of Smelt, John, 1738–1739master of Jackson, John, 1739master of Prickett, James, 1738

Smethwick mark, 2031Smith, A:

Mauchline-ware bismar, 427–428patentee, 427–428postal sc mkr, 427–428

Smith, Adam (author), 495, 1063Smith, Ben, biography, 2208Smith, F H, patentee, 566Smith, G & Wells, J J:

American patentee, 962ccd patentee, 962

Smith, Gideon B, patentee of ccd, 13, 787Smith, Harriet:

successor of Smith, Thomas, 1736widow of Smith, Thomas, 1736

Smith, Joseph: apprentice of Vaughton, Christopher, 1737dates, 1737

Smith, T J, patent agent, 509Smith, T J & J, postal sc mkr, 482Smith, Thomas:

apprentice of Pallett, Thomas I, 1736dates, 1736husband of Smith, Harriet, 1736master of Doyle, John, 1736master of Skinner, Henry, 1736succeeded by Smith, Harriet, 1736

Smith, W R, coin operated sc patentee, 2457Smith, William:

apprentice of Williams, Thomas I, 1730dates, 1730grain sc mkr, 1730master of Knowles, Robert Arthur, 1733, 1741master of Peck, John, 1730, 1733master of Richardson, Jacob, 1733partner of Dutton, James, 1730succeeded by Dutton & Smith, 1733

Smith, William & Co: dates, 1733succeeded by Smith, William & Co Ltd, 1733successors of Dutton & Smith, 1733

Smith, William & Co Ltd: date, 1733at same address as Allchin, Henry & Co, 1733same address as Gilbert John A & Co, 1733successors of Smith, William & Co, 1733

Smith, William Standish: patentee, 2139Smith Scale Co, 2139

Smith & Stevenson: butchers outfitters, 1447pot plate, 1447shop sc retailers, 1447trade sc retailer, 1447

Smith & Thompson, assay bal mkr, 2498Smith Scale Co:

buyers of Angldile Computing Sc Co, 2139mkr of Exact Weight scales, 2139questions concerning, 2139

Smith's "Inventing the Moneyweight Scale" (article), 2232–2238

Smith's "Remarkable Moneyweight Scale" (article), 2199–2208

Smythson, postal sc retailers, 938snake & arrow trade mark, Krups, Robert, 1872snake beam, postal sc, 345Snart, Charles:

apprentice of Vincent, Robert II, 1729–1730coin sc mkr, 1729dates, 1730master of Price, Richard, 1730partner with Clarke?, 1730same address as Snart, John II, 1730

Snart, John I: apprentice of Hart, Joseph I, 248, 1735captain in the Militia, 1785coin sc mkr, 208, 210–212, 245, 248, 1069dates, 210, 1735grain sc mkr, 80master of Bate, Richard, 211master of Hart, Benjamin, 211master of Mantell, Samuel, 1736master of Overing, Thomas, 211master of Picard, John, 210, 1735Standard W & M, 1718, 1720succeeded by Oven, Henry, 1736trade card, 210

Snart, John II: dates, 1730same address as Snart, Charles, 1730scientific instrument mkr, 1730succeeded by Snart, Neriah, 1730

Snart, Neriah: date, 1730scientific instrument mkr, 1730took over from Snart, John II, 1730

Snart & Clarke: date, 1730sc mkr, 1730

Snell, S, patentee, 567–568Snow, J H, weigh scoop patentee, 492Snow, Thomas, steelyard mkr, 1378Snowhill, 1745Societa Cooperativa Bilanciai della Campogalliano,

Italian sc mkr, 2027Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mecanique:

French sc mkr, 888platform sc mkr, 888

successors of Strasburg-Grafenstadt Engine Co, 888

Société Anonyme Française des Appareils Automatiques, 2435

Société Métrique de France, 424Soho foundry, 118solder, def, 2525solder-computing scale, 2549solder test scale, 2525–2529, 2549, 2550

cabinet for, 2549case for, 2525–2528dates, 2525–2527Kolbusch, Herman

distributor, 2528distributor for Fairbanks, 2550

mkrAvery, W & T, 2549Butterworth, 2549Fairbanks, 2525, 2550Troemner, 2525–2527Tutbury, 2549

new prices for, 2525–2529, 2550Richards, J, distributor for, 2528Sargent, E N, distributor for, 2527, 2529use of, 2525–2529

soldering, 1674solotnik wts see Weights, denominationSomerset mark, 1956Somersetshire Coal Canal, 2415Sommers see England, Parker & SommersSommers, Charles:

apprentice of Sommers, Joseph I, 1389assay sc mkr, 1392C S mark on wts, 499coin sc mkr, 215, 499–502, 1388–1399, 2540dates, 1735diamond sc mkr, 1392father of Sommers, Joseph II, 1735master of Sewell, George, 1734, 2540master of Sommers, Joseph II, 215partner in Sommers & Gibson, 215partner in Sommers & Son, 215partner of Gibson, Elizabeth, 215receiver of City Customs, 1398shops, 1391son of Sommers, Joseph I, 1389steelyard mkr, 215, 1393succeeded by Sommers & Gibson, 1735successor of Gibson & Sommers, 215successor of Sommers, Joseph I, 1735trade card, 215, 1392–1398wt mkr, 215, 503, 1393

Sommers, Charles II, coin sc mkr, 1388–1399Sommers, Joseph I:

alias Sommers I, 1388apprentice of Picard, John, 212, 1388dates, 1735father of Sommers, Charles I, 1389I S mark, 1390master of 5 apprentices at once, 1729master of Poussett, Philip, 211, 1389master of Sommers, Charles I, 1389, 1735

succeeded by Sommers, Charles, 1735Sommers, Joseph II:

apprentice of Sommers, Charles I, 215coin sc mkr, 215, 1388–1399dates, 1735member of Skinners' Co, 1742partner in Sommers & Son, 215partner in Sommers & Stanley, 215partner of Stanley, Nathaniel, 1735succeeded by Sommers & Stanley, 215, 1735wanted by Blacksmith's Co, 1742

Sommers, Samuel, coin sc mkr, 1388Sommers & Gibson:

dates, 1735Sommers, Charles & Gibson, Elizabeth, 1735succeeded by Sommers, Charles, 215, 1735successors of Gibson, Elizabeth, 215successors of Sommers, Charles, 1735

Sommers & Son: assay sc mkr, 1396coin sc mkr, 215, 1396dates, 1735diamond sc mkr, 1396inspectors sc mkr, 1397Sommers, Charles & Sommers, Joseph II, 1735steelyard mkr, 1396succeeded by Sommers & Stanley, 1735successors of Sommers & Gibson, 1735wts mkr, 1396

Sommers & Stanley: coin sc mkr, 215, 1399dates, 1735Sommers, Joseph II & Stanley, Nathaniel, 1735succeeded by Stanley, Nathaniel, 1735successors of Sommers, Joseph, 215, 1735

Sommers I see Sommers, Joseph I"Sommers Scalemakers" (article by Crawforth, D),

1388–1399Sorel, Agnes, 2621sorting machines mkr:

Bernstein, Aaron David, 1947–1955Cotton, William, 103, 1962–1963Reitze, 1171–1177

Sorting Office, 1228Edinburgh, 1228London, 1228

Soslau (authors), 2083South African W & M, 439–444South Shields mark, 1960Southall & Smith, succeeded by Driver, Southall Ltd,

1734Southerton see Davis & Southertonsouverin d'or see weights, denominationsovereign:

checking, 103, 114, 1125coin introduced, 915, 1125see also weights, denomination, sovereign

sovereign ccd mkr: Avery, W & T, 717, 1180B C, 2332Bourn, 272, 2332C & S, 2332

Cattle, Bennett, 272–273, 2332Davis, G, patentee, 269, 274Greaves, E, 235–237Greaves, John & Son, 238Harris & Co, 274, 1034Harrison, 287, 365, 446, 1034Helliwell, 621Hulston & Lucas, 2332Hyams, H, 2332Midgley & Co, 2332Mordan, S & Co, 27, 947, 949Norton, W W & Co, 2332Palk & Norton, 2332Pickett, 2332Poncia, P, 2332, 2777Simmons, 621T S, 2332Winfield, R W, 12, 235

sovereign ccds, 12, 235, 287, 356, 2332, 2777"Sovereign Rocker Makers" (article), 2332sovereign sc:

equal arm, 263folding bal, 200, 1028mass stabilised pan, 233–234mkr

Cooke, 199Heeley, James & Sons, 1039Henry, Solomon, 263Sheldon, John, 1027Shenstone, J T, 988Winfield, R W, 233see also ccd mkr; folding gold bal, mkr

pendulum, 199steelyard, 1028, 1039

sovereign sorting see sorting machineSoyer, Alexis, chef & author, 769Spanish box end:

def, 172see also beam end shapes

Spanish coinage, 307, 1605pesetas, 307

Spanish colonial coinage, peso, 307Spanish fish wts, 981Spanish hydrostatic weighing (1604), 362Spanish nesting wts, 251"Spanish Patent 1860" (article by Berastegui), 307Spanish patentee see patentee, SpanishSpanish Peak Mining Co, 1216Spanish sc:

ccd, 307chick pea, 420–421coin, 1605mkr

Castell, 421J G I, 421Rosal, Tomas, 1605Treff, 307

Spanish wool merchants, 2021Spanish wts made in England, 1818Sparks, Treharne & Co:

apothecary sc retailer, 802trade card, 802

Spaulding & Co, spring bal mkr, 1671Spear, coin wts mkr, 1843Spear, Richard:

coin wts mkr, 1843dates, 1843grain sc mkr, 1843scientific instrument mkr, 1843

Speciality Mfg Co, 340, 382–383, 415Acme trade name, 382American sc mkr, 340, 383, 410, 415, 1282,

1315egg sc mkr, 340, 383, 410, 415, 1282, 1315Unique trade name, 414

specific gravity, value scale for US coins, 2776specific gravity bal, 756, 1719, 2304, 2578, 2729–

2730, 2731–2735, 2775–2777def, 314mkr

Griffin, J J & Sons, 757Ohaus Scale Corp, 2775

retailer, Boro Laboratories & Appliances Co Ltd, 755

Spectaclemakers Co Guild, 1724Speedie Egg sc see James Mfg CoSpeer, Richard see Spear, RichardSpeight (author), 1961spelter, postal scale, 2511Spencer, J & Son:

precision bal retailer, 1843retailer of Ladd & Oertling bal, 1843scientific instrument mkr, 1843successor of Spencer, John, 1843

Spencer, John: dates, 1843scientific instrument mkr, 1843succeeded by Spencer, J & Son, 1843wts retailer, 1843

Spere, Richard see Spear, RichardSpeter, M (author), 564sphinx, foot, 1289spice pound, 1994, 2019spice sc, 234

mkrFairbanks, 1805Fairbanks & Co, 1805

spice weighing, mediaeval trading practices, 1987, 1994, 2017, 2019, 2023

Spicers' Guild Co, 1994see also Grocers' Co

spider, def, 227, 229, 314Spiegler, O, theorist, 578–579Spindler & Hoyer:

dates, 752precision bal mkr, 750–753scientific instrument mkr, 752

Spinks see Clarke & SpinksSpink's auctions, 1795spirit level, 1257, 2131–2140split rings banned, 614sportsman bal, spring, 545, 554sportsman bal mkr, Salter, Geo & Co Ltd, 545sportsman sc, mkr, Salter, Geo & Co Ltd, 545

Sprague, Carlton W., 2501Sprague, Nathan T Jr, 2756

owner of Brandon Mfg Co., 2756Spratts Patent Ltd, egg sc, 381–382spring:

c-spring, 1863–1876compensated, 1466damper, 1599distortion, 1466elliptical, 1465, 1861, 1884–1885external, 1630–1631, 2000fatigue, 1467flexure, 1651, 1902–1910, 1915–1916, 1933–

1935, 1964–1966, 1984–1986friction, 1467identifying half-roberval & spring linkage, 1908leaf-spring see flexurelyre, 1466, 1888mancur, 1863–1876multiple elliptical, 1884pan-sized helical, 1630–1631paper sc, 1692, 1704postal sc, 2058, 2825slide & dial, 1560spiral, 1405tapering helical, 1375temperature compensation, 1887V-spring, 1863

spring adjustment, torsion bal, 997spring bal:

def, 314advantages, 1598animal, 1883animal feed, 1039baby, 333, 335, 338, 516, 526, 1600bank, 518, 526, 528beehive, 1669–1670bicycle, 518bifurcated pointer, 2829–2830bow front, 513, 546, 551, 623, 922, 1259, 1407,

1671–1674, 2556–2560bread, 523butcher, 1883, 1903butter, 526C-spring, 258, 260, 429–435, 1863–1867, 1871–

1876, 1986, 2826–2828C-spring with rack & pinion, 1868, 1870, 2828C-spring with rocking plate, 1869cadran annulaire, 1866candlestick, 11, 224, 361, 401–408, 623, 686,

839, 1073, 1223, 1287, 1375, 1535, 1558, 1669, 1976, 2340, 2414, 2828, 3026, 3030, 3097–3109

circular, 515, 521, 525, 544, 2088–2089cloth, 1168coil, 1405coin counting see bankcoin freed, 549compression, 11, 78, 224, 401–408, 513, 521,

623, 2826, 3097–3109def, 194–195

computing, 2831

counter, 1039, 1439, 1557, 1600, 2831crane, 516, 549, 1906, 2829D L H see demi-luneD L O see mancurD-spring, 1867dairy, 526, 544demi-lune hexagonal, 1865, 1871–1872dial & slide, 2831dial & slot, 521dial face, 78, 513, 516–517, 549, 1073, 1093,

1248–1249, 1465, 1866diet, 525–526, 1250disc, 2829double cased flexure springs, 2826, 2829dynamometer, 224–225, 2832earliest English?, 1384East Lake style, 1600egg, 381, 383, 417, 524–526, 543, 552, 922,

1283, 1601, 2825elliptical, 1465, 1861, 1869, 1882, 2829equivalent, 524, 526error permitted, 67, 2826external parallel bars, 1039, 1601family, 517, 1439, 1595, 1630–1631, 2073,

2647–2649fan, 549feed, 1039fish, 451, 2825–2826, 2828flat face, 316, 515, 517, 521, 523, 551, 1093flat spring see flexureflexure, 213, 231, 472, 517, 549, 1401, 1651,

1861–1916, 1931–1935, 1984–1986, 2826–2828

fraud, 1184friction, 1600–1601German crab, 1863glass, 1168GPO, 552, 1123grain, 518, 524–525, 1451grain sc, 518, 524, 1451gun trigger trip indicator, 2832half roberval, 133, 312, 383, 1439, 1600

identifying, 1908half roberval & spring, 515, 527–528, 1093,

1669–1675, 1679, 2830hay fork, 666–667helical, 2826–2827history, 2826–2827horn, 190household, 1630hunters, 1864ice, 1595–1597inventor, Thorp & Tasker, 1168kettle, 775kitchen, 355, 505, 517–518, 526, 528, 551, 676,

753, 765, 770, 774, 877, 958, 981, 1248–1250, 1439, 1466, 1883, 1945, 1964, 1985–1986, 2073

ladle, 1945, 1965–1966leather inspection, 1596letter, 2825–2828levered or rack & pinion pointer, 2829–2830

Liberty, 981luggage, 2825–2826mancur see C-springmancur with round spring, 1874milk, 88, 223–224, 543–544, 1039, 1595, 1599milk see dairy scmirror, 549mkr

Abbey Manu Co, 545Alderman, T W & Co, 40Alexanderwerk, 2832B, 1874B D, 1874Belmont, 554Besnard, 1874Blombach, C, 1874Boe-Paupier, à Paris, 1874Böelle, à St Christoph, 1865, 1874Böelle, M, 432, 433, 435, 1874, 2826Böelle & Breard, 1874Boker, H, 435Boker, Henry, 435, 1874Boker, Henry & Co, 435, 1874Boucher, J B, 1874Braby, Thomas, 1903, 1915–1916Bremner see Morton & BremnerBriais, Narcissé, 1373, 1404, 1535Bureau des Ecorces, 1874C G, 1874C L B, 1874C M P, 1874Carlton, 554Casartelli, 1168Chatillon, John & Sons, 88, 333–338, 417,

447–452, 1249–1250, 1555–1560, 1591–1601, 1705, 2649

Chemin, 1867Chemin à Paris, 1867Cheville père, 1875Computing Scale Co., 2831Crescent see PelouzeCriterion see Setton & DurwardCumberland, Duke of, 2826D B, 1874D M, 1875D P, 1875Dairyman's Supply Co, 223–224, 2489–

2492, 2830Dakin Manufacturing Co, 1933–1934Davis, John, 1508Delalande, 1875Devey, John, 1508Dubois, Jacques, 1875Duchess see PelouzeDumaine, 1875Dumaine, P, 432, 435, 1875, 2827Dupont, J au Fresne, 1875E H, 1875E L B, 1986E L S, 1875E W, 1258Elt, Geo Ltd, 383

Exact Weight Scale Co, 704F D, 1875F D P, 1875F F, 1875F H, 1875Fairbanks & Co, 78, 86, 107fish/dolphin (Kind & Cie), 1876Fleuri, 1875Fleuri, à Pont Degrene, 1875Fleuri, G, 1875Fleuri, M, 1875Fleury, 1875Fleury, Frères, 1875flower, 1876Forschner, 1555Forschner & Sons Inc, 1039Foster, 1555Frary, 1555Gifford Wood Co., 2221Gorham, 1049, 1669, 1675Grund, P, 1875H & M, 435, 1875H S, 1875Hamon, F, 1875Hamon, H, 1875Hamon, I?, 1875Hamon, P ainé, 1875Hamon, Paul, 1875Hamon, Pierre, 1875Hanin, 1073, 1867, 1875Hanin, à Paris, 1875Hanin, à St Romaine, 1875Hanin, ainé, 1875Hanin, fils, 1867, 1875Hanin, fils à Paris, 1875Hanin, fils à St Romaine, 1875, 2826,

2828Hanin, le père, 1875Harper, John & Co Ltd, 1964Hartley, 773Herbert & Sons, 1748Herbertz, P, 1871, 1875Hilger & Sons, 435, 1875Hoppe, 1555I crowned, 1875I G. V P, 1875I L, 1875I L T M, 1875Imhoff & Lang, 1875J B crowned, 1875J B G, 1875J M R, 1875Jarres, R, 1875Jung, C, 435, 1875K & M, 1875Kalthoff, P, 1875Kind & Cie, 1876Klein, I, 1875Kleuser, W, 435, 1875Krups, Robert, 505, 1875L & S, 1669L B, 1875

L B & flower, 1875Labiche, à Sourdeval, 1875Landers, 1555Landers, Frary & Clark, 676Lansen, 1875Le Termelier, Andre, 1875Le Termelier A G T E, 1875LeBoucher, 1865, 1875LeBoucher, Eugene, 1875LeBoucher, Jnr, 1875LeBoucher, Manuel, 1875Leboucher, W, 435LeBoucher & crescent, 1875Lebreton, Eugene, 1875Lebreton, Fils ainé à Sourdeval, 1875Lemercier, 1875Letermelier, 1873Leuser, W H, 1986Lisicaux, 1875Lockhaus & Gunther, 435, 1875Lowe, Thomas, 1508Lowe, Thomas II, 1508Luginbuhl, Ulrich, 1867, 1875M B, 1875M F, 1875M F G, 1875M F I, 1875M M & S see MyersM S G, 1875Mari I crowned, 1875Marriott, Henry, 66, 1465–1466, 1725,

1876, 1882, 2829Marriott, William Adolphus, 1885Marriott & Crowe, 1885Maul, Philipp Jakob, 1630–1631, 1651,

1933MG C, 1875Miquelard & Avranches, 1875Mordan, Sampson & Co, 947, 1233, 1684Morton & Bremner, 1555, 2649Myers, M & Son, 383O L B, 1875P F, 1875P Q R, 1875Parker, CC & S B, 509–510Paupier, L, 1873Peck, Stow & Wilcox, 1555Pelouze, 623, 1259, 1555, 1671–1673,

2000Perfas, 647Pooley, Henry & Son, 1885Querue, 1875R C, 1875R S, 435, 1875R V, 1875Ratcliff, Joseph & Edmund, 403–407, 686,

1223, 3102–3103, 3106–3108Reform, 1875Régnier, à Paris, 1875Régnier, à Samur, 1875Renaut, N, 1875Riviere, 1875

Rooke, W I E, 408, 1223S & D see Setton & DurwardSalter, G, 513, 515–529, 543–554Salter, Geo & Co, 286–288, 383, 417, 431,

434, 438, 456, 470, 703, 765, 922, 1123, 1259, 1555, 1598, 1692, 1873–1875, 2073, 2826, 2831

Salter, George I, 1508Salter, R, 515Salter, William, 515, 1508Salter-Abbey, 545, 554Salter Industrial Measurements Ltd, 1438Samon, 1875Sargent & Co, 1555Schmidt, Peter Ludwig, 31, 434–435,

1875Seers, 435, 1875Sessler, J G, 429–431, 1864, 1875set-square & compasses, 1875Setton & Durward, 623, 1259Shaler, Ruben, 2647–2649, 2827Sheldon, John, 946, 1682Siebe, Augustus, 1466, 1886–1888Siebe & Marriott, 1861, 2829Spaulding & Co, 1671Squyer, Oscar C, 1905Starratt & Masters, 666Steinfield & Blasberg, 529Stow see Peck, Stow & WilcoxTaylor, John, 1508Termelier, Andrè, 1875Terraillon, 1965, 1985–1986Tesche, C W, 1875Tesche, W W, 1875Testut, 434Testut, Charles et Fils à Paris, 1876Tribo, 1876Triner, 479Triner, J M, 651, 1248Turnbull, 877, 2649Ubrig, E & Co, 1438, 2832Ubrig, Emil, 517, 623, 958, 1438Ubrig's Waagen-fabrik Gebr Ubrig, 1438Venot, 1876Wegermuff, 1876Western Scale Works, 1039Wharton, T & Sons, 401, 3102, 3108–

3109Wiedeman, 431, 1864Wilcox, 1555Wilcox see Peck, Stow & WilcoxWilcox Silver Plate Co, 1679Wilkes, 1555Winfield, R W, 11, 403–408, 1073, 1223,

1976, 3099–3107, 3109multiple elliptical, 1884–1885multiple springs, 2829multiple units on dial, 1866neo-gothic, 1560paper, 1692, 1705parcel, 897, 1123, 1258, 1452, 1594, 1907, 2073patent, 515–517, 549, 623

patenteeBache, E W, 549Beckwith, 2832Blackhart, J W, 668Braby, 2826Briais, Narcissé, 1373, 1375–1376, 1404,

1535Bull, J H & R K, 2826–2827, 2830, 2832Burrows, P F M, 650Chandler, E C, 671Clay, A B, 671Cox, 2827Dupas, 1401Everitt, P, 549Falardo, P, 2832Felix, L, 671Foley, J S, 549Gilfillan, 1259, 1671Gorham, 1669–1670Hall, R F, 549Heaney, D, 671Herbert, G, 549Hughes, J, 516, 521Hughes, J R, 549Jennfeldt, W, 1630–1631Laurence, 2825Marston, N B, 671Moore, 2832O'Neil, J K, 667Pauly, 2826Pelouze, 1671–1673Pieper, C, 517Salter, G Jnr, 515, 549Salter, T B, 549Salters, 515, 549, 2826Scott, M, 671Shaler, 2826–2827Siebe, A, 66, 1466, 2829Silvester, J, 515Silvester, T, 515Snyder, 2831Stevens, F M, 671Stewart, G A, 671Stewart, J B, 667Triner, J M, 651Turnbull, 877, 2832Ubrig, E, 517, 2828–2829Webster, J, 549Wyatt, F, 549

pen, 552, 650, 1682person, 333–338, 450, 516, 518, 526, 547, 549,

554, 925, 1439, 1984pig, 978platform, 450, 516, 549, 925, 1439

with dial, 2831parcel, 1439with temperature compensation, 2831

platform sc, 925parcel, 1439

pocket steelyard, 515, 520–521postal, 11, 40, 78, 231, 402–408, 425, 437, 456,

479, 509–510, 513–528, 538, 551, 650–

651, 676, 686, 703–704, 839, 896, 947, 981, 1073, 1223, 1259, 1373, 1404–1407, 1594, 1669–1675, 1679, 1682, 1684, 1933, 1935, 2828, 3097–3109

potato measuring, 1599poultry, 288pressure indicator, 2832prices, 1542quadrant, 286, 288, 515, 519, 525, 622rain gauge, 524registered design, 1258, 3099retailer

Allied Development Corp, 1933–1934, 1944

Army & Navy Stores, 1673Avery, W & T, 523Cohn, E, 1439Krups, 1439Liberty, 981Maul, Philipp Jakob, 1630Purina, 1039Steinfeldt & Blasberg, 1439Ubrig, E & Co, 1438–1440Vickery, C, 1407

roberval, 974sack, 1883sc & stamp-box, 1682with second pointer, 2832set-square & compasses, 1875ships pulley, 1674shop, 647silk, 518silver bow-front, 1407, 1671–1674slide & dial, 1597–1598spoon, 774sportsmans, 1596straight faced, 315tandem lg & sm springs, 2832tared, 1557, 1673, 2831–2832tension, 40, 78, 88, 258, 315, 472, 513, 515,

521, 1873top pan, 455–456, 513–517, 525, 528, 549, 551,

651, 753, 981, 1261, 1404, 1466, 1889, 1908, 2073

trade, 447–452, 518–528, 549, 1039, 1465, 1861–1888, 1902, 1904, 1906, 2000

tubular, 515, 521, 524, 527, 545, 549, 1888V, 469, 494, 1863, 2826, 2828waggon (for use on), 1596warehouse, 1883wire tension indicator, 2832wooden, 896, 1375, 1535yarn, 1168, 2832

spring bal, 2825–2832spring bal (article), 333–338spring ccd, Smith, G & Wells J J, 962spring-loaded lever relieving mechanism, 1026spring nib, 236Springer, Dr Alfred, 997, 2610Springer, Dr Alfred & Roeder, Prof Frederick A,

inventor of torsion bal principle, 2052, 2610Springer, Johann Caspar:

coin sc mkr, 31, 63–64dates, 63

Springer Torsion Balance Co: counter sc, 671dates, 998druggists sc, 671laboratory sc, 671Old Advert, 671, 999succeeded by Torsion Balance Co, 997successors of United States Torsion Balance &

Scale Co, 997tea-sampling sc, 1001trade card, 999wts, 671see also catalogue

"Springs" (article by Crawforth), 1465–1467spur-ryal see weights, denomination, spur-ryalsquare coin wts, banned in England, 1010square wts see weight, shapeSquyer, Oscar C:

patentee, 1905spring bal mkr, 1905trade sc mkr, 1905

Sri Lanka, 2311, 2792chemical sc in, 2317counter beam sc in, 2312–2313equal-arm beam sc in, 2312–2313gem sc in, 2313, 2315–2318history, 2318–2319market in, 2311–2312roberval sc in, 2316rulers, 2319

St Albans mark, 1929St Anne's Lane, 1745St George:

coin sc mkr see George, Stweight mkr, 789

St Helens, 1957St. John's Bread, 2447St Johnsbury, VT, 2283, 2326–2329, 2804–2807St Martins Le Grand, 1745St Marylebone mark, 1928, 1960, 1977St Michael, 1609

mark on wts, 21, 1331St P M (St. Pancras), 1928St Pancras mark, 1928, 1960, 1977stabilized pan sc, 128stabilized pan sc see roberval scstacking wts:

def, 314see also weight, shape, flat

Staffordshire knot, 121, 1259Staffordshire mark, 1981Staffordshire measure see beer measurestag under tree mark (Berkshire), 1956stainless-steel cleaning, 1239stalen Zakunsters (mancur), 1863Stamp, James, coin sc retailer, 282stamp-box & postal sc, 821, 1295, 1682

spring bal, 1682stamper of money wts, Hill, James, 1127stamper of wts at Mint:

mark, 498Whitehurst, 1081

stamping charges, 1126"Stamping Coin-Weights" (article by Mahoney), 1470stamping plug, def, 9, 23, 84, 91, 315stamping station, def, 1341stamps:

depicting scales, 2219depicting weights, 2219forged, 43see also Verification marks

stamps on scale, 562, 580stand sc, def, 315stand scale, 2334–2336

def, 315Avery, 2334–2336

classes of, 2336copper pans for, 2335lead plug on, 2335uses for, 2336versions made, 2335

standaradization of carat weights, 2622standard, atomic mass, 2219standard bullion balance, 3037–3039Standard Bushel, 2247Standard Computing Scale Co, MI sc mkr, 3034Standard egg sc see Petaluma Electric Incubator CoStandard Egg Scales, egg sc retailer, 1279standard of weights, accurate, 2216Standard Pound, 2251standard test wts, 108, 118–119, 1490Standard Troy Pound, 390Standard W & M mkr:

DeGrave, Short & Fanner, 1720Snart, John, 1718, 1720

standard weight: def, 315oldest, 2143systems, 2148, 2173–2174

Standard weights, 3038–3039Standard weights mkr:

Bate, R B, 1786Cuthbert & Paris, 1765Dearborn, Benjamin, 3038–3039DeGrave, Short & Fanner, 1720Freeman, Samuel III, 1491Graham, George, 1724Read, Samuel, 1491Snart, John, 1718, 1720

Standard Yard, 2251standards:

for America, 1490establishment, 102, 390, 614–616, 828, 1074Imperial, 616Japanese, 326Local, 90, 297, 1924Nürnberg, 437Parliamentary, 812scales for, 91, 1189, 1196, 1211–1212, 3037–

3039set of 1870, 813State of Lombardo-Veneto, 2361

for W & M, 17, 20, 90, 1924Working, 90, 297wts for apothecary 1879, 832wts for coin 1774, 965

Standards Commission, 2248Appendix VI to the Fifth Report (1869), 2080,

2248Minutes of Proceedings (1869), 2248

Standards Department: Board of Trade, 1128Philadelphia, 1470, 1491on coin wts, 1125

Standards Officer, American, 1470Standards sc:

mkrDearborn, Benjamin, 1189, 1211–1212,

3037–3039Herbert & Sons, 1196Plympton, H, 1211, 3037–3039

Standley, Belcher & Mason, 281precision bal mkr, 1822scientific instrument mkr, 1822see also catalogue

Stanley, Nathaniel: apprentice of Reynolds, Joseph, 1735coin sc mkr, 1399master of Bather, George, 1738master of Layton, William Thomas, 1735successors of Sommers & Stanley, 1735see also Sommers & Stanley

Stansfield, Office Keeper of Standards Dept, 2079Stanton:

analytical bal mkr, 5long beam design, 5

Stanway, Thomas: apprentice of Webb, Richard William, 1733at same address as Webb, Richard William,

1733Staples:

assay balance, 2152–2155assay scale

end-planes, 2152mkr, 2152profiled centre agates, 2152twin fully adjustable cones, 2152

Stapleton (author), 1998, 2024Stapleton, Walter, distributor of W & M, 1891star crowned see Béranger, Joseph; Béranger & CieStarke, Gustav, brother-in-law of Kammerer, Carl, 873Starke & Kammerer:

dates, 873microscope, 872partners Starke, Gustav & Kammerer, Carl, 873precision bal mkr, 872scientific instrument mkr, 873substitution bal mkr, 872Viennese bal mkr, 2593

Starr see Black, Starr & FrostStarratt & Masters:

dates, 666hay fork mkr, 666

statera, 1246

Static Enigma, 1639–1642Stationary Office, 703Statute 1773, instruction to deface worn coin, 496Staub, Emil:

yarn bal inventor, 1073, 1103, 1134yarn bal patentee, 1176, 1790

Staudenmaier, C, patentee, 396, 652Stauffer, John N:

Buoy patent witness, 2889hardware store owner, 2889

stay, def, 315Stead, coin operated sc patentee, 2453Steel, Christopher, 2463steel beam, 205–206, 247steel cleaning, 1239steel die, def, 1171steelyard:

def, 259, 284, 315, 1026, 1035accelerating, 1423–1425

patent, 624, 2707advantages, 2683Anatolian, 2835–2837, 2838–2839

poise wt for, 2836–2837apothecary, 73, 805, 1422article by Crawforth, 1026–1035with attached poise, 2377, 2582–2584, 2601baby, 562barge, 699, 1664beam construction, 333–334bent beam, 2690with bifurcated beam, 2690Boston market beam, 1593with box or bucket, 2582–2584brass, 332, 1593, 2377–2380, 2381, 2403–2404,

2582–2584brass saddled, 2381–2382, 2383–2384bread, 1090–1092, 1462butchers, 508, 758, 1160, 1437–1438, 1462,

1593, 2799cannon, 868cannon-ball sc, 1721–1722, 2685, 2687capacity, 2378with captive poise, 2687cart, 656, 703, 2675–2678

at Blue Lion, 2675with double poises, 2676, 2687hanging chains, 2675at Soham, 2675–2676at Woodbridge, 2675

cartridge, 1039with cast iron poise, 2388–2389ccd, 14chick pea, 420–421, 2584chigi, 321cloth, 1169coal, 32, 34, 76, 312, 853coin, 14, 235, 268–276, 286–287, 299–303, 310,

400, 990, 1027–1029, 1039, 1300, 1303, 1306, 1685–1686, 1787, 1833, 1897–1900, 2391

coin & postal, 1681compound, 2690

computing, 127, 1461, 1516–1517cotton, 322, 334, 1301–1302counter, 78, 109, 198, 217, 505, 647, 758, 871,

1078, 1528, 1537–1538, 1570, 1655–1656, 1692, 1721–1722, 2074, 2412–2414

derivation, 1246, 2174design, 39diamond-sectioned arm, 2388–2389diamond-sectioned blade, 2388–2389diet, 1250disadvantages, 2683do'tchin, 55–59, 157, 225, 227, 926double beam, 1528, 1537–1538, 1556, 2383–

2384, 2505–2506double fulcrum, 2683double hook, 2388–2389drug, 322, 1247, 2054–2055druggists, 2050, 2052earliest English standard design?, 1384ease of use, 1369egg, 375–384, 415–417, 905, 922, 1277–1279,

1281, 1973farnum design, 2823–2824fast, 1543folding, 2978–2984fraud, 1185fulcrum, 2378–2379, 2683fulcrum knife, 2379gin-tame, 322glass blowers, 994gold, 231graduated in stones, 2799–2800grain, 78–82, 224, 231, 288, 354, 566–567, 825,

989, 1071, 1309, 1717half-roberval see half-roberval & steelyardhinged poise, 231, 672–675, 1028, 1091, 1419–

1420, 1476, 1511, 1624–1625, 1973ichirin-tame, 322iron & copper alloy with gold inlay, 2835–2837iron rings, 2377ivory, 299–303, 1300, 1686kagi bakari, 320–321kaki sao bakari, 322kitchen, 765, 768, 771, 773, 1463, 1807kosao bakari, 322kosara bakari, 322letter, 990with linkage on one end, 2685load-bearing knife, 2379with load hook, 2377with long knives, 1847loose weight, 1458metric, 2403micrometer, 14, 361, 505, 758, 1373, 1685

patent, 1373milk, 1029mixed units on blade, 1848mkr

Adie, 1717Arnaud & Gayette, 2385Avery, W & T, 653, 1461, 1514–1518,

1702, 2389, 2684Avery, W & T Ltd, 1090–1092, 1185,

1424, 1457, 1702Badger Fire Extinguisher Co, 1039Balden, Joseph Jr, 1508Balden, Joseph Sr., 1508Ball, Wm, 2380, 2388–2390Bartlett, C H, 1028Barton, John, 1505, 1508Barton, William Bridgins, 1505, 1508Bate, Robert Brettell, 1787Beach, Thomas, 1026, 1504, 1508, 1512,

1543–1544, 1565, 1572–1573, 2389, 2683

Béranger, Joseph, 1664Bourne, Thomas, 697Bradford, Darby & Hulls, 286Briais, Narcissé, 1403, 1677Brind, William, 22, 205Brower Mfg Co, 920, 1284, 1313Brown, R & Sons, 1028Brown & Sharpe Mfg Co, 1169, 1702Buffalo Scale Co, 1700Burrows, Stewart & Milne Co Ltd, 1437–

1438Carlstedt Mfg Co, 41, 379–380, 414–415,

1276, 1313Casella, L, 1715Castell, 421Chatillon, John & Sons, 334, 1556, 1593Computing Sc Co, 559Corcoran, Bryan Ltd, 354Croome, Thomas, 207Davis, A B & Co, 785Day & Millward, 1516, 2386Dodge Scale Co, 505Exupere, L, 1169Fairbanks, 73, 75, 78, 109, 177, 509–511,

989, 994, 1028, 2582–2583Fairbanks, E & T, 723, 805, 1169, 1422Fairbanks, E & T & Co, 78, 143–144,

1169, 1701Fairbanks, Morse & Co, 1702Field, Thomas, 1508French, Robert, 1501, 1505Freudewald, August, 2386–2387Fucoma, 408–409, 2383–2384Gibbs, 2690Gradenway, 1313Harris, John, 1040, 1379, 2690Harrison, Thomas, 495, 676Hay, James, 1508, 1513Heeley, James & Son, 1039Henry, S, 271Herbert & Sons, 1196, 1726Hill, Matthew, 270, 1724Howe Scale Co, 901, 1527–1528, 1701,

2583–2584Hux, Thomas & Elizabeth, 208I P, 1379Japanese print, 324Jin, 321

Jones of Binghamton, 562, 1078Kahlert Mfg Co, 1313Keeler, Joel F, 2707Kitchen, Richard, 725Lingard, George, 1508, 1513Maranville, H, 1029Marlin, A, 758Martin, Benjamin, 269, 299–303, 310,

1686, 1718–1719Merlin, John Joseph, 1685Moffett, James Thomas, 1583Mordan, Sampson & Co, 652, 1677Mount Tacoma Mfg Co, 1312Neale, John, 208Newman, J, 1519Oakes Mfg Co Inc, 383–384, 1313Owen, Gibbs, 1508Parnall & Sons, 1258Parnall & Sons Ltd, 1458Peck, Stow & Wilcox, 1808Perfas, 647, 1525Pooley, Henry, 724Pooley & Son, 702Preston, W B, 332, 508Preston, William B, 508Prutscher, A, 1029, 2382–2383Quintenz, A, 722R T, 1847Randolph, N V & Co, 1039, 2038–2049Ratcliff, J & E, 1227Read, Joseph, 183Reuss, 2381Rhewa, 2386–2387Robert, D L, 514Roberts, Richard, 2380Roberts, Timothy, 244, 2380Robinson, Jonathan, 1508Robinson & Co, 1508, 1513Rowley, John, 1718, 2389Sangster, James, 214Sheldon, Frederick, 1027Shuzui, 321, 325Simcox, Pemberton & Sons, 1520Simcox & Pemberton, 1520Simpson, R, 726Skinner, William, 2066Smith, A, 428Snow, Thomas, 1378Sommers, Charles I, 215, 1393Sommers & Son, 1396Stephenson, Howard & Davis, 2365–2366Steuwer, 2377–2379Stillwell & Sons, 2800Stokes, Saul, 1508Stubbs, B, 271, 1027Tallman, James, 1383Thomson, W C, 2385Troemner, Henry, 1701, 1721–1722Waddy, William, probably owner, 1379Webb, W A, 417White Mfg Co, 1973Whitmore, William, 1508

Wilcox Silver Plate Co, 1665–1666Wood, Joseph, 1508Wright, 530Wyatt, 727Yekeri, 645Young & Son, 800Zenshiro, 321

mkr, 1026, 1504moisture, 218with movable fulcrum, 2380moving beam, 480multi-beam, 224–225, 2689with multiple fulcrum, 2689nakasara bakari, 322nationality

American, 41, 73, 75, 78, 109, 177, 191, 334, 379–380, 383–384, 408–409, 414–415, 417, 505, 509–511, 514, 559, 562, 723, 785, 805, 901, 920, 989, 994, 1028–1029, 1039, 1078, 1169, 1276, 1278, 1281, 1284, 1312–1313, 1422, 1527–1528, 1556, 1593, 1665–1666, 1700–1702, 1808, 2029, 2038–2049, 2385, 2385–2386, 2582–2584

Anatolian, 2835–2837, 2839Austrian, 504–505British, 2686Byzantine, 168, 2384Caledonian, 2686Canadian, 1737Chinese, 2690Danish, 535, 2178, 2386Dutch, 2400, 2402English, 183, 205, 207–208, 214, 244,

269–271, 286, 299–303, 310, 332, 354, 495, 508, 652–653, 676, 697, 702, 724–725, 1026–1028, 1039–1040, 1090–1092, 1185, 1196, 1227, 1258, 1302, 1378–1379, 1424, 1457–1458, 1461, 1501, 1504–1505, 1508, 1512–1519, 1543–1544, 1565, 1572–1573, 1583, 1677, 1685–1686, 1702, 1715, 1718–1719, 1724, 1726, 1787, 2381–2382, 2386, 2388–2390, 2683–2684

French, 472, 647, 722, 756, 758, 1169, 1373–1374, 1403, 1525, 1536, 1664, 1677, 2385, 2686

German, 765, 871, 1029, 2382, 2683Greek, 2177Irish, 1847Italian, 1774–1776, 2353, 2403–2404,

2684Japanese, 321, 2688–2690Latvian, 2377, 2377–2380Maltese, 868Roman, 168–169, 284, 1819, 1853–1854Scottish, 1717Spanish, 421, 2391, 2401–2402Swedish, 535, 2381

Turkish, 645–646ni-rin-tame, 322with offset knife edges, 2389ohsara-bakari, 322paper, 1517, 1691–1692, 1700–1703, 2685parcel, 1256patentee

Amaud & Gayttè, 2385Bartlett, 537Béranger, Joseph, 1664Béranger & Maag, 1664Briais, Victor, 1403, 1536, 1677Case, Cesar, 1879Computing Sc Co, 5Fairbanks, Thaddeus, 1169Fitch, Dr Calvin H, 191, 2029Hipkins, 1092Krausse, K L, 624Roberts, 519Smith, F H, 566Suffield, S W, 567Susse, M V, 1373Thomas, G, 1176Thomas, G & Harling, G, 1176Thomson, Waddy C, 2385–2386Valette fils, 1374

with pendulous poise, 2800person, 15, 18, 177, 562, 694photographic, 1028with pippin steels pivots, 2388–2389pivoting, 2891with pivots forming fulcrum, 2388–2389platform, 76–78, 177, 514, 562, 702, 1106,

1185, 1636, 1664, 2685parcel, 109, 1106, 1655

platform sc see platform sc, steelyardplus & minus poise, 841poise comprised of two discs, 2381poise for each side of turn-over, 1593poise one each side of fulcrum, 73, 143, 270,

537, 645, 805, 1028, 1169, 1256, 1374, 1422, 1517–1518, 1716, 2052

poise pear shaped, 2686poise two on one side of fulcrum, 14, 78, 109,

144, 218, 227, 232, 268, 676, 727, 809, 1028, 1256, 1281, 1306, 1528, 1537–1538, 1556, 1701

polished steel beam, 2381–2382postal, 78, 101, 112, 133, 397, 426–428, 453–

454, 509–511, 529–530, 537–540, 566, 624, 652, 686, 942, 957, 982, 990, 1021, 1028, 1106, 1217, 1220, 1225, 1227, 1232, 1245, 1254, 1258, 1273, 1287–1288, 1295, 1373–1374, 1403, 1457, 1460, 1514–1518, 1527–1529, 1556, 1665–1666, 1677

postal & coin, 1681prescription, 1039, 2038–2049, 2055with proportional poises, 2688–2689, 2824rakushu bakari, 322registered design, 1220regulations, 1423–1425

reproduction, 38retailer, Parker, William, 1829Roman, 2177roving sc, 1169saddled, 2377–2380, 2381–2387, 2504, 2686

for anglers, 2382with covered knives, 2382–2383Danish, 2178dating, 2384Day & Millward mkr, 2504double beam, 2383–2384with dust caps, 2382–2383German, 2686Latvian, 2377, 2381–2387locking beam, 2383–2384milk scale, 2382mkr

Arnaud & Gayette, 2385Day & Millward, 2386Fucoma, 2384Prutscher, 2382–2383Rehwa, 2386–2387Reuss, 2377Roberts

Richard, 2380Timothy, 2380

Stephenson, Howard & Davis, 2365–2366

Steuwer, 2377Thomson, W C, 2385

nickle plated steel beams, 2383–2384patentee, Day & Millward, 2386steel, 2381–2382

with wood handle, 2381–2382tare-bar, 2382–2383tare-beam, 2383–2384with triangular indicator, 2383with U-beam, 2382–2384

salt, 2303–2304sao bakari, 321sara bakari, 321Schickert's principle, 2686sensitivity, 67, 1424, 1543–1544shop, 692, 758shuzui bakari, 325silver, 1685single fulcrum, 2683sliding beam, 236, 314–315, 2382with sliding counterpoise, 2178with sliding poise, 2216with sliding ring, 2388–2389with slotted poise, 2687specific gravity, 314standard, 1196with stop knob, 2377supported, 2685with suspension hook, 2388–2389with swinging suspension handle, 2377with tandem roller counterpoise, 2686telescopic, 529–530, 647, 1029, 1293, 1570telescopic wt, 133with tipping pivot, 2689

trade, 321, 332, 334, 926, 1026, 1378trade regs, 74trombone, 1029tsugi sao bakari, 322tsuno sao bakari, 321turn over, 244, 340, 479, 504, 1026, 1378, 1543,

1593, 1776, 1791, 1819, 2388–2389, 2683–2684

turn-over beam, 2690turn-over poise, 1091, 2686

see also folding gold balturn over with two poises, 1593two beam, 409, 514, 537, 566, 1027–1028,

1256, 1258, 1260, 1807two load-positions, 1686two poises, patent, 1374two sets graduations on one blade, 1691Union, 86, 152, 514, 901, 1807–1815, 1835–

1840, 1877–1878variable beam, 758vibrating, 1423–1425, 2686wall-mounted, 1528wata bakari, 322weigh masters, 78–79weight-subtracting, def, 1027wooden, 101, 112, 321, 428wrought iron, 2388–2390yarn, 1169–1170zenshiro bakari, 325zoge bakari, 321

steelyard, 2353, 2377–2380, 2391, 2504, 2505–2506, 2673–2674, 2683–2690, 2707, 2799, 2835–2837, 2839

steelyard & half roberval, 14, 78, 86, 109, 130, 133, 144, 171, 218, 255, 341, 375, 379, 383, 415, 537, 652, 678, 771, 942, 1021, 1028, 1217, 1223, 1256, 1258, 1260, 1278, 1312, 1460, 1592, 1671, 1807, 1811

Steibel, H G, patentee, 492Steiernhielm, system of measurement, 2218Stein, B (author), 408, 580Stein, Bob, biography, 2634Stein, B's British postal rates, letter, 580Stein, T & Crawforth, D's "Mancurs" (article), 1863–

1876Stein, Ted, 2229

biography, 2140Stein, T's:

"Fairbanks Union Scale" (article), 1807–1815"Pelouze Straight Spring Balance" (article),

2000Steinfeldt & Blasberg:

béranger sc mkr, 530, 1641béranger shop sc mkr, 530German sc mkr, 530, 1439, 1641postal sc retailers, 1439spring bal retailer, 1439see also catalogue

Steinheil, A von, precision bal mkr, 564, 791Stein's:

"A Most Unusual Scale" (article), 2511–2512"Angldile Computing Scales, Part 1" (article),

2131–2140"Tiffany" (article), 2629–2634

stem see LegStengel (author), 1901Stephenson, George, 2372Stephenson, Howard & Davis:

Dearborn patent bal mkr, 2370postal sc mkr, 2369–2371standard bal mkr, 2370

Stephenson, L & Co, 2370Stephenson, Luther S, sc mkr, 2370–2371sterling, 1991Steuer (author), 1613Stevens, F M, spring bal patentee, 669–671Stevenson (author), 1019, 1569, 1896Stevenson's:

apothecary Scales & Weights, letter, 929"Mancur Balances" (article), 431–435"Mediaeval Bronze Beam" (article), 1566–1569Response to Review, letter to editor, 1816

Stewart, G A, patentee, 671Stewart, J B, patentee, 667, 671Stewart, James:

apprentice of Goodman, John, 1729, 1731dates, 1731freedom not found, 1731

Stibbs & Dean, coin sc retailer, 282Stiebel, H G Jnr, weigh scoop patentee, 492Stiles, William:

apprentice of Neale, John, 244, 1729, 1740apprentice with Read, Samuel, 244coin sc mkr, 245dates, 1740master of Dearsly, Thomas, 1740master of Leveritt, William, 1740

stillard see steelyardstillerd see steelyard, derivationstilliard see steelyard; steelyard, derivationstilliard (mancur), 1863Stillwell, Ed II see Stillwell, Edward & SonsStillwell, Edward & Sons:

dates, 1732shop sc mkr, 1732successors of Stillwell, Edward I, 1732

Stillwell, Edward I: apprentice of Burchfield, Thomas, 1732dates, 1732succeeded by Stillwell, Edward & Sons, 1732

Stillwell, Edward II see Stillwell, Edward & Sonsstimpart, 1075Stimpson, W F & Co, MI sc mkr, 3034Stimpson, W F Co, MI sc mkr, 3034Stimpson Computing Scale Co:

MI sc mkr, 3034questions concerning, 2139, 2206

Stimpson Scale & Mfg Co, MI sc mkr, 3034Stimpson Scale Co, 2138

Bucklen, Herbert E, organizer, 2138Stimpson's Restorf Variations (article), 1410–1412Stirling, Records of the Burgh 1654 & 1676, 1998Stirling, Alexander:

pot plate, 1447

shop sc retailers, 1447trade sc retailer, 1447

stirrup, removable, 2420stirrup end, 2315, 2318

def, 172–173, 315Stock, C (Inspector of Weights & Meas), 2280Stock, J, Development of the Chemical Balance

(review), 87, 187Stock, R:

author, 1090, 1129, 1796, 1983Control of Pounds & Pints (review), 785

Stock & Crawforth's "Guinea Weights" (article), 459–467, 495–504, 1041, 1044

Stockport mark, 1929Stoddart, James:

apprentice of Webb, Richard William, 1730dates, 1730sc mkr, 1730

Stokes, Samuel see Stokes, SaulStokes, Saul:

date, 1508steelyard mkr, 1508

Stollnreuther, Viennese bal mkr, 2593Stollnreuther, Carl:

dates, 643precision bal, 642

stone, London, 2800–2801Stone, Richard, succeeded by Parker, William, 1829stone weights:

def, 2016for wool, 2020see also weights, material, stone

Stoner, John K: Buoy patent witness, 2889hardware store owner, 2889

Storck, J, 2436Story of Standards by Perry (review), 187straight faced spring bal, def, 315–316strain gauge, 2215

def, 140combines load receiver & sensor, 2215

strap catch, 208Strasburg-Grafenstadt Engine Co:

decimal sc mkr, 888owned by Rollé & Schwilgué, 888succeeded by Société Alsaciènne de

Constructions Mecanique, 888Street, E, ccd patentee, 931Streeter Collection see Nesting Weights

Einsatzgewichte & Piles à GodetStrichman, George, Fairbanks, Morse president, 3066Strife of Scales in the City of London by Kingdon

(review), 187strike measure, 1160striker:

def, 825adapted lid, 825separate from roller, 1717

Strong, Francis M, US patentee, 2756Strubler Computing Scale Co, 2230

questions concerning, 2139Strubler Scale Co, organized by Bucklin, Herbert E,

2134Stubbs, Benjamin:

arrestment gear, 1027steelyard mkr, 271, 1027

Stubs, Peter: delivering folders for Bell, Hamlet, 1626see also catalogue

Stuckrath, Paul, German sc mkr, 720Stukeley, Dr, Royal Society, 659Sturbridge Museum, coin sc, 1779, 1880–1881Sturgess' "Papergoods" (article), 179–189stylus bal, def, 316substitution bal:

def, 313, 316, 872–874mkr

Mikrowa, 409Starke & Kammerer, 872

precision, 872substitution weighing, def, 316, 873"Substitution Weighing" (article by Jenemann), 873–

874Suffield, S W, bismar patentee, 566, 568, 1030sugar sc, 137sugarcane sc, 544

mkr, Salter, Geo & Co Ltd, 544Sumerian Akkadian:

civilization of, 2146organized evolution of civilization, 2146

Summit-Hanning egg weigher see Cope & Cope LtdSunbeam:

successor to Borg, 3012successor to Counselor, 3012successor to Detecto, 3012successor to Hanson, 3012successor to Hanson Scale, 3007

Sunderland mark, 1959Super Sampson, spring, 554"Supplementary Notes on Paper Scales" (article by

Chamberlain), 3077–3080Surrey mark, 1978, 1980"Survival of the 8-lb Stone" (article by Connor), 2531suspension ring, def, 206, 316Susse, Michel Victor:

candlestick sc patentee, 1373patentee, 1370, 1373

Sussex East mark, 2031Sussex mark, 1981Sutcliffe, H & Co:

agent for Avery, 2681bank sc mkr, 2679–2682

for Lloyds of London, 2679–2682dates, 638pot plate, 1455trade sc mkr, 1455wts, 638

Sutcliffe, Ruben, shop sc mkr, 2682Sutton, J W:

ccd mkr, 875, 904ccd patentee, 875

Sutton, William, dates, 1723Swain, Matthew Ltd:

dates, 638

wts, 585, 638swan, mark on wts, 69swan box end:

def, 172–173see also beam end shapes

swan neck end, 2317def, 172–173, 316patent, 1442see also beam end shapes

Swank, A L, weigh scoop patentee, 492Swart, M J:

American retailer, 514Old Advert, 514

sweaters of coinage, 265, 1303sweating, method of, 265Swedish mint marks, 640Swedish sc:

grain, 80hinged beam, 1568kitchen, 981, 1463steelyard, 535

sweets sc: Avery, W & T Ltd, 1184mkr, Avery, W & T Ltd, 1184see also candy sc

swift (hirondel) mark (Arundel inspectors), 45, 1977Swinton (author), 2072Swinton, John:

Scots advocate, 2071table of Scots & English wts, 2071

Swiss, postal sc, pendulum, 562Swiss adoption of 500 gram pound, 562Swiss adoption of metric system by P O, 561Swiss patentee see patentee, SwissSwiss sc:

mkrBondeli, Johann Emanuel, 721Mettler, E, 702Mikrowa, 409unknown, 561–562

Swiss wts see weights, nationalitySwithin, John, 248

apprentice of Thompson, Daniel, 248dates, 1733inspectors sc mkr, 1733master of Croome, Thomas, 1733master of Lamb, William, 1733master of Moffett, James, 1583, 1734succeeded by Lamb, William, 1733

swivelling beam, 511mkr, Fairbanks, 511

Sydney, S, patentee, 276symbolic wts see weight, shape

TT, on wts, 306T see TroyT & B see Tomlinson & BickleyT B, 927

mark on wts, 46see also Braby, Thomas

T F:

mark on wts, 1025wt mkr, 1023

T H: mark on wts, 1800on wts, 1771see also Houghton, Thomas

T H & S see Holcroft, T & SonT in heart, mark in pans, 1299T N, on weights, 529–530T N & S, wts, 638T P:

coin sc mkr, 1352, 1354–1355, 1357–1358coin wts mkr, 1829mark in pans, 1354, 1357weights see Price, Thomas

T R: def, 43coin wt mkr, 917see also Rawlins, Thomas; weights, mkr,

Rawlins, ThomasTabberer, William:

Birmingham mkr, 1725ccd mkr, 1725office in London, 1725rocker mkr, 1725

table: mass standards in ancient Peru, 2913of scales in ancient Peru, 2913

Tabulating Machine Co., 2206Taccuimum Sanitas, Lombardy, Italy, painting, 2182Tacho, trade name of Schnellwaagen-Fabrik G M B H,

889Tacho-Schnellwaagenfabrik G M B H, 959

dates, 959German sc mkr, 844–847, 889–892inverted roberval & pointer, 889owned by Avery, W & T Ltd, 959self indicating sc, 845–847trade mark, 889trade sc mkr, 844–847, 959

Tadloo, Alfred: dates, 1733at same address as Doyle & Son, 1733at same address as Nicholl & Fowler, 1733successor of Tadloo, Joseph, 1733

Tadloo, Joseph: dates, 1733master of Champion, Phillip, 1733master of Martin, John, 1733master of Winsbury, John, 1733succeeded by Tadloo, Alfred, 1733successor of Tadloo, Thomas, 1733

Tadloo, Thomas: apprentice of Nicholl, William Lewis, 1733date, 1733succeeded by Tadloo, Joseph, 1733

Taft Museum, published American Weigh (1984) (review), 717

"Talent of St Mary" (article by Holland), 1332–1339Tallman, James:

coin sc mkr, 1383steelyard mkr, 1383

trade card, 1383–1384weights mkr, 1383

tape see Bandtape measure, 537–538, 540, 547tare, pointer, 1599tare bar, 217, 1423, 1592

def, 339tare-bar see tare-beamtare-beam:

cake sc, 1591computing scale, 2135see also fraction bar

tare poise, 339, 1591tare screw, 1557, 1672, 1674–1675, 2098tare weighing, 2017tare wt, def, 339tare wts see weights, purposeTargot, Thomas:

auncel mkr, 1727dates, 1727

tassel, def, 193, 256, 339Tatlock see Griffin & TatlockTatters, W., coin operated sc patentee, 2451Tatters, William, coin operated sc mkr, 2451tax collectors sc, 858tax records, use for research, 2890Taylor, D O, weigh scoop patentee, 492Taylor, John:

dates, 1508spring bal mkr, 1508

Taylor, William I: coin sc mkr, 207, 243dates, 1731–1732master of Lind, Joseph, 1732master of Roberts, Timothy, 243, 1731

Taylor, William II: apprentice of Deane, John, 1736apprentice of Townsend, Richard, 1736–1737apprentice of Wood, Mary, 1737

Taylor, William III: ccd mkr, 1508coin sc mkr, 1508dates, 1508

Taylor/Metro, successor to Hanson, 3012tea dealers sc, mkr, Parnall & Sons, 1456tea leaf sc:

mkrSalter, Geo & Co Ltd, 544Springer Torsion Balance Co, 1001

tea sc, 544, 1001, 1462, 1592mkr

Avery, W & T, 1462Chatillon, John & Sons, 1556, 1592Salter, Geo & Co Ltd, 544Williams, Walter, 1731Williams, William, 1419Williams, William I, 1419

tea sc retailer, Planner, H G & Co, 1726Technical Research Library, 2500Teledyne Corp, successor of Gurley, 2966telescope, autocollimation, 790telescope of wts see weight, shape, flat

telescopic beam, 236–237telescopic steelyard, 529–530, 647, 1029, 1293

def, 339, 341, 1029see also sliding beam steelyard

telescopic wt, postal sc, 133Telesnitsky Vsevolod, French patentee, 1370Tellits Dials, subsidiary of Hanson Limited, 3009temperature compensation, 1466–1467template, fabric, 1143–1148, 1168–1172temple scales, 2550templet see templatetenbin, Japanese money-changers sc, 156, 326tenor, American money, 358, 2472tension spring bal:

def, 339, 543, 552see also Spring bal, tension

tension springs see spring baltension tester, 224–225, 543, 552

mkrPaupier, L, 1873Salter, Geo & Co, 224–225Salter, Geo & Co Ltd, 543, 552

scale, 2172Teraillon successor to Hanson Limited, 3011Terazzi, Hisar, 445–446Termelier, Andrè, C-spring mkr, 1875Terraillon:

French sc mkr, 1985–1986kitchen sc mkr, 1985–1986spring sc mkr, 1985–1986

Terrazzi, Hizar, béranger mkr, 2440Tesche, C W, C-spring mkr, 1876Tesche, W W, C-spring mkr, 1876test wts:

use, 138see also weights, purpose

testing: counter sc, 714deadweight machine, 714platform sc, 714

Testmatic see MikrowaTestut:

bankers sc mkr, 1295mancur, 434pendulum sc mkr, 1913roberval sc mkr, 2487wt mkr, 387

Testut, Charles (author) of Memento du Pesage, 445Testut, Charles et Fils à Paris, C-spring mkr, 1875"Thaddeus Fairbanks' Invention, 1830, Part 1" (article

by Yale), 2283–2286"Thaddeus Fairbanks' Invention, 1830, Part 2-Henry

Little's Account" (article by Yale), 2326–2329"Thaddeus Fairbanks' Invention, 1830, Part 3-What

did Fairbanks Invent?" (article by Yale), 2344–2349

Thai sc, 249Thai wts see weights, nationalityThatcher, John:

sc mkr, 3085, 3088trial in Old Bailey for murder of, 3085, 3088

The Act of Union, 1707, 3044

"The Fairbanks Brothers & their Scale Works" (article by Paige), 3060–3068

"The Harvard Trip Scale" (article by Warner), 3092–3096

"The Proceedings of the Old Bailey London 1674-1834" (article by Herbert), 3085–3091

Theatrum Staticum Universale by Leopold (review), 575

Theobold, Henry, coin operated sc mkr, 2460Theory of beam, 2949–2951"There are Deadweights at the Bottom of my Garden"

(article by Knights), 1635–1636thermo-gravimetric analysis, instructions for, 2545thermometer, on candlestick postal, 407Thiebaud, A & Burdet:

patentee, 1370pendulum sc patentee, 1401

Thiele, F A: grain sc mkr, 825patentee, 825

third-guinea: coinage, 498, 1083, 1624see also weights, denomination, third-guinea

third guinea poise, folding gold bal, 1624"Third Guinea Weighing" (article by Camilleri),

1624–1625Thirion, E, yarn bal patentee, 1176thistle, mark on coin wts, 45, 1478thistle crown see weights, denomination, thistle crownThomas, David, biography, 3006Thomas, Arthur H, trip sc mkr, 3095Thomas, G, yarn bal patentee, 1176Thomas, G & Harling, G, yarn bal patentee, 1176Thomas, Geo & Co Ltd:

patentee, 1103yarn bal mkr, 1103

Thomas & Parker, egg sc patentees, 376"Thomas Beach" (article by Crawforth, D), 1499–

1513, 1539–1548, 1553, 1572–1580Thomas' "Waterlow & Sons" (article), 2998–3006Thompson see Moore & ThompsonThompson, Daniel:

apprentice of Hux, Thomas II, 248, 1731coin sc mkr, 248dates, 1739master of 5 apprentices at once, 1729master of Clark, Edward, 1731master of Goodman, John, 1731master of Swithin, John, 248succeeded by Thompson, John II, 1731

Thompson, G B & Co, ironmongers suppliers, 1727Thompson, J A:

ccd patentee, 14, 761, 848, 876, 931, 1018, 2269trade card, 763

Thompson, Jeremiah: apprentice of Grove, Christopher I, 1735apprentice of Neale, Samuel, 1734–1735dates, 1735

Thompson, John I: apprentice of Jenks, Edmund, 1735, 1737apprentice of Neale, John, 244, 1729, 1737coin sc mkr, 245

dates, 1737employed foreman Goodman, John, 1743master of McCraight, John Charles, 1735master of Newman, Samuel, 1735master of Thompson, John II, 1735

Thompson, John II: apprentice of Thompson, John I, 1735coin sc mkr, 1731dates, 1731master of Goodman, John, 1731partner of Goodman, John, 1731successor of Thompson, Daniel, 1731

Thompson & Goodman: date, 1731Thompson, John I & Goodman, John, 1731

Thompson Balance Co., metric wt mkr, 2692Thompson Engineering & Mfg Co, 2341Thompson G B & Co, trade sc retailer, 1726Thompson Tool and Mfg Co, 2341Thornhill:

bismar mkr, 1231, 1233cutler & dressing-case mkr, 1231postal sc mkr, 1231

Thornton, William, head of American Patent Office, 1113

Thorp & Tasker, spring bal inventor, 1168"Thousand & One Variations" (article by Boogaard),

291–298Threadneedle Street, 3016–3017three crowns, mark, 28Three Fold Tenor:

U S coinage, 359see also new tenor

three scimitars, mark on wts, 164Throgmorton Street, 3016–3017Throsker painting, spring bal in use, 851Thurkow's "The Do'tchin" (article), 55–59Tiffany:

American sc retailer, 1261, 1999, 2617, 3028postal sc retailers, 1261, 2617, 3028retailer

Marshall Fields, 2634Neiman Marcus, 2634Salon de L'art Nouveau, 2634Shreve's, 2634Tiffany & Co Jewelers, 2634Tiffany Studios, 2634

"Tiffany" (article by Stein), 2629–2634Tiffany & Co, users of Troemner bullion bal, 1940Tiffany letter scales, 1261, 2556, 2559–2560, 2629–

2634, 3028abalone pattern, 2630Apollo Studios imitation, 2631bookmark pattern, 2632byzantium pattern, 2631Chinese pattern, 2630desk sets, 2629, 2633favrile glass, 2629–2634finishes, 2633graduate pattern, 2632grapevine pattern, 2629, 2630mechanism by Pelouze, 2634

ninth Century pattern, 2629Pine Needles pattern, 2630, 2632Tiffany Furnaces, 2631venetian pattern, 2631zodiac pattern, 2630

Tiffany parcel scales, 2634timber moisture sc:

retailer, Nichols, A S Co, 809steelyard, 809

Timson, W, patentee, 677–678tin boxes see boxtin-plate, 1237Titford see Vandome, Titfords & PawsonTitford, William, 2129Titford, William & Titford, Arthur, 1734Titfords & Co:

succeeded by Vandome, Titfords & Pawson, 1734

successors of, Vandome Titfords & Co, 1734Titfords & Co, Titford, William & Titford, Arthur,

1734Titfords & Vandome, coin sc, 592Tivoli, S J L & C, apothecary sc mkr, 807to see weight, shape, chinthe"To Clean or Not to Clean" (article by Crawforth),

1203–1210, 1234–1240, 1265–1272"To Clean or Not to Clean?" (article by Govier), 3035"To What End" (article by Wilson), 2934tobacco leaf sc, mkr, Salter, Geo & Co Ltd, 544tobacco sc:

equal arm, 7mkr

Avery, W & T Ltd, 7Fairbanks & Co, 107Salter, Geo & Co Ltd, 544

spring, 544tobacconists sc, mkr, Avery, W & T Ltd, 7token sc, 1105Tolanski, Professor, 2620Toledo, see also catalogueToledo Sc Corp, 77, 222, 224–225Toledo Scale Co., 2460tolerance, British, 9, 716, 2223tolerance tables, for scales, 2223tolerances, equal arm sc, 9, 713toll, 2415

waterway, 2415based on weight, 2415weight based on guage tables, 2415

toll dish measure, 1138Tomkins, M H, yarn bal patentee, 1176Tomlins, Newman, master of Godbor, Thomas, 1736Tomlinson & Bickley:

coin sc mkr, 1508coin sc retailer, 1508T & B, 1508

tongs see bread scTongue, John:

folding gold bal mkr, 1941, 1944sovereign wts mkr, 1944wts mkr, 1944

Tongue, William:

coin sc mkr, 1508, 1943–1944coin wts mkr, 1508dates, 1508, 1943W T, 1508WT, 1943

Tongue folding gold bal (query by Camilleri), 1941tonya wts see weights, denominationtool retailer, Preston, Edward, 1726tools, inspectors, 118, 120Tooting, inspectors stamping wts, 1893top-pan counter scale, 2600top pan spring bal see Spring bal, top pan"Topweight, Face and Power" (article by Knights),

2949–2951Torbal, successor to Torsion Balance Co, 2614Torbal Division (Vertex Industries Inc), 1000Torr, Charles, working for Winfield,R, 3105torsion, in scales, 2610torsion bal:

def, 339, 997, 2603with arrestment, 2611counter, 999, 2611, 2615–2616dairy, 1000with damping, 2611dial reading, 1000druggists, 2052elastic properties of, 2610electronic analytical, 1000electronic top-loading, 1000with gold wires, 997high capacity, 1000mkr

Chatillon, 333Molins Machine Co, 2614Spindler & Hoyer, 750–753Springer Torsion Balance Co, 671, 999,

1001Torsion Balance & Scale Co, 997Torsion Balance Co, 477, 996, 998, 1000,

1002, 2052, 2603Torsion Balance Co Ltd, 2614

optical-projection, 1000patent 1882, 998, 2610–2611patentee

Conway, 2613, 2614Du Brul, 2615–2616Fries, 2613Kent, 2612–2613Michalis, 2612–2614Roeder, 2611–2612Springer, 2611–2613

platform, 2611, 2616prescription, 1000, 2616

roberval, 2616principle, inventors Springer, Dr Alfred &

Roeder, Prof Frederick A, 2052, 2610quartz beam, 750–753Roeder, Frederick, patentee, 2603shop, 671, 999spring adjustment, 997steel bands developed, 997, 2603steelyard, 2615

steelyard with hanging pan, 2616tea-sampling, 1001

Torsion Balance & Scale Co: dates, 997, 2610succeeded by United States Torsion Balance &

Scale Co, 997Torsion Balance Co:

American sc mkr, 998, 2606analytical bal mkr, 1000, 2611–2612apothecary sc mkr, 1000candy scale mkr, 2101dates, 998druggists sc mkr, 2052formed Co. of Becker, Christian Inc, 998purchased Becker, Christian 1915, 998successor of Becker, Christian, 1002successors of Springer Torsion Balance Co, 997see also catalogue

"Torsion Balance Co & Christian Becker" (article by Carley), 996–1003

tortoiseshell: front, 1679moulding, 1680

Törv. Védve, coin rocker, 3040tote pole, 2145toule dish see toll dishToulmin, Robert:

dates, 1723sc mkr, 1723

Tournai cathedral stained-glass window, 861tourte bread, 1052Tower mark, 1990Tower Mint, 2442Tower of London:

mark, 1930wts for, 43see also Royal Mint, Tower

Tower ounce, 1990–1991Tower pound, 1990Towers, J W & Co. Ltd, wt mkr, 2550Townsend, Charles E, postal sc designer, 1047Townsend, J & C, American sc mkr, 1047Townsend, John I, father of Townsend, John II, 1736Townsend, John II:

apprentice of Schooling, James, 1736son of Townsend, John I, 1736

Townsend, Richard: dates, 1735–1736master of Ben, John, 1735–1736master of Godbor, Thomas, 1736master of Taylor, William II, 1736–1737master of Wright, John, 1736sc mkr, 1735

Townsend & Co see Townshend & CoTownshend & Co:

postal sc mkr, 146, 366, 3022registered design no, 146–147

Townson & Mercer: precision bal mkr, 1822scientific instrument mkr, 1822see also catalogue

Townson & Mercer Ltd:

precision bal mkr, 1822scientific instrument mkr, 1822see also catalogue

Towsey, T J, ccd, 841Tozer, W, patentee, 537–538, 547, 549trade, def, 1036trade beam mkr, Fournel, Antoine, 862trade card:

, Clayton, Dr Frederick, 1170Allender, John, 13, 760, 895, 904, 960Allender ccd, 13, 760, 895, 904, 960Angldile Computing Scale Co, 180, 901Arstall, Widow & Son, 2012Arstall, William, 2001, 2010Avery, W & T, 1579bankers weighing money, 1295Beach, Thomas, 1507, 1512Bourne, Thomas, 697Brind, William, 205Brooksby, Thomas II, 214Bullock, W & Co, 644Charpentier, 1623Chatillon, John & Sons, 754Croome, Thomas, 207Crosby, Daniel, 1761Crosby, Daniel I, 1763Davis, A B & Co, 785Degrave, Charles, 247design changes, English, 1397Dorsman, Paulus, 849Exupere, L, 601Fairbanks Infallible Scale Co, 759Fitch, Dr C H, 2038Forstoff, Johann Wilhelm, 27French, Robert, 1502–1503in French for England, 1392Gatchell, Samuel, 1769Gatchell, Samuel & Sons, 1798–1799Gibson, Thomas, 215Gowers, Weston, 1782Greaves, John & Son, 238Hand, Ephraim, 1801Harris, John, 1040, 1380Harrison, Thomas, 495, 676, 1588Herbert, Thomas, 1192Herbert & Sons, 1194Herbert & Sons Ltd, 1198Herbertz, Johan Philipp, 29Herbertz, Johan Wilhelm, 29, 112Hux, Thomas & Elizabeth, 208, 1383, 1397Imlay & Bicknell, 764Infallible Coin Scale Co, 762, 964Jackson, Henry, 1803–1804Jackson, James, 1495Jones of Binghamton, 562Kirch, Johannes, 507Kirk, John, 1061Kosmo, 799Kruse, Abraham, 29Kruse, Melchior, 29Linderman, Jan, 1606Lockhart, James, 2069

Lord, Horatio, 1172Lumsden, Benjamin, 2070Marriott, Henry, 1883Mittelstenscheid, Iohann Caspar, 27Moffett, Elizabeth, 1584Moffett, Elizabeth & Son, 1585Moffett, James Thomas, 1583–1585Moffett & Blackburn, 1584Morton Coal Co, 33Neale, Henry, 1381, 1801Neale, John, 208, 1382Nesbitt, John, 1176Overing, Thomas, 247Phillips, Edward, 247Phillips, Walter, 1783Picard, John, 210, 1067Pickering, David, 1830Pickering, James, 1832Poupard, E, 799precursor, 1377Proctor, Charles & Luke, 261Read, Joseph, 183Read, Samuel, 247Richardson, Joseph, 1490Roberts, Timothy, 244, 2380Rosal, Tomas, 1605Sangster, Elizabeth & John, 9Sangster, James, 214Schlesinger, M, 1180Sharples, B, 802Simpson, R, 736Skinner, William, 2066Snart, John, 210Sommers, Charles I, 215, 1392–1398Sparks, Treharne & Co, 802Springer Torsion Balance Co, 999Tallman, James, 1383–1384Thompson, J A, 763Troemner, Henry, 811Ubrig, E & Co, 1438Warren & Co, 152Webb, R W, 798Williams, Thomas III, 2082Wilson, I, 760, 904Wolschot, J F, 1295Young & Son, 800

"Trade Card, c.1765", 2471Trade Cards, comment on use, 1769"Trade Cards" (article by Weiss), 898–901trade directories:

Andrews (1789), 248Bailey's Western & Midland

1781, 19431783, 2013–2014

Baines1822, 1943Lancashire (1825), 2013–2014Liverpool (1822-27), 2013–2014Yorkshire (1822), 2013–2014

Baldwins (1770, 1772, 1783), 248Barfoot & Wilkes (1783, 1793), 248Birmingham (1780), 658

Bisset's 1808, 1943Bordeaux (1820), 863Boston Almanac (1868, 1869, 1873), 666Boyles (1796), 248Colton's General Atlas of New York (1856),

1643Commercial [Manchester] (1814-15), 2013–

2014Complete Guide (1763, 1768), 248Gores Liverpool

1774-1851, 20131807, 2003, 20131810, 2013–2014

Holdens Liverpool (1811), 2014Holdens Triennial (1805-7, 1809-11), 2014Kents (1760, 1800), 244Landale & Tod

1825, 22521827, 2252

Lewis' Liverpool (1790), 2013Lowndes (1774, 178l, 1792, 1797, 1799), 248McCorquodales Liverpool (1848), 2013Mortimers (1763), 248Paynes (1760, 1768, 1773, 1780), 248Pearson & Rollason (1780), 1943Philadelphia City (1838-70), 2065Pigot & Slater's Liverpool (1843), 2013–2014Pigots

Commercial London & Provinces (1822-23), 2013

Manchester (1818-20), 2013National Commercial London & Provinces

(1830-31, 1834), 2013Scotland & Provincial towns (1837),

2013–2014Pigot's (1816, 1818, 1825), 1943Pyes (1797), 1943S Manchester (1843-51), 2013Scarse's Birmingham (1777), 1943Sketchley's Birmingham (1767), 1943Slater's

Manchester (1848), 2013–2014National Commercial of Ireland &

important English towns (1846), 2013–2014

Royal National Commercial of Scotland & important English towns (1852), 2013–2014

Swinney's Birmingham (1774), 1943Triennial (1812), 1943Underhill's

(late Holden) London 1816 & 1817, 20131817, 1943

Universal…all…England & Wales1793, 1943n.d., 2013

Wakefields (1792), 248Woodward's Liverpool (1804), 2013Wrightsons (1815, 1821, 1828), 1943

trade dollars, 648–649trade label, Justice, 1290–1291trade-label cleaning, 1270

trade sc: def, 7accuracy, 543counting, 1452mkr

Anderson Brothers, 1448Avery, W & T, 1453Avery, W & T Ltd, 1448, 1451, 1453–

1454Banfield, S Ltd, 1443Beach, Thomas, 1508, 1539, 1574Bennet, Thomas Moseley, 2006Braby, James, 1725Chatillon & Sons, 336Clarke, J & I, 1759Day & Millward, 1442, 1451Dutton & Moss, 2006Fairbanks & Co, 107, 109Fournel, Antoine, 858–863Garland, James & Co, 1590Gatchell, Samuel & Sons, 1777Herbert, Thomas, 1191–1202Herbert & Son Ltd, 1191–1202Jackson, E & Co, 1444Littlejohn, Arthur, 2006Longton & Harrison, 2006Magalhaens, J H de, 606Martin, Henry, 1444Nesbitt, John, 1455Parnall & Sons, 1452, 1454Parnall & Sons Ltd, 1447Pooley, Henry & Son Ltd, 1443Rimmer, Richard, 2006Rollé & Schwilgué, 887Salter, 516, 518, 521–527Salter, Geo & Co, 1440Schnellwaagen-Fabrik G M B H, 844–847Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society

Ltd, 1443Siddons, Joseph & Jesse Ltd, 1450Squyer, Oscar C, 1905Sutcliffe, H & Co, 1455Tacho-Schnellwaagen-Fabrik G m b H,

844–847Ubrig, E & Co, 1440White, John & Son, 1445White Bros & Co, 1445Wiseman, A, 1455Wright, Henry, 2002, 2006

retailerHetherington, R D D, 1447Smith & Stevenson, 1447Stirling, Alexander, 1447Thompson, G B & Co, 1726Ubrig, E & Co, 1440

steelyard, 321, 332, 334, 926, 1026, 1378see also counter sc; do'tchin; micrometer sc;

pendulum sc; platform sc; roberval sc; shop sc; spring bal

trade token, Kirk, John, 896trade transfer, 2220trademark:

def, 1218angel & sc, 1448crowned star, 2480crowned star inside rectangle, 2480lion of St. Mark, 2520–2524, 2586–2587pig in basin, 1447royal crown, 2480

Trademark system, 1218Trades Description Act, 2035trading function, def, 1036trading wt systems, mediaeval, 1992–1995Trafford W, yarn bal patentee, 1176training sc mkrs, 1388transducer, 2215transfer, restoration, 1319transposition weighing, 246

def, 340Travis (author), 1862Trayvou, 2480

second husband of Catenot, Widow, 1664successor of Catenot, Widow, 1664successor of Catenot-Béranger, 1664

Treasury, U S, 648–649Treasury Order:

1714, 10601773, 496, 1079

Treatise of Weights Metrology & Measures of Scotland by Hunter (review), 189

Treatise on Weighing Machines Owen (review), 87, 134, 169, 189, 1809, 1815, 2092

Treff, Kelman, patentee, 307, 445trencher bread, 1052Tresor de la Couronne' adjuster, Charpentier, 1623"Trial of the Pyx" (article by Crawforth D), 1435–

1437triangular leverage, platform sc, 888Tribo, C-spring mkr, 1876trig loop see Tumblertrigger pressure scale, 2172trigger tension tester, 2172Triner:

candy sc mkr, 2101kitchen sc mkr, 1248Perfection kitchen sc, 1248postal sc mkr, 479, 1261–1262, 3028see also catalogue

Triner, J M, patentee, 479, 651Triner Scale & Mfg Co see cataloguetrip balance:

Harvard, 3092–3096see also trip scale

trip scale: def, 340, 3092with agate bearings, 3093analyzed, 3093butchers, 1591description, 3092druggists, 78grocers, 1591Harvard, 3092–3096mkr

Bausch & Lomb, 3095

Central Scientific, 3092–3093Chatillon, John & Sons, 1591Eimer & Amend, 3095Fairbanks & Co, 109, 3092Fisher Scientific, 3095Franklin Educational Co, 3093Newark Scale Works, 3095Ohaus Scale Corp., 3094–3095Penn Scale Mfg Co Inc, 647Thomas, Arthur H, 3095Troemner, Henry, 3092Welch, W M Mfg Co, 3094–3095

modifications of, 3093patentee

Kopp, Reinhold A, 3093–3094Sachse, Herman Paul, 3093–3094Stevens, Frederick M, 3095

sensibility, 3093shop, 647, 1591, 2229

trip scale, 2229, 2230, 2257, 2603, 3092–3096"Trip to Malta" (article by Boogaard), 864–868triple purpose scale, 2169–2170tripod stand, 547, 1196, 1392, 1396, 1584, 2338–2339Troemner (query by Cohn), 1643Troemner, Henry, 2628, 3116

advert 1856, 1643American ccd mkr, 2061American sc mkr, 157, 417, 1020, 1101, 1170,

1276, 1701, 3116apothecary sc mkr, 811assay sc mkr, 811, 1643, 2498assay wt mkr, 2530baby sc mkr, 2660bank sc mkr, 811, 1020, 1643berangèr mkr, 811, 1643, 1939–1940berangèr sc mkr, 811, 1643, 1939, 1940bullion bal mkr, 811, 1020, 1939butchers sc mkr, 1643butter print sc mkr, 2655candy sc mkr, 2101chemical bal mkr, 1101coin sc mkr, 1020counter sc mkr, 1643, 1721–1722cream test sc mkr, 2662druggists sc mkr, 1643, 2051egg sc mkr, 416–417, 1276gold sc mkr, 811, 1643grocers sc mkr, 1643Harvard trip balance mkr, 3092locksmith, working at Girard College, 2628Mint sc mkr, 1020, 3124Old Advert, 1020paper sc mkr, 1701partner in Meyers & Co, 2061pharmacy sc mkr, 2187planchet sc mkr, 3124platform sc mkr, 811, 1643post office sc mkr, 1643roberval sc mkr, 1101shop sc mkr, 811steelyard mkr, 1701, 1721–1722successor of Meyers & Co, 2061

trade card, 811trip balance mkr, 3092trip sc mkr, 3092working at Girard College, 2628working with Meyers, 2628wts mkr, 811, 1592, 1643, 1930, 1936, 1940yarn sc mkr, 1170see also catalogue

Troemner, Henry & Co, bullion bal mkr, 157Troemner least current weights mkr, 3124Troemner Planchet scale mkr, 3124

weights for, 3124trombone, steelyard, 1029Tron weighing, 2016trone wt, 1075Trotter, John, inventor of platform sc made by Haas, I

B, 695–696Troughton, Edward:

scientific instrument mkr, 1787working with Bate, Robert Brettell, 1787

Troughton & Simms: employed Read, Frederick Stanley, 2076employer of Francis, 2080precision bal mkr, 1822scientific instrument mkr, 1822see also catalogue

Troughton & Simms see Cooke, Troughton & SimmsTrout, Joseph, father of Trout, Thomas, 1732Trout, Thomas:

apprentice of Astill, William, 1732son of Trout, Joseph, 1732

Trowbridge, Charles: apprentice of Nicholl, William Lewis, 1730,

1739master of Randall, Charles Henry, 1739partner of Kington, John, 1730trained with Kington, John, 1730

Troy grain, adoption of, 1989Troy ounce, adoption of, 1989"Troy Pound Mystery" (article by Graham), 390–394troy weights see weights, denomination, troytrumpet end:

def, 172, 340see also beam end shapes

Trussel, postal sc retailer, 933truth, def, 340tryers' wts, 1038tsien, wts see weights, denominationtsugi sao bakari see steelyardtsuno sao bakari see steelyardtubular, beam, 1293tubular spring bal see Spring bal, tubularTucker, Richard, coin sc mkr, 499, 502tumbler, def, 194, 340tumbril see cruciform rockerturga, assay mark, 2838–2839"Turin Coin Scale" (article), 2356Turkish:

béranger shop, 485ccd, 190–191coin steelyard, 1028numerals, def, 191

scmkr

Hizar Terazzi, 485Yekeri, 645–646

steelyards, 645–646wts see weights, nationalitysee also weights, nationality, Ottoman

Turkish cruciform rocker, 2569turn, 375, 379, 383

def, 231, 340, 1027double, 1624–1625movable poise, def, 1027

turn-over beam see swivelling beamturn-over of apprentices, 1741turn-over poise, 1279–1281

pendulum sc, 1650turn over steelyard:

def, 340date, incorrect, 1302see also steelyard

turn over wts see weight, shapeTurnbull:

American sc mkr, 877half-roberval & spring, 981patentee, 981shop sc mkr, 981

Turner, John Thomas: apprentice of Bassingham, Samuel, 1731dates, 1731son of Turner, Samuel, 2939

Turner, Richard: author, 498, 1796obituary, 542

Turner, Samuel Senior: bismar mkr, 1030, 2936–2940bottle wts mkr, 755candlestick postal sc mkr, 1514dates, 388, 662egg & letter sc, 381, 415, 1263egg sc, 373–374, 381, 415patent, 1021postal sc mkr, 133, 380–381, 388, 481–482, 568,

663, 691, 755, 821, 943, 1021, 1030, 1254, 1263, 2514, 2936–2940

retailerAvery, W & T, 2940B W W B, 2940Benetfinck & Co, 2940Day & Millward, 2940Heath, John, 2940Houghton & Gunn, 2940Houlston, 2940Pooley & Son, 2940Reynolds & Chilton, 2940Wilcock, C & Son, 2940Windle & Blyth, 755Wright, George & Co, 2940

S T S trade mark, 380, 2938subcontracted, 821, 1360

Turnpike Act, 655Turpin-Bremal:

bought by Béranger, Joseph, 1664

French sc mkr, 1664Turpins:

foreman Béranger, Joseph, 1663French sc mkr, 1663

Turvey, William: apprentice of Bate, Richard, 1736apprentice of Freeman, Samuel II, 1736

tweezers, 210, 247, 476tweezers with shovel, 476twenty-two shilling piece, def, 1043Twine, Joseph:

apprentice of Wenborn, Robert, 1738date, 1738

two knife bal see Substitution balTwo-penny Post, 1226Two Thousand Jaar Gewichten in de Nederland by

Wittop-koning & Houben (review), 355Two Thousand Years of Nested Cup-weights by

Houben (review), 738Tyson, Jacob, American wt mkr, 1047

UU in crescent moon mastersign, Luginbühl, Ulrich,

1867U K Primary Standards, 1156"U S Candy Scales" article, 2101–2102U S Census records, 2096U S P O:

first sc, 1047sc, 1017, 1047

mkrHaberson, Benjamin, 1047Yarnell, Ellis, 1047

wts, 1047see also American Post Office; U S Postal

SystemU S Patent & Trademark Depository, 2099U S postal system:

letter from Carley, 1017letter from Ifshin, 1047see also American Post Office; U S P O

U S Standards of W & M Their Creation & Creators by Frazier (review), 102

U U design, platform sc, 723U V design, platform sc, 724U W f see Ubrig, Emil & CoUbrig, E & Co see catalogue, Ubrig, E & Co 1892Ubrig, Emil:

coin operated sc mkr, 2455coin operated sc patentee, 2455–2456flexure spring patent, 1908kitchen sc mkr, 765, 958, 1889, 1909parcel sc mkr, 623, 1261patentee in G B, 517, 623spring bal mkr, 517, 623, 958, 1438

Ubrig, Emil & Co: animal sc mkr, 1439dates, 1438dynamometer mkr, 1439E U trade mark, 1890family sc mkr, 1889German sc mkr, 1438

making for export, 1890parcel sc mkr, 1439person sc mkr, 1439, 1706, 2455postal sc mkr, 1439postal sc retailers, 1438–1440spring bal mkr, 1438spring bal retailer, 1438–1440trade card, 1438trade sc mkr, 1440trade sc retailer, 1440U W f trade-mark, 1439see also catalogue, Ubrig, E & Co 1892

Ubrig, Heinrich Carl Christian see Ubrig, Emil & CoUbrig's Waagen-fabrik Gebr:

UbrigGerman sc mkr, 1438spring bal mkr, 1438

ultra micro bal: def, 3see also Precision bal

under & over sc, def, 341UnderWood, Reporter Co, American retailer, 995unequal-arm beam, 1547, 2177unequal arm sc, 224, 227, 231, 257–258, 1133, 2177,

2711–2718def, 341coin, 2711–2712dental, 2711–2712egg, 378–384, 414–415, 1973English, 2711German, 2711laboratory, 872mkr

Beach, Thomas, 2711Fairbanks & Co, 1918White Mfg Co, 1973

with no moving pivots, 2711photographers, 1918postal, 1649with proportional wts (contracting machine),

655–658, 698ratio, 2711reversible, 1918sovereign, 1039with turn-over poises, 1974with weights, 2711

Uniform Postal Act of 1840, British, 3026Uniform System of marking wts, 1961Union Fire Office, 1785Union Mill, wts user, 1116union sc, 86, 514, 1592, 1807, 1835–1840, 1877–1878

def, 1808mathematics of, 1877mkr

Avery, W & T, 1838Chatillon, John & Sons, 1592Fairbanks & Co, 86, 1807, 1836, 1838Garland, James & Co, 1840Howe Scale Co, 901Robert, D L, 514, 1878

objections, 1835–1840patent, 1878

use in 1992, 1840"Union Scale":

article by Cheeseman, 1837–1838article by Knights, 1838article by Stein, T, 1807–1815response by Newall, 1877

Unique egg see Speciality Mfg Counit 1, mark on wts, def, 331unite see weights, denomination, uniteUnited States Torsion Balance & Scale Co:

American sc mkr, 997dates, 997succeeded by Springer Torsion Balance Co, 997successors of Torsion Balance & Scale Co, 997

United Yeast Co Ltd, bread, sc mkr, 1089Univ Oxon (Oxford University), 1929Universal Cambrist by Kelly (review), 188Universal Postal Union, 353Universal Trade name, Kahlert Mfg Co, 1314"Unknown CCD" (article by Newman), 2759–2765"Unpatented American Counterfeit Coin Detectors"

(article by Mallis), 2059–2066unstable weighbeam see Accelerating beam"Unusual 1640s Coin Scale" (article by Biggs &

Vangroenweghe), 1549–1552Ur Maul trade name, Maul, Philipp Jakob, 1660US Coin Scales and Mechanical Counterfeit Coin

Detectors (review), 2411–2412US Coinage Act of Apr. 2, 1792, 2536US Dollar weights, 2402, 2445

marked BP, 2402marked F & S, 2445marked FS, 2445

US Machine & Invention Co, 2426–2427US Patent & Trademark Office, 2427"US Patents 1837-1865" (article by Willard &

Crawforth-Hitchins), 2663–2671"US Patents 1866-1870" (article by Willard &

Crawforth-Hitchins), 2696–2700"US Patents 1871-1873" (article by Willard &

Crawforth-Hitchins), 2726–2728"US Patents 1873-1877" (article by Willard &

Crawforth-Hitchins), 2747–2755"US Patents 1877-1879" (article by Willard &

Crawforth-Hitchins), 2779–2784"US Patents 1881-1882" (article by Willard &

Crawforth-Hitchins), 2808–2811"US Patents 1882-1885" (article by Willard &

Crawforth-Hitchins), 2840–2844"US Patents 1886-1888" (article by Willard &

Berning), 2868–2871"US Patents 1889" (article), 2900"US Patents 1890" (article), 2928Usines de la Mulatière, 2480Utilia see Perfas

VV I D see weights, denomination, sixpenceV I D ANGEL, on wts, 1355V I D IR M BRIT, on wts, 1355V R crowned, 21

monarchs' marks, 20

V R W, mark on wts, 122V S see weights, denomination, crown; weights,

denomination, half-angel; weights, denomination, laurel

V S CAROL REX, on wts, 1355V S VI D:

on coin wts, 1014see also weights, denomination, crown; weights,

denomination, half-angelV spring bal:

def, 341date, 468, 494see also spring bal, V

V-spring mkr: C G, 1874E H, 1875F H, 1875I crowned, 1875I L, 1875J B G, 1875L B & flower, 1875Le Termelier A G T E, 1875Lisicaux, 1875O L B, 1875P F, 1875Régnier, 2231Samon, 1875

V V design, platform sc, 657, 693Vacua:

functions for, 2592laboratory bal by Sartorius, 2542–2547, 2591,

2592, 2597vacuum bal mkr:

Oertling, Ludwig, 2080Sartorius, 2542–2547, 2591

vacuum weighing, reasons for, 2592–2593Vaid, DL, Indian sc mkr, 2420Val-U-Scale, 2449–2450Valent's "Collecting European Coin-Scales" (article),

2395–2400Valette fils, patentee, 1370, 1374Van Berkel see Berkelvan Reymerswaele, Marinus, painter, 2395Vancouver Importing Co, egg sc retailer, 1279Vandenbergh, E T, patentee, 454Vandome, 2438

bankers sc mkr, 592coin sc mkr, 592diamond sc mkr, 592grain sc mkr, 592paper sc mkr, 592weighing machine mkr, 592wts mkr, 592

Vandome, Richard, 392, 592, 2857–2858apprentice of Moffett, James, 1585coin sc mkr, 1734dates, 592employed Driver, John Samuel, 1734master of Bastick, Richard (not Thomas), 1734master of Driver, John Samuel, 1734master of Gore, Thomas Hunsdon, 1734owner of Standard Troy pound, 391–392

partner of Blackburn, John I, 1734postal sc mkr, 2857–2860sc mkr, 3089succeeded by Vandome, Titfords & Co, 1734successor of Vandome, Richard & Co, 1734

Vandome, Richard & Co: coin sc mkr, 1734dates, 1734succeeded by Vandome, Richard, 1734successors of Vandome & New, 1734

Vandome, Titfords & Co, 592, 2159dates, 592, 1731grain sc mkr, 1734succeeded by Titfords & Co, 1734successors of Vandome, Richard, 1734see also catalogue

Vandome, Titfords & Co Ltd, 2314dates, 1734paper sc mkr, 1692, 1703–1704succeeded by Vandome & Hart Ltd, 1734successors of Vandome, Titfords & Pawson,

1734successors of Williams, William & Sons, 1731

Vandome, Titfords & Pawson, 592, 2314, 2857, 2859dates, 1734diamond sc mkr, 1734retailer Vaid, D L, 2314succeeded by Vandome, Titfords & Co Ltd,

1734successors of Titford & Co, 1734Vandome, Richard & Titford, William &

Titford, Arthur & Pawson, Henry, 1734Vandome & Blackburn, Vandome, Richard &

Blackburn, John I, 1734Vandome & Co, 592

combined with Hart, David & Co, 1730dates, 592successors of New & Co, 1734

Vandome & Hart, successor of Poupard, Thomas James, 1737

Vandome & Hart Ltd, 392, 592, 2129Arbiter, 1704dates, 1730half owned by Corderoy, Edward, 1733paper sc mkr, 1690, 1692, 1704succeeded by Avery, W & T Ltd, 1730, 1734succeeded by Herbert & Sons Ltd, 2129successors of Hart, David & Co, 1730, 1734successors of Hunt & Co (Scales) Ltd, 1730successors of Vandome, Titfords & Co Ltd,

1734see also catalogue

Vandome & New: succeeded by Vandome, Richard & Co, 1734Vandome, Richard & New, William, 1734

Vangroenweghe & Biggs' "Unusual 1640s Coin Scale" (article), 1549–1552

Vangroenweghe & Geldof's Pondera Medicinalia (1989) (review), 1297–1299

Vardy see Dixon & Vardyvariable beam steelyard, 339, 341, 409, 454, 480, 530,

758, 1029

variable poise, Prutscher A, 1029Variety Works, counter steelyard mkr, 2884–2891"The Variety Works Scale, an American Puzzle"

(article by Beare), 2884–2891Vaughton, Christopher, 246

apprentice of Read, Samuel, 246, 1729, 1737dates, 1737master of Baverstock, George, 1737master of Smith, Joseph, 1737

velvet, brown & cream, 1507Vendome & Hart Ltd, 2129Venema (1862), reprint, 65Venema (author), 65Venot, C-spring mkr, 1876Vents, def, 137, 138Verein zur Beförderung des Gewerbefleies in

Preuen (1875), 2272, 2276verification, 136–138, 713–716

document, 1342verification marks, 27, 237, 250, 2995–2997

def, 341APCIO, 2996articles by Biggs, 1891–1896, 1924–1930,

1955–1961, 1977–1983, 2031–2037articles by Crawforth, 20–24, 43–48, 67–72, 85,

90–96Giralda, 2995Hortyz, 2995lead plug, 1343lead seal, 1159, 1343moulded, 1159obliteration, 260, 294, 297Orkney, 1344–1345OTZ, 2996on pewter, 1343–1344sand-blasted, 1159Spanish, 2995–2997wood plug, 1159

verification of wts: by Lindsey C C, 1341–1343by Plumbers Co, 581, 583by police, 1160

Vermeer's painting, Woman holding a Balance, 742Vermont Expo Fairgrounds, 3071, 3074Vermont Historical Society, 2191vernier graduations, 235–236Vertex Industries Inc:

dairy sc, 1000dates, 1000dial-reading sc, 1000electronic analytical sc, 1000, 1003electronic top-loading sc, 1000, 1003high capacity analytical sc, 1000optical projection sc, 1000prescription sc, 1000substitution bal, 1003successors of Becker, Christian Inc, 1000Torbal Division, 1000

Veteran Scales & Balances by Jewell (review), 139, 189

vibrating beam, 2603def, 341, 2603

see also Accelerating beamvibrating counter roberval sc, Day & Millward, 1442vibrating counter sc, 2470vibrating inverted roberval sc, Avery, W & T Ltd,

1453vibrating sc, 289Vickery, C:

postal sc retailers, 1407spring bal retailer, 1407

Victor, trade mark see TrinerVictoria I, coinage, 915Victoria wts see weight, shapeVictorian letter sc see Postal scVieweg (author), 749Vikings, weighing practices, 1326Vincent, James:

apprentice of Vincent, Robert II, 1729, 1732coin sc mkr, 1729connection with Vincent, Robert III?, 1732dates, 1733partner of Chancellor, Thomas, 1733partner of Vincent, Robert II, 1733sc mkr, 3088son of Vincent, Robert II (line omitted), 1732succeeded by Vincent & Chancellor, 1733successor of Vincent, R & I, 1733

Vincent, R & I: inspectors sc mkr, 1733succeeded by Vincent, James, 1733successors of Vincent, Robert II, 1733Vincent, Robert II & Vincent, James, 1733

Vincent, Robert & Son: coin sc mkr, 1733dates, 1733succeeded by Vincent, Robert II, 1733successors of Vincent, Robert I, 1733Vincent, Robert I & Vincent, Robert II, 1733

Vincent, Robert I: date, 1733father of Vincent, Robert II, 1733member of Haberdashers Co, 1727partner of Vincent, Robert II, 1733succeeded by Vincent, Robert & Son, 1733

Vincent, Robert II: coin sc mkr, 208dates, 1730, 1732father of Vincent, James (line omitted), 1732master of Allmond, George, 1729, 1732master of Chancellor, Thomas, 1729, 1733master of Dutton, James, 1729, 1733master of Leveritt, William, 1740master of Lewis, William, 1729, 1733master of Partridge, John, 1729, 1732master of Passer, Henry, 1732master of Reynolds, Joseph, 1729, 1733master of Ridgard, Joseph, 1729, 1733master of Skinner, William, 1729, 2066master of Snart, Charles, 1729, 1730master of Vincent, James, 1729, 1732partner of Vincent, James, 1733partner of Vincent, Robert I, 1733son of Vincent, Robert I, 1733

succeeded by Vincent, R & I, 1733sucessor of Vincent, Robert & Son, 1733

Vincent, Robert III: connection with Vincent, James?, 1732dates, 1732succeeded by Vincent, Thomas, 1732

Vincent, Thomas: dates, 1732sc & wts mkr, 1732successor of Vincent, Robert III, 1732

Vincent & Chancellor: coin sc mkr, 1733dates, 1733succeeded by Dutton & Smith, 1733successor of Vincent, James, 1733

Vinci, L de, inventor, 572–574Violet, Thomas, coin wts mkr, 1013Violette, Larry, 3071violin shaped cases see boxviolin wts see weight, shape, violinVirginia W & M, 1136Visser's "Harrison ccd" (letter), 446"Vive la Diffèrence" (article by Knights), 2438–2441Vizer, Thomas, paperer for George Washington, 2536vocabulary, 2571Vogt see Klippert, Vogt & WeilandVoland & Sons, assay bal mkr, 2498volumetric measure, bushel, 989von der Nahmer, retailer for Salter, 2240Vorley's Arabic Glass wts, 160–162

W"W & L E Gurley Troy, NY" (article by Beyreis),

2964–2966W & M see Weights & MeasuresW & M regulations:

1878, 1835–18361907, 961

W & T A see Avery, W & TW & T Avery Ltd, jewellers bal mkr, 1457W C:

engraver, 1013mark on wts, 1013wts, 638

W E: possibly E W, 1907postal sc mkr, 1907see also EW

W F Stimpson Co, Mi sc mkr, 3034W IV lion mark (York), 1928W L, Irish coin wts mkr?, 1824W R crowned, 24W T (Tongue, William), 1508waage, word first used in Germany, 641Waddy, William, steelyard mkr or owner?, 1791Wade (author), 169Wade, John, coin wt mkr, 1043Wade, Thomas:

apprentice of Freeman, Samuel II, 1737dates, 1737master of Pixley, Thomas II, 1737

wage, word last used in Germany, 641

Wage's "Treating Rust" (letter), 280waggon sc mkr (for use on), Chatillon, John & Sons,

1596waggon weighing, 655Wagner see Koch, Fuge & WagnerWagner, C Ernst:

dates, 1921German sc mkr, 1921succeeded by Wagner & Co, 1921successors of Koch, Fuge & Wagner, 1921

Wagner, Deborah Jean, biography, 3096Wagner, Ernst Karl, owner of Koch, Fuge & Wagner,

1921Wagner & Co:

dates, 1921German sc mkr, 1921owned by Schut, Ludwig, 1921successor of Wagner, C Ernst, 1921successors of Koch, C Ernst, 1921

Wagstaffe, Thomas, exporter, 1491–1493wainscot box see box, MUBWakefield mark, 1960Wakeman's horn (Ripon mark), 1972Walker:

hydrostatic sc designer, 1033moving load sc inventor, 1033

Walker, A & Co Ltd: self indicating sc mkr, 709shop sc mkr, 709

Walker, Catherine: dates, 1737succeeded by Candle, George, 1737successor of Walker, Edward, 1737widow of Walker, Edward, 1737

Walker, Driver & Sons: successors of Walker, Driver & Warmisham,

1733successors of Walker, Jonathan & Son, 1733

Walker, Driver & Warmisham: at same address as Allchin, Henry & Co Ltd,

1733at same address as Miles & Co, 1733succeeded by Walker, Driver & Sons, 1733successors of Warmisham & Shepherd, 1733

Walker, Edward: apprentice of Payne, Benjamin Matthew, 1737dates, 1737husband of Walker, Catherine, 1737succeeded by Walker, Catherine, 1737

Walker, geologists sc designer, 1033Walker, Jonathan:

1826-69, 1733succeeded by Walker, Jonathan & Son, 1733

Walker, Jonathan & Son: dates, 1733succeeded by Walker, Driver & Sons, 1733successors of Walker, Jonathan, 1733

walking stick sc, 298wall-mounted sc, 1657, 1692Waller, postal sc retailers, 938Walley, coin sc retailer, 282Walter, Hubert (distributor of W & M), 1891

Walton, Christopher, dates, 1723Walzman Farm, successor to Bedell Farm, 3081–3082"Wandering Weights" (article by Knights), 1341–1345wapentake, division of county, 1924ward (division of county), 1925Ward, Callingwood:

coin sc mkr, 496, 500–502, 1066, 1508coin wts mkr, 1062, 1066, 1508dates, 1508

Ward, Montgomery & Co, egg sc mkr, 383–384, 1279, 1282

Ward, T H: crane weigher patentee, 1931patentee, 1931

Warden of Standards, started 1866, 2076"Wardmote Inquest" (article by Pyne), 729warehouse sc:

mkrBourne & Smith, 136Chatillon, John & Sons, 333, 337Fairbanks, 109, 992Fairbanks & Co, 86, 107, 992Marriott, Henry, 1883

spring, 333–337steelyard, 109see also Platform sc, warehouse

Waren, Joseph: also spelled Warren, 1508coin sc mkr, 1508dates, 1508

Warmisham, Cocksedge & Co: dates, 1733successors of Cocksedge & Co, 1733successors of Warmisham & Shepherd, 1733

Warmisham, Samuel: apothecary sc mkr, 1733shops in London & Ipswich, 1733succeeded by Warmisham & Shepherd, 1733successor of Dougall, R, 1733

Warmisham & Shepherd: date, 1733succeeded by Walker, Driver & Warmisham,

1733succeeded by Warmisham, Cocksedge & Co,

1733successors of Warmisham, Samuel, 1733

Warner, Deborah Jean, 2239, 3096, 3098Warner, John, dates, 1726Warner, Thomas:

collaborator with Henry, Solomon, 1723date, 1723

Warner's "The Harvard Trip Scale" (article), 3092–3096

warp see cloth scWARRANTED CURRENT WEIGHT, on coin wts,

1127–1132Warren, James:

coin sc retailer, 1845dates, 1845I W mark on wts, 1845I W silver mark, 1845J W J entwined, mark on wts, 501, 1845

J W silver mark, 1845master of Goldsmiths' Co of Dublin, 1755, 1845official wts mkr for Ireland, 1755weights, mkr, J W J, 501–502wts, 499, 502, 560–561

Warren, Joseph see Waren, JosephWarren & Co, gold sc retailer, 152Washburn, A L, coin operated sc patentee, 2457Washington, George (US President), 2536wastage, def, 1690wastel bread, 1052wata bakari see steelyardwater wts see weights, purpose, hydrostaticalWaterlow, Sydney H:

A frame on roberval scale, 3002–3003addresses, 2998–2999advertisement of, 3000as apprentice, 2998apprenticed to Harrison, Thomas, 2998banker's scale retailer, 2999–3000, 3005–3006printer, 2998

outlets of, 2998–2999retailer for DeGrave, 2999–3000retailer for Mordan, 2999–3000retailer for Ratcliff, 2999–3000retailer for Winfield, 2999–3000skeleton balance retailer, 2999–3002soverign sc retailer, 2999–3000Winfield candlestick retailer, 2999–3000

Waterlow & Bros, succeeded by Waterlow Bros & Layton, 3002

Waterlow & Sons: A frame postal, W & S frame on, 3003–3004,

3006bank scale, 3000, 3002–3005

box-ends on, 3000, 3002cord lift on, 3000, 3002description of, 3000, 3002feet on, 3000, 3002

bank scale retailers, 3000, 3002–3005candlestick scale retailers, 2999–3000dial-face postal sc retailer, 3003encased roberval sc retailer, 3003half-roberval sc retailer, 3003half-roberval with hanging pan, 3003–3006hanging pan sc retailer, 3003parcel sc retailer, 1486, 3003–3004, 3006postal sc retailers, 1480, 1486retailers for DeGrave, 2999–3000retailers for Mordan, S & Co, 2998retailers for Ratcliff, J & E, 2998retailers for Salter, 3003–3006retailers for Winfield, 2999–3000roberval sc retailer, 3003sc made by Mordan, S & Co, 2998sc made by Ratcliff, Edmund, 1486–1487, 2998succeeded by Waterlow & Bros, 3002

"Waterlow & Sons" (article by Thomas), 2998–3006Waterlow Bros & Layton, 3002

retailer for Mordan, 3002successors of Waterlow & Sons, 3002

Waterman, Albert G, 3110, 3114–3115

American scale mkr, 3110, 3113–3114census findings, 3114partner to Buckelew, John D, 3110–3118scale mkr, 3110–3118see also Buckelew & Waterman

Watkins, J C & Fidler, M & J, patentee, 566Watkins & Fidler, 565–566Watkins & Hill:

precision bal mkr, 1822scientific instrument mkr, 1822see also catalogue

Watling, John, 2458Watling, Tom, 2458

coin operated sc patentee, 2452Watling Mfg Co, 143, 2458Watson, R, patentee, 539–540Watson, Robert:

brass founder, 1715brassfounder, 1715inspectors sc mkr, 1586, 1714iron founder, 1715round sight-hole shears mkr, 1586, 1714scientific instrument mkr, 1714watch mkr, 1715

Watson, Thomas J., 2206Watt, James, 2372

instrument mkr, 1304, 1310inventor & engineer, 1118Lunar Society, 1120see also Boulton & Watt

"The Way We Were-The Way It Is" (article by Maistros), 2804–2807

Weaver, H M: postal scale description, 2512–2513, 2585–2586postal scale mkr, 2512–2513, 2585–2586

Weaver, Henry M., patentee, 2511, 2512–2513, 2585–2586

Weavers' Co: guild, 248records, 248

web site, useful: http://www.internetiff.com/InterneTIFF/

Try.htm, 2883http://www.jamesburg.net/jha/history7.html,

3117http://www.jamesburg.net/jha/savehistory/

historyprofile.html, 3114, 3117http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ho/08/euwl/

hohttp://www.internetiff.com/InterneTIFF/Try.htm1975.1.110.htm, 3016

US Patent Office, 2648–2649, 2883directions for use, 2883

www.ancestry.com, 2890, 3117www.geneology.com, 2890www.isasc.com, 3073www.oldbaileyonline.org, 3085www.oldwwmachines.com, 2968, 2970www.uspto.gov, 2883, 2899

Webb, ?, partner of Skinner, Henry, 1736Webb, Richard & Co:

dates, 1733

successors of Webb, Richard William, 1733Webb, Richard William:

apprentice of Nicholl, William Lewis, 1733assay sc mkr, 798dates, 1730diamond sc mkr, 798master of Mattocks, Charles Meares, 1731master of Stanway, Thomas, 1733master of Stoddart, James, 1730at same address as Stanway, Thomas, 1733succeeded by Webb, Richard & Co, 1733trade card, 798weghing machine mkr, 798wts mkr, 798

Webb, William A: dates, 1738egg sc mkr, 410, 416–417employed by DeGrave, Short & Fanner, 1738succeeded by Webb, W A Ltd, 1738

Webb, William A Ltd: dates, 1738egg sc mkr, 905succeeded by Oertling, L Ltd, 1738successors of Webb, William A, 1738

Webb & Skinner: dates, 1736successors of Peck, John, 1730, 1746Webb ? & Skinner, Henry, 1736wts mkr, 1450

Webb's: London Apprentices vol 21 Founders' Co 1643-

1800 (review), 2355London Apprentices vol 22 Armourers' &

Braziers'Co 1640-1800 (review), 2355Weber, Jules Henri, patentee, 1370Weber, T A, coin operated sc patentee, 2457Webster, J, patentee, 425, 547, 549"Webster Scale" (article reprint), 3020Webster Scale Manufacturing Co, 3020Wedderburn, Frederick:

date, 1730shop sc mkr, 1730

Wedderburn, G A, bread, sc mkr, 1089Wedderburn, Harriet:

date, 1730sc mkr, 1730

Wedderburn, J, patentee, 275–276, 621Wedderburn, J & Co, date, 1730Wedderburn, J & Son, date, 1730Wedderburn, Jabez I:

apprentice of Nicholl, William Lewis (line omitted), 1730

dates, 1730Wedderburn, Jabez II, date, 1730Wedderburn, James, date, 1730Wedderburn, James W, date, 1730Wedderburn, R & Sons, date, 1730Wedderburn, Robert, date, 1730Wedderburn, Robert Grove, date, 1730Wedderburn family, 1744Wedgewood, Josiah, 2238Wedgwood:

plaques, 681, 939Mordan, Sampson & Co, 1454

plate mkr, 1454pottery, 298, 2232queensware, 2232wts see weights, material, earthenware

Wedgwood, Josiah, Lunar Society, 1120Weeks, Thomas, 2451

person sc mkr, 694Weerasinghe, B E & Banks, J, 704

postal sc patentee, 704weft see cloth scWegermuff, C-spring mkr, 1876Wehman, G A & P's "Angldile Computing Scales, Part

1" (article), 2131–2140Wehman, George Anna, biography, 2100, 2140Wehman, Phil, biography, 2100, 2140Wehman's:

"Mystery Scale" (article), 2582–2584"The Evocative Scale Queen" (article), 2340–

2343"The Mysterious Hoadley Scale" (article), 2097–

2100Weigel, Christoff, engraver, 304–305weigh-beam:

public, 1567see also Beams

weigh-house, 2415–2419Glamorganshire Canal, 2417

scale in, 2417times used, 2417

Somerset Coal Canal, 2415–2419dates, 2417size, 2417

Weigh Master, markets, 730weigh scoop patentee, Gilfillan, 2923weigh scoop patents, 492, 2924weighbeam, 2284–2285, 2347weighbridge, 32, 44, 75–76, 1664, 2211–2212, 2283,

2355, 2677–2678def, 341agricultural, 1022, 2355compound lever, 2417knackers, 978mkr

Avery, W & T Ltd, 978Béranger, Joseph, 1664Béranger & Cie, 1664Bondeli, Johann Emanuel, 721Cadwick, 656Eayre, Joseph, 659Fairbanks, E & T, 723Fairbanks, Thaddeus, 2283–2286, 2344–

2349Kitchen, Richard, 725Newman, J, 1519Pooley, Henry, 724–725Quintenz, Friedrich Alois, 721Salter, 543Wyatt, John, 656, 693, 2211, 2417–2418Yeoman, Thomas, 659, 660

patentee, Edgell, James, 661

principle of, 2212public use of, 2355spring, 543testing, 714, 2678tickets, 2355, 2678using, 2678see also platform sc; Platform sc

Weigher & Stamper of Money Wts, 496, 498Field, John, 1126

weighing: def, 342in air, commercial practice of, 2219approximate, 719inclined, 1995–1997, 2016instruments, def, 22level-beam, 2016scientific & technical, 2218–2219tare, 2017tron, 2016weys, 2016

Weighing & Measuring by Chisholm (review), 187Weighing Coins Folding Gold Balances by Crawforth

(review), 135, 189"Weighing in India, 1733" (article by Cohn), 2414–

2415"Weighing in India, 1865" (article), 2406"Weighing in the 14th C" (article by Newall), 2067"Weighing in the American Kitchen" (article by

Basch), 1247–1251"Weighing in the Early 14th Century" (article by

Simpson & Connor), 1987–1988, 2015–2024"Weighing in the Kitchen" (article by Crawforth),

767–775weighing in vacuum, 2545weighing ladle mkr, Duplex Handy Scale, 1945weighing machine, 2415–2416

coke, 728mkr

Bourne, Thomas, 1508Bourne & Smith, 696Cadwick, 659, 1508Day, William Chambers, 696Day & Millward, 1451Eayre, 659Edgell James, 661Ford, Whitmore & Brunton, 1508Ford & Co, 696Hart, David & Co, 1730Herbert, Thomas, 1192Jackson, William, 1725Littlejohn & Co, 2014Moy, Thomas, 1725Newman, J, 1519Pooley, Henry & Son Ltd, 1443Vandome, 592Webb, R W, 798Wood, Henry, 1193Wood, Robert & Henry, 1193Wyatt, John, 655–661, 1508Yeoman, Thomas, 660

patenteeRoebuck, John, 692

Salmon, Robert, 692Whitmore, William, 692

"Weighing Machines coin-freed from 1884-1940" (paper by Kinmonth), 1705–1712

Weighing of Money by Houben (review), 557weighing scoops:

American, 487–491, 2230, 2922–2924British, 773–774Italian, 765Roman, 823

weighing system: modern, 2216

complexity, accuracy, flexibility of, 2216"Weighing the 7s Coin" (article by Camilleri), 1624–

1625"Weighing the World" (article by Joyce), 327–331Weighmaster, print, 305weighmasters beam, 78, 324

def, 342weight:

def, 342basis, 3077inlaid with agate, 2905making, 2243mkr

Barron, José Aparicio, 2995Beach, Thomas, 577Fairbanks, 3075Moffett, James Thomas, 1583Mordan, 3022–3023, 3046–3055, 3080Ortiz, José, 2995Sommers, Charles I, 215, 503, 1393Sommers & Son, 1396Tallman, James, 1383Troemner, Henry, 811, 1592, 1643see also weights, mkr

motiffleur-de-lys, 2108–2109heraldic, 2108

shapeanimal, 308–309, 343, 569, 1524anserine, 2824anthropomorphic see weight, shape,

humanasymmetrical, 897, 955bar, 108, 119, 291, 342–343, 519, 612–

614, 1089, 1095, 1121, 2005, 2801bell, 118–119, 159, 237, 244, 289, 291–

297, 342, 519, 614, 633, 732–733, 1048, 1056, 1123, 1138, 1348, 2266, 2355

bird, 308, 347–352, 1524, 2815bottle, 83, 144, 291, 342–343, 385, 535,

688, 732, 755, 856, 864–865, 1057brick, 343, 518–519, 613, 637bulls, 2147bun, 613, 1331, 1350–1351cased, 237, 294, 386, 418–419, 422–424,

1048chain, 493chamfered pyramid with ring, 907chickenlike bird, 2824

Chinthe, 347–352, 2145, 2147circular, 2580clover leaf, 1078coin form see weight, shape, monetiformcompound, 200, 503concave, 343conical, 343, 613, 2905convex, 342–343cross pommée, 2635cube, 342, 344cube knobbed, 686, 949, 1227, 1479–1483cup cake, 217, 308, 342–343, 613cylindrical, 342–343, 385–387, 2905cylindrical handled, 119, 734cylindrical knobbed, 734, 965, 1072,

1107–1112, 1212, 1688cylindrical tee handled, 119, 734decorative, 166, 208, 215domed, 1089, 1349, 2363double cone, 342drum, 2025duck, 2143, 2145, 2148egg, 415elephant, 224, 352, 2824embossed, 166engraved, 688, 936, 967etiolated bent rectangle, 981figurative, 344, 569first read, 343–344fish, 2147flat-circular, 614, 2467flat rectangular concave-sided, 829flat ring, 343flat stacking, numerous referencesflower, 345frogs, 2147geometric, 343, 569globe, 119, 343, 733, 2905gooselike bird, 2824handle, 108, 119, 343, 368hentha, 344, 347–352hexagon with ring, 907hexagonal, 41, 293, 343, 588, 614, 1023,

1057, 1101, 1562, 2318home-made, 166–167human, 344, 569, 2145, 2720incuse, 166irregular, 2905knobbed, 27, 49, 343, 587, 613, 2395,

2397, 3049, 3080lenticular, 2719lion see Chinthelozenge, 343, 829, 833, 835, 2363mice, 2147monetiform, 12, 166–167, 208, 233, 247,

261, 343, 459–466, 829, 834, 879–884, 913–919, 967–971, 2357

Mordan characteristics, 941mushroom, 343mythical feline, 2824nest (U S A ), 78, 108nesting, 17, 39, 42–43, 78, 156, 251, 279,

292–294, 304, 343, 564, 738, 835, 1038, 1040, 1348, 1359, 1380, 1577, 1659, 2173, 2253–2254

nesting for jockey scale, 2801nesting in coin sc box, 1380, 1548–1552,

2253–2254nesting in jewellers sc box, 1457nesting in leather case, 1349nesting Mediaeval, 1751–1752, 1796–

1797nesting with butresses, 1751nesting with domed lid, 1426–1435nesting with handle, 475, 1166nesting with lid, 1383, 1605, 1972, 2011nesting with lobed lid, 304nesting with peg-on lid, 1751–1752nesting with screw-on lid, 1166numerical, 260, 295, 343octagonal, 343, 613–614, 2580octagonal pyramid, 2635oval, 291, 343, 588, 613oval bar, 291oxen, 309peacock, 352pie shape, 613pig shape, 2720plant, 344polygon, 343polyhedral, 2149proportional nesting, 695pyramidal knobbed, 857quadrilobe, 789rabbits, 2147ram, 2145rectangular, 291, 344, 2356, 2448rectangular knobbed, 503, 627rectangular ring, 859, 1351rider, 154, 157, 287, 314, 718ring, 35, 108, 291, 334–337, 379, 417,

519, 581–586, 614, 718, 1024, 1089, 1347, 2266, 2361, 2801

romme see weight, shape, violinround boxed, 2075round knobbed, 41, 82, 113, 154–157,

178, 250, 291, 501–503, 630, 1577, 1602, 2995–2997

round knobbed apothecary, 835round tapered, 344saucer, 1024sets, 731–735sheet, 343shield, 1328, 1346–1347, 1350, 1989,

1993, 1995, 2108silk cocoon, 156sliding, 217–218, 227, 231–232, 235, 270–

272slotted, 52, 82, 109, 296, 314, 343, 437,

587, 613, 696spherical, 119, 2448, 2905spindle-shaped, 2905square, 131, 166, 205, 291, 295, 344, 499–

503, 686–687, 828, 914, 917, 968,

984–988, 1010, 1231, 1562, 2074, 2443, 2580

square bell, 343, 612–613square knobbed, 27, 49, 54, 501–503, 957square ring, 35, 108, 1089, 1095–1098,

1116–1120, 1729square tabbed, 42square tapered, 344, 476, 507, 1689–1690stacking, numerous referencesswan, 2148swastika, 2025symbol, 343tare, 32, 34, 217–218telescopic, 133to see Chinthetortoises, 2147triangular, 1562truncated cone, 635turn over, 235, 379turtle, 309Victoria, 291, 296, 343, 409, 957, 1101violin, 156, 224, 320, 343, 1497wire bent, 1940zoomorphic see weight, shape, animal

weight box: def, 344, 2987–2988mkr, print, 304sealed, 1725

weight collecting beam see weight lifting scweight depositing:

analytical sc, 718–719parcel sc, 982–983postal sc, 982–983

"Weight Depositing Scale" (article by Crawforth), 982–983

weight lift & half roberval, 340, 379, 383, 399, 410, 1071, 1223, 1469

see also half robervalweight lifting sc:

def, 344, 1223, 2121, 2427ease of use, 1369

weight pan, def, 344weight plate:

def, 170, 174, 344two, 1725

weight platter see weight panweight prover, def, 344weight rack, def, 344weight removing, def, 874weight set, least current, 3124Weight Stamping by the Worshipful Co of Founders &

City of London by Stevenson (review), 1563–1565

weight straps, 2302weight subtracting steelyard, def, 1027weight systems:

apothecary, 519, 735, 799, 802, 826–835, 1346–1347, 2351, 2398, 2539

apothecary liquid measures, 802aver-de-peis, 2173avoirdupois, 735, 1346–1347, 2173, 2175, 2229,

2333, 2539, 2575, 3044

bullion, 2224, 2391, 2402, 2445carat, 2575carat-metrique, 2575Chinese, 926, 2149coin, English, 674, 879–884, 913–919, 951–954,

1471–1479, 2224, 2575decimal-based, 2905dinar, 815drachm see apothecary wtdram, 799, 2539Egyptian, 2509European bullion, 1990–1992European trading, 1992–1995fuen, 926gros-French, 2575Hebrew, 2506–2510kilogram, 42, 2575lane, 278liang, 926libbras, 2361libra, 2173Maltese ounces, 865Medieval, 776–783, 1990–1995metric, 735, 2174Milanese pound, 2387Modenese ounces, 2363okka, 1023–1025pennyweights, 627, 828portuguese piece, 40, 2390–2391postage, 684pound, 2173quintal, 783rotoli, 865ruttee, 250, 2393–2394scruple, 799, 827solotnik, 278Syrian, 2510tola-Indian, 2575, 3080Troy, 735, 798, 828, 1348, 2107, 2173–2174,

2229, 2333, 2539, 2575, 3043–3044tsien, 926US gold pieces, 759, 763

weight ticket, 659weights:

accumulation, 1548–1549adjusters, 889, 1035assay, 2530

brass, 2530chromed, 2530gold-plated, 2530mkr

Becker, 2530Gurley, 2530Kern, 2530Oertling, 2530Troemner, 2530

nickel-plate, 2530phosphor-bronze, 2530platinum-plated, 2530

bivalent, 2554chromium-plated, 2550

mkr

Baird & Tatlock, 2550Eureka Scientific, 2550Harris, 2550MacAlaster, Bicknel, 2550Towers, 2550

city, Bruges, 2108cleaning

corrosion, 795, 3035rust treatment, 633

coin, how to make, 2778compensating, 2244–2245customers name, 612denomination, 146, 1689, 1691

1 Dollar, 24452 D 16 G see weights, denomination, half-

guinea2 Dollars, 24452*14 see weights, denomination, half-

guinea3 Dollars, 24454 Dollars, 24454 pistole, 25185 Dollars, 24455 dwt 8 grs see guinea5 sovereign, 5925*6 see guinea8 lb, 581, 103610 Dollars, 244520 Dollars, 224536 s see Portuguese Piece36 SHILLINGS see moidore100 £1 NOTES, 1605480, 1691, 1693500, 1691, 1693504, 1690510, 1694516, 1691, 1693Albertin, 2866–2867angel, 913, 917, 951–952, 985–986, 1012–

1014, 1550, 1606, 2725, 2766, 2866–2867, 2942–2943

anna, 1102apothecary ounce, 2056Austrian Marc, 2529avoirdupois, 35, 83–86, 113, 119, 131–

133, 614, 633–639, 1346, 2148, 2218, 2361, 2448, 2530, 2802, 2925–2927

2lb 1 1/2oz, 10883 1/2 lb, 10898lb, 1036metric, 1107–1112

azen see weights, denomination, grainbeka, 2150, 2509blank, 1010Bologna ounce, 2363bu, 319carat, 247, 250, 2447, 2621, 2692carat metrique, 493, 1142carlin, 28, 2726carlini, 1420–1422, 1468Carolingian pondera, 2218

Carolus, 244, 883, 1011, 1040, 1044, 1067def, 882

cental, 1160centisimi, 2360centner see metriccents see weights, denomination, 1 dollar;

weights, denomination, 10 dollars; weights, denomination, 20 dollars

ceros, 2399chatack see weights, denomination, chatakchatak, 2323, 2406chittack see weights, denomination, chatakchittak see weights, denomination, chatakcob, 1603conderin, 56–57conventionstaler, 28crontal, 89, 142crontaler, 28crown, 883, 985, 1014, 1550, 1605, 2866–

2867, 2943silver, 1040

dag see weights, denomination, kilogramDaldre de Bourgogne, 2555Deben, 2149deci see weights, denomination, kilogramdeniers, 2358dinar, 161, 815, 2149, 2351, 2356dinari, 2387dirham, 161, 907, 909, 1023

def, 1023dirhem, 161, 2835, 2838–2839doblon d'Italia, 2766dollar, 1215, 2402, 2445

see also realesdollar of Spain see realeDollari, 2894doppia, 1420–1422double crown, def, 882double crown see unitedouble excelente, 2725double johannis see portuguese piecedouble Louis, 2518–2519, 2548double pistole, 2518–2519, 2548double sovereign, 200, 592, 884doubloon, 883, 1008, 1061, 1130, 1606,

2390–2391, 2995–2997drachm, 828drachma, 2839dram, 799, 828, 2351, 2448, 2551drop, 2068–2073ducat, 28, 953, 1122, 1605, 2443–2444,

2724–2725, 2866–2867ducati, 1420–1422ducatoon, 1013–1014dupondius, 309dwt see weights, denomination,

pennyweightsecu, 952, 953, 2359, 2516, 2548, 2725ecu au soleil, 2516–2517, 2548ecu d'or, 2548, 2724–2725eighth rial, 2518escudos, def, 882

escudos see Portuguese Piece; weights, denomination, doubloon

excelente, 2725F, 60–61, 353, 943, 948, 1231fals, 161falus see falsfarthing, 951farthing of gold, 951five shilling, 2253, 2255, 2722florin, 953, 2724four s nine d see moidore; realesfranc, 28, 2356Franse Crown, 2516, 2548French crown see weights, denomination,

ecufuen, 56–57, 926full pistol, 2942, 2944fundo, 319gerahs, 2509gold gulden, 28, 2866–2867, 2942–2943Gouden Dukaton, 2721–2722grain, 41, 61, 205–206, 247, 261–263,

1038, 1068, 1172, 1272, 2148, 2356, 2359, 2390, 2395–2396, 2398, 2442, 2518

gram, 2325, 2361, 2442gram see weights, denomination, kilogramgranos, 2399granotti, 2356groat, 1561–1562gros, 1167guart' ecu, 2725gui dor, 2518guilders, 2397guinea, 28, 183, 200, 205–215, 244, 457–

467, 480, 495–504, 561, 883, 914–919, 965–968, 1026, 1040–1045, 1060–1067, 1079–1086, 1126, 1603–1606, 1824–1830, 1935, 2224, 2255, 2359, 2395, 2442, 2471, 2519, 2555

gulden, 28half-Albertin, 2866–2867half-Albertus, 2943half-angel, 1550–1551, 2942–2944half-carlin, 2726half-crown, 592, 883, 1012, 1014, 1040,

1550half-crown silver, 1012, 1045, 1602half-dirhem, 1602half-ducatoon see weights, denomination,

ducatoonhalf-groat, 1562half-guinea, 1477, 2224, 2395, 2442, 2519half-moidore, 2255half-noble, 2443, 2724half-Pistolet, 2866–2867, 2942–2943half-rider, 1603half rose noble, 2942half-ryal see ryalhalf-shekel, 1602, 2507half-shilling, 2224

half-sovereign, 987, 2721, 2726half-unite, 1550Hollandse Rijder, 2766homa, 319Hungarian ducat, 2944II s IX D see weights, denomination, half-

crown; weights, denomination, quarter-angel

IIII D VI G see realesIIII s 4 1/2 D see weights, denomination,

thistle crowninch, 956, 1017Jacobus, 244, 883, 1011, 1040, 1044, 1067

def, 882Johannis, 884Johannis see Portuguese piecekan, 319kedet, 2149keration, 2447kharroobehs, 161kilogram, 41, 42, 250, 387, 600, 1264,

1463, 2363kite, 2149krampfund, 51kronenthaler, 142kronthaler see kronenthalerkyat, 347–352L1 1S see guinealamoede, 508lane, 278langkreuz, 2866–2867laurel, 917, 985, 987, 1014li, 57liang, 57, 926libbra grossa, 2361libbra sottile, 2361libbras, 2361, 2363libra, 2144, 2150, 2173, 3075lire, 2356, 2360livres, 859loth, 562Louis, 2518Louis d'ecu, 2517Louis d'or, 1008, 2517, 2518, 2548, 2725

def, 882see also weights, denomination,

pistoleLs d'or, 2548lud, 2255maes, 56malta, 28Maltese ounces, 865maneh, 2507marca, 2522marks, 2218maund, 2324max d'or., 28metric, 614, 633, 718, 735, 1107–1112,

1664, 2839michtal, 2151mina, 309, 2143, 2148mirliton, 28

miskal, 2838–2839mithqal, 907mo, 319Modenese ounces, 2363moidore, 40, 205–206, 214–215, 244, 247,

261, 480, 883, 1008, 1060–1067, 1471, 1552, 2471

momme, 156, 319necef, 2509netzef, 2509neuer schild louis d'or, 28nine shilling see portuguese piecenoailles, 28noble, 216, 913, 917, 951–952, 2443,

2724–2725nomismata, 2581oke, 907

see also okkaokka, 909, 1023–1025

see also okeonce, 1167, 2448oncie, 1167, 2361one third oz, 353, 857, 950one twentieth shekel, 2507onza, 1420, 2173, 2391onzia, 2173ottavio, 1167P, 60–61, 353, 950, 1231packaretty see weights, denomination,

rutteePadua half-libbra, 2361pakkaretty see weights, denomination,

rutteeParis ounce, 2218, 2363pemontese, 2360pennyweight (silver), 869pennyweights, 40–41, 53, 205–206, 263,

627–628, 828, 1068, 1215, 1938, 2356, 2390–2391, 2442

see also Troypetrie, 2509

see also weights, denomination, pympièce de deux écus, 2554pieces of eight see weights, denomination,

realepillar dollar see realepistole, 28, 208, 214, 244, 247, 883, 914,

917, 970, 1008, 1041–1046, 1067, 1104, 1552, 2255, 2390, 2471, 2518, 2548, 2723

pistole Spanish, def, 882Pistolet, 2866–2867poids de marc, 2218pondus, 2150Portuguese cruzado, 2942–2943Portuguese piece, 40, 53, 205–206, 214,

480, 883–884, 970, 1061–1068, 1079–1086, 1104, 1552, 2354, 2442

postages, 60–61, 353, 684, 950, 1231pound, 2148, 2448pym, 2509

qantar, 909qedet, 2508quarter angel, 1550quarter guinea, 1061, 1325, 2395, 2442,

2471quarter-Hollandse Rijder, 2766quarter pound, 2109quarter seer, 2323quarter stone, 2801quarter unite, 2944quartern, 1056quintal, 783, 861quintal see metricrati see weights, denomination, rutteerati seed, 1102, 2149

def, 2151ratl, 907–912, 1024

see also weights, denomination, rotoli

ratti, 1102reale, 1008, 1471, 1605–1606, 1778–1785,

1818, 1823–1825, 1842, 1879–1881, 2399, 2445, 2495, 2723, 2725, 2995–2997

ream, 480, 500, 504ream see weights, denominationregs, 614reis, def, 882reis see Portuguese pieceretty see weights, denomination, rutteerial, 2518–2519rin, 319romme, 156, 158, 224–225, 1497rootee see weights, denomination, rutteerose-noble, 2944

see also ryalrose-ryal, 987, 1012, 2766rosenbel, 28rotl, 2151rotoli, 783, 865, 907rotolo see weights, denomination, rotolirottel see weights, denomination, rotolirotti see weights, denomination, rutteeroyal see ryalrupee, 2323ruttee, 250, 445, 2393–2394, 2447ryal, 879, 883, 913, 917, 951–952, 987,

1603, 2721, 2725, 2866–2867ryder, 28ryo, 319schild louis d'or, 28scruple, 355, 418, 799, 828, 2150, 2350seer, 2324–2325, 2406Sep, 2149seven pennyweights, 1603seven shilling, 2224severin, 28shekel, 308–309, 2143, 2146–2148, 2507–

2508shilling, 459, 869, 917, 1012–1014, 1040,

1380, 2224, 2253, 2255siliqua, 2447

six ounce, 88, 142six pence, 2255sixpence, 1012, 1040solotnik, 278–279, 564, 1426–1435son pistole, 28souverain d'or, 28sovereign, 11, 22, 200, 233–238, 293, 884,

915–919, 968, 987, 1026, 1072, 1125–1132, 1413–1419, 1832, 1843, 1916, 1936, 1944, 2224, 2721, 2985–2989

soverein, 1070, 1121–1122spagne, 2518–2519Spanish double ducat, 2944Spanish milled dollars see realespur-ryal, 883, 1012, 1014standard, 828, 965stone, 2531, 2799–2803talent, 1332–1339, 2150, 2507tari, 1421ten shilling, 2722thaler, 2359third-guinea, 498, 1083–1086, 1126thistle crown, 917, 1014, 1550, 1607tola, 147, 1102, 2323–2325, 2394, 2406,

3080tower ounce, 2218, 3043Trèvise half-libbra, 2361Trèvise libbra, 2361troy, 40, 43, 78, 115, 149–156, 183, 295,

735, 798, 828, 1470, 1662, 1937, 1940, 2150, 2173, 2361, 2530, 3037–3039, 3043

troy pound, 390, 394, 2148, 2150, 2802, 3044

tsien, 57, 926two shilling, 2253, 2255two-thirds oz, 857, 950two-thirds shekel, 2507uncia, 2149–2150unite, 560, 883, 917, 985–987, 1014,

1044, 1550, 2766, 2943unze, 562US gold pieces, 759V s see weights, denomination, crownV s VI D see weights, denomination,

crown; weights, denomination, half-angel

Venice half-libbra, 2361Venice libbra, 2361Verona half-libbra, 2361wizna, 864wuqiyyah, 907X s see angel; weights, denomination,

half-uniteXI s see angel; weights, denomination,

half-uniteXX s see uniteXXII s see uniteyusdruman pound, 2151zecchino, 1101, 1420–1422Zecchino et Ongaro, 2766

£3 12 s see Portuguese Pieceearliest English (article by Houben), 1563–1564electrolytic conversion, 2109fake?, 755, 1358–1359General Post Office, 2294

marks on, 2294Imperial Standards, 2243, 2250–2252importer, Richardson, Joseph, 1488–1493industrial processes, 2243Inspectors, 2448invention & protection, 2243klippe, 2766legislation, 2243marks article, 1003–1007material

aluminium, 115, 829–831, 868, 893, 1172, 1940

brassnumerous references, 2108, 2443verification, 21

bronze, 309, 320, 347–352, 372, 864, 908, 1024, 1123, 1346–1348, 1387, 1561, 1577, 1603, 1662, 2037, 2355, 2361, 2579–2580, 2925–2927

verification, 21, 1577, 2037cast iron, 543, 1387, 2243, 2250–2252,

2294china see earthenwarecopper, 167, 462, 1603copper-alloy, 2325earthenware, 43–46, 83–86, 143, 297–298,

385–388, 535, 789, 812, 1448–1450

verification, 85enamel see earthenwaregilded, 1689glass, 66, 160–162, 249, 306, 309, 386,

437, 519, 814–815, 907, 1387, 1561, 1602–1603, 2580

granite, 308gun metal, 114haemetite, 308iron, 35, 108, 224, 291, 296, 368, 385,

437, 519, 581–582, 611–619, 633–639, 733, 753, 789, 1023, 1036, 1057, 1089, 1095, 1116–1120, 1347, 1603, 1930, 2005, 2075, 2250–2252, 2406, 2680–2681, 2801, 2905

verification, 21, 614lead, 21, 43, 83, 309, 345, 422–424, 581–

582, 611, 789, 825, 861, 908–910, 1048, 1139, 1327, 1331, 1346, 1349–1351, 1603, 1688, 1989, 1993, 1995, 2108, 2111–2112, 2720, 2905

verification, 21, 1331limestone, 308nickel-plated, 829, 961pewter, 43, 83, 611, 1048phosphor-bronze, 83, 115

plastic, 1089platinum, 90, 115, 1387porcelain see earthenwarepottery see earthenwaresealing wax, 167silver, 1603, 1667–1683, 2766stainless steel, 732, 1387steel nickel-plated, 1930stone, 308–309, 866, 957, 1335, 1378,

1602, 2905tin-plate, 167white brass, 733wire, 115, 343, 563–564wood, 1387zinc, 108, 387, 1089

mkrA B, 600A C N see Aire & Calder NavigationA K & Sons see Kenrick, Archibald &

SonsA N, 638A R & Co, 2324A W see Wilkinson, AnthonyAbdy, William, 501–504, 560, 1085Acme, 638, 957Aire & Calder Navigation, 638Albion Foundry Ltd, 613, 638Anderton Son & Calley, 884, 1062, 1508Archdall, Henry, 1103, 1756Archdall, William, 1103, 1757Arstall, 2011AT see avoirdupois systemAtherton, A & Co, 638Austin, Aaron, 499Avery, W & T, 83–85, 119, 297, 386, 441,

587, 633–637, 733–734, 828–833, 884, 919, 968, 1127–1132, 1272, 1449

Avery, W & T Ltd, 295–297, 441, 586–588, 611, 615, 633, 637, 1095, 1697

B B & Son, 638B V & Co, 638Baird & Tatlock, 2550Baird & Tatlock Ltd., 2550Balden, Joseph Jr, 1508Balden, Joseph Sr., 1508Barrington, John, 1758BCIF, 2324Beach, Thomas, 577, 1577Beans, egg poise, 411Beardmore & Co, 896Becker, F E, 2550Bell, Hamlet, 200, 502–503Bell, Hamlet & Co, 503Bendemaecker, Willem, 1606Benton, 2554Béranger & Cie, 1664Bernes, John, 951Berry, 1508, 2553Blews, William, 1508Blews, William & Sons, 1086

Bourn, Thomas, 1508Bradbury, Daniel, 1473Brind, William, 205Briot, Nicholas, 216, 914, 917, 1010–

1016, 2255, 2554Brookhouse, R, 410, 416Bullock, W & Co, 518, 638, 644Burchfield, T, 35Bushell, 585, 638C B Dale see CoalbrookdaleC H Crane, 2324–2325C S see Sommers, CharlesC T P see S T RC W, 1062C W see Ward, CallingwoodC W S see Cooperative Wholesale SocietyCannon, 587Cannon Iron Foundries Ltd, 638Cannon Iron Foundry, 638Cape India E M Co, 2324Carron, 638Catlinetti, 2359Chatillon, John & Sons, 1593Cheshire, Thomas & Co, 638Clark, S, 638Clark, T & C, 612, 638, 2324Clarkes, 611–613Coalbrookdale Co, 638Collings & Wallis, 637Cooperative Wholesale Society, 732, 835Copeland, 812Copeland & Garrett, 535Cormick, Michael, 1760Cotton, William, 638Cowcher & Co, 1062Crane, C H, 638, 2324–2325Crane Foundry Co, 615, 634, 637Crane Foundry Co Ltd, 613, 617Croome, Thomas, 207Crosby, Daniel, 1762Crosby, James, 1762, 1764Cross, William, 585, 617, 638Cross, William & Son, 617, 638Cross, William & Son Ltd, 638Curteys, Robert, 951D C, 586, 1830D G & Co, 638D J, 600D P see Pascal, DominiqueDale, C D see CoalbrookdaleDay, William Chambers, 919, 1127–1132Day, William Chambers & Co, 829Day & Co, 386Day & Millward, 84, 385, 789, 829de Backer II, Adolf, 2723de Neve, Guilliam, 2724Dearborn, Benjamin, 1212, 1215DeG & Co see Degrave & CoDeGrave, Short & Fanner, 1451, 2252Degrave & Co, 297, 618, 1691–1692DeGrave & Son, 856DelMotte, Gilles, 2724

Dixon & Vardy, 638, 2037D.P, 1830Dragon, 865Drielenburgh, Jacob, 2722E J, 600E Work, 2324Eureka Scientific Co. Ltd., 2550F M & Co, 638Fairbanks, 100Falkirk Iron Co, 635, 638Falkirk Iron Foundry, 638Ford, 1062, 1066, 1508G H, 1830Gardner, J, 1062Garland, James & Co, 637–639Garratt, Thomas, 1043Gatchell, S & Sons, 499, 502Gatchell, Samuel, 1769George, W & J, Ltd., 2550Gerard de Corduanier, 2722Giles, Anthony, 1043, 1045, 2554Goto, 319–320Gowers, Weston, 1782Green, D G & Sons, 638Green, David, 636, 638, 1788Green, I & D, 637Green, Thomas & Co, 638Gregory, Isaac, 1107–1112Greppi, 2359Grice, 1081–1086Griffin & Tatlock, 2550Gros, H, 386–387Gruber, John P., 2551H & S, 829, 834Haagse Balensen en Gewichtenfabriek,

1264Hardy, James, 810Hare, Joseph, 810Harris, 391Harris, John, 1040, 1380Harris, Philip, Ltd., 2550Harrison, James, 1508Harrison, Thomas, 495Haskins, Jonathan, 1726Hayward, William, 1043, 2554Haywood, William, 460, 465Heath, John, 810Henry, Solomon, 501–502Herbert & Sons, 1201, 1726, 1729Herbertz, John William, 503Heuscher, Jacobus, 2722Hodgson & Stead, 829Hoe, Robert, 638Holcroft, 585, 637Holcroft, T & Sons, 545, 638Holt, James, 810Hopken, F & Son, 1554Houghton, Thomas, 501–503Hugershoff, Franz, 1463Hunt, Basil, 1062Hunt, William & Co, 638Hux, Thomas & Elizabeth, 208

I K see Kirk, JohnI S W, 753I T, 1830, 1844India IF, 2324Iron Foundry MLRP, 2324Izons & Co, 638J & J W see Whitehouse, Jabez & JohnJ B B, 829, 833J H, 810J Hall & Son, 2324–2325J L B, 829, 834, 2056J P, 1825J W J (Warren, James), 501–502J*P, 1832Jackson, James, 1062, 1494Johnson, 638Jones of Binghamton, 1078Juggins, retailer, 535Kashi, 2324Kenrick, Archibald & Sons, 585–586, 638,

1261Kern, Gottlieb & Sohn, 868, 2530Kerrison, Samuel, 1043, 2554Kidder, Vincent, 1823Kirch, Johannes, 506Kirk, John, 459–460, 462–467, 480, 496,

560, 663, 829, 883, 970, 1061–1066, 1081–1086, 1935, 2401, 2555

Kirkoswold, 2925–2927Kolb, Tobias Martin, 1166L M, 291, 547, 587, 635Lagenberch, Willem, 2724Lamb, Percivall, 638Landale & Tod, 2250–2252Lbluk, F, 1430–1435le Fran, André, 2725Lincoln, 2075Linderman, Jan, 1606Litchfeild, Richard, 883, 1043, 2553Locker, John, 1824London Dairy Supply Co Ltd, 83Lord, Richard, 1471, 1825Lund, Iohn, 501–502M Nazir, 2324MacAlaster, Bicknel Co. (Labasco Inc.),

2550MARP, 2324Maul, Philipp Jakob, 1659McCraight, Richard, 1735Melamid, 910Mellard, 810Middleton, James, 638Millward, John, 638Moffett, James Thomas, 1583Moore, William, 1827Mordan, 2988–2989Mordan, S & Co, 424, 686, 933–950,

1231, 1667–1668, 1678, 1680, 1936, 2985–2989

Morvan, 638Mountford, Henry see Mountford,

HumphreyMountford, Humphrey, 1508Mountford, William, 1476N S & Co, 2324Neale, John, 208Neve, Guilliam de, 2395Newman, J, 1519Nicholl & Fowler, 1448Oertling, L, 1038Owen, 917, 1062, 1065, 1508P E Co, 2324Parker, Thomas, 1017Parnall, H & Sons, 43, 143, 386Parnall & Sons Ltd, 83, 732, 957Pascal, Dominique, 1422Payne, Benjamin, 2402Peirson, Thomas, 1043Pellicer i Bru, Josep, 2723Phillips, 1081–1086, 1474, 1986Pickering, 1830Pickering, David, 1830Plat, John, 1043Plympton, H, 1215Porzellen Fabrik Langenthal, 346, 386Prefect, 292Price, Thomas, 560Proctor, Charles & Luke, 261–262, 467,

1062Prodeval, 767, 1046R T see Tucker, RichardRatcliff, J & E, 1479–1480Ratcliffe, I & C, 884, 1127–1132, 1227Rawlins, Thomas, 917, 1013–1016Read, Joseph, 183Reliable Mfg Co, 417Robbins, E, 638Roberts, Timothy, 244Rogers, Peter & Co, 637, 829, 834Royal Mint, 915–919RS see Smart, RichardRSKCI Foundry, 2324Rueprecht, A, 718Rus, William, 951S D, 1104S Garcia, Ltd, 2448S T R, 1426–1427Salter, G & Co, 83, 514, 519Sangster, 83Sangster, James, 214Sewell, G, 542Shenston, J T, 1450Siddons, 314, 545, 585Siddons, Joseph & Jesse Ltd, 638Silk, Edward & Co, 617, 638Smart, Richard, 1472, 1842Sommers, Charles, 215, 499–500, 503Sommers, Joseph, 542Sommers & Son, 1396Spear, 1843Springer Torsion Balance Co, 671SSI Foundry, 2324St George, 789

Sutcliffe, H & Co, 638, 2680–2681Swain, 545, 585Swain, Matthew Ltd, 638T & C Clarke, 2324T F, 910, 1023T H see Houghton, ThomasT H & S see Holcroft, T & SonT N, 529–530T N & S, 638T P, 1825T R, 917T Sharp, 2467Tallman, James, 1383te Welberg, Issac, 2722Testut, 347, 387Tongue, John, 1944Towers, J W & Co., 2550Townson & Mercer Ltd., 2550TR see weights, denomination, troyTroemner, Henry, 811, 1592, 1643, 1930,

1936, 1940Tucker, Richard, 499, 502Tyson, Jacob, 1047Union Mill, 1116van de Gheere, Lenard, 2723van den Gheere, Pieter, 2724van Langenberch, Willem, 2722Vandome, 592W C, 638, 1013–1016W L, 1824Wade, John, 1043Ward, Callingwood, 496, 500–502, 1062,

1066, 1508Warner, John, 1726Warren, James, 499, 502, 560, 1844–1845Webb, R W, 798Webb & Skinner, 1450Wedgwood, 43–44, 83, 143Weeks, Thomas, 695Westwood, I & O, 466–467, 967Westwood, John & Obediah, 1508Whitehouse, J & J, 635, 637Wilkinson, Anthony, 502–503, 627–628Wilson, John, 497Winfield, R W, 11–12, 233Withers, 2553Young & Son, 800, 835, 2252

monarchAnne I of G B, 463, 883Anne of G B, 460–465, 883, 1038–1045,

1893, 2037, 2067Charles I of G B, 20, 216, 789, 883, 968,

984–988, 1010–1013, 1067, 1331, 1351, 1355, 1548–1552, 2253–2256, 2401, 2636, 2721

Charles II of G B, 216, 460, 789, 1040–1046, 1060, 1351, 1881, 2636, 2927

Charles V of G B, 2725David I of Scotland, 1988, 3043Edward III of G B, 1346–1347, 1561Edward IV of G B, 216, 460, 465, 883

Edward VI of G B, 2721–2722Edward VII of G B, 23, 163, 442–443,

585, 1005, 1128, 1565, 2031–2032Elizabeth I of G B, 43, 190, 278, 390,

984–988, 1348–1349, 1565, 2636, 2721, 2726

Elizabeth II of G B, 21, 163, 443, 2034Ercole III of Italy, 2363Ferdinand & Isabella of Spain, 1603,

2443–2444Franz I of Austro-Hungary, 1122Franz-Joseph of Austro-Hungary, 1122George I of G B, 462–465, 560, 1060,

1565George II of G B, 462–467, 560, 883, 970,

1060–1068, 1565George III of G B, 462–467, 495–503,

561, 883, 967–968, 1081–1086, 1565, 1894, 2555

George IV of G B, 293, 503, 883, 1565, 1894

George V of G B, 163, 443, 585, 1005, 2032–2033

George VI of G B, 163, 443, 1005Henry IV of G B, 216Henry V of G B, 216Henry VI of G B, 216, 1562Henry VII of G B, 17, 1346–1347, 1892,

2636Henry VIII of G B, 20, 216, 985, 1892,

2636, 2721–2722James I of G B, 23, 216, 461, 882–883,

984–988, 1011, 1014, 1067, 1350, 1355, 1552, 1565, 2067, 2721–2722

James II of G B, 460, 560, 882–883, 917, 970, 1040–1046, 1068, 1350

John V of Portugal, 883, 1061Joseph I of Portual, 1061Julian Augustus, 2588Louis XIV of France, 883, 1041, 1045,

1068, 2255, 2725Marcian, 2581Mary of G B, 984, 2443–2444Nikolai Alexandrovich of Russia, 2079Philip II, 2725Philip of Spain, 2443–2444, 2721Richard I of G B, 1346Victoria of G B, 20–21, 69, 93–94, 121–

122, 163–165, 968, 1116, 1957, 1959–1960, 1978–1981

William & Mary of G B, 460–465, 883, 1040–1046

William III of G B, 24, 460–465, 560, 883, 1040–1046, 2554

William IV of G B, 23, 1928, 1957nationality

Akan, 344, 569, 594, 1606, 2024–2026American see weights, nationality, U S AAnatolian, 2838–2839Arabic, 160–162, 907–912Ashanti see Akan

Assam, 347Attic see GreekAustrian, 142, 387, 1070, 1121–1122,

1142, 2358Babylonian, 308Bavarian, 250, 354Belgium, 560Bengali, 250, 445Berg & Mark, 27–28, 61–65, 507British, 1793–1796, 1891–1896, 2224,

2243, 2359Burmese, 347–352, 445, 1521–1524,

1662–1663, 2815, 2825see also weights, nationality, Shan

StatesByzantine, 160, 168, 309–310, 1561,

2579–2581, 2588, 2628, 2838–2839

Canadian, 2817Chinese, 56, 158, 343, 926, 1497Cypriot, 1024Dutch see NetherlandsEgyptian, 160, 308, 1024English, numerous referencesEnglish for Spanish use, 1818French, 41–42, 387, 475, 600, 630, 859,

1166, 1420–1422, 1606, 2358–2359

French ruled by England, 1561–1562German, 42, 51–52, 82, 142, 385–387,

560, 718, 868, 957, 1142, 1166, 1659, 2395

see also Bavarian; Nürnberg; weights, nationality, Bavarian; weights, nationality, Berg & Mark

Ghana, 569Greek, 309, 1333, 1335, 1603Hebrew, 1603Hellenistic see GreekHungarian, 387Indian, 250, 445, 2323

makers, 2324see also weights, nationality,

BengaliIrish, 560, 1008, 1103–1104, 1471, 1749,

1755–1773, 1823–1832, 1841–1846

Islamic, 1561, 1603Italian, 1101, 1166, 1420–1422, 2173,

2351, 2357–2361, 2361Japanese, 56, 156, 224, 319–326Judean, 308Kenyan, 1102Maltese, 864–868Mesopotamian, 2838–2839Netherlands, 81–82, 355, 1264, 1603,

1606, 2354, 2766Nürnberg, 251, 304, 1166Ottoman, 1023–1025P see PortuguesePalestinian, 907, 1023–1025, 1335

see also weights, nationality, JudeanPersian, 223Peruvian, 2905Polish, 278–279, 387Portuguese, 251, 459, 1060–1066, 2359,

2442Roman, 309, 1333, 1603, 2173, 2182Russian, 278–279, 387–388, 564, 1426–

1435, 2077–2082S see SpanishScottish, 1972, 3043–3045Shan States, 347Siamese see ThaiSouth African, 439–444Spanish, 251, 459, 612, 1061, 1603, 1818,

2358, 2908, 2995–2997Sumerian, 1336Swedish, 81–82Swiss, 386–387Thai, 223–224, 347Turkish, 2838–2839U S A, 13, 41, 78, 108, 154–158, 217,

334–338, 1047, 1078, 1212, 1470, 1593, 1930, 1936, 1940

West Indian, 459prices, 581–583, 612proportional see weights, purpose, proportionalpurpose

analytical, 795–796, 868, 2550apothecary, 294–295, 826–835, 893–894,

960–961, 2243, 2351arrow, 869assay, 630bakers, 611, 1088bankers, 293–294, 637, 1072, 1128, 1212,

1497, 1605bread, 1056, 1089, 1095–1098bullion, 856, 1215, 1524, 1548–1552,

1930, 1936, 1940, 2224cloth, 1169coal, 897, 955coin, 12, 23, 27, 40, 49, 160–162, 166–

167, 200, 233, 459, 627–629, 879–884, 913–919, 967–971, 984–988, 1008, 1040–1046, 1470–1479, 1502–1510, 1602–1608, 1749–1773, 2224, 2243, 2354

coin poise, 13counterbalance, 195diamond, 250, 445, 459, 476, 1142dough, 1057egg, 131, 379–381, 389, 411, 415–417,

2643–2644eke, 694, 878estimating, 1690estimating see proportional; weights,

purpose, proportionalfake, 151, 251fishing, 981fractional, 115, 155, 231, 718gold, 154–158, 569gold dust, 569, 2024–2026

GPO, 293–295, 306, 581, 618, 685–686, 1036, 2333

graduated see weights, purpose, proportional

grain, 52, 82, 332hydrostatical, 255–262, 1494inspectors, 90–92, 108, 115, 119, 137, 733jewellers, 78, 292, 294, 1102kitchen, 611, 1729, 2074–2075laboratory, 115millers, 1116–1120Mint, 965money-changers, 1497–1498munitions, 1272paper, 297, 1689–1690parcel, 942, 945, 1261person, 113, 296, 694–695, 2803photographic, 113poise, 1026postal, 60, 88, 125, 131–133, 142, 295,

306, 345, 353, 684–691, 933–950, 988, 1227, 1231, 1479–1483, 1667–1683, 2243, 2817

probiergewichte see grainproportional, 113, 258–259, 280, 296–298,

635, 657, 694, 878, 897, 1169, 1689, 1726, 2086, 2347, 2824

rider, 3–6, 563–564, 589–590, 718, 1169, 2803

sc testing, 611school, 1264scientific, 633, 718, 795–796Standards, 90, 297, 315, 386, 390, 812,

856, 1127, 1212, 1346, 1348, 2011, 2243, 2355

test, 9, 292, 306, 333, 337, 711trade, 20–24, 35, 43–48, 83–85, 108, 143,

237, 250, 279, 296, 519, 535, 633, 731–735, 789, 864–868, 907, 1023–1025, 1048, 1078, 1201, 1331, 1335, 1346, 1349, 1350–1351, 1930, 1989, 2005, 2037, 2067, 2243

tryers', 1038US PO, 1047water see hydrostaticalwool, 1328, 1347, 1350, 2802

rust treatment, 219, 280standard of, accurate, 2216Standards for USA 1744, 1859–1860uses for, 2243wear & tear, 2067

weights, 2575Weights & Measures:

administration, 1183, 3036Arabic, 162in Bavaria, 642in Belgium, 280in England, 17, 181, 613, 711–716, 730, 961,

2263, 2331balances for inspectors, 2263, 2331testing & adjusting, 2231

fines 1636, 1138in Germany, 506, 642, 888indenture, 181inspections, 8, 20, 280, 851–855, 974, 1004–

1007, 1035–1036, 1470inspectors, 8, 20, 37, 43, 974, 2223, 2232, 2331,

30361910 advice to, 2223

inspectors in Japan, 319in Ireland, 20laws, 2223

prosecutions of, 2223violation of, 2223

laws in G B, 1182–1188, 2550medieval, 17, 776–783in Scotland 1892, 34sealers, 2223tolerances, 2223trading function, 1036in United States, 102, 1470, 2965US Agencies, 2965verifying "Local Verification Marks" (articles by

Biggs), 1891–1896, 1924–1930, 1955–1961, 1977–1983, 2031–2037

Weights & Measures Act of 1904, 2206, 2209Weights & Measures Administration by Proctor

(review), 906Weights & Measures by Graham (review), 226Weights & Measures Control in South Africa by

Haigh, 439–444Weights & Measures Department:

British, 2220, 2263Board of Trade, 2220–2221, 2261–2263

examiners of, 2220international approval, 2130

"Weights & Measures in Colonial America" (article by Mahoney), 1135–1140

"Weights & Measures in Lindsey C C" (article), 1341–1345

Weights & Measures in Victoria by Proctor (review), 906

Weights & Measures Methuen's Outlines by O'Keefe (1966), 435, 2037, 2092

Weights & Measures of England by Connor (review), 1074

Weights & Measures Regulations of 1890, 2265Weights & Measures Regulations of 1907, 2220, 2550weights & sc, interdependence, 290Weights & Scales by Mehlman (review), 163weights holder of pottery, German, 1463Weights in Pictures (Gewichten in Beeld) (review),

266weights loading, mechanical, 718–719"Weights made of Silver" (article by Zavattoni), 2766"Weights of the Bible" (article by Holland), 2507–

2510, 2550weights symbols:

apothecary, 830, 893–894Arabic, 912dram, 830

Weighty Problem, puzzle, 394, 435–436Weiland see Klippert, Vogt & Weiland

Weintraud & Co Ges: patentee, 707postal sc mkr, 707

Weiss': "Charles Dickens' Scale" (article), 838–839"Entertaining Trade Cards" (article), 898–901Kitchen Scales (letter), 848"Shaw's Scales and Weights" (article), 2160–

2163Weiss, Lew, biography, 2163Welch, W M Mfg Co, trip sc mkr, 3094–3095Wells, J J see Smith, G & Wells, J JWells Fargo & Co Express, 1216Well's Restoration Workshop (article), 1318–1319Wembley exhibition 1930, 1199Wembley lion, Herbert & Sons Ltd, 1199Wenborn, Frederick Thomas:

dates, 1738succeeded by Doyle, Leonard, 1738successor of Wenborn, Mrs H, 1738

Wenborn, Mrs H: dates, 1738succeeded by Wenborn, Frederick Thomas, 1738successor of Wenborn, Thomas, 1738widow of Wenborn, Thomas, 1738

Wenborn, Robert: app of Astill, Susannah, 1739coin sc mkr, 22, 1739dates, 22, 1736, 1739employed by Young & Son, 1739, 1745master of Birch, George, 1739master of Randall, Charles Henry, 1739master of Twine, Joseph, 1738repair & adjust by quarter or year, 22succeeded by Greenhill, Benjamin Mills, 1736,

1739Wenborn, Thomas:

dates, 1738husband of Wenborn, Mrs H, 1738succeeded by Wenborn, Mrs H, 1738

Wertheim, P, postal sc patentee, 705–706Wesner, Terry, biography, 2738, 2820Wesner's:

"Reynold's Patent Model" (article), 2736–2738"The Role of the Patent Model Museum"

(article), 2819–2820West, A A, weigh scoop patentee, 492West, Smithfield, 1745West, U & Dearborn, Benjamin & Loring, D, coin sc

patentee, 2064Western Scale Works, spring bal mkr, 1039Westerwald measure see beer measureWestfalisches Landesmuseum Munster, n d catalogue,

64Westfield & Co, postal sc retailers, 938Westminster, 1926, 1961

inspectors stamping wts, 1893Westphal:

roberval sc mkr, 2601specific gravity bal, 756

Westphal's design, 1640, 1642Westropp:

author, 87, 1478, 1608, 1796, 1846, 1881Notes on Irish Money Weights & Foreign Coin

Current in Ireland (review), 87Westwood, I & O see Westwood, John & ObediahWestwood, John & Obediah, 466–467

coin sc mkr, 1508coin wts mkr, 466, 967, 1508dates, 1508

Weymouth, Lord, report on clipping coin, 265Wharton, T & Sons:

candlestick sc mkr, 405, 3102, 3108–3109dates, 3108–3109postal sc mkr, 401–402, 405–406, 3102, 3108–

3109Wharton, W & Sons, dates, 3097–3098, 3108"What Kind of Poise?" (query by Barnet), 2835–2837"What Will Happen to my Collection?" (article by

Crawforth), 971–972"What Will Happen to my Collection?" (letter from

Brass), 1036"What's My Line-Scale Collecting Adjuncts" (article

by Katz), 2854–2856wheaten bread, 1052Wheatley, John:

apprentice of Brind, William, 1737apprentice of Ridgard, Joseph, 1737

wheelbarrow sc, 78Wheler, Robert Bell, Stratford historian, 2467Whipple Museum, n d catalogue, 593Whippy, Steggall & Co, jockey wt mkr, 825Whippy, Steggall & Co Ltd, jockey wt mkr, 825Whippy, Steggall & Fleming, jockey wt mkr, 825White, J & Son:

dates, 1444roberval counter sc, 1071Scottish sc mkr, 1071, 3045

White, John, Auchtermuchty, 3045White, John & Son:

pot plate, 1445trade sc mkr, 1445

White, Oliver C, egg sc patentee, 382, 389White, William:

apprentice of Moffett, Elizabeth, 1739dates, 1739

White Bros & Co: pot plate, 1445trade sc mkr, 1445

White Line Egg Grader see White Mfg CoWhite Mfg Co, 381–382, 389, 922, 1280–1282, 1284,

1973egg sc mkr, 381, 389, 1280–1284Gilt Edge trade name, 382steelyard mkr, 1973unequal arm sc mkr, 1973

white spirit, def, 1272Whitefield, Edward see Whitfield, EdwardWhitehead, Morris & Co, postal sc retailers, 938Whitehead & Honey, bread, sc mkr, 1089Whitehouse, Jabez & John:

dates, 638wts, 635, 637–639

Whitehurst, John:

Lunar Society, 1120stamper of wts at Mint, 1081–1082, 1474

Whitemarsh, William: apprentice of Roberts, Timothy, 1732dates, 1732master of Bullwinkle, Thomas, 1732

Whitfield see Balden & WhitfieldWhitfield, Edward, 1508–1509

also spelled Whitefield, 1508dates, 1508

Whitford, Samuel: apprentice of Lind, John, 1732dates, 1732scientific instrument mkr, 1732

Whitley, John: folding gold bal mkr, 1827folding gold bal retailer, 1626retailing folders by Bell, Hamlet, 1626

Whitmore see Ford, Whitmore & BruntonWhitmore, William:

dates, 1508patentee, 1508platform sc patentee, 692steelyard mkr, 1508weighing machine patentee, 692

Whitney, Eli, interchangeable parts of, 2216Whitworth & Yates, 1509

coin wts mkr, 1508date, 1508

"Who'd be a Baker" (article by Crawforth D), 1051–1059, 1087–1098

wholesalers, Salter, G & Co, 1439wholesalers beam sc, Parnall & Sons, 1456"Why Vacuum Weighing?" (article by Allgeier),

2592–2593"Why Weigh Solder?" (article by Berning), 2525–

2529Wiarda, J, ccd patentee, 875Wiedeman:

C-spring mkr, 1864mancur mkr, 431, 1863

Wiggington, James: apprentice of Sawgood, John, 1735dates, 1735succeeded by Wiggington, James & Thomas,

1735Wiggington, James & Thomas:

dates, 1735succeeded by Shorey, Ebenezer G, 1735successors of Wiggington, James, 1735

Wight, patentee, 396, 481Wilcox, spring bal mkr, 1555Wilcox Silver Plate Co:

American sc mkr, 1665–1666, 1679postal sc mkr, 1665–1666, 1679spring sc mkr, 1679steelyard mkr, 1665–1666

Wiley, Joe, biography, 2140, 2230Wiley's:

"Angldile Computing Scales, Part 1" (article), 2131–2140

"My Mysterious Scale" (article), 2227–2230

Wilford, David I: coin sc mkr, 242dates, 1734father of Wilford, David II, 1734master of 5 apprentices at once, 1729master of Hall, John, 1734master of Jones, Robert, 1734master of Joy, John, 1734master of Wilford, David II, 1734succeeded by Joy, John, 1734

Wilford, David II: apprentice of Wilford, David I, 1734dates, 1734son of Wilford, David I, 1734

Wilkes, Donald F, 2501Wilkes, James, sc mkr, 3089, 3090Wilkes, spring bal mkr, 1555Wilkinson, Anthony:

coin sc mkr, 502–503, 627–629, 672–675, 1624, 1626, 1827, 2224, 2537–2539

coin wt mkr, 503folding gold bal mkr, 502–503, 627–629, 672–

675, 1624–1625, 1827, 2537–2539making folders for Arstall, William, 2002making folders for Bell, Hamlet, 1626

Willard, Ruth, biography, 2053Willard & Berning's "US Patents, 1886-1888"

(article), 2868–2871Willard & Crawforth-Hitchins':

"US Patents 1837-1865" (article), 2663–2671"US Patents 1866-1870" (article), 2696–2700"US Patents 1871-1873" (article), 2726–2728"US Patents 1873-1877" (article), 2747–2756"US Patents 1877-1879" (article), 2779–2784"US Patents 1881-1882" (article), 2808–2811"US Patents 1882-1885" (article), 2840–2844

Willard's: "Angldile Computing Scales, Part 1" (article),

2131–2140"Basic Library for Americans" (article), 2091–

2096"Celebrity Inventors" (article), 2844"Pennywise, Not Pound Foolish, Part 1"

(article), 2423–2433"Pennywise, Not Pound Foolish, Part 2"

(article), 2457–2463"Reflections on Dr Fitch" (article), 2050–2053"X Marks the Patent" (article), 2637–2639

William, beam sc mkr, 2314William & Mary of G B:

coin wts, 461, 882, 917, 1041coinage, 461, 914, 1041Recoinage, 1041

"William Ball of Bister" (article by Simcock), 2388–2390

William III: coin wts, 463, 882, 917coinage, 463, 914see also weights, monarch

William IV of G B see weights, monarchwilliam's, Query, 2994Williams, Edward:

apprentice of Williams, Thomas I, 1731dates, 1731master of Skinner, George, 1731

Williams, Edward William: apprentice of Williams, William I, 1731junior partner of Williams, William & Sons,

1731Williams, T, coin operated sc patentee, 2152, 2452Williams, Thomas, coin sc retailer, 2082Williams, Thomas I:

employer of Lee, Thomas, 1731folding gold bal retailer, 508master of five relations?, 1742master of Hudson, Robert, 1730master of Medwin, Thomas, 1738master of Skinner, William, 1732, 2066master of Smith, William, 1730master of Williams, Edward, 1731master of Williams, William I, 1731two shops at once, 2082

Williams, Thomas II: 7 addresses in East London, 2082successors of Burchfield, Thomas & Son, 1732

Williams, Thomas III: coin sc retailer, 2082trade card, 2082

Williams, Walter: son of Williams, William II, 1731tea sc mkr, 1731

Williams, William & Sons: dates, 1731, 1734succeeded by Vandome, Titfords & Co, 1731,

1734Williams, William I:

apprentice of Williams, Thomas I, 1731coin sc retailer, 1419–1420master of Williams, Edward William, 1731master of Williams, William II, 1731senior partner of Williams, William & Sons,

1731tea sc mkr, 1419

Williams, William II: apprentice of Williams, William I, 1731father of Williams, Walter, 1731junior partner of Williams, William & Sons,

1731Willis:

patent, 2124–2125, 2600poise collecting postal scale, 2124–2125poise lifting postal scale, 2124–2125scale made by Holtzapffel, 2124–2125scale made by J & E Ratcliffe, 2124

Willis, R: patentee, 133–134, 398–399, 1223, 2600postal sc patentee, 398–399, 1223, 1469

Wilshire, sc mkr, 901Wilson (author), 808, 827, 830Wilson, Increase:

American sc retailer, 878, 960ccd mkr, 760dates, 960trade card, 760, 904

Wilson, Jerry, biography, 2319Wilson, John:

coin sc mkr, 496, 500sc mkr, 3087

Wilson, R & Bailey, W H, postal patentee, 456Wilson & Gill:

postal sc retailers, 938roberval sc retailer, 1667

Wilson Manufacturing Co, American sc mkr, 960Wilson's:

"A Lion in Venice" (article), 2586–2587"A Prize Assay Balance" (article), 2792–2794"D L Vaid, Indian scale-maker" (article), 2420"Scale Hunting in Sri Lanka" (article), 2311–

2319"Slow Discovery" (article), 2520–2524"To What End" (article), 2934

Wimmerlin, roberval sc mkr, 2487Winchester measure, 1153

coomb, 1160pottle, 1138, 1160use in America, 1137

Winderschmid, Christoph, mastersign of orb, 1899Winderschmid, Christoph Rudolf, mastersign of orb,

1899Winderschmid, Hans Georg, mastersign of orb, 1899Windle & Blyth:

postal sc retailers, 755STS retailers, 755

"Windmill Weights" (article by Rangeley), 1116–1120wine measure, American, 1139Winfield, Robert Walter, 10–12, 233, 405, 427, 2371,

3099–3107, 3109Birmingham sc mkr, 1725, 2643–2644, 3099–

3107, 3109candlestick sc design registered, 404, 2371,

3099, 3105candlestick sc mkr, 403–407, 1792, 1976, 3099–

3107, 3109ccd mkr, 11coin sc mkr, 233dates, 1073, 3104–3105design registration, 11, 404–406, 3099, 3105office in London, 1725patent, 404postal sc mkr, 10–12, 396, 400–408, 1073, 1223,

1976, 2371, 3099–3107, 3109wts mkr, 11

"Winfield, Robert Walter" (article by Green), 10–12Winfield retailer, Waterlow & Sons, 2999–3000Winsbury, John:

apprentice of Tadloo, Joseph, 1733dates, 1731master of Deboos, Henry, 1733succeeded by Winsbury, John & Son, 1733successor of Bassingham, Robert (not William),

1731Winsbury, John & Son:

bankers sc mkr, 1733successors of Winsbury, John, 1733

Winspeare, Thomas: apprentice of Hoe, Robert, 1736

dates, 1736master of Ball, William, 1736

Winterthur Museum, 2472wire beam see beam, wirewire wts:

def, 344see also weights, purpose, laboratory

Wiseman, A: pot plate, 1455trade sc mkr, 1455

Witherell, Erie, patentee, 2862–2864Witherell, Loren:

biography, 2864–2865patentee, 2845–2846, 2861–2865

Witherell, Loren R & Erie A, patentees, 2862Withers (authors), 1778, 1846, 2072, 2445Withers, Bente, biography, 2444Withers, Paul, biography, 2444Withers, Paul & Bente, authors, 3040Withers' "Hallmarks on Base Metal" (article), 1471–

1479without grains:

def, 986, 1013on coin wts, 986–987, 1013see also least current weight

Witte (author), 65Witte, A de, 1899 reprint, 65Wittop-Koning & Houben (authors), 1898–1899Wittop-Koning & Houben's 2000 Jaar Gewichten in

de Nederlaand (review), 355Wollaston, Rev F J H, scientist, 328Wolschot, J F, trade card, 1295Wolschott, J F, coin sc mkr, 233–234, 254, 1295Wolverhampton mark, 2033Woman Holding a Balance, painting by Vermeer, 742Wombwell, Charles, coin sc mkr, 1727women sc mkrs, 1744Wood, retailer of wts, 480Wood, A R, bread, sc mkr, 1089Wood, Henry:

dates, 1193succeeded by Herbert, Thomas & Sons, 1732,

1746successor of Wood, Robert & Henry, 1732weighing machine mkr, 1193

Wood, John I: apprentice of Roberts, Timothy, 243, 1732coin sc mkr, 243, 1140, 1192, 1199dates, 1193, 1732father of Wood, Richard, 2090husband of Wood, Mary, 1737master of Claridge, Richard, 1732master of Wood, Richard, 1732succeeded by Goulding, Thomas, 1732, 1746,

2090succeeded by Wood, Mary, 1737

Wood, Joseph: date, 1508steelyard mkr, 1508

Wood, Mary: dates, 1737master of Taylor, William II, 1737

successor of Wood, John I, 1737, 1744widow of Wood, John I, 1737

Wood, Richard: apprentice of Wood, John, 1732coin sc mkr, 1732, 2090dates, 1193, 1732master of Goulding, Somerset, 1741master of Wood, Robert, 1732partner of Wynn, John, 1732sc mkr, 3085, 3088–3089successor of Goulding, Thomas, 1732, 1746

Wood, Robert: apprentice of Wood, Richard, 1732, 2090butchers sc mkr, 1192coin sc mkr, 1192dates, 1193master of Bartlett, John (line omitted), 1732master of Clemson, William, 1732sc mkr, 3086, 3090succeeded by Wood, Robert & Henry, 1732successor of Wynn & Wood, 1732

Wood, Robert & Henry: address, 2090dates, 1193, 1732partnership, 2090succeeded by Wood, Henry, 1732successors of Wood, Robert, 1732weighing machine mkr, 1193

Wood, Vallance & Adams: butchers sc retailer, 1438Canadian sc retailer, 1437–1438

Wood, William: apprentice of Brooksby, Thomas II, 1735dates, 1735sc mkr, 3088

wood cleaning, 1267wood seal see verificationWood St, 1745Woodage, George Cave:

apprentice of Badcock, William Geagle, 1735apprentice of Blackman, Solomon, 1735dates, 1735employed by DeGrave, Charles, 1735, 1745home address, 1741master of Anderson, James Andrew, 1738master of Lawrence, Edward, 1738, 1741work address, 1741

Woodage, William Cave, master of Nicholl, George Lewis, 1738

wooden bal, designed by Kater, Henry, 2081wooden sc, 591

bismar, 1030, 1241dead-weight, 1648decimal sc, 888double roberval, 1725postal steelyard, 101roberval, 1724spring, 896

Woodruff's Beehive Bazaar, retailers, 360–361woodworm treatment, 1267wool sc see yarn balwool staplers sc, 1567

wool weighing, 1327, 1567, 1987, 1992–1994, 1996, 2017–2021

Woolaston, Rev F J H, 234Wooley, James Sons & Co:

precision bal mkr, 1822scientific instrument retailer, 1822see also catalogue

Wooley, James Sons & Co Ltd: precision bal mkr, 1726, 1822scientific instrument retailer, 1726, 1822see also catalogue

Wooley & Hemings, coin sc retailer, 282Woolhouse (author), 1121, 1608Woolhouse's Measures Weights & Monies of All

Nations (review), 188woolsack, 2020–2021Worcester, pears three mark, 1928Worcester mark, 1928Worcestershire, SIGILL COMIT VIGORN & 3 pears

mark, 1977Working Papers 1 Studies in Design & Technology

(1987) (review), 1705–1712Working Standards:

def, 90see also Weights, purpose, standards

workshop, 1741Wormser's "Caught Short" (article), 32–34Wormser's "Collecting Adventures" (article), 221–225Wornell, John:

apprentice of Freeman, Samuel II, 1734coin sc mkr, 2540master of O'Briant, Benjamin, 1734master of Reeves, Thomas, 1734master of Sewell, George, 1734, 2540

Wortley: author, 87Early Letter Weighing Devices of Great Britain

(review), 87Wratt, F, patentee, 549Wright, sc mkr, 3091Wright, Alexander & Co:

precision bal mkr, 1822scientific instrument mkr, 1822see also catalogue

Wright, Betty, biography, 2271Wright, Edward (omitted in error), master of Smelt,

Samuel, 1738Wright, H B:

design registration, 529–530, 1220postal sc mkr, 1029, 1220, 1232, 1291, 1293,

2688Wright, Henry:

ironmonger, 2002, 2006trade sc mkr, 2002, 2006, 2014

Wright, John: apprentice of Hoe, Robert, 1736apprentice of Townsend, Richard, 1736

Wright, R K, wts retailer, 84Wright's:

"A Mystery Solved, The Small Metal Clip Did It." (article), 2269–2271

"How I Started" (article), 1975–1976, 2553

"Howard & Davis" (article), 2367–2375WT (Tongue, William), 1943wuqiyyah see weights, denomination, wuqiyyahWyatt, John:

bibliography, 656–659dates, 1508designer, 661, 692weighing machine mkr, 1508

Wynn, John: apprentice of Astill, William, 1732dates, 1732master of Bartlett, John, 1732master of Burchfield, Thomas, 1732master of McCraight, Richard, 1735partner of Wood, Richard, 1732succeeded by Wynn & Wood, 1732successor of Croome, Thomas, 1732, 1733

Wynn & Wood: dates, 1732succeeded by Wood, Robert, 1732successors of Wynn, John, 1732Wynn, John & Wood, Richard, 1732

Wyon, William, chief engraver at Mint, 1127

X"X Marks the Patent" (article by Willard), 2637–2639X-Patents, 2637–2639, 2663

issued before patent office fire, 2637–2639X S see weights, denomination, half-sovereign;

weights, denomination, half-unite; weights, denomination, laurel

XI S see angel; weights, denomination, half-uniteXII D see weights, denomination, shillingXV S see weights, denomination, spur-ryalXVI [S] VII [D] see weights, denomination, spur-ryalXX S see weights, denomination, guinea; weights,

denomination, sovereignXXII S see weights, denomination, uniteXXX D see weights, denomination, half-crownXXX III S see weights, denomination, rose-ryalXXX S see weights, denomination, rose-ryalXXX [S] III [D] see weights, denomination, half-

crown

YY N R, mark on wts, 122Y V design, platform sc, 695, 724Y W R, mark on wts, 122yakushu bakari see steelyardYale, Alan, biography, 2191Yale, Allen, 3071Yale's:

"Gerald's Advert, 1844" (article), 2191Ingenious and Enterprising Mechanics, 1997,

2194–2196"Thaddeus Fairbanks' Invention, 1830, Part 1"

(article), 2283–2286"Thaddeus Fairbanks' Invention, 1830, Part 2"

(article), 2326–2329"Thaddeus Fairbanks' Invention, 1830, Part 3"

(article), 2344–2349

yard measure, wooden, 1160yardage sc see yarn balyarn bal:

def, 340, 344equal-arm, 1171–1174, 1759glass, 1168instructions

Clayton, Dr Frederick, 1759Nesbitt, John, 1790

inventorClayton, Dr Frederick, 1759Ludlam, W, 572, 605–606Staub, 340, 1073

mkrAvery, W & T Ltd, 1173Bastick & Driver, 1734Casartelli, J & Son, 1103, 1133Casartelli, J & Son Ltd, 957Clayton, Dr Frederick, 1170–1171, 1759Gardner, John, 1309Lord, Horatio, 1171Maul, Philipp Jakob, 1654Nesbit, 1103Oertling, Ludwig, 1173Rouse, 573, 605Salter, Geo & Co, 224, 518Schopper, Louis, 1174Thomas, Geo & Co Ltd, 1103Troemner, Henry, 1170

moisture tester, 1150nationality

American, 1170British, 224, 518, 957, 1103, 1133, 1171–

1173German, 1174, 1654Irish, 1170–1172, 1759Scottish, 1309

patenteeAlbinson, J H & Cocker, H H, 1176Barlow, H B, 1176Beesley, H, 1176Bodmer, R, 1176British Research Association Barker, S G

& Hedges, J J, 1176Harling, G see yarn bal, patentee, Thomas,

G & Harling, GKnowles, T, 1174, 1176Saladin, L J B, 1176Staub, Emil, 1176Thirion, E, 1176Thomas, G, 1176Thomas, G & Harling, G, 1176Tomkins, M H, 1176Trafford, W, 1176

pendulum, 572, 605, 1174, 1309, 1654earliest?, 1309

precision bal, 1173retailer

Casartelli, 1174Clayton, F & J, 1760Clayton, F & Sons, 1760Goodbrand & Co Ltd, 1173–1174, 1726

Lord, Henry, 1726Nesbitt, John, 1173

spring, 518unequal beam, 340, 1073, 1103, 1133, 1170

"Yarn Cloth & Roving Scales" (article by Crawforth), 1143–1150, 1168–1176

Yarnell, Ellis, American sc mkr, 1047Yates see Whitworth & Yatesyearden measure, 1139Yearly, John, sc mkr, 3090Yeates, George & Son, Irish sc mkr, 1844Yeates & Son:

dates, 1845electromagnetic bal mkr, 1754, 1845precision bal mkr, 1822scientific instrument mkr, 1822see also catalogue

"Yekeri Steelyard Maker" (article by Crawforth, M), 645–646

yellowing, 1237Yeoman, Thomas:

platform sc mkr, 660, 710weighing machine mkr, 660

YMCA, St Johnsbury, VT founded by Fairbanks, 3067York (W IV lion mark), 1928Yorkshire East Riding, E R Y mark on wts, 122Yorkshire West Riding:

liberties, 1972mark, 2031

Young (author), 808Young, Charles, date, 1740Young, Dr Thomas, researcher 1820, 1108Young, Elizabeth:

dates, 1734successor of Young, George, 1740widow of Young, George, 1734

Young, George: apprentice of Young, John I, 1734brother of Young, John II, 1734dates, 1734husband of Young, Elizabeth, 1734son of Young, John I, 1734succeeded by Young, Elizabeth, 1740

Young, Jack, biography, 2190Young, John I:

apprentice of Sewell, George, 1734, 2540coin sc mkr, 2540dates, 18, 1734diamond sc mkr, 1734father of Young, George, 1734father of Young, John II, 1734master of Grove, Thomas II, 1734, 1740master of Sewell, George, 2540master of Young, George, 1734, 1740, 2540master of Young, John II, 1734partner of Young, John II, 1734sc mkr, 18succeeded by Young & Son, 1734, 2540successor of Sewell & Young, 1734, 2540

Young, John II: apprentice of Young, John I, 1734brother of Young, George, 1734

father of Young, John III, 1734master of Young, John III, 1734partner of Young, John I, 1734son of Young, John I, 1734

Young, John III: apprentice of Young, John II, 1734son of Young, John II, 1734

Young, Son & Marlow: bread, sc mkr, 1089dates, 1734successors of Young & Son, 1734

Young & Son, 355, 418–419, 1791, 2540apothecary sc mkr, 800, 804apothecary wt mkr, 835coin/apothecary sc mkr, 799, 2540dates, 419, 1727employer of Wenborn, Robert, 1739grain sc mkr, 1727person sc mkr, 18, 113shop sc mkr, 800steelyard mkr, 800, 804succeeded by Young, Son & Marlow, 1734successors of Young, John I, 1734trade card, 800working with Bate, Robert Brettell, 1787wts, 800, 835Young, John I & Young, John II, 1734

"Young Person Scales" (article by Brass), 18Young,Standard mkr:

price of, 2252Westminister Coat of Arms on, 2252

Young's "Domestic Medicine Chests", 808Young's "Ohaus: Dr. Fitch's Descendent?" (article),

2188–2190

ZZak Danforth's Nesting Wts Einsatzgewichte & Piles a

Godet (review), 1165–1167Zavattoni, coin weights, 2387Zavattoni's:

"English Colonial Scales" part 2 (article), 1818"Italian Coin-scale" (article), 1420–1422"Milanese Coin Scale-Boxes in 19th C" (article),

2357–2361"Not Shekels but Ounces" (article), 2182"Shakespear's Wood: Sharp" (query), 1323

Zavattoni's "Seville Scale & the Circulation of Coin Weights" (article), 2995–2997

Zavattoni's "Weights made of Silver" (article), 2766Zehntausend Jahre Waage:

Haeberle (extract), 885–888Haeberle (review), 87, 610

Zenith egg see Bedell, O WZenith egg grading scale, see also Zenith egg sc;

Zenith egg scalesZenith egg sc, 379, 415, 958, 3056–3059, 3081–3084,

3118–3123history, 3056–3059, 3081–3084, 3118–3123

Zenith egg sc mkr, Coon, Tim, 3082–3083Zenith egg scales:

Agway mkr, 3081, 3119–3120Bedell, Orlando W mkr, 3056–3059, 3118–3119

Coon, Tim mkr, 3082–3083, 3120–3122Grange League Federation mkr, 3081, 3119–

3120Grange mkr, 3058–3059, 3081, 3119–3120labels, 3058–3059, 3084, 3119manufacturers, 3059map of locations, 3083Pratt, N L mkr, 3059, 3081, 3120–3122Pratt, Sara wife of mkr, 3081, 3120–3121

Zenshiro, steelyard mkr, 321, 325zenshiro bakari see steelyardzero adjuster, def, 344Zevenboom & Wittop-Koning (authors), 87Zevenboon & Wittop-Koning's Nederlanse Gewichten

(review), 87Zimmer, Benjamin, 2295

dates, 2298–2299egg scale mkr, 2295egg scale patentee, 2295Jolly, C C, successor, 2296Kuhl, successor, 2296

Zimmerman, A & M: precision bal mkr, 1822scientific instrument mkr, 1822see also catalogue

zinc-alloy, 1665–1666zoge bakari see steelyardzoll, German unit of wt, 1439Zorn, Otto, grain sc mkr, 82Zulu wars, 1233Zupko:

author, 2072British Weights & Measures (review), 188Dictionary of English Weights & Measures

(review), 186Dictionary of W & M for the British Isles

(review), 1074French Weights & Measures Before the

Revolution (review), 189Zwiesler, L, weigh scoop patentee, 492